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d2q dq 1
L R q Vin
dt2 dt C
d 2 VC dV
LC RC C VC Vin
dt2 dt
Constructing the circuit and measuring the response easily veries the resulting
equation. As already noted for other domains, the number of energy storage ele-
ments corresponds to the order of the system. The exception to this is when two or
more energy storage elements are acting together and can thus be combined and
represented as a single component. An example of this is electrical inductors in series;
the mechanical analogy of this would be two masses rigidly connected. Inductive and
capacitive elements both act as energy storage devices in Table 2.