CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Politeness becomes an important aspect in maintaining social bounding. It

is socially prescribed because being polite or impolite in producing an utterance

depends on the existence of standard norm or standards of politeness. In practice,

politeness is influenced by the various values above. An utterance, which is

considered as being polite in a certain circumstance, may be impolite in

circumstances. It is determined by the place in which an utterance takes place, to

whom the utterance is addressed and the goal of the utterance. So, one should follow

the social norms existing in this society although he may express his feeling as he

likes. In social communication, language permits people to do something by

warning, requesting, command, advising, persuading, or ordering. Searle (1979)

classifies these kinds of utterances as directive illocutionary act while Leech

(1983:14) calls them as directive utterance.

Directives is a kind of speech act that often used by speakers in daily

conversation. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the word

via the hearer. The reason why this research studies about directive speech act

because directive show a strong relationship between speaker and hearer. The next

reason is because directive speech acts are used to get greatest attention from

listener in communication. Through directive speech act the speaker utterances

make hearer do something. In conversation, directive is often used by speaker but

they say in different way. The speaker has to concern about situation and context
to make the hearer do as they want. Situation in conversation can be seen in some

aspects, such as who is the hearer, what things speaker wants to say, and time of

conversation.

The most prominent context in directive speech act is about the hearer, and

the relationship between speaker and hearer. This relationship can be an indicator

that makes speaker use different way to ask hearer do something for them. This is

the logically reason why directive speech act divided is into four specific aspects.

They are: commands, orders, requests, and suggestions. In daily conversation,

command properly use to friend or younger hearer, but request, order, and

suggestion can be used for any age of hearer.

When a speaker produces a directive utterance, she or he can produce it in

various ways. However, sometimes the speaker may irritate the listener when he

utters a rude or impolite utterance. For example;

1. Close the door!

2. Put your shoes properly.

These words are impolite and may irritate the hearer, better the speaker add

more word such as Would you, Could you, Please, May you and so on. For example

I hope my dear, that you have ordered a good dinner today because I have reason

to expect an addition to our family party. In this utterance, Mr. Bennet tries to

choose polite words to ask his wife to do the proposed action. The words I hope

in the utterance is sufficient to minimize cost to listener because it gives option to

her to do the action or not.

Furthermore, to be more polite Mr. Bennet conveys his goal to ask the

listener to do the proposed action indirectly. The indirectness of this directive

utterance dismiss to force toward listener. So, Mrs. Bennet would not be irritated

by the utterance.

For that reason, speaker should choose the polite way of asking someone to

do something. Normally, a speaker delivers a directive utterance in indirect form in

order to be polite. In line with this, Searle (1979:36) says that, in directives,

politeness is the chief motivation for indirectness. Furthermore, in relation to

politeness, Lakoff (1975:72) gives examples,

1. It is cold in here

2. a. Why didnt you close the window?

b. Borrow me your sweater

c. Lets go into another room!

d. You are going to make me catch in cold.

The sense of politeness is felt more polite in utterance (1) than in utterances

(2a), (2b), (2c), and (2d) although pragmatically, they are similar. In consequence,

politeness is important in its relation to directive utterance. Beside, this kind of

utterance is one of language used which is often found in daily communication. In

accordance with this, Gunarwan says in Purwo (1992:267) Sopan santun bahasa

mendapat tempat yang layak untuk dikaji, terutama jika kita sadari bahwa

komunikasi sehari hari selalu berkisar pada nosi kesopanan itu. (the politeness of

language takes a proper place to be discussed if we aware that daily communication

is always concerned with the politeness notion).

After discussing about directive utterances and theories, which are related

to politeness, the researcher analyzes politeness that occur in directive utterances in

novel Pride and Prejudice. In analyzing the data, the writer will use the theory of
politeness as proposed by Leech (1983). He proposes six maxims which are called

as Politeness Principles. This principles cover the way of producing polite

illocutionary. Based on the problem above, the researcher will entitle this research

with An Analysis of Politeness In Directive Utterance In Pride and Prejudice by

Jane Austen.

B. The Identification of the Problem

Based on the background above, the researcher will identified as follows:

1. Students are lack in using directive utterance politely.

2. Students do not care in using directive utterance politely.

3. Students are still dont know the degree of politeness in directive utterance.

C. Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research will be focused on pragmatics and the limitation

on this research is Politeness Principle.

D. Formulation of the Problem

The formulation of this problems are;

1. What are the politeness principle used in directive utterance that occur

in Pride and Prejudice?

2. How do the type of Politeness Principle occur in Pride and prejudice?

E. The Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem, the objectives of this study are;

 1. To describe the types of politeness principle used in Pride and Prejudice.

2. To investigate how the type of politeness principle occur in Pride and

Prejudice.

F. The Significance of The Study

This research will be expected to be useful theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, this research will be expected can give additional

information more deeply for the readers about politeness in directive

utterance and this research also can be reference for other researcher in

their research about politeness principle and speech act.

2. Practically, this research can give the additional information for the

teacher or lecture who teach in English Department especially in

Discourse field, and for the students in University in English

Department can give more understanding about politeness principle and

speech act in order to enlarge their knowledge.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Theoretical Framework

1. Geoffrey Leechs Theory of Politeness

Leech, unlike Lakoff, does not aim at accounting for pragmatic competence.

His approach to linguistic politeness phenomena forms part of an attempt to set

up a model of what he calls general pragmatics, an account of how language

is used in communication. In addition to general pragmatics, he proposes two

further pragmatic systems: (1) Pragmalinguistics, which accounts for the more

linguistic end of pragmatics, a particular resource which a given language provides

for conveying particular illocutions and (2) sociopragmatics which studies the

more specific local condition of language use.

The approach that Leech takes to the study of general pragmatics is rhetorical

which means the effective use of language in its most general sense, applying it

primarily to everyday conversation, and only secondarily to more prepared and

public uses of language. Leech recognizes two systems of rhetoric: textual and

interpersonal. Textual rhetoric consists of four sets of principle: the processibility

principle, the clarity principle, the economy principle, and the expressivity

principle. Whereas interpersonal rhetoric, which among others consists of three

sets of principle: the cooperative principle, the politeness principles, and the

irony principle. Thus he considers the Grices CP and the PP to constitute only

the principle of interpersonal rhetoric.

 Leechs central model of PP is cost-benefit scale of politeness related to

both the speaker and hearer. Politeness involves minimizing the cost and

maximizing the benefit to speaker/hearer. Leech mentions seven maxims, all of

which are related to the notion of cost and benefit: tact, generosity,

approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy, and consideration. Tact concerns

minimizing cost and maximizing benefit to the hearer. Generosity tells people to

minimize their own benefit, while maximizing that of the hearer. Approbation

involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise of the hearer. Modesty

concerns minimizing self-praise and maximizing self-dispraise. Agreement is

about minimizing disagreement between self and other. Sympathy warns to

minimize antipathy and maximize sympathy between self and other. Finally

consideration concerns minimizing the hearers discomfort/displeasure and

maximizing the hearers comfort/pleasure. Leech proposes six maxims. There

follows the description of each:

(1) The Tact Maxim (in directives [or impositives] and commissives):

minimize cost to other; [maximize benefit to other]

(2) The Generosity Maxim (in directives and commissives): minimize benefit

to self; [maximize cost to self]

(3) The Approbation maxim (in expressives and representatives [assertives]):

minimize dispraise of other; [maximize praise of other]

(4) The Modesty Maxim (in expressives and representatives): minimize praise

of self; [maximize dispraise of self]

 (5) The Agreement Maxim (in representatives): minimize disagreement

between self and other; [maximize agreement between self and other]

(6) The Sympathy Maxim Sympathy maxim (in representatives): minimize

antipathy between self and other; [maximize sympathy between self and other]

Leech also goes further to suggest that there are three scales of delicacy

along which each of the maxims of the PP must operate: cost/benefit, optionality,

and indirectness. Cost/Benefit Scale concerns the weightiness in which a speaker

has to weight the amount of cost to her/him and the amount of the benefit his/her

utterance will bring the hearer. Optionality Scale assesses the degree to which the

illocutions performed by the speaker allow the addressee a degree of choice.

Indirectness Scale measures the amount of work incurred by the hearer in

interpreting the speech acts produced by the speaker.

2. Directive Utterance

Directives are kind of utterances that attempt to get another person to do

something including for example instructions, requests, suggest, and commands.

This entry describes the intellectual history of directives, cultural differences,

institutional contexts, and current and future directions of research.

Directives are a category of speech acts designed to affect an addressees

actions. In pragmatics researchwhich focuses on language-in-use rather than the

semantic content of languagespeech acts are a way of labeling the social action

intended by a particular utterance. Searle (1975) defined directives, which have the

illocutionary intent to direct the recipient in some way, with the perlocutionary

intent that the other person complies with the directive.

 Directives therefore have a key relationship to what people might call

persuasion, or influence, in everyday life. Many areas of research call this process

compliance-gaining. The goal is not just to issue a directive that is understood

(locution and illocution), but to actually accomplish the responding act

(perlocution), and compliance-gaining emphasizes that interest. Thus, there is a

focus on understanding what strategies are most likely to result in compliance, and

any analysis of directives is, in part, and analysis of rhetorical purposes and

practices.

For a directive to be successfully issued, the speaker must wish for a

particular state of affairs with which the recipient can assist; must formulate an

appeal for assistance from the recipient; and must expect that the recipient will

comply with assisting so as to bring off the desired state of affairs (Mauri & Sanso,

2011). Sanders and Fitch (2001) show how compliance-seeking and compliance-

gaining depend on the social meaning of the solicitation and compliance, and must

be situated in the interaction in which they occur. Messages do not exist in isolation,

but occur in a conversation, in a context. There are cultural assumptions

underpinning the situation, and any compliance being sought will happen over the

course of a back-and-forth exchange.

3. Jane Austens Biography

Jane Austen, (born December 16, 1775, Steventon, Hampshire,

Englanddied July 18, 1817, Winchester, Hampshire), English writer who

first gave the novel its distinctly modern character through her treatment of

ordinary people in everyday life. She published four novels during her lifetime:
 Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park

(1814), and Emma (1815). In these and in Persuasion and Northanger Abbey

(published together posthumously, 1817), she vividly depicted English middle-

class life during the early 19th century. Her novels defined the eras novel of

manners, but they also became timeless classics that remained critical and

popular successes two centuries after her death.

She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight

six boys and two girls. Her closest companion throughout her life was her elder

sister, Cassandra; neither Jane nor Cassandra married. Their father was a

scholar who encouraged the love of learning in his children. His wife,

Cassandra (ne Leigh), was a woman of ready wit, famed for her impromptu

verses and stories. The great family amusement was acting.

3.1. List of works

a. Novels

1. Sense and Sensibility (1811)

2. Pride and Prejudice (1813)

3. Mansfield Park (1814)

4. Emma (1815)

5. Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous)

6. Persuasion (1818, posthumous)

b. Short fiction

1. Lady Susan (1794, 1805)

c. Unfinished fiction

1. The Watsons (1804)

2. Sanditon (1817)

d. Other works

1. Sir Charles Grandison (adapted play) (1793, 1800)[r]

2. Plan of a Novel (1815)

3. Poems (17961817)

4. Prayers (17961817)

5. Letters (17961817)

e. Juvenilia Volume the First (17871793)

1. Frederic & Elfrida

2. Jack & Alice

3. Edgar & Emma

4. Henry and Eliza

5. The Adventures of Mr. Harley

6. Sir William Mountague

7. Memoirs of Mr. Clifford

8. The Beautifull Cassandra

9. Amelia Webster

10. The Visit

11. The Mystery

 12. The Three Sisters

13. A beautiful description

14. The generous Curate

15. Ode to Pity

f. Juvenilia Volume the Second (17871793)

1. Love and Freindship

2. Lesley Castle

3. The History of England

4. A Collection of Letters

5. The female philosopher

6. The first Act of a Comedy

7. A Letter from a Young Lady

8. A Tour through Wales

9. A Tale

g. Juvenilia Volume the Third (17871793)

1. Evelyn

2. Catharine, or the Bower

4. Pride and Prejudice Novel

Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813. The

story follows the main character, Elizabeth Bennet, as she deals with issues

of manners, upbringing, morality, education, and marriage in the society of

the landed gentry of the British Regency. Elizabeth is the second of five daughters

of a country gentleman, Mr Bennet, living in Longbourn.

The novel is set in England in the early 19th century and tells the story of

Mr and Mrs Bennet's five unmarried daughters after two gentlemen have moved

into their neighbourhood: the rich and eligible Mr Bingley, and his status-conscious

friend, the even richer and more eligible Mr Darcy. While Bingley takes an

immediate liking to the eldest Bennet daughter, Jane, Darcy is disdainful of local

society and repeatedly clashes with the Bennets' lively second daughter, Elizabeth.

Pride and Prejudice retains the fascination of modern readers, consistently

appearing near the top of lists of "most-loved books" among both literary

scholars and the general public. It has become one of the most popular novels

in English literature, with over 20 million copies sold, and paved the way for many

archetypes that abound in modern literature. Continuing interest in the book has

resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories

imitating Austen's memorable characters or themes.

The narrative opens with news in the Bennet family that Mr Bingley, a

wealthy, charismatic and sociable young bachelor, is moving into Netherfield Park

in the neighbourhood. Mr Bingley is soon well received, while his friend Mr

Darcy makes a less favourable impression because he does not participate in the

dancing and conversation at the ball, appearing proud and condescending. Mr

Bingley pays particular attention to Jane, and it is soon apparent that they have

formed an attachment to each other. While Jane does not alter her conduct for him,

she confesses her great happiness only to Lizzy. By contrast, Darcy slights
Elizabeth, who overhears and jokes about it despite feeling a budding resentment.

Upon paying a visit to Mr Bingley's sister, Caroline, Jane is caught in a heavy

downpour, catching a cold, and is forced to stay at Netherfield for several days.

Elizabeth arrives to nurse her sister and is thrown into frequent company with Mr

Darcy, who begins to act less coldly towards her.

Illustration by Hugh Thomson representing Mr Collins, protesting that he

never reads novels. Mr Collins, a clergyman and heir to Longbourn, the Bennet

estate, pays a visit to the Bennets. Mr Bennet and Elizabeth are amused by his

obsequious veneration of his employer, the noble Lady Catherine de Bourgh, as

well as by his self-importance. Mr Collins reveals that he has come to Longbourn

to choose a wife from among the Bennet sisters (his cousins); Jane is initially

singled out, but because of Jane's budding romance with Mr Bingley, Mrs. Bennet

directs him toward Elizabeth. After refusing his advances to the consternation of

her mother, Elizabeth instead forms an acquaintance with Mr Wickham, a militia

officer who tells Jane about his mistreatment by Mr Darcy despite having been a

godson and favourite of Darcy's father. The accusation and her attraction to Mr

Wickham increase Elizabeth's dislike of Mr Darcy.

At a ball held by Mr Bingley at Netherfield, Mr Darcy becomes aware of a

general expectation that Mr Bingley and Jane will marry. The Bennet family, with

the exception of Jane and Elizabeth, make a public display of poor manners and

decorum. The following morning, Mr Collins proposes marriage to Elizabeth, who

refuses him, much to her mother's distress. Mr Collins recovers and promptly

becomes engaged to Elizabeth's close friend Charlotte Lucas, a homely woman with
few prospects. Mr Bingley abruptly quits Netherfield and returns to London, which

devastates Jane, and Elizabeth becomes convinced that Mr Darcy and Caroline

Bingley have conspired to separate him from Jane.

Jane is persuaded by letters from Caroline Bingley that Mr Bingley is not in

love with her. She visits her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner in London in the hope of

maintaining her relationship with Caroline, if not with Mr Bingley. There, she visits

Caroline and, eventually, her visit is returned. She does not see Mr Bingley and is

forced to realise that Caroline does not care for her.

In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr Collins in Kent. Elizabeth

and her hosts are frequently invited to Rosings Park, the home of Lady Catherine

de Bourgh, Darcy's aunt; coincidentally, Darcy also arrives to visit. Elizabeth meets

Darcy's cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, who vouches for Darcy's loyalty by using as

an example how Darcy had recently stepped in on behalf of a friend, who had

formed an attachment to a woman against whom "there were some very strong

objections". Elizabeth rightly assumes that the said friend is none other than Mr

Bingley, and her dislike of Darcy deepens. Thus, she is in no mood to accept when

Darcy arrives and, quite unexpectedly, confesses love for her and begs her hand in

marriage. His proposal is flattering, as he is a very distinguished man, but it is

delivered in a haughty manner. He talks of love but also of revulsion at her inferior

position and family. Despite her assertions to the contrary, he assumes she will

accept him.

Elizabeth charges him with destroying the happiness of both her sister and

Mr Bingley, with treating Mr Wickham disgracefully and with having conducted

himself towards her in an arrogant, ungentlemanly manner. Mr Darcy, shocked,

responds with a letter giving a good account of his actions: Wickham had

exchanged his legacies for a cash payment, only to return after frittering away the

money to reclaim the forfeited inheritance; Wickham then attempted to elope with

Darcy's young sister, Georgiana, which would have secured her fortune for himself.

Regarding Jane and Mr Bingley, Mr Darcy claims he had observed no reciprocal

interest in Jane for Bingley and had assumed that she was not in love with him. In

addition to this, he cites the "want of propriety" in the behaviour of Mr and Mrs

Bennet and their three younger daughters. Elizabeth, who had previously despaired

over this very behaviour, is forced to admit the truth of Mr Darcy's observations,

and begins to see that she has misjudged him. She, quite rightly, attributes her

prejudice to his coldness towards her at the beginning of their acquaintance.

Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and

Wickham, one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice.The clothing

styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved (the 1830s), not the time in

which the novel was written or set.

Some months later, Elizabeth and her aunt and uncle Gardiner visit

Pemberley, Mr Darcy's estate, believing he is absent. He returns unexpectedly and

is surprised but gracious and welcoming, quite unlike his usual self. He treats the

Gardiners very civilly, surprising Elizabeth, who assumes he will "decamp

immediately" on learning who they are. Darcy introduces Elizabeth to his sister,

which Elizabeth knows is the highest compliment he can bestow. Elizabeth begins

to acknowledge her own attraction to him. Their reacquaintance is cut short,

however, by the news that Lydia has run off with Mr Wickham. Elizabeth and the

Gardiners return to Longbourn, where Elizabeth grieves that her renewed

acquaintance with Mr Darcy will end as a result of her sister's disgrace.

Lydia and Wickham are soon found and are persuaded to marry, which

enables the Bennet family to preserve some appearance of decorum. Jane, Elizabeth

and Mr Bennet conclude that Uncle Gardiner must have bribed Wickham to marry

Lydia, and they are ashamed of their indebtedness and inability to repay him. Mrs

Bennet, typically, has no such scruples; ecstatic to have a daughter married, she

never stops to consider the want of propriety throughout the affair. Mr and Mrs

Wickham visit Longbourn, where Lydia lets slip that Mr Darcy attended their

wedding but that it was to have been a secret. From a letter, Elizabeth discovers

from Aunt Gardiner that in fact, Mr Darcy was responsible for finding the couple

and negotiating their marriage at great personal and monetary expense for him.

Elizabeth is shocked and flattered as "her heart did whisper that he had done it for

her".Mr Bingley returns to propose to Jane, who immediately accepts.

Lady Catherine de Bourgh pays an unexpected visit to Longbourn. She has

heard a rumour that Elizabeth will marry Mr Darcy and attempts to extract

Elizabeth's promise not to marry him. Lady Catherine wants him to marry her

daughter (his cousin) Anne de Burgh and thinks that Elizabeth is beneath him.

Elizabeth refuses her demands. Lady Catherine vows that the marriage can never

take place. Elizabeth is worried that she may persuade Mr Darcy of this.

Darcy returns to Longbourn. Chance allows Elizabeth and Darcy a rare

moment alone. She immediately thanks him for intervening in the case of Lydia and
Wickham. He renews his proposal of marriage and is promptly accepted. Elizabeth

soon learns that his hopes were revived by his aunt's report of Elizabeth's refusal to

promise not to marry him. They marry. Kitty has grown slightly more sensible from

association with Jane and Elizabeth and distance from Lydia, and Lady Catherine

eventually condescends to visit the Darcy family.

 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

A. Research Design

In conducting this research, the researcher will use qualitative design. The

data will be collected to describe, investigate and explain how politness occur in

directive utterace in Pride and Prejudice novel.

B. Source of Data

The source of data of this study will be obtained by downloading the novel

that will be downloaded from the website www.planetebook.com that has been

accessed on 14th January 2017, 1.08pm.

C. Techniques for Collecting Data

In collecting the data, the researcher will be used documentary research. The

data will be collected by downloading the novel.

There are some steps in collecting data, and the steps are follows:

1. Downloading the novel

2. Reading the novel

3. Underlining politeness occured in directive utterances.

D. The Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researcher will be used theory proposed by Miles and

Huberman (2014), he said that the qualitative data analysis consist of three

procedures. There are data reduction, data display, drawing and verifying

conclusion.

1. Data Reduction

Data reduction means the process of sorting, focusing, identifying,

simplifying, abstracting, and transforming of the data that are considered important.

In the conducting research, the researcher will select data and give valuable

information in research; the data is chosen by identifying and classifying the kinds

of figures of speech.

2. Data Display

Data display means the process to simplify the data in the form of sentences,

narrative, or table. In displaying data, the researcher describes data by tabulating of

the kinds of figures of speech into table.

3. Drawing and Verifying Conclusion

The last step after doing the data display is drawing the conclusion and

verification. It is used to describe all of the data, so that it will become clearly. The

conclusion can be able to answer the formulation of the problem that formulated

from the beginning.