Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of possibilities
A manufacturers perspective
August 2013
Contents
Executive summary.......................................................................................................................3
List of abbreviations...................................................................................................................42
Executive Summary
Mobile broadband traffic has grown enormously in recent years, and much faster than forecasted as recently as 2007. This is due to the
emergence and unexpectedly rapid proliferation of new types of mobile broadband devices, including smartphones and tablets, and the rich
multimedia content they display.
By 2015, the number of mobile broadband subscriptions is expected to exceed 3 billion. More broadly, by the end of this decade it is estimated
that the world will be home to more than 50 billion mobile connections, far outstripping the planets human population.
As society increasingly exploits the social and economic benefits of broadband access on the move, the various stakeholders (governments,
regulators, operators and vendors) need to co-operate closely to address the growing requirement for new spectrum and to efficiently use this
scarce resource.
But it is not just about making more bandwidth available, it is also about ensuring that the allocation and utilisation of spectrum keeps pace
with technological evolution. The future economic benefits that will derive from the implementation of next-generation mobile standards, such
as LTE-Advanced and 5G, will largely depend on the spectrum management decisions that are being taken now.
The Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP), the EUs road map and blueprint for a wireless Europe, sets clear targets for the rolling out of
new spectrum for the immediate future. In the longer term, the World Radiocommunication Conference in 2015 (WRC-15) is where mobile
broadband spectrum requirements for the coming 10 to 15 years will be addressed. Any decisions taken or not taken there will affect the
direction of the entire mobile broadband market.
A spectrum of harmony
Europes airwaves are a busy place, with mobile, satellite, radar, military communications, broadcasting and other signals bouncing around the
ether. This makes the identification and efficient allocation of extra spectrum for mobile broadband services a difficult challenge, but one that
is imperative we address in a way that serves consumers, operators and incumbent users.
The adequate and timely availability of new spectrum that is harmonised both globally and regionally is essential for the future development
and deployment of mobile broadband services. This facilitates the kind of innovations and economies of scale required to meet the extremely
competitive price levels that the market demands.
However, acquiring that sort of traction and gaining the right critical mass is challenging in light of the current fragmentation, despite the
close coordination efforts of member states on policy matters, of the EUs internal market which is hurting Europes competitiveness against
increasingly fierce global competition. An illustrative example is provided by the European 800MHz band: 17 member states were not able to
meet the RSPP objective requiring 800MHz spectrum availability by January 2013.
The EU is working to address this challenge robustly by creating a European Digital Single Market. A package of measures the European
Commission plans to unveil at the end of the summer of 2013 is anticipated to include mechanisms for the greater coordination of spectrum
policies.
In this regard, Huawei believes that the most important guiding principle is for spectrum management policies and procedures to be consistent,
transparent and predictable. This applies to the assignment of new spectrum, as well as the re-farming and renewal of existing spectrum. This
would allow mobile operators and other stakeholders to define effective strategies and business plans.
In addition, national spectrum policy should be driven by clear and transparent national broadband strategies that are consistent with the
objectives of the Digital Agenda for Europe.
3
Spectrum in Europe today
Authorities across Europe are making new spectrum available by auctioning the 800MHz and 2600MHz bands and by allowing the so-called
re-farming of the 900MHz and 1800MHz GSM bands.
As described in the table below, within the 1025MHz that have been designated for European Electronic Communications Services, 590MHz
are actually commonly used by commercial operators rollouts based on International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) technologies.
There is broad agreement on the need to make available more spectrum to mobile broadband uses. This paper provides Huaweis views on how
such expansion should take place.
1 RSPP: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/rspp-roadmap-wireless-europe
2 The frequency ranges in the table may include possible guard bands and duplex gaps.
5
Additional MBB spectrum to become available after 2016
Additional MBB spectrum toasbecome
a result of WRC-15.
available after 2016 as a result of WRC-15.
470-694 MHz
The future availability of the 470-694 MHz frequencies for mobile broadband services would advance the ambitious Digital Agenda for Europe.
This range of the spectrum possesses excellent propagation properties which are suitable for a wide variety of rollouts, from wide-area rural
coverage to deep indoor penetration in the urban environment. However, this band is currently used by television, which has prompted a
debate on the future of Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting (DVB-T).
Huawei recognises that the discussions around the future utilisation of these frequencies need to proceed in parallel with the definition of a
future-looking strategic policy to manage the necessary convergence of mobile broadband and terrestrial TV distribution networks.
From a technology standpoint, mobile technologies already have the capabilities to become the converged network supporting both
broadcasting and MBB services (see Chapter 4.1).
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 4
694-790 MHz
In Europe, the 700MHz band will become the most important band for LTE, given its high propagation characteristics and its potential for
global harmonisation.
The 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) decided to add the new mobile service co-primary allocation (and IMT
identification) for this band in International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Region 1 (Europe, the Middle East
and Africa), to be effective immediately after WRC-15. The ITU and CEPT have consequently started their studies addressing the future band
plan, the coexistence issues as well as the impact of this new allocation in terms of cross-border coordination.
To benefit the future economies of scale and international roaming, Huawei favours the maximum commonalities with the channel arrangement
and technical provisions defined by the APT (Asia Pacific Telecommunity) for the 700MHz FDD band plan in ITU-R Region 3 (most of non-Russian
Asia and Oceania).3 The adoption of the lower duplexer (2x30MHz)4 in the APT 700 FDD band plan is the most appropriate choice (see Chapter
4.2).
L-Band extensions
The WRC-15 is likely to extend the available spectrum for the L-Band. Huawei endorses further extensions of this band through IMT identifications
within the 1350-1517 MHz range globally (see Chapter 4.3).
2700-2900 MHz
The 2700-2900 MHz band is an interesting candidate for future IMT identification at the WRC-15 due to its adjacency to the 2500-2690 MHz
range. This would allow for wider assignments across the overall 2500-2900 MHz range.
The supply of lower cost RF components would be facilitated by the commercial availability of 2600MHz, while the rollouts in the 2700-2900
MHz range would leverage on the existing 2600MHz rollouts grid and installation infrastructure (see Chapter 4.4).
6
3800-4200 MHz
With its larger available spectrum, the overall 3400-4200 MHz range will play a more prominent role in the future, as traffic grows and the
frequencies below 3GHz become busier. The shorter electromagnetic propagation distances make these higher frequencies especially suitable
for densified network rollouts where interference could otherwise become unmanageable. Such higher frequencies are set to play a substantial
role in the LTE evolution path and in future 5G innovation.
Why Huawei?
Huawei, as a leading global ICT solutions provider, is aware of the impact that policy decisions have on the future of the whole sector and on
European citizens, and is actively engaged in on-going debates on telecoms policy.
Huawei welcomes and supports the various European initiatives to develop common policy and objectives for spectrum harmonisation and to
provide clear planning in the longer term. Such initiatives will bring Europe a significant step closer to achieving the objectives of the Digital
Agenda for Europe, delivering faster and more reliable broadband to all Europeans.
Supported by the largest R&D division in the ICT sector, Huawei is committed to the introduction of its wireless products according to market
requirements and to the technical compatibility with existing systems. Huawei contributes to the definition of regulatory measures and
standards worldwide.
7
Chapter 1
Why we need extra spectrum
Mobile broadband traffic has grown enormously in recent years. This is due to
the emergence and proliferation of new types of mobile broadband devices
smartphones, tablets and dongles which have enabled people to use
bandwidth-hungry software apps, higher-definition video5, in combination
with social networking, and growing Machine-to-Machine (M2M) traffic.
Increased demand
Smartphones,
tablets, ... New Mobile for mobile video
services
devices video
Driven by
competition and
Friendlier interfaces, Improved regulation
larger screen size, faster Price
user
connectivity, longer decrease
battery life... experience
The 2020
mobile traffic The main / sole
Inexpensive wireles Wireless challenge Mobile
access mean to
the Internet for
modules embedded in
any object requiring connected Internet many people
information exchange. things access
New
Convergence of mobile
mobile Convergence communications with other
Online mobile applications
stores supporting social life apps services and industries (e.g. TV
broadcasting, Public Safety, )
and productivity.
The International Telecommunication Unions Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) updated, at the end of 20116, its broadband traffic forecasts
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 5
from 20067. It found that the data traffic volume reported for 2010 was more than five times greater than some of the ITU-R estimates from
2006. In addition, the actual traffic experienced by some operators in 2011 was even greater than some of the ITU-Rs projections for 2020.
According to the ITU-Rs 2011 predictions, mobile broadband traffic would grow eightfold in the period between 2011 and 2012.
5 According to Ciscos Visual Networking Index (VNI), mobile video will dominate, accounting for 70% of mobile traffic by 2016.
6 Assessment of the global mobile broadband deployments and forecasts for international mobile telecommunications, ITU-R, 2011.
Link: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-M.2243-2011-PDF-E.pdf
7 World mobile telecommunication market forecast, ITU-R, 2006. Link: http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-M.2072-2006-PDF-E.pdf
8
Exabyte / yr.
100
ITU-R M.2243
(2011)
10
yr.
0.1 2010
2014
2016
2017
2018
2020
2013
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
2012
2015
2019
ITU-R updated views on WRC-07 conservative traffic predictions.
ITU-R updated views on WRC-07 conservative traffic predictions.
Huaweis own predictions are in line with the latest ITU-R traffic growth estimations for 2015. For the longer term, Huawei projects a thousand-
fold increase in traffic in the decade leading up to 2020. In addition to dramatically higher average data consumption values, future spectrum
availability will need to address high peak data rate requirement from specific users, as well as user demand for consistent quality of experience.
These challenges can only be addressed by a number of parallel enhancements, including innovation in technology and topology, as well as
making available new spectrum. The fundamental contributions from each of the foreseen improvements are estimated in the diagram below
~ 8x sites
bps/Hz/km2
HetNet & Small Cells
Network
Densification
~ 4x spectral efficiency
~ 4x spectrum
bps/Hz
n* MHz The 2020
2G 3G 4G ... 5G
Traffic
challenge
More Spectrum Technology Evolution
Spectrum:
key for all three enablers.
Multiple efforts to meet the mobile broadband traffic growth challenge.
Multiple efforts to meet the mobile broadband traffic growth challenge.
9
WRC-07 estimates - 2007 Higher market setting 1720 MHz, by 2020
(Report ITU-R M.2078) Lower market setting 1280 MHz, by 2020
ITU-R (IMT)
WRC-15 Updates - 2013
Higher market setting 1960 MHz, by 2020
(under discussions) Lower market setting 1340 MHz, by 2020
European Union Radio Spectrum Policy Programme objective (2012) 1200 MHz, by 2015
Spectrum requirements from ITU-R and European Union.
Spectrum requirements from ITU-R and European Union.
In addition, national authorities are identifying their local spectrum requirements, as illustrated in the table below.
Global Mobile BB Forum 553 + 300 / 500 (by 2015) 1253 / 1653
Canada
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 8
2012 (by 2014) + 400
/ 600 (by 2022) (by 2022)
ITU-R WP5D#15 (document x 600 570 570 / 690 (by 2015) 1490 / 1810
China
5D/256) (from 2010 to 2020) (by 2012) + 800 / 1120 (by 2020) (by 2020)
Lower frequencies in the 400MHz to 6GHz range are playing a major role due to their ability to deliver wide coverage in less densely populated
areas, as well as deep indoor coverage in cities. As mobile traffic and end-user requirements for high connection speeds grow, the higher
frequency bands are attracting more interest than previously:
Coverage bands: 400MHz to 3GHz, 400MHz to 1GHz especially
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES
Capacity bands: 1GHzCO., LTD. 3GHz to Huawei
to 6GHz, Proprietary - Restricted Distribution
6GHz especially Page 9
Frequencies below 400MHz cause technical difficulties in the design of end-user devices due to the larger dimensions required to serve
frequencies with larger wavelengths. At a time when consumers demand ever shrinking, more compact devices, this places upward pressure
on device sizes.
Frequencies above 6GHz, now the subject of intense R&D efforts, will be considered after WRC-15, whereupon solutions for the technical
obstacles will have significantly advanced.
10
Chapter 2
Advancing the European spectrum debate
2.1. Economies of scale through harmonisation
The adequate and timely availability of globally and regionally harmonised
spectrum, with associated supporting regulatory provisions, is essential for
the future development of mobile broadband services. This facilitates the
development of a healthy and innovative ecosystem, allowing the economies
of scale required to meet the extremely competitive price levels that the market
demands.
Harmonisation efforts should address technical implementation issues, such as the channel arrangements within a certain band, the Least
Restrictive Technical Conditions (LRTC), including emission masks, to ensure smooth coexistence between services in the same band and in
adjacent bands. In addition, harmonisation should address such issues as the synchronised availability of new spectrum and the possibility to
apply new technologies to the existing bands, a process known as re-farming.
Spectrum harmonisation can ensure economies of scale for standardised products, driving down device costs. It can also ensure smoother cross-
border coordination and enable better roaming capabilities within the region(s) where harmonisation is implemented.
The coordinating framework of the international use of radio spectrum creates the conditions for the rational, efficient and economically
sound utilisation of radio-frequency spectrum in each country of the world. However, in practice, spectrum allocation is far from being globally
harmonised today. For that reason, regulators in Europe and other parts of the world should coordinate closely their efforts in order to ensure
that current disparities are overcome.
Many countries have not yet made available all frequency bands already identified for the IMT family of technologies by the ITU-R Radio
Regulations, for various reasons, including the use of this spectrum by other systems and services, such as Aeronautical, Maritime and Civil
Radiolocation and Navigation Systems, terrestrial broadcasting, defence systems, satellite systems, and fixed links. These local constraints have
led to a situation in which the globally identified spectrum is twice what is available locally in many parts of the world.
Europe strives to promote greater cross-border and international harmonisation. Thanks to the successful coordination efforts
of a number of key entities in Europe including the 48 administrations belonging to the European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), the European Commission, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) European regional harmonisation measures are widely considered to be de facto reference standards for the rest of the world.
This highlights how Europe can play an important role in promoting global harmonisation in the longer term.
In March 2013, the European Commission announced that it will present, in the late summer of 2013, a package of legislative instruments to
further promote a true European Digital Single Market for telecom services.8
8 www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/136151.pdf
11
Among other things, the Commissions package is expected to contain measures for the greater coordination of European spectrum management.
One possible measure would put in place a shorter time window for operators to make harmonised spectrum available to operators.9
This was prompted by the slow pace with which European auctions have taken place for the 800MHz band. While the first auction took place
in Germany in 2010, only 11 member states were able to meet the RSPP objective requiring 800MHz spectrum availability by January 2013. The
European Commission has recently agreed to postponement to free the 800MHz band for one third of the EU countries.10 This has resulted
in the slow rolling out of devices from major manufacturers and lacklustre investment in networks covering these frequencies. In contrast, the
United States registered a far healthier market take-up for the 700MHz band that was auctioned in 2008. The EU is lagging well behind the
US in the deployment of next generation wireless infrastructures and the advanced services they make possible [and] EU consumers are worse
off as a result, concluded a report by GSMA, the association of GSM mobile operators. EU regulatory policies have resulted in a fragmented
market structure which prevents carriers from capturing beneficial economies of scale and scope and retards the growth of the mobile wireless
ecosystem.11
Other important areas that will be addressed by the European Commissions package include the harmonised designation of spectrum to meet
the so-called RSPP 1200MHz objective, the coordination of spectrum authorisations across the Union, as well as building and maintaining a
coherent EU position in international negotiations.
Huawei regards the proposed package as an opportunity to strike the right balance between competition, investment and the sustainable
supply of mobile broadband.
National spectrum policy should be driven by clear national broadband strategies which are in line with the EUs Digital Agenda for Europe.12
More specifically, new spectrum auctions should be planned and announced well in advance, in accordance with the EUs road map for a
wireless Europe, the Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP). Spectrum policy should also take into account the outcomes of the WRC-15
which is due to take place in Geneva, from 2 to 27 November 2015.13
9 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-622_en.htm#PR_metaPressRelease_bottom
10 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/texts-derogations
11 Mobile wireless performance in the EU and the US, GSMA, 2013. Link: www.gsmamobilewirelessperformance.com/GSMA_Mobile_Wireless_Performance_May2013.pdf
12 The Digital Agenda for Europe: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en
13 WRC-15 official site: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/conferences/wrc/2015/Pages/default.aspx
12
If the goal of creating a European single telecoms market is to be achieved, then European national regulators will, one day, need to start
coordinating the duration and expiration of spectrum licences.
In June 2013, the German regulator BNetzA started a public consultation14 in relation to a strategy paper on future mobile broadband spectrum
assignments. The regulators draft proposals aim to formulate a coordinated and comprehensive approach to spectrum allocation. This is in line
with the German governments broadband strategy which aims to make widely available 50+ Mbps mobile broadband by 2018.The strategy
recommends that spectrum from the following bands is earmarked for commercial mobile broadband services from 2017: 700MHz, 900MHz,
1800MHz and the L-Band (1452-1492 MHz).
BNetzA also suggests that each of Germanys four mobile operators receives one 2x5 MHz paired blocks in the 900MHz band. This would be
tied to coverage obligations targeting 99% of the German population. In addition, the assigned usage rights would last for 15 years, expiring
on the same date for all bands.
13
2.5. Flexible support of asymmetric traffic patterns
It is said that video killed the radio star, but mobile broadband will keep video
with us for a long time to come. In fact, video distribution is set to become a
dominant source of traffic on mobile networks. This will undoubtedly lead to
asymmetric patterns in either uplink or downlink. A number of solutions exist
to smooth the discrepancy between uplinks and downlinks.
It is now widely recognised that video content will represent a significant portion of traffic on mobile networks. This will undoubtedly lead to
asymmetries between uplinks and downlinks. For example, fans at a football stadium or concert may livestream the action to their friends,
putting immense pressure on the uplink. In contrast, fans at the airport or train station who could not make it to the game may tune in on
their smartphone, stressing the downlink.
As described in the following sections, such patterns can be addressed by the LTE-TDD technology or by the LTE Supplemental Downlink
(SDL) technology. LTE-TDD supports traffic asymmetry on either the uplink or the downlink, with the ability to adapt flexibly to shifting traffic
patterns.16 In contrast, SDL technology can only support increased traffic on the downlink.
Supplemental Downlink
SDL was introduced in the ninth Release of 3GPP for Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) and is possible, with the Carrier Aggregation
(CA) feature, for LTE from release 10 onwards. SDL uses unpaired spectrum for the downlink communication only. An SDL carrier of this kind
cannot be made available without linking it to a conventional primary carrier in the same or another band.
In the United States, AT&T plans to use its unpaired 12MHz carrier (716-728 MHz, 3GPP Band 29) as an SDL carrier to be aggregated with
another paired carrier outside the 700MHz band (USA band plan). Devices that utilise this technology are expected to become available in 2014.
In Europe, a decision19 which was recently approved for publication by the Electronic Communications Committee harmonises the European
L-Band (1452-1492 MHz) for Mobile/Fixed Communications Networks Supplemental Downlink (MFCN SDL). In addition, a work item was
started recently in the context of 3GPP to specify this band as SDL for HSPA and LTE.
14
2.6. Licensed Shared Access to accelerate spectrum
availability
The mobile broadband spectrum is currently assigned through national market-driven auctions which remain the preferred process for
introducing new spectrum into the market. In line with the EUs Authorisation Directive (2002/21/EC), such auctions define caps to guarantee
competition and obligations to ensure that the spectrum is used efficiently.
As access to new spectrum resources becomes more and more difficult, Huawei believes that a complementary, pragmatic approach could be
applied in certain cases. The optimal solution is Licensed Shared Access (LSA), which combines the notion of individual exclusive usage right,
thereby ensuring predictable quality of service for the licensee, with spectrum sharing.
According to the RSPGs20 latest working definition21, LSA is: A regulatory approach aiming to facilitate the introduction of
radiocommunication systems operated by a limited number of licensees under an individual licensing regime in a frequency
band already assigned or expected to be assigned to one or more incumbent users. Under the LSA framework, the additional
users are allowed to use the spectrum (or part of the spectrum) in accordance with sharing rules included in their rights of use
of spectrum, thereby allowing all the authorised users, including incumbents, to provide a certain QoS (Quality of Service).
INCUMBENT USERS
aeronautical
Wireless telemetry
Satellite downlink
cameras
(PMSE) Frequency
Space Time
LTE eNB
LSA LICENSEES
The
TheLicensed
LicensedShared
SharedAccess
Accessconcept.
concept.
While the details of the LSA definition are being hammered out in various forums, Huawei believes that LSA:
Enables the efficient use of spectrum and fosters mobile broadband innovation
Is compatible with the current EU regulatory framework because it provides licensees with exclusive spectrum rights of use where and
when the spectrum is not being used by the incumbent
Should not target spectrum already awarded under the Authorisation Directive (2002/21/EC)
20 A dedicated RSPG working group is now developing a response to the European Commissions request for an opinion on spectrum issues concerning licensed shared access
(document RSPG12-424 Rev2, 8 November 2012).
21 draft RSPG opinion on Licensed Shared Access - RSPG13-529 rev1,. See: rspg.groups.eu.int/consultations/index_en.htm
15
Should target bands allocated to incumbents, with incumbent defined as a current holder of spectrum rights of use which have not
been granted through an award procedure for commercial use
Enables the better utilisation of underutilised bands in a timely manner while complying with EU regulation
Complements the preferred traditional model of exclusive authorisations of individual rights of use when the re-allocation or clearing of
spectrum is deemed lengthy, costly and impracticable due to incumbent use
Addresses bands with significant potential for global harmonisation
Is a voluntary regulatory tool leveraging mutual commercial benefits for both incumbents and LSA licensees
Is binary by nature: the spectrum is used either by the incumbent or LSA licensee, but not by both simultaneously
Should be based on formal agreements ensuring predictable quality of service comparable to that of traditional exclusive individual usage
rights
LSA is an innovative approach to spectrum management and can help contribute to the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategys Digital Agenda
for Europe. In addition, LSA represents an opportunity for Europe to lead the global debate on the shared use of spectrum.
Regulatory background
The Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG)
LSA was initially proposed by an industry consortium22 in response to the RSPG consultation on Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS) in January 2011.
The first definition of LSA was provided by the RSPG in its November 2011 report.23 A dedicated RSPG working group has recently formulated
an opinion on the subject in response to a European Commission Request.24
The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
Since September 2012, after finalising its report on LSA25, a working group of the CEPTs Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) has
been working on the LSA concept, a European regulatory framework for it and its specific application in the 2300MHz band.
The European Commission
In November 2012, the European Commission issued a standardisation mandate26 addressing the following objective with reference to the LSA:
Objective A (deadline: Q4 2014): in the area of commercial applications, to enable the deployment and operation of Cognitive Radio Systems
(CRSs) including white space devices (WSD) and devices under the LSA regime, dependent for their use of radio spectrum on information
obtained from geolocation databases (GLDB).
The corresponding activities started after the publication of the mandate, in particular at the ETSIs Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS) group.
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute
The European Telecommunications Standards Institutes RRS group is the key centre of competence within ETSI for future spectrum sharing
standards. Drawing on input from industry, the RRS recently submitted its technical report on LSA in the 2300-2400 MHz band27 to the CEPT.
In the framework of the above-mentioned mandate, the ETSIs RRS is expected to further develop harmonised standards which can act as a
regulatory tool in Europe.28
22 http://rspg.groups.eu.int/consultations/consultation_cognitiv_2010/qualcomm_nokia_0114.pdf
23 Collective use of spectrum (CUS) and other spectrum sharing approaches. Link: http://rspg.ec.europa.eu/_documents/documents/meeting/rspg26/rspg11_392_report_CUS_
other_approaches_final.pdf.
24 Document RSPG12-424 Rev2, 8 November 2012.
25 See the FM(12)040 input document from ECC WG FM meeting #75 Link: www.cept.org/ecc/groups/ecc/wg-fm/client/meeting-documents.
26 http://www.etsi.org/images/files/ECMandates/m512.pdf
27 Mobile broadband services in the 2300MHz-2400MHz frequency band under Licensed Shared Access regime.
28 The European standards organisations (ESOs), including the ETSI, support European legislation by creating the standards through which EU directives can be implemented.
European standards developed in response to a mandate are called harmonised standards.
16
2.7. Spectrum for small cells within HetNets
The growing volume of traffic is not evenly distributed over the whole network
and a large portion of it is concentrated in outdoor and indoor hotspots
(homes, offices, shopping malls, coffee shops, etc.). Small cells will increasingly
cover this extra demand. For that reason, adequate spectrum should be made
available to address the need for wide contiguous channels for end-users and
to support the backhaul of the traffic collected. The availability of the 2300-
2400 MHz band in the short term, together with future availability of the 2700-
2900 MHz and 3400-4200 MHz ranges for the medium to long term, would
count as additional valuable resources in this respect29. Beyond spectrum,
proper regulatory measures should be put in place to facilitate the deployment
of small cells30.
Huawei AtomCell
Macro
Macro Macro
Wi-Fi Business
district Hotspot
Hotspot
Macro
Small Cell
Small Cell Coverage hole Small Cell
Small Cell
Coverage hole
Wi-Fi
Residential area
Huawei HetNet.
Huawei HetNet.
Given the growing volume of traffic and higher utilisation of the frequencies below 3GHz, frequencies in the 3GHz range will play a more
central role as the technology matures. Significant work is being carried out for the 3400-4200 MHz range across the three ITU regions31, which
can help efforts towards the global harmonisation of mobile broadband use and roaming.
The 3800-4200 MHz range represents a unique opportunity for wide contiguous spectrum for broadband services using macro and small cell
IMT rollout schemes (indoor and outdoor) belonging to heterogeneous networks.
In line with the extensive discussions taking place worldwide on the future utilisation of the 3400-4200 MHz range, Huawei believes that
utilising this spectrum range would place Europe in a leading global position that would enable it to implement a forward-looking strategy for
the expansion
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29 Future rollouts in the 2300-2400, 2700-2900 and 3400-4200 MHz ranges will not be limited to small cell use across Europe
30 Addressing such issues as consistent rules to manage sites access, the sharing of sites and infrastructure among operators, and consistent regulation on small cell output
power limits
31 ITU-R Region 1 is made up of Europe, the Middle East and Africa, the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Region 2 comprises the Americas, Greenland and some of the
eastern Pacific Islands. Region 3 covers most of non-Russian Asia, east of and including Iran, and most of Oceania.
17
2.8. Balanced spectrum for licensed access and unlicensed
shared access
Huawei network solutions exploit the complementarities between LTE and WiFi
small cells. Considering that small cells require large amounts of contiguous
spectrum, this will necessitate the utilisation of higher frequencies. Therefore,
adequate balanced spectrum should be provided for the effective rollout of WiFi
and LTE small cells within the same access network. The ongoing discussions (in
Europe and globally) on the availability of the 3400-4200 MHz range for LTE
and on the availability of the 5GHz WiFi spectrum is a step towards a balanced
solution.
Huawei network solutions exploit the complementarities between LTE and WiFi small cells.
GSM Macro
RNC/BSC/ Valuable
MME CN/EPC services $
UMTS Macro Load,
& Small Cells location
Info,
Policy
LTE Macro &
Small Cells TGW
Small cells require large amounts of contiguous spectrum in order to complement the performance available from the macro layer. For that
reason, higher frequencies are the most suitable for small cells, due to the positive effect that shorter range has on interference management.
32 The contention-based Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA-CA
33 5150-5350: MHz 200mW EIRP indoor; 5470-5725MHz 1W indoor & outdoor; 24002483.5 MHz 100mW
18
Huawei believes that adequate balanced spectrum should be provided for the effective rollout of WiFi and LTE small cells within the same
access network. The ongoing discussions (in Europe and globally) on the availability of the 3400-4200 MHz range for LTE and on the availability
of the 5GHz band for WiFi points to a well balanced solution.
3600
3800
4200
5GHz band expansion for WiFi
5350
3470
5725
5925
Future options for the 3GHz and 5GHz bands in Europe.
Future options for the 3GHz and 5GHz bands in Europe.
The main drivers that have prompted research into 5G networks include:
The massive growth in connected devices, such as smart devices, modules, sensors, actuators
The diversification of users, services and applications which has led to vastly differing requirements, such as high performance for
multimedia (required in crowded stadium live streaming, among others), the challenges related to ubiquity (including in car MBB), as well
as mission-critical uses for emergency communications and smart grids
The proliferation of low-cost devices, such as those for mobile-to-mobile and Internet of Things applications
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 14
19
Openness to future, as yet unknown, requirements
The need to save energy and protect the environment
It is now the right time to plan 5G spectrum availability in order to prepare for the future towards which current R&D efforts are paving the way.
WRC-15, in November 2015, will be the first key opportunity in this regard.
20
Chapter 3
EU spectrum policy for the shorter term
European regional and national regulators are addressing the challenges
posed by mobile broadband adoption through various initiatives. The Radio
Spectrum Policy Programme34, in the context of the Digital Agenda for Europe,
has identified ambitious short-term targets for European spectrum policy.
The purpose of this chapter is to identify and assess the bands that can help in fulfilling the RSPP objective to make available 1200MHz of
spectrum for wireless data traffic by 2015. The table below35 illustrates the frequency bands that Huawei expects will support this RSPP
objective.
Currently set aside for digital audio broadcasting, the L-Band is largely unutilised.
In line with the regulatory framework which will be adopted in November 2013
this band will soon be available to support traffic asymmetry with LTE downlink-
only channels. L-Band harmonisation is supported by the mobile industry, with
clear commitments from equipment chipset manufacturers. This is reflected in
theTECHNOLOGIES
HUAWEI fact that first authorisations
CO., LTD. are expected
Huawei Proprietary in 2014 andPage
- Restricted Distribution the3 first equipment
As previously highlighted, the leading role of video downloads in mobile internet traffic leads to asymmetric traffic patterns which have to be
considered when addressing future spectrum availability in Europe.
21
Huawei has actively supported the CEPTs work on the L-Band36 since it began in late 2010, contributing to the European harmonisation of
this portion of spectrum for Mobile/Fixed Communication Networks Supplemental Downlink (MFCN SDL). The L-Band regulatory framework is
expected to be adopted in November 2013.
From a technological point of view, the CA feature across different bands is available for HSPA+ and LTE starting from 3GPP
Release 9 and Release 10, respectively. CA will allow next generation wireless products to use the L-Band downlink channels in
combination with other paired channels available in other paired bands (e.g. the 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz bands).
MHz
800MHz Band L-band (SDL)
MHz
791 801 832 842 1462 1472
Example #2
MHz
L-band (SDL) 1800MHz Band
MHz
1462 1472 1710 1725 1805 1820
Two examples of Multimedia Supplemental Dowlink application for LTE Rel. 10.
Two examples of Multimedia Supplemental Dowlink application for LTE Release 10.
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
The use of this band is subject to ITU RR 5.345, 5.342 and Res. 528 (WARC-92) allocating the 1452-1492 MHz band on a co-primary basis for: fixed
links, mobile communications, as well as satellite and terrestrial radio broadcasting services in all regions. Current allocations enable the use of this
spectrum as an SDL channel.
The European Union
The first reading amendment to the European Commissions Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP) explicitly added a reference to the L-Band as
part of the spectrum that can be allocated to wireless broadband services before 2015.
The recent Radio Spectrum Policy Groups (RSPG) opinion on wireless broadband assigns the L-Band the potential for wireless broadband38 for the
near term.
36 L-Band terminology refers to the 1 to 2 GHz frequency range, as defined by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB)
37 RSPG opinion on strategic challenges facing Europe in addressing the growing spectrum demand for wireless broadband. Link: https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/d/9367e691-
df81-408c-a17e-ef895449bd7f/RSPG13-511_Rev1_Draft%20Opinion%20Wireless%20Broadband.pdf
38 RSPG opinion on strategic challenges facing Europe in addressing the growing spectrum demand for wireless broadband. Link: https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/d/9367e691-
df81-408c-a17e-ef895449bd7f/RSPG13-511_Rev1_Draft%20Opinion%20Wireless%20Broadband.pdf
22
EU member states
Various EU member states have in included the L-band within their spectrum strategies for the shorter term.
Denmark: in the 2011 public consultation document entitled A strategy to find an extra 600MHz for broadband39, the Danish regulator
proposed the availability of the L-Band by 2014. Additional adjacent spectrum (61MHz in total) is also being considered in the 2016 timeframe.
Ireland: The ComReg 2011-2013 spectrum management strategy40 considers L-Band assignments as an option for the near term.
Sweden: The Post and Telecommunications Authority (PTS) is considering releasing the L-Band in the near term as part of its ambitious plan
to release more than 500MHz in five years.41
UK: L-band (1452-1492 MHz) was awarded to Qualcomm UK Spectrum Limited in 2008, initially meant for MediaFLO mobile TV technology,
which was suitable for a range of applications, including the SDL.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
L-Band was initially allocated to broadcasting, fixed and mobile services (except for aeronautical mobile service), with limited exceptions across
the EU. In the Union, there are two segments of L-band:
Terrestrial: The Maastricht Arrangement originally identified 1452-1479.5 MHz (27.5MHz) for terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).
The Constance Revision (MA02revCO07)42, which extends use to terrestrial mobile multimedia systems (also providing the associated
band plan), makes the Mobile/Fixed Communications Networks (MFCN) SDL application compatible with existing regulations
Satellite: In its decision DEC(03)02, the ECC designated 1479.51492 MHz (12.5MHz) for satellite usage (S-DAB), but this was withdrawn
by the ECC in June 201343
Licenses have been assigned in some member states but no significant commercial services are being offered.
Consequently, the ECC began, in late 2010, a review process for the future efficient use of this spectrum, establishing the FM 50 Project Team
in 2011 for this purpose.
ECC Report 18844, published in February 2013, identified SDL (which is compatible with current L-Band regulation) as the most suitable
application among various candidate applications.
In May 2013, the ECCs Working Group on Frequency Management (WG FM) approved for consultation the draft ECC decision defining a
harmonised framework for the MFCN SDL in the 1452-1492 MHz frequency band. This decision45 designates the L-Band for MFCN SDL46.
It also defines the Least-Restrictive Technical Conditions (LRTC) with a harmonised band plan for the 1452-1492 MHz band, based on eight
blocks of 5MHz. The L-Band regulatory framework is due to be adopted in November 2013.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
The 3GPP is now starting its work on the L-Band. It aims to define the FDD DL-only radio requirements with possible band combinations for
aggregation with conventional primary carriers for LTE and HSPA47 (the first two combinations are: LTE800 MHz with L-Band SDL and UMTS
2.1GHz with L-Band SDL). The partnership plans to finalise this work by June 2014.
Another example of an LTE SDL has already been standardised for the US market (AT&T MediaFLO downlink spectrum, 716-728 MHz, 3GPP band 29).
L-Band devices
1st auctions in EU
ECC WG FM PT50 established.
ECC Decision published
Socio-economic study for L-Band best use
(band plan, LSTC, BEM)
3GPP L-Band
ECC Report 188 published WI completed IMT identification
ECC survey on L-band Mobile SDL selected as at WRC-15
(Huawei responded) preferred app. for the L-Band
39 www.borger.dk/Lovgivning/Hoeringsportalen/Sider/Fakta.aspx?hpid=2146002605.
40 Review of the period 20082010 & proposed strategy for managing the radio spectrum: 2011-2013. Link: www.comreg.ie/publications/review_of_the_pe
riod_2008___2010_and_proposed_strategy_for_managing_the_radio_spectrum__2011___2013_.583.103847.p.html36 ITU-R Region 1 is made up of Europe, the
Middle East andHUAWEI
Africa, theTECHNOLOGIES
Russian Federation andLTD.
CO., Mongolia. RegionHuawei
2 comprises the Americas,
Proprietary Greenland
- Restricted and some of the eastern
Distribution PagePacific
18 Islands. Region 3 covers most of
non-Russian Asia, east of and including Iran, and most of Oceania.
41 PTS spectrum orientation plan. Link: www.pts.se/upload/Ovrigt/Radio/draft-orientation-plan-121011.pdf.
42 Final acts of the CEPT multilateral meeting for the frequency band 1452-1479.5 MHz. Link: /www.cept.org/files/1051/Topics/Broadcasting/T-DAB/MA02revCO07/final%20
acts%20MA02revCO07.pdf
43 ECC Decision (13)02. Link: www.erodocdb.dk/Docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCDEC1302.PDF
44 Future harmonised use of 1452-1492 MHz in CEPT. Link: http://www.erodocdb.dk/Docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCREP188.PDF
45 http://www.cept.org/Documents/fm-50/11140/FM50(13)011_Annex-4_Draft-ECC-DEC-on-L-band-use
46 The draft ECC Decision does not prevent administrations from using parts of the band for terrestrial broadcasting, aeronautical telemetry, MFCN other than SDL or other
terrestrial applications to adapt to national circumstances.
47 The related functional support for downlink Carrier Aggregation is available in HSPA from Rel-9 and LTE from Release 10.
23
3.2. 2GHz MSS band (1980-2010 // 2170-2200 MHz)
In Europe, the 2GHz MSS band has been allocated to Mobile Satellite Service
(MSS) since 2006, but no significant commercial rollout has taken place so far.
The European Commission is keen to identify the most efficient utilisation of
this portion of spectrum, with terrestrial mobile broadband services the most
promising candidates. Terrestrial mobile network infrastructure and end-user
equipment implementation will certainly be relatively simple for the 2GHz MSS
band because this portion of spectrum is contiguous to the IMT 2GHz core band
with identical duplex spacing.
The need for new spectrum allocations for terrestrial mobile broadband services, the straightforward implementation of terrestrial networks
and devices in the 2GHz MSS band, and the potential for new business models should propel discussions and decisions in this area.
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
The ITUs World Administrative Radio Conference Geneva 1992 (WARC-92) globally allocated the bands 1980-2010 MHz (Earth-to-space) /
2170-2200 MHz (space-to-Earth) to the mobile-satellite on a co-primary basis with fixed and mobile services (satellite component of IMT-2000).
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 19
The European Union
A 2006 ECC decision48 designated the frequency bands 1980-2010 MHz (Earth-to-space) and 2170-2200 MHz (space-to-Earth) to MSS systems
which may incorporate a Complementary Ground Component (CGC) which cannot be operated as a stand-alone, terrestrial-only network.
Several conditions have been introduced to define the mandatory relationship between the satellite component and the CGC, addressing
possible competition issues with terrestrial mobile operators. MSS include high-speed internet access, mobile television and radio or emergency
communications. The introduction of MSS systems should ensure their compatibility with terrestrial services operating in adjacent bands.
MSS System
(Mobile Satellite Services System)
CGC (Complementary
Satellite Component
Ground Component)
24
25
3.3. 2300MHz band (2300-2400 MHz)
The 2300MHz band represents the largest near-term opportunity for new LTE
spectrum across Europe. As market trends reveal increasing LTE-TDD take-up,
the application of LTE-TDD to the 100MHz in the 2300MHz band is a major
opportunity for EU member states to improve spectrum utilisation57 and to
meet the RSPP 1200MHz objective. Early adopters in Europe will be able to
rely on the economies of scale that are now consolidating in other regions.
The 2300MHz band has not yet been harmonised for IMT applications in Europe due to the various incumbent applications. These include
airborne, civil and military applications. Huawei is actively contributing to the work currently being carried out in the dedicated ECC Project
Team 52 which is defining the harmonisation of this band by June 2014. European regulations for the 2300MHz band should make allowances
for MBB operators need to acquire at least 20MHz assignments within the same band.
Building on the fact that incumbent users of the 2300MHz band in Europe use this spectrum intermittently, Huawei supports the adoption
of the LSA concept here. This would allow, on a shared basis, licensed access to underutilised frequencies in the time, space and frequency
domains, enabling predictable quality of service both for incumbent primary users and new LSA licensees. The European administrations that
consider the re-farming of incumbent services impractical, or too expensive, in the time available could be given the option to adopt the LSA
framework on a voluntary basis.
Huawei is aware of the difficulties that some member states will face in freeing this band. Nevertheless, even the early European adopters will
be able to rely on the economies of scale that are now consolidating in other regions thanks to the global identification of the 2300MHz band
by the ITU-R for the IMT family of technologies.
The 2300MHz band has already been defined as a 3GPP eUTRAN band (band 40) based on a TDD scheme. First significant rollouts were started
by Bharti Airtel in India and STC in Saudi Arabia, while several others have followed.
According to the Global Suppliers Association58, in July 2013, 137 commercial devices supporting the 2300MHz band are now available on
the market (out of the 200 devices supporting the LTE-TDD mode globally). These include multi-band and multi-frequency customer premises
equipment (CPE), dongles, portable hotspots, tablets and smartphones.
Huaweis end-to-end solutions have already been adopted to meet the major LTE 2300MHz rollouts around the globe. Based on market
requirements, the company is designing specific solutions to exploit the LTE-TDD potential. Huawei is running two large-scale LTE-TDD trials in
two major cities in China, involving hundreds of LTE base stations.
Regulatory background
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
ITU-Rs World Radiocommunication Conference in 2007 identified the 2300MHz band as suitable for the IMT family of technologies in all three
ITU-R regions, though this allocation does not preclude national administrations from permitting the deployment of other radio-communication
services within this band.59
57 With respect to FDD, the TDD technology, with its capability to flexibly set the amount of radio resources to be assigned between the uplink and downlink directions, is
especially suitable to serve the asymmetric nature of the internet traffic.
58 www.gsacom.com/lte_devices/
59 Provision 5.384A of the Radio Regulation states: The bands, or portions of the bands, 1710-1885MHz, 2300-2400MHz and 2500-2690MHz, are identified for use by
administrations wishing to implement IMT in accordance with Resolution 223 (Rev.WRC 07). This identification does not preclude the use of these bands by any application
of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish priority in the Radio Regulations (WRC 07).
60 Recommendation ITU-R M.1036.
61 https://www.borger.dk/Lovgivning/Hoeringsportalen/Sider/Fakta.aspx?hpid=2146002605.\
62 www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg1128.pdf.
63 www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/pubblications/Comreg1237.pdf
64 www.pts.se/en-gb/Documents/Consultations/200/Public-consultation-regarding-planned-radio-use-in-the-23-GHz-band/.
65 www.pts.se/en-gb/Documents/Consultations/2012/1Consultation-regarding-planned-radio-use-in-the-23-GHz-band/.
66 www.gov.uk/sharing-defence-spectrum
67 http://www.cept.org/ecc/tools-and-services/ecc-questionnaires/list-of-finalised-questionnaires-2010-2011.
68 WG FM PT52 terms of reference are available at: www.cept.org/ecc/groups/ecc/wg-fm/fm-52/page/terms-of-reference
27
SAB/SAP (including ENG/OB)
Possibility to apply the LSA regime for cordless cameras incumbent users (proposed by The Netherlands)
Amateur secondary services
Existing Fixed Services (FS) use may be addressed through means other than LSA (including spectrum re-farming).
The ETSIs systems reference document of August 2010 prompted ECC efforts to ensure greater compatibility of broadband wireless services,
including mobile broadband, with existing services in the 2300MHz band and in adjacent bands. An ECC report entitled Broadband Wireless
Systems for 2300-2400 MHz69 was approved in March 2012 covering:
Compatibility between BWS and existing se rvices (in-band and out-of band)
Compatibility between adjacent BWS operators
Cross-border coordination measures
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
The 2300MHz band is already specified as a 3GPP band for LTE-TDD since LTE Release 8.
28
Both the TDD and the FDD band plans are viable options for the 3400-3600 MHz band. Huawei believes that operators and regulators are
in the best position to select the most appropriate band plan(s) based on market and regulatory conditions. From a technical point of view,
Huawei holds that there are some reasons for which the TDD band plan might be preferable, including the flexible support of unbalanced
traffic and the advantages in the implementation of advanced antenna systems. In terms of overall economies of scale, the selection of one
single harmonised band plan (either TDD or FDD) should be the final outcome of this debate.
3400 3600
TDD option 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3600 3800
TDD 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Current ECC Frequency arrangements for the 3400-3600 MHz and for the 3600-3800 MHz bands.
Current ECC frequency arrangements for the 3400-3600 MHz and for the 3600-3800 MHz bands.
The Draft ECC Report has been approved for public consultation by the ECC, and the final version should be released in November 2013.
Formal revision of the associated ECC-Decision (11)06 could be initiated at the next ECC PT1 meeting (Ljubljana, September 2013).
Notwithstanding significant regulatory efforts for the availability of the 3400-3800 MHz range in Europe, even though efforts are ongoing for
the transition to LTE
HUAWEI systems. In our
TECHNOLOGIES CO., view,
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market take-up- Restricted
Proprietary has been observed yet. Now
Distribution we25will consider the key factors behind this
Page
situation and how this will be resolved in the coming years.
Fragmentation: The 3400-3600 MHz spectrum was assigned in 17 CEPT countries while the 3600-3800 MHz spectrum was assigned
in just 8. According to the ECO Report 0372, individual usage rights in the 3400-3600 MHz band have been awarded to more than 100
operators in 23 European countries, with regional licences assigned in most cases. Future regulatory decisions will have to consider
the need to involve operators that can exploit larger spectrum assignments on the whole national territory, better driving a large-scale
ecosystem
Alternatives: In recent years, mobile broadband operators acquired a number of spectrum resources in other bands (re-farmed spectrum,
as well as new spectrum in the 800MHz and 2600MHz bands). As spectrum utilisation in the 400MHz-6GHz range increases, such broad
availability of alternative new MBB spectrum will shrink. The market will then shift its attention to the next available band in the 3GHz
range
Uncertainties: A Block Edge Mask (BEM) for the bands 3400-3600 MHz and 3600-3800 MHz was introduced through a European
Commission decision in 200873, with a focus on fixed IMT services relying on narrower channel bandwidths. The December 2011 ECC
Decision74 foresees two different band plans (TDD and FDD) for the 3400-3600 MHz band. The upshot of this is that a consolidated
ecosystem around a specific harmonised band plan has not emerged.
The above issues have led to a shortfall in the number of available end-user devices, such as smartphones and tablets, for the 3400-3800 MHz
frequency range. The ongoing work at the CEPT, which aims to develop improved harmonised conditions which take account of the latest IMT
developments and scenarios, as well as the extensive discussions taking place globally on the future availability of the 3400-4200 MHz range
(different portions of spectrum considered in different regions at this time) will facilitate market take-up and economies of scale for the 3400-
3800 MHz bands in Europe in the coming years.
The European Commission and member states should facilitate the transition from the current status (3400-3800 MHz frequencies have
already been assigned in various European countries for Broadband Wireless Access services) towards the future availability of larger channels
for MBB operators (such as 100MHz assignments for each operator).
The next chapter will address the possible future availability of the 3800-4200 MHz range in Europe in the context of the WRC-15 preparatory
work on Agenda Item 1.1.
72 ECO Report 03: The licensing of Mobile bands in CEPT Link: www.cept.org/eco/deliverables/eco-reports
73 European Commission Decision 2008/411/EC. Link: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:144:0077:0081:EN:PDF
74 ECC Decision (11)06. Link: www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCDec1106.pdf
29
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union
The World Radiocommunication Conference in 2007 (WRC-07) allocated the 3400-3600 MHz band to mobile services on a primary basis and
identified75 this band for IMT on a primary basis in 41 European countries, and 40 others in ITU-R Region 1 (Europe, the Middle East and Africa).
The WRC-07 also allocated the 3600-3800 MHz band for mobile service on a secondary basis.
The European Union
The European Commission Decision 2008/411/EC of May 2008 sets out a harmonised framework allowing IMT in the whole 3400-3800 MHz
range. It defines the in-band and out-of-band emission limits (BEMs, which are currently being revised by CEPT) for fixed, nomadic and mobile
applications. ECC/REC/(04)05 provides harmonised band plans (both FDD and TDD are permitted).
The European Commission issued a mandate76 in March 2012 to CEPT to determine technical conditions for spectrum harmonisation for
terrestrial wireless systems in the 3400-3800 MHz frequency bands, as well as to review and amend the existing technical conditions for the
harmonised use of the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band in light of the latest technological developments, in particular the availability of larger
bandwidths. The Commission will review the relevant EC Decision based on the CEPTs findings and recommendations.
EU member states
The majority of EU national authorities already license the 3400-3600 MHz band for Broadband Wireless Access / Fixed Wireless Access, while
some countries allow mobile use. Either national or regional licenses are adopted depending on the specific country. A limited number of
administrations have assigned individual usage rights in the 3600-3800 MHz band. There are diverse implementations of BWA/FWA within
3400-3800 MHz in CEPT countries, including some IMT systems. This is reflected in the variety of licensing coverage (national and regional)
and of the range of frequency block choices (different portions of the 3400-3800 MHz band). Moreover, paired blocks are used or planned to
be used in TDD mode in some countries.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
Some CEPT countries use the 3400-3800 MHz band (especially the 3600-3800 MHz portion) for fixed satellite services. In these cases,
coordination with such satellite services would be necessary.
The possibility of a preferred channelling arrangement for the 3400-3600 MHz was recently re-discussed by the ECC. It expressed a slight
preference for TDD as the optimal frequency arrangement, with FDD as an alternative. ECC invites additional views before taking a final
decision on a preferred frequency arrangement at the next ECC meeting.
Two options are currently envisaged for the 3400-3600 MHz band channel arrangement:
Preferred TDD arrangement with FDD as the alternative
Both TDD and FDD arrangements at equal levels
ECC REC(04)0577 covers point-to-multipoint fixed wireless systems. It allows the possibility to mix FDD and TDD blocks, channel widths designed
to fit 3.5MHz and 7MHz channels. This recommendation defines the emission requirements in the form of BEM for fixed and nomadic scenarios.
ECC Decision (07)0278 designates the 3400-3800 MHz band for Broadband Wireless Access deployment, providing conditions for flexible
usage modes within authorised BWA deployments which may include fixed, nomadic and mobile services. The document does not choose a
specific duplex technology and does not provide a harmonised band plan.
ECC Decision (11)0679 focuses primarily on mobile usage, providing two possible band plans (a 200MHz TDD plan, and 2x80 MHz FDD) for the
3400-3600 MHz band, while a 200MHz TDD-only band plan is proposed for the 3600-3800 MHz range, with channel widths to be multiples
of 5MHz.
The ECC is currently updating the framework for the use of this band to respond to the requirement of future usage of IMT systems with larger
bandwidth in this frequency band. In response to a mandate from the European Commission80, the CEPT (ECC PT1) has finalised its draft report
providing updated BEM for the 3400-3600 MHz and for the 3600-3800 MHz bands81. In addition, it has updated its views on the channelling
arrangements for the 3400-3600 MHz band.
The existing 3.5GHz BEM (as defined in ECC REC(04)05) is justified in situations where there are no commonly agreed band plans and
maximum flexibility is needed. When band plans are available and have been adopted, there is no need for the unnecessarily tight BEM but it
should be adjusted to the more harmonised conditions. This would help make equipment more affordable and maximise spectrum efficiency
(for example, by reduced guard bands).
75 ITU-R Footnote 5.430A was developed by WRC-2007 and addresses the band 3400 3600 MHz in several countries.
76 Mandate to CEPT to undertake studies on amending the technical conditions regarding spectrum harmonisation in the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band - RSCOM12-09
rev2.
77 Guidelines for accommodation and assignment of multipoint fixed wireless systems in frequency bands 3.4-3.6 GHz and 3.6-3-8 GHz
78 Availability of frequency bands between 3400-3800 MHz for the harmonised implementation of Broadband Wireless Access systems (BWA).
79 ECC Decision (11)06 Harmonised frequency arrangements for mobile/fixed communications networks (MFCN) operating in the bands 3400-3600 MHz and 3600-3800 MHz
www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCDec1106.pdf
80 RSCOM12-09rev2: Mandate to CEPT to undertake studies on amending the technical conditions regarding spectrum harmonisation in the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band
81 ECC has recognised that the development of this BEM was primarily focused on systems intended for fixed services, such as fixed wireless systems.
30
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
The 3400-3600 MHz band and the 3600-3800 MHz band have been specified by the 3GPP since LTE Release 10 of March 2011.82 In line with
the status of ECC PT1 work, both TDD and FDD band plan arrangements are currently foreseen for the 3400-3600 MHz band, while a TDD-
only band plan is foreseen for the 3600-3800 MHz band.
31
Chapter 4
WRC-15: spectrum for the longer term
The World Radiocommunications Conference in 2015 represents a golden
opportunity to lay the groundwork for the evolution of 5G networks and their
associated technologies.
The International Telecommunication Unions Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is responsible for coordinating the international use of the
radio spectrum. It holds the World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) every three or four years to review and revise the radio regulations
governing the use of radio-frequency spectrum. The development of IMT networks around the world has progressed based on the decisions
taken at the WRCs in the past 20 years.
The WRC-15, which will take place in Geneva between 2 and 27 November 2015, represents an opportunity which cannot be missed. The
decisions it will take, or not take, on spectrum will have a fundamental impact on the development of the mobile telecommunications market
well beyond 2020. The future technology and network evolution of LTE-Advanced, as well as the emerging 5G mobile communication systems,
depend on this global conference.
Typically 5~7 years between ITU-R identification & corresponding IMT deployment.
ITU-R WRCs identifications for IMT.
ITU-R WRCs identifications for IMT.
EU regulators are busy hammering out common European proposals for the two conference agenda items related to the IMT spectrum.
WRC-15 To examine the results of ITU-R studies, in accordance with Resolution 232 (WRC-12), on the
Agenda Item use of the frequency band 694-790 MHz by the mobile, except aeronautical mobile service in
Region 1 and take the appropriate measures
1.2
ITU-R WRC-5 Agenda Items related to new spectrum identifications for IMT.
ITU-R WRC-5 Agenda Items related to new spectrum identifications for IMT.
32
33
Mobile & Terrestrial TV today: Mobile & Terrestrial TV tomorrow:
TWO separate networks ONE converged network
Regulatory Background
The International Telecommunication Union
The ITU-R has primarily allocated the 470-694 MHz range to broadcasting services, while some regions have also allocated it to mobile services.
ITU-R Region 1 (Europe, the Middle East and Africa): Primary allocation to broadcasting and no allocation to mobile services;
ITU-R Region 2 (Americas): Primary allocation to broadcasting and secondary allocation to mobile services in the 470-512 MHz range and in
the 614-698 MHz range;
ITU-R Region 3 (most of non-Russian Asia and Oceania): Co-primary allocation to mobile and broadcasting services in the 470-698 MHz range.
REGION 1
BROADCASTING
(EMEA)
470
537
584
641
698
RADIO ASTRONOMY
512
608
614
698
REGION 3 BROADCASTING,
(APAC) MOBILE
470
698
ITU-R Mobile and Broadcasting services allocations in the 470-698 MHz range.
ITU-R mobile and broadcasting services allocations in the 470-698 MHz range.
86 LTE Broadcast over eMBMS and dynamic unicast / broadcast hand-off techniques are supported in since LTE 3GPP Release 10
34
The RSPG discussion paper (RSPG12-425)87 of June 2012 states: Finding a balance between these different interests and objectives will be
difficult and, if it is to be successful, will require a strategic shift in thinking that acknowledges the implications of technological change and
the likelihood of convergence.
EU member states
While the divergent regulatory and market situations in member states need to be considered, decisions need to be taken at the European
level.
Germany: Given the fact that video content distribution is largely supported by cable and satellite and that the percentage of households using
DVB-T in the 16 Lnders (federal states) of Germany is always lower than 25%, Germany is now weighing up the future of DVB-T. In January
2013, the RTL Group (one of Germanys two leading commercial TV broadcasters) announced it would abandon its current DTT distribution in
the country by the end of 2014.
Portugal: The Competition Authority has recently stated that the number of television programme services on the DTT platform should be
increased to remain competitive with other television delivery platforms; the authority recognised the fragile advertising market in Portugal as
well as the broadcasters financial difficulties.
UK: As stated in its UHF Strategy Statement issued in November 2012, Ofcom supports international efforts for the harmonised use of the
700MHz band for mobile broadband services and the use of the 600MHz band by the DTT platform. Further details on Ofcoms position will
be available as result of its consultation on the future utilisation of the 700MHz band, which was closed in July 2013.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
In June 2013, the ECC agreed to create a new task group (ECC Task Group 6) to crystallise a long-term vision for the UHF broadcasting band
(470-694 MHz) which would complement the studies already underway on the 700MHz band. This group will develop studies to support the
development of a strategy for the UHF band in Europe, focusing primarily on technical and regulatory issues, as well as the economic, social
and regulatory aspects. The group will consolidate its finding in a dedicated report to be approved for public consultation in the second quarter
of 2014.
The rest of the world
The USA, with support from Mexico and Canada, supports the Mobile service allocation in the whole 470-698 MHz range (while protecting
radio astronomy services in the 608-614 MHz block). The FCC is planning incentive auctions for the 600MHz band (572-698 MHz) in 2014.
87 https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/d/bb24e589-5231-4549-a97e-f453be2612de/RSPG12-425%20-%20Discussion%20Paper%20on%20future%20use%20of%20700MHz.pdf
88 www.cept.org/ecc/groups/ecc/ecc-pt1 and www.cept.org/ecc/groups/ecc/cpg/cpg-pt-d
35
To enhance the economies of scale and boost international roaming capabilities, Huawei favours the maximum commonalities with the channel
arrangement and with the technical provisions defined by the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) for the 700MHz FDD band89 in ITU-R Region 3
(most of non-Russian Asia and Oceania). The adoption of the lower duplexer (2x30MHz)90 in the APT 700 FDD band plan seems to be the most
appropriate choice for the following reasons:
Reduced cost of equipment and deployment, thanks to the possibility of leveraging the economies of scale from the devices implementing
the APT band plan
Nearly global international roaming. A device designed according to the APT 700 FDD plan would be able to operate in Asia, Africa,
Europe, the Middle East and South America
Large duplex gap reducing self-interference between handset transmitter and receiver
Compatibility with the European 800MHz band plan
APT 700
APT 700 FDD
FDDband
bandplan.
plan.
In addition to harmonised channelling arrangements, it is essential to ensure that other technical parameters are addressed consistently at the
CEPT and APT. The possibility to have common out-of-band emission limits across CEPT and APT countries is now being discussed extensively.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 31
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R Region 1 (Europe, the Middle East and Africa): The previous World Radiocommunication Conference in 2012 decided to allow co-primary
allocation for mobile and broadcasting services. Such allocations will become effective immediately after the WRC-15. The lower edge of the
allocation is subject to refinement at WRC-15.
ITU-R Region 2 (the Americas): the 698-806MHz band was allocated to mobile services on a co-primary bases in WRC-07. IMT identification
was providedHUAWEI
as well.TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 32
ITU-R Region 3 (most of non-Russian Asia and Oceania): the 610-890 MHz range was allocated to mobile services on a co-primary basis in
WRC-07. IMT identification was provided as well for selected countries.
The following FDD and TDD frequency arrangements were selected in September 2010 for Region 3.
36
The following FDD frequency arrangement was selected for ITU-R Region2 (Americas).
The European Commission has issued CEPT with a mandate91 to determine the technical conditions for wireess broadband and further uses in
the 700MHz band (March 2013). This mandate comprises the following three tasks:
Task 1 (Report A): Develop a preferred technical arrangement (including channelling and BEM) for wireless broadband use in the 694-790 MHz
frequency band, subject later to a precise definition of the lower band edge under Task 3, as well as PPDR systems that can make use of such
technical conditions
Task 2 (Report A): In performing Task 1, study the possibility of identifying suitable spectrum to accommodate incumbent uses in the 694-790
MHz band such as PMSE (in particular wireless microphones), and develop common technical conditions for the coexistence of such uses with
wireless BB in the band,
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 34
Task 3 (Report B): Taking utmost account of the possibility of international harmonisation, assess the need to refine the conditions developed
under Task 2, in particular the common and minimal (least restrictive) technical conditions, in order to ensure that they are sufficiently precise
for the development of EU-wide equipment. The overall aim of a coordinated European approach should be considered, as implemented
through detailed national decisions on frequency rearrangements in line with international frequency coordination obligations.
The Report A (Tasks 1 & 2) final draft should be available by July 2014 (to be finalised by November 2014) while the Report B (Task 3) final draft
should be available by March 2016 (to be finalised by July 2016).
EU member states
Germany (January to May 2013): German TV content distribution relies heavily on alternative platforms (including satellite, cable and DSL).
With lower utilisation of the digital terrestrial broadcasting platform compared to some other EU countries, Germany could be one of the
earlier adopters of this band. The commercial TV broadcasting RTL had announced that it would exit the DTT platform when its licence expired
in May 2013. RTL will remove its television programme services from the DTT platform in Munich92 from August 2013. The German media
authority BLM has called for greater co-operation between broadcasters and mobile operators for the provision of video services to mobile
services, such as tablets and smartphones. In June 2013, the German Regulator BNetzA started a public consultation93 proposing to make the
700 MHz band available for commercial mobile broadband services from 2017.
Finland (June 2013): Neighbouring Finnish and Russian regulators agreed to coordinate the 700MHz band. Finland and Russia have agreed to
an equal division of frequencies in the border area. The final frequency plan will be confirmed by the end of 2013. Finland has recently stated
its intention to use the 700 MHz band for mobile broadband services in 2017.
France (May 2013): The French government has announced its decision to auction the 700MHz spectrum for MBB and has asked the French
regulator ARCEP to carry out the required public consultations. Auctions could take place as early as 2016.
UK: Ofcom supports the future utilisation of the 700MHz band for mobile broadband and states that a new European frequency coordination
agreement will probably not be agreed at the ITU until 2018 at the earliest.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
The ECC (PT D and PT1)94 has started work in response to the European Commission mandate on the 700MHz band.
Various channelling arrangements are being assessed for the 694-790 MHz range. These channelling arrangements could potentially both
address the Electronic Communications Services (ECS) and other services, such as Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR).
A correspondence group was recently established within ECC PT1 to work on the BEM, including out-of-band emission limits.
ECC PT1 is addressing the possible impact on programme making and special events below 694MHz and the possible identification of spectrum
to accommodate PMSE (in particular wireless microphones) in the 694-790 MHz band (either in the centre gap or a relevant guard band).
Cross-border coordination issues will be addressed by the ECC PT1 at a later stage (2014-2015)
37
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
The 3GPP has already defined the 700MHz bands relevant to ITU-R Regions 2 and 3:
Year Milestone
2007 WRC-07 identifies 108MHz of spectrum (698 806 MHz) for mobile services in Region 3
February: EC gives mandate to CEPT to develop harmonised technical conditions for the 700MHz band
March: Anatel (Brazil) holds a public consultatipon on the 700MHz auction. The regulator plans to auction the frequencies
for MBB services in 2014. Anatel has proposed beginning analogue switch-off in 2014
April: ACMA (Australia) auctions 700MHz band. 90MHz available, 2x30 MHz were sold, ca. 1.4B income, 3 bidders: Optus
Mobile, Telstra, TPG Internet, Vodafone Huchison withdrew. Spectrum will become available in 2015 (analogue TV switch-
2013
off to be completed within 2013)
May: TRA (UAE) announces decision on 700MHz band plan
May: Industry Canada announces its plan to auction the 700MHz band in January 2014
June: New Zealand finalizes the 700MHz auction rules, auction expected in January 2014, 2x45MHz will be auctioned,
frequencies to be available from January 2014
1375
1427
1452
1492
1517
2570
2620
2690
2700
2900
The 2500-2900 Mhz range opportunity.
The 2500-2900 Mhz range opportunity.
The 2700-2900 MHz range is part of the wider 2700-3400 MHz band, which is used for various types of radar. It is widely accepted that this
band is not used very intensively, and new radar technologies and RF filters will reduce the spectrum needed further. It should, therefore, be
possible to accommodate all radar spectrum requirements in the 2900-3400 MHz range.
Preliminary analysis shows that the economic benefits that would derive from the availability of the 2700-2900 MHz range would outweigh
the costs that would be associated with the re-farming96 of the radar installations operating in these frequencies. Re-farming in Europe could
be completed by 2020, greatly benefiting from similar reallocations in the 2600MHz band.
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Page 38
The 2700-2930 MHz spectrum is currently allocated to Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services (ARNS) and radiolocation services, requiring
stringent protection criteria.
WRC-07 coexistence studies defined very large exclusion zones. These can be relaxed in future thanks to the experience developed with the
same incumbents on the 2600MHz band since 2006.
EU member states
UK: the Government is already considering spectrum release in this band. The Ministry of Defence plans to release up to 100MHz of spectrum
in the 2700-3100 MHz band.
39
4.5. 3800-4200 MHz
With its larger available spectrum, the 3400-4200 MHz range will play a more
prominent role in the future, as traffic grows and the frequencies below 3GHz
become busier. The shorter electromagnetic propagation distances make these
higher frequencies especially suitable for dandified network rollouts where
interference could otherwise become unmanageable. Such higher frequencies are
set to play a substantial role in the LTE evolution path and in future 5G innovation.
In addition to the densification of macro cell deployment, complementary small cell nodes can be deployed under the coverage of an existing
macro cell layer. The small cell nodes provide very high traffic capacity and very high user throughput locally, such as in indoor and outdoor
hotspots. Meanwhile, the macro cell layer ensures service availability and quality of experience over the entire coverage area. The various layers
will be part of one heterogeneous network where synergies across the coverage layers are exploited and where the different layers may utilise
either the same frequencies or different frequencies within the 3800-4200 MHz range.
A portion of the 3800-4200 MHz range could, in a flexible manner, be made available to backhaul end-user traffic using the same frequencies
(self-backhauling). The 3400-4200 MHz range can, therefore, support both the mobile access traffic (from the end users to the operators
access network) as well as the backhaul traffic (as part of the operators transmission network), providing a full turn-key solution for small
cells within the same band and equipment.
One typical deployment scenario would be in urban or suburban areas for special events, such as football matches and concerts, and in densely
populated indoor areas, including train stations and airports.
The 3800-4200 MHz range will exploit the LTE-Advanced channels that are up to 100MHz wide (with Carrier Aggregation of up five 20MHz
channels), as well as the even larger 5G channels. LTE-Advanced Release 12 will allow for the aggregation of carriers belonging to radio
transmitters from different sites, including the aggregation of macro cell layer carriers with carriers from the small cell layer (inter-site CA).
The 3GPPs LTE-Advanced Release 12 will be the standard reference for the 3800-4200 MHz band. The work on Release 12 began in September
201297 and specifications will be frozen by June 2014. Thereafter, the first devices will become available in 2015, while more advanced devices
implementing a broader number of features will be available in 2016 (including 100MHz channel support). End-users demand for ubiquitous
connectivity with consistent quality of experience throughout the entire coverage area (cell-edge-free) requires adequate LTE evolution, in
terms of both features and topology. Release 12 is distinguished by its small cell enhancements feature, which has been receiving special
attention from industry.
In line with extensive discussions taking place across the globe on the future utilisation of the 3400-4200 MHz range, Huawei believes that the
identification of the 3800-4200 MHz band for IMT would place Europe in a leading role with a forward-looking strategy for the expansion of
mobile broadband services. Such an initiative would complement beautifully EU efforts in 5G-related R&D.
The 3800-4200 MHz range will benefit from the availability of the immediately adjacent 3400-3600 MHz and 3600-3800 MHz bands98, as this
will allow for a contiguous spectrum across the whole 3400-4200 MHz range. Such contiguity would facilitate significantly higher throughputs
and consistent end-user quality of experience, not to mention the efficient and cost-effective rollout of new network and device technologies.
ITU-R radio regulations allocate the 3800-4200 MHz range to fixed, fixed-satellite (space-to-earth), mobile (except aeronautical) and radiolocation
services globally. In developing these standards, particular attention was paid to the coexistence of mobile service and Fixed Satellite Services (FSS).99
Huawei is developing a new coexistence study for IMT mobile broadband and fixed satellite services based on new parameters and a new
methodology which takes into account developments since the 2007 edition of the World Radiocommunication Conference.
The variation in the degree of utilisation of these frequencies by FSS systems in each country can be taken into account by individual macro cell
rollouts to ensure that proper measures will be taken to ensure smooth coexistence in different situations. Some countries might require parts
of this band for the use of incumbent services, but the sheer size of this combined frequency range makes band segmentation, addressing the
specific local FSS needs, possible.
97 LTE-Advanced Release 12 is an evolution of LTE (specified within 3GPP Release 8 from March 2009 and Release 9 from March 2010) and of LTE-A (specified within 3GPP
Release 10 from June 2011 and Release 11 from March 2013)
98 The 3400-3600MHz and the 3600-3800 MHz bands have already been harmonised at the EU level by the ECC Decision (11)06 Harmonised frequency arrangements for mo
bile/fixed communications networks (MFCN) operating in the bands 3400-3600 MHz and 3600-3800 MHz and by the European Commission Decision 2008/411/EC on the
harmonisation of the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band for terrestrial systems capable of providing electronic communications services in the Community.
99 The ITU-R report number M.2109 summarises a number of sharing results carried out for WRC-07.
40
Regulatory Background
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R radio regulations allocate the 3800-4200 MHz range to fixed, fixed-Satellite (space-to-earth), mobile (except aeronautical) and
radiolocation services globally. Each geographical region and country assigns different priority levels to the various services in this band.
41
List of Abbreviations
42
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