RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Physiology practicum with title BLOOD that arranged by:
Name : Andi Nurhidayah
ID : 1114040171
Class : ICP of Biology A
Group : I (One)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.
Makassar, May 11st 2013
Asistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muh. Riswan Ramli S.pd Muh. Riswan Ramli S.pd

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Each living things has a specific function in its body organ. The function of cell,
molecules, and the materials that contained the organ body can affect an individual
employment. The important molecules in the organ body is blood. Living things
especially the human and animal, the blood so important for their life, because the blood
called as apart that fundamental. Without blood the living thing will be die.
So we must know the what is the blood and its function. Blood is specialized
bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrient and oxygen to
the cells and transport metabolic waste products away from those same cells. It has four
main component, there are plasma, red blood cell, white blood cell and platelets. Blood is
circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this observation is to know the existence of protein, carbohydrate,
fat, elements of sodium and chloride on the blood.
C. Benefit
The benefit of this observation is the student can know the existence of protein,
carbohydrate, fat, elements of sodium and chloride on the blood.
II. PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as
nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those
same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma,
which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),[1] and contains
dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide(plasma being the main
medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the
main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood.
The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white
blood cells, including leukocytes and platelets. The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood
are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates
transportation of oxygen by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing
its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is almost entirely transported
extracellularly dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion. Vertebrate blood is bright red when its
hemoglobin is oxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks,
usehemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a
fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not
contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this "blood" does not contain
oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for
their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen (Anonym a, 2013).
Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin, a hormone produced
primarily by the kidneys. Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow and
after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream. Unlike many
 other cells, red blood cells have no nucleus and can easily change shape, helping them fit
through the various blood vessels in your body. However, while the lack of a nucleus makes a
red blood cell more flexible, it also limits the life of the cell as it travels through the smallest
blood vessels, damaging the cells membranes and depleting its energy supplies
(Syahrum, 1999).
Through the circulatory system, blood adapts to the body's needs. When you are
exercising, your heart pumps harder and faster to provide more blood and hence oxygen to
your muscles. During an infection, the blood delivers more immune cells to the site of
infection, where they accumulate to ward off harmful invaders. All of these functions make
blood a precious fluid. Each year in the USA, 30 million units of blood components are
transfused to patients who need them. Blood is deemed so precious that is also called "red
gold" because the cells and proteins it contains can be sold for more than the cost of the same
weight in gold (Carlson, 1996).
Plasma is the relatively clear, yellow tinted water (92+%), sugar, fat, protein and
salt solution which carries the red cells, white cells, and platelets. Normally, 55% of our
blood's volume is made up of plasma. As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body,
plasma brings nourishment to them and removes the waste products ofmetabolism. Plasma
also contains blood clotting factors, sugars, lipids, vitamins,
minerals, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins. It is likely that plasma contains
some of every protein produced by the body--approximately 500 have been identified in
human plasma so far (Sugiyanto, 1996).
Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. Blood cells like red blood cells float in the
plasma. Also dissolved in plasma are electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins (absorbed from the
intestines or produced by the body), hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as albumin
and immune globulins (antibodies to fight infection). Plasma distributes the substances it
contains as it circulates throughout the body. All blood cells are produced in the bone
marrow. As children, most of our bones produce blood. As we age this gradually diminishes
to just the bones of the spine (vertebrae), breastbone (sternum), ribs, pelvis and small parts of
the upper arm and leg (Anonym b, 2013).

III. OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place
1. Day/Date : Tuesday/Mach 26st 2013
2. Time : 13.00 untill 15.00 p.m
3. Place : Laboratory of Biology on 3rd floor east of FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Drop pipette
b. Centrifuge
c. Beaker 100 ml
d. Test tube
e. Bunsen
2. Materials
 a. Acetic acid
b. Aquadest
c. Na oxalate
d. Filter paper
e. Blood with 500 cc
f. NaCL 0.9%
g. Filtrate of oxalate plasma
h. Millon solution
i. Benedict solution
j. Silver nitrate
C. Work Procedure
1. Activity I (making oxalate plasma chloride)
a. Mixed 1 g Na oxalate into 2cc NaCl 0, then added 9% then added 500 blood
of goat or cow, stirred and shacked the mixture carefully
b. From the mixture, took 25 cc then centrifuge 2500 rpm for 1 hours. From the
centrifuge result, took the upper side liquid (supernatant) by used pipette so
the residue (blood cell) in the bottom side didnt took supernatant that taken is
oxalate plasma
c. Took 10 cc oxalate plasma, took into beaker glass, then added 5 cc aquadest
and heat it until boiled, in baling condition, added 1 drop acetate acid, let it
cold during 1 minute, after that filter it used filter paper and took the filtrate.
2. Activity II (Testing protein)
a. Took 10 cc filtrate of plasma oxalate in to reaction tube.
b. Added 1 drop of aquadest and tested with10 drops millon solution.
c. Observed and record the result change of oxalate plasma filtrate.
3. Activity III (Testing carbohydrate)
a. Took 10 cc filtrate of plasma oxalate in to reaction tube.
b. Added 10 cc of benedicts solution and heated it by help of tweezers.
c. Observed and record the result change of oxalate plasma filtrate.
4. Activity IV (Testing of chloride)
a. On chloride content testing, poured 10 cc oxalate plasma filtrate into reaction
tube.
b. Added 10 drops of AgNO3.
c. Observed the change of oxalate plasma filtrate in reaction tube.
d. Observed the color and condition of the filtrate.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Experiment
Changes
Substances Treatment
Before After
Has white color and
1 drop aquadest
Protein Has brown color transparent. There is
+10 drops of Millon
many sediments.
Carbohydrate Filtrate + aquadest Has brown color Has dark green
+ benedict heat color before heated
 then after heated
has red brick color.
has white color as
Filtrate + silver like the milk and
Chloride Has brown color
nitrate there is a little
sediment.
Hydrochloride acid Has brown color
Natrium Has brown color
+ Natrium oxalate but not dark over.
B. Discussion
In this experiment we used goat blood as a sample for to know the composition of
blood, especially blood plasma. The firs activity, we diluted Na oxalate in NaCL then
the blood of goat in the beaker. In this activity we have four different treatment to know
the content of protein, carbohydrate, chloride (Cl), and Natrium.
First observation, we tested about protein that contained in blood. To determine
the protein that content of the blood, we take 10 cc of filtrate oxalate plasma on the test
tube, then added one drop aquadest then added ten drops of Millon solution. Before we
added it, that solution has brown color and after added has white color, transparent and
have many sediments. According to the theory, if Millon solution that heated, so there is
a sediment that red spot. It is called mercury. The function of this solution is to
determine or testing the existence of protein that contain fenol. And when we heated
our solution, we can see that there is sediment has red color, n spot shape. That is
mercury.
Second observation, in this experiment to determine the carbohydrate that content
in the blood. 10 cc filtrate of oxalate plasma that entered in the test tube and then added
aquadest and benedict, from this solution that solution has dark green color. Then it is
heated and there is exchange of color. It has red brick color. And according to the
theory, benedict has function to know there is reduction of glucose by cuantative,
because more than sugar in the solution so more than dark color of sediment.
Carbohydrate contain glucose, and benedict test showed positive reaction if there s
exchange of color, example has red brick color mean content 2% ml glucose. So, if we
compose with experiment so has conclusion that that the blood of goat content
carbohydrate.
Third observation with chloride (cl) tested. This observation used 10 cc filtrate of
oxalate plasma and 10 drops of silver nitrate that entered on the test tube. This solution
has brown color before added silver nitrate entered on that solution. After shake with
softly, it has white color as like the milk and there is a little sediment. With this color, it
is mean that in the blood plasma content electrolyte and ions on that solution. And
according to the theory, blood plasma composed by soluble and one of them is
electrolyte. So, we can conclude it is right that the blood plasma content chloride.
Forth observation with Natrium (Na) tested. This observation used 10 drops of
hydrochloride acid and 10 drops of natrium oxalate that entered on the test tube that
 content 10 cc filtrate of oxalate plasma. First color of this solution is brown is brown
and then exchanged but still brown color and not dark over. According to the theory, to
know the content of Natrium in the blood plasma, we can see the exchange of color
after added hydrochloric acid and natrium oxalate. If it has brown color but not over, so
it is right.
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
According the observation result, Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic
waste products away from those same cells. Millon solution that heated, so there is a
sediment that red spot. It is called mercury. The function of this solution is to determine
or testing the existence of protein that contain fenol. Benedict has function to know
there is reduction of glucose by cuantative. And blood plasma composed by soluble and
one of them is electrolyte.
B. Suggestion
1. Before doing this experiment we have to checked out all of the tools and materials
that we would used and in doing this experiment we should have enough time so
we could observed with accurate observation.
2. For the assistant should give explanation or give the apprentices some guide about
what they should do in observation and making of complete report of experiment.
3. For the apprentice should take attention for the instruction of assistant while doing
experiment and be more patient to the assistant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonym a. 2012. Blood. http://www.hematology.org.
Accessed at May 7st 2013.
Anonym b. 2013. Blood Process . http://science.howstuffworks.com.
Accessed at May 7st 2013.
Carlson, Bruce M. 1996. Pattens Foundations of Animals. New York: The
McGraw-Hill Companies
Sugiyanto, J. 1996. Animal Physiology. Malang: UGM
Syahrum, C. A. 1999. Animal Physiology. Jakarta: FK UI