Sie sind auf Seite 1von 4

Control valve - Wikipedia h5ps://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Control_valve

Control valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A control valve is a valve used to control uid ow by varying the size of the ow passage as directed by a
signal from a controller.[1] This enables the direct control of ow rate and the consequen!al control of
process quan!!es such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

In automa!c control terminology a control valve is termed a "nal control element".

Contents
1 Opera!on
2 Control ac!on
3 Valve posi!oners
4 Types of control valve bodies
4.1 List of common types of control valve
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Opera on
The opening or closing of automa!c control valves is usually done
by electrical, hydraulic or pneuma!c actuators. Normally with a
modula!ng valve, which can be set to any posi!on between fully
open and fully closed, valve posi!oners are used to ensure the
valve a5ains the desired degree of opening.

Air-actuated valves are commonly used because of their simplicity,


as they only require a compressed air supply, whereas electrically-
operated valves require addi!onal cabling and switch gear, and
hydraulically-actuated valves required high pressure supply and
Air-actuated control valves each with a
return lines for the hydraulic uid.
4-20 mA "I to P" converter integral to a
valve posi!oner. In this example each
The pneuma!c control signals are tradi!onally based on a pressure
posi!oner is comparing the valve stem
range of 3-15psi (0.2-1.0 bar), or more commonly now, an electrical
travel against control signal, and
signal of 4-20mA for industry, or 0-10V for HVAC systems. Electrical
applying any correc!on.
control now o;en includes a "Smart" communica!on signal
superimposed on the 4-20mA control current, such that the health
and verica!on of the valve posi!on can be signalled back to the
controller. The HART, Fieldbus Founda!on, and Probus are the most common protocols.

An automa!c control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and
designs:

Valve actuator - which moves the valve's modula!ng element, such as ball or bu5ery.
Valve posi!oner - Which ensures the valve has reached the desired degree of opening. This
overcomes the problems of fric!on and wear.
Valve body - in which the modula!ng element, a plug, globe, ball or bu5ery, is contained.

1 of 4 16-08-2017 11:47
Control valve - Wikipedia h5ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve

Control ac on
Taking the example of an air-operated valve, there are two control
ac!ons possible:

"Air or current to open" - The ow restric!on decreases with


increased control signal value.
"Air or current to close" - The ow restric!on increases with
increased control signal value.

There can also be failure to safety modes:

Air or control signal failure to close" - On failure of Showing the evolu!on of analogue
compressed air to the actuator, the valve closes under spring control loop signalling from the
pressure or by backup power. pneuma!c era to the electronic era.
Air or control signal failure to open" - On failure of
compressed air to actuator, the valve opens under spring
pressure or by backup power.

The modes of failure opera!on are requirements of the failure to


safety process control specica!on of the plant. In the case of
cooling water it may be to fail open, and the case of delivering a
chemical it may be to fail closed.

Valve posi oners


Example of current loops used for
As the pneuma!c opera!on of valves, compared to motorised sensing and control transmission.
opera!on, has cost and reliability advantages, pneuma!c actua!on Specic example of a smart valve
is s!ll an industry standard. To allow the construc!on of hybrid posi!oner used.
systems, where the 4-20 mA is generated by the controller, but
enables the use of pneuma!c valves, a range of current to pressure
(I to P) converters are available from manufacturers. These are
usually located locally to the control valve and convert 4-20 mA to
3-15 psi (or (0.2 - 1.0 bar). This signal is then fed to the valve
actuator or more commonly, a pneuma!c posi!oner. This is a
dedicated controller with a pneuma!c nozzle and apper
arrangement and a mechanical linkage to sense the valve actuator
movement. This ensures that problems of fric!on are overcome and
the valve control element moves to the desired posi!on, by
comparing the actual valve regula!ng element posi!on against the
desired value; hence the name "posi!oner". As a mechanical
linkage is used for this, the posi!oner has to be mounted on the
valve body. A posi!oner also allows the use of higher air pressures
for valve actua!on, which is par!cularly useful with cylinder type
valve actuators.

With the development of cheap industrial micro-processors,


"smart" valve posi!oners have become available since the Globe control valve with pneuma!c
mid-1980s and are very popular for new installa!ons. These include diaphragm actuator and "smart"
an I to P converter, plus valve posi!on and condi!on monitoring in posi!oner which will also feed back to
an integral unit mounted on the valve body. The valve posi!on and the controller the actual valve posi!on
status are fed back over the current loop to the controller, using
such as the HART protocol. This allows further verica!on that the

2 of 4 16-08-2017 11:47
Control valve - Wikipedia h5ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve

valve is opera!ng as desired.

Types of control valve bodies


A huge variety of valve types and control opera!on exist. However, there are two main forms of ac!on; the
sliding stem and the rotary ac!on.

The most common and versa!le types of control valves are sliding-stem globe, V-notch ball, bu5ery and
angle types. Their popularity derives from rugged construc!on and the many op!ons available that make
them suitable for a variety of process applica!ons.[2] Control valve bodies may be categorized as below:[3]

List of common types of control valve

Sliding Stem
Angle seat piston valve
Globe valve
Rotary
Bu5ery valve
Ball valve
Other
pinch valve
Diaphragm Valve

See also
Control engineering Instrumenta!on engineering
Control system Pneuma!c ow control
Distributed control system PID controller
Fieldbus Founda!on Process control
Flow control valve PROFIBUS
HART Protocol SCADA supervisory control system
Instrumenta!on

References
1. Instrument Society of America Standard S561.1, 1976. as reproduced in the "Fisher control valve
handbook" fourth edi!on 1977.
2. Hagen, S. (2003) "Control valve technology" Plant Services (h5p://www.plantservices.com/ar!cles
/2003/124.html)
3. Fisher Controls Interna!onal (h5p://www.documenta!on.emersonprocess.com/groups/public
/documents/book/cvh99.pdf) Emerson Process Management website.

External links
Control valve tutorials (h5p://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/control-
hardware-el-pn-actua!on.asp) Tutorials covering the sizing, capacity and characteris!cs of control
valves. Actuators, posi!oners, controllers and sensors are also discussed - Spirax Sarco
Control Valve Handbook (4th Edi!on) (h5p://www.documenta!on.emersonprocess.com/groups
/public/documents/book/cvh99.pdf) A 297-page online book.
Process Instrumenta!on (Lecture 8): Control valves (h5p://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/Informa!on
/100048info/IL8.doc) Ar!cle from a University of South Australia website.

3 of 4 16-08-2017 11:47
Control valve - Wikipedia h5ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve

Pressure Independent Control Valve Anima!on (h5p://www.owcontrol.com/applica!ons


/presenta!on/index.html) Flash anima!ons demonstra!ng conven!onal and pressure independent
control valve opera!on.
Samson AG Demo Valve Sizing So;ware. (h5p://www.samson.de/support/enser002.htm) Basic Trial
valve sizing programme.
Control Valve Sizing Calculator (h5p://www.enggcyclopedia.com/welcome-to-enggcyclopedia
/calculators/control-valve-sizing) Control Valve Sizing Calculator to determine Cv for a valve.

Retrieved from "h5ps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?!tle=Control_valve&oldid=785872549"

This page was last edited on 15 June 2017, at 22:06.


Text is available under the Crea!ve Commons A5ribu!on-ShareAlike License; addi!onal terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Founda!on, Inc., a non-prot organiza!on.

4 of 4 16-08-2017 11:47

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen