Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Permanent-Magnet
Machines
J.R. Hendershot Jr.
T.J.E. Miller
Contents
1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION l
1.1 D e f i n i t i o n s a n d t y p e s of b r u s h l e s s m o t o r 1
1.2 Commutation ,. 4
1.3 O p e r a t i o n of 3 - p h a s e b r u s h l e s s DC m o t o r 5
1.3.1 EMF waveform 7
1.3.2 Torque and EMF constants 10
1.3.3 Speed/torque characteristic 11
2.2 Radial-flux m a c h i n e s 30
2.2.1 Interior-rotor surface-magnet machines 30
2.2.2 Interior-rotor interior-magnet machines (IPM) 32
2.2.3 Exterior-rotor machines . . . , , . . , , , , 35
2.3 Axial-flux, l i n e a r a n d o t h e r m a c h i n e s 37
2.4 Gallery 43
xiv CONTENTS
3.2 N u m b e r of p h a s e s , p o l e s a n d s l o t s 71
3.2.1 Number of phases 71
3.2.1.1 Practical considerations 71
3.2.1.2 Number of phases in electrical systems 72
3.2.1.3 Number of phases in electrical machines 75
3.2.1.4 Distribution of coils between phases 77
3.2.1.5 Number of phases in inverters and rectifiers 80
3.2.2 Numbers of slots and poles 82
3.3 S i z i n g t h e ABC of e l e c t r i c m a c h i n e d e s i g n 87
3.3.1 The output equation 87
5 INDUCTANCE 209
5.1 D e f i n i t i o n of i n d u c t a n c e a n d flux-linkage 210
5.1.1 Alternative definitions 211
5.1.1.1 di/dt 211
5.1.1.2 Flux times turns 211
5.1.2 Other necessary laws of electromagnetism 211
5.1.3 Turns squared 212
5.7 I n d u c t a n c e s of s l o t l e s s ( a i r g a p ) w i n d i n g s 238
5.7.1 Helical windings 241
5.7.2 Lawrenson's method 241
5.10 I n d u c t a n c e s of s a l i e n t - p o l e m a c h i n e s . . . . 247
5.10.1 dq-axis inductances from Park's transform 248
5.10.2 Synchronous inductance coefficients 252
5.10.3 Direct calculation of synchronous inductance 253
5.10.4 Differential leakage inductance 258
5.10.5 Static measurement again 260
5.11 I n d u c t a n c e f r o m f i n i t e - e l e m e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s 262
5.12 M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e s b e y o n d i n d u c t a n c e 263
5.12.1 Magnetization curves in dqr-axes 266
5.14 D e m a g n e t i z a t i o n 268
6.3 1- a n d 2 - p h a s e u n i p o l a r d r i v e s 315
8.3 F i g u r e s of m e r i t 436
8.3.1 kT and kE 436
8.3.2 Efficiency and power factor , 436
8.3.3 Torque/Inertia ratio 437
8.3.4 Power r a t e 437
8.3.5 Speed r a t e and mechanical time-constant 439
8.3.6 Motor constant 440
9 GENERATING 451
9.1 Introduction ,,, 451
10.7 S o l u t i o n m e t h o d t r a n s i e n t .. 495
11.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 497
11.2 H i s t o r y 500
11.4 A n a l y s i s of s i n g l e - p h a s e l i n e - s t a r t m o t o r s 517
11.4.1 S t e a d y state; n o rotor cage 517
11.4.2 Symmetrical c o m p o n e n t s ... 519
11.4.3 A s y n c h r o n o u s a n d starting performance 537
11.5 A d v a n c e d t o p i c s 542
11.5.1 Winding h a r m o n i c s 542
11.5.2 Bar-pair-by-bar-pair m o d e l of t h e rotor cage 543
11.5.3 C o n n e c t i o n circuits 550
12.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 553
12.2 J o u l e l o s s e s i n s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s 554
12.4 R o t o r e d d y - c u r r e n t l o s s e s 561
12.4.1 Causes of rotor loss 561
12.4.1.1 Loss mechanisms in the magnets themselves 563
12.4.1.2 Resistance-or inductance-limited eddy-currents? 564
12.4.1.3 Hysteresis loss in magnets 566
12.4.2 H a r m o n i c l o s s e s i n surface-magnet m a c h i n e s 568
12.4.2.1 Solution of the Complex Diffusion Equation 570
xxii CONTENTS
13.2 O b j e c t i v e s of t e s t i n g 667
13.3 B a s i c t e s t s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s 668
13.3.1 Inertia 668
13.4 R e s i s t a n c e 669
13.5 E M F T e s t i n g 670
13.6 G e n e r a t o r l o a d t e s t i n g 671
13.7 M o t o r l o a d t e s t i n g 672
13.8 T o r q u e T e s t i n g 672
13.8.1 Torque constant kT 672
13.8.2 Cogging torque 673
13.8.3 On-line estimation of torque using the i-psi loop 674
13.9 T h e r m a l T e s t i n g 675
13.9.1 Thermal equivalent-circuit parameters 675
13.10 I n d u c t a n c e T e s t i n g 676
14 APPENDIX 681
14.1 F r e q u e n t l y a s k e d q u e s t i o n s 681
14.1.1 Machine Design Questions ,,. 681
14.1.1.1 How do I decide the shape and size of the machine? 681
14.1.1.2 How do I choose the number of slots and poles? 682
14.1.1.3 How do I design the stator teeth and slots? 682
14.1.1.4 How do I decide the number of turns? 684
14.1.1.5 How do I decide the type of stator winding? 685
14.1.1.6 How can I get a fractional number of turns/coil? 685
14.1.1.7 How can I reduce the wire size? 685
14.1.1.8 How can I reduce the inductance? 686
14.1.1.9 How can I increase the inductance? 686
14.1.1.10 How do I choose between SPM and IPM? 686
xxiv CONTENTS
14.2 S a l i e n c y 703
14.3 Half t u r n s 706
14.4 S e r i e s a n d parallel i n d u c t a n c e s 709
14.5 Gearing 714
14.6 U n i t s of i n e r t i a 716
14.7 Calculation of i n e r t i a 721
Bibliography 737
Index 755