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This chapter has surveyed the literatures related to the notion of PKM, leadership
styles and organisational performance, and has pointed to the connection between
these concepts, which is the focus of our research reported in this book. The
following chapter discusses the quantitative methods we applied for this research. The Link Between Personal
Knowledge Management,
Leadership Styles and Organisational Performance
Organisational Performance For decades, the term organisational performance has been defined from a wide
range of perspectives; some scholars distinguish it as multi-dimensional, proposing
that each organisation has particular criteria for organisational performance, and the
criteria applicable in one organisation may not be appropriate in others (Grnberg
2004; Lumpkin and Dess 2001). The organisational performance factors identified
in specific cases are associated with individual local cases and purposes Leadership Styles Scholars have proposed
that a high-performance organisation requires first-class leadership; there is no simple solution and no rapid fix to
compensate for poor leadership (Bell 2006; Knzle et al. 2010; Spinelli 2006).

Reff. http://www.springer.com/978-981-287-437-5

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Time Management
There is a titanic difference between secondary and higher education when it comes to managing time and
academic responsibilities. In secondary education, there was the kind of learning that includes an explanation of
everything. On the other hand, when students enter university, they find out that what they learn is a lecture, that
only includes superficial information and the rest is their job to know about and explore further (Britton &
Tesser, 2001). Time management is a skill that every student should not only know, but also apply. A lot of
university students complain about running out of time when asked to do a certain task, they get frustrated
because they are not able to make it before the deadline. Time management is extremely important, especially
when it comes to university students because it will boost their grades and enhance their productivity (Laurie &
Hellsten, 2002). However, most of the time students face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so they
start to procrastinate because they lack organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to organize
duties according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up procrastinating. As we can see, time
management is quite essential to any university student, and it is one of the keys to higher academic
achievements (Kelly, 2004).
In the relevant literature there are great number of academic studies focusing on the relation between
time management and academic achievements. The related literature showed that the time management attitude
and skill levels of university students and the effects of these skills on their academic achievement. The research
revealed that a majority student possesses moderate level time management skills and only a significantly small
portion has high level time management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik & Bekta, 2006). The literature revealed that
the students time management skills affect their academic achievement at a significant level and the skills are
one of the predictors of academic performance. The relevant literature suggested that students should start to
acquire time management senses on their own in their primary school years by reading materials on the issue or
via the framework of psychological counseling and guidance studies applied in schools and adopt effective time
management attitudes and techniques to determine how and where they spend their time (Lisa & Robert, 2008).
The various group of students who exploited time-saving proficiencies notably had rich academic achievement.
They accomplished those students who do not use time saving techniques in their educational surrounding
having significantly lower academic as compared to results students who employ time- management tactics
haveconsiderably higher achievement (Mercanlioglu, 2010).
To calculate the cumulative time spent working during a week, these objects were also added. Time
management practices have been proven to be some of the top indicators toward achieving a high level of
academic success and performance. They not only influences on the achievement but using time management
techniques also serve only one reason meaning that there are multipurpose fulfilled by time management (Fazal,
2012). Taking part in proceedings and being engaged in other outside class activities, not inevitably a job, but
being energetic in institution also has a strong correlation to reaching high academic achievements. Various
studies showed that time management practices serve for many purposes not only for challenging performance of
the students. Time management practices show the way not only to a high level of academic performance, but to
good physical condition and lower levels of stress. The foremost purpose of the present study was educational
competency, using time managing techniques, test pressure, and test proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla &
Mohammad, 2014). Academic competence scores were established to some extent improved in the current
sample indicating that students found course material/content encouraging and enjoying their classes.

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Factor Analysis is primarily used for data reduction or structure detection. (PASW 18 Statistics
Program Tutorial, SPSS Inc. 2009)
The purpose of data reduction is to remove redundant (highly correlated) variables from the data
file, perhaps replacing the entire data file with a smaller number of uncorrelated variables.
The purpose of structure detection is to examine the underlying (or latent) relationships between
the variables.
To determine the significance of the results a 5% significance level is used in interpreting the
outcomes of the analyses. (Groebner et al. 2005: 308)
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy is a statistic that indicates the proportion
of variance in your variables that might be caused by underlying factors. High values (close to 1,0)
generally indicate that a factor analysis may be useful with your data. If the value is less than 0,50,
the results of the factor analysis probably won't be very useful. Bartlett's test of sphericity tests the
hypothesis that your correlation matrix is an identity matrix, which would indicate that your
variables are unrelated and therefore unsuitable for structure detection. Small values (less than
0,05) of the significance level indicate that a factor analysis may be useful with the data. (PASW
18 Statistics Program Tutorial, SPSS Inc. 2009)

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Davidson, J., Six Myths of Time Management www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=print&docId ,
26.04.2010
Groebner, D. F., Shannon, P. W., Fry, P. C., Smith, K.D., Business Statistics: A Decision-
Making Approach, 6th Edition, Pearson, 2005
Macan, T.H., Time Management Training:Effects on Time Behaviors, Attitudes and Job
Performance www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=print&docId , 26.04.2010
zdamar,K., Paket Programlar ile statistiksel Veri Analizi, 4.basm (vol 1), Kaan Kitabevi,
Eskiehir, 2002
Sabuncuolu, Z., Paa, M., Zaman Ynetimi, Ezgi kitabevi, 2002
Scoot,M., Zaman Ynetimi, (ev: elik,A.,), Rota Yayn, 1997, stanbul
Stinson, L.S., Measuring How People Spend Their Time
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Topf, M., Is What You Are Doing Contributing to Your Success?
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Wells, G.D. Time-Management and Academic Achievement, Thesis, University of Windsor,
Ontario, Canada, 1993
www.sage-ereference.com/edleadership/Article_n556htlm 14.05.2010
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