WESTAFRIKANISCHE STUDIEN

FRANKFURTER BEITRAGE ZUR SPRACH- UND KULTURGESCMJCHTE

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HERR\1\NN JUNGJL\ITHNfAYR IWD NORBBRT CYTfER
_ Band 11 '
" '
'
'

Neil Skinner

Hausa
Comparative
Dictionary

Rudiger Koppe Verlag KOLN

Maganin Gari Mai Nisa, Tafiya
 WESTAFRIKANISCHE STUDIEN
FRANKFURTER BEITRAGE ZUR SPRACH- UND KULTURGESCHICHTE

Forum des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268:

Kulturentwicklung und Sprachgeschichte im Naturraum Westafrikanische Savanne

Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universitat

Frankfurt am Main

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HERRMANN JUNGRAITHMAYR UND NORBERT CyFFER

unter Mitarbeit von M. BroB, R. Leger, U. Seibert und K. Winkelmann

Band 11

RUDIGER KOPPE VERLAG KOLN

1996
 Neil Skinner

Hausa Comparative Dictionary

RUDIGER KOPPE VERLAG KOLN

1996
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Skinner, Neil:
Hausa comparative dictionary / Neil Skinner. - Koln : Koppe, 1996
(Westafrikanische Studien ; Bd. 1
1)
ISBN 3-927620-53-X
NE: HST; GT

1996
RuDiGER Koppe Verlag
Koln
Afrikanische Sprachen und Kulturen
Postfach 45 06 43
D- 50881 Koln

Herstellung: Druckerei Franz Hansen, Koln

Gedruckt auf saurefreiem und alterungsbestandigem Papier.

Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the

ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

 IN MEMORIAM

George Percy Bargery

 Digitized by tlie Internet Archive
in 2014

https://arcliive.org/details/hausacomparativeOOskin
 FOREWORD

HAVE BEEN interested in53 Hausa words for years, and when I was a district
I officer in Nigeria, Bargery's dictionary travelled round with camp chair and
cook box on the heads of the carriers. Nagwamatse, who had been one of the
pupils at the first provincial school in Sokoto before 1910, gave me some of my

first lessons. But 1 did not move to eymology until 1 was at ucla in 1963.

I first started putting the material on a computer in 1985 with the help of
Anne Reynolds. At that time the main entries were English - Hausa. Paul
Newman suggested it would be better the other way round, and I found that he
was right, so I turned it round. As I completed the earlier parts I sent them to

various interested scholars, several of whom were kind enough to return

comments.
But it is only in the last few years that I have been lucky enough to have
the help of Andrew Sihler, who has keyed it all on his more professional ma-
chine and, in addition, supplied me with invaluable editorial advice.
Others who have helped in various way are: Herrmann Jungraithmayr,
Russell Schuh, Roger Blench, Lionel Bender, and Henry Tourneux.
Allah ya sakam musu da alheri, amin.
 INTRODUCTION

HESE PAGES are the result of some forty years' work with Hausa lexicon.

X This lexicon is rare for Africa in that it is available in print to the extent

of many thousands of words. Most African languages spoken north of the

equator and possible sources of comparison are much more scantily accessible.

It is accepted that Hausa is an Afroasian or whatever the agreed term may be

language, and, within that, it is now hardly disputed that it is a "Chadic"
language. Newman established 150 etymons for "over 100" languages spoken
between the Niger and Lake Chad and Lake Chad and Abeche, and there is

general agreement to call these "Chadic". This then is where one first seeks

comparative data for Hausa.

But it has also long been clear that a number of words from Hausa basic
vocabulary, such as "sun", "moon", "night", "fire", "water", "ashes", "meat, ani-

mal" are not Chadic. Reconstruction of a "Hausa group" is impossible since the
one closely related language, Gwandara, has too many words patently borrowed
from Hausa to be of much use for comparison, although the Nimbia dialect
according to Matsushita, the most archaic can be helpful. The next node up
the tree, "West Chadic", as far as can yet be said, does not seem much better in

this respect, its lexicon being closer to East and Central Chadic, though the Pla-
teau sub-group may have some Niger-Congo connections common with Hausa.
It was the question whether such Hausa words might have their cognates

elsewhere than in Chadic, presumably somewhere within Afroasian or Niger-

Congo or Nilo-Saharan, that inspired this work.
Superimposed on these earlier connexions thousands of years oldthere
are the more recent ones: between Hausa and Tuareg, with Mande, with the
Arabic of Islam, with Songhai, with Kanuri, with Yoruba and Niger-Congo Ian-
 INTRODUCTION ix

guages to the west and south and, lastly, with the colonial languages, English
and French. From the comparative point of view, these are all of great interest
and not too difficult to locate. But for pre-1900 borrowings ^it is not always
easy to be sure of the direction or the precise route of borrowing.
Hausa words included in this work have been selected on the basis of fre-

quency of use, subjectively judged from the standpoint of fifty years' acquain-
tance with the language and what others have written about it. But synonyms,
or part-synonyms often rare or dialect formshave been included, especially
when their relevance was suggested by data from other languages. "Ashes" and
"arrow" are cases in point. After the headword, a general gloss has been given
in emphatic type, often followed by connotations, metaphorical extensions of
meaning and derived forms. Next, relevant hypothesized reconstructions, and
then words in other languages which are similar in form or meaning.
What constitutes similarity of form or meaning is, of course, an important

question, when so few of the rules of Afroasiatic sound change have been

established. While no strict criteria controlling suggested form resemblances

have been used, +/- glottalization, +/- prenasalization, +/- voicing, +/- pre-

cedent vowel have generally been accepted as possible variations. Ruhlen's com-
ment at p. 232 of Greenberg's Universals of Human Language, Vol. 2, "it is clear

that the combination of glottal consonant plus low vowel is particularly vulner-

able to nasalization" seems relevant in many cases, e.g. Hausa abu / Gwandara
mbo. Change of place of articulation or metathesis have only rarely been sug-

gested, and then usually supported by strong evidence or the opinion of other

scholars. For vowels, there has been even less control, of course, but the editor
has become increasingly inclined to find relevant a dichotomy between /a/ on
the one hand and /i, u/ on the other as a good heuristic principle, while /0/ and
/e/ are very commonly a secondary development, perhaps via /aw/ and /ay/. For

previous work in establishing laws of sound change in Chadic, the reader is

referred to Newman (1977).

Where verb and noun, or noun and ideophone, seem to be cognate, often

they will be listed under the same Hausa entry. Most common verbs are listed

without final vowel. Publication of the Orel and Stolbova Hamito-Semitic die-
X HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY

tionary in 1995 has enabled references to this work to be included where they
seemed relevant. The Roman orthography used by Russian scholars has been ad-

justed to conform with that used in this work.

In recent years the use of Hausa as a lingua franca has resulted in a large
number of words from Hausa being borrowed by other West African languages,
sometimes with Fulfulde as the intermediary, e.g. in Cameroun. An extreme
example of this may be the common Hausa collocation an kaan "a very small
amount" which seems to surface in Gbaya (Adamawa-Eastern) as denkeer)
"(ideophone) designe qui est seule, unique". In this work words likely to have
come FROM Hausa have usually been avoided. East Fulfulde is saturated with

words borrowed from Hausa, which makes reference to Poular, more likely to

be influenced, if at all, by Wolof or Mande, important as a touchstone.

For semantic change, a simple test has usually been where one of the
languages quoted has the double meaning. So a word meaning "roan antelope"
could be put with one for "buffalo", if one language has "buffalo, roan ante-

lope". There are a number of such that are quite strongly supported, such as
"neck, throat, voice", "testicle, egg" already noted by Greenberg "work, send"
and "shadow, soul, (life)", apart from such obvious ones as "bat, butterfly" (<

"fly"), "fly, mosquito, bee". In some cases, suggestion been made of a former
collocation, e.g. "chin" < "front (?) of ear"; "face" < "mouth + nose"; "jackal" <
"dog of bush"; "crocodile" < "dog of water"; "mouse, rat" < "rodent of home/
farm".
Proto-forms suggested by other scholars have been used as far as possible,
and in a number of subgroups of Chadic, an underlying common form has
sometimes been suggested. However, explicit diachronic speculation has mostly
been avoided, in the absence of adequate research for so many of the languages
concerned. Nevertheless, the ordering of the data often makes an implicit sug-
gestion, and, in some cases, the sheer weight of form-meaning resemblances is

impressive evidence of an ancient connection. The data arranged here should

be valuable for the sort of reconstructions discussed in Frajzyngier and Ross
(1991), where they suggest that "we may be able to reconstruct a word for the
whole family, without being able to reconstruct it for individual branches". The
 INTRODUCTION xi

work, as it stands, is not an attempt to reconstruct a proto-language, but to make

available in one place data for other scholars to consider, and then reject or use,

when they have brought their own areal expertise to bear. For this reason,

where data is hard to come by, the decision to include a possibly relevant form
has usually erred on the side of speculation. What is later not accepted can easi-

ly be deleted. If it is not there, it may be missed by others to come.

Particles and pronouns have, on the whole been excluded. The former, be-
cause the range of meaning is too wide even within one language; the latter,

because there have been a number of papers published dealing exhaustively

with Afroasiatic and Chadic pronouns; and both, because they tend to be min-
imal forms, which makes even intelligent speculation of little value. A number
of ideophones, on the other hand, have been included. These often have a rela-

tionship with a verb or noun that is instructive. John Hutchison's (1981) well

documented suggestion of the importance of ideophones for the development

of Kanuri is of great interest here. Of relevance too is his comment that 25% of

Kanuri lexicon today is k- initial. For Hausa, the figure for k- and - combined
is over 15%, and this itself is far more than chance would predict. Affixation in

general, it is clear from the following pages, must have played a part in the his-

tory of many of the words. In this connection, see Skinner (1995).

Non-head words are usually preceded by numbers, representing language

groups: I. W. Chadic; 2. Central Chadic; 3. East Chadic; 3a. Masa group (New-
man's suggestion); 4. Cushitic; 4a. Omotic; 5. Egyptian, Coptic; 6. Semitic; 7.

Berber; 8. Nilo-Saharan; and 9. Niger-Congo (including West Nigritic). The order

in which these entries have been made has varied and, increasingly, resem-
blance in form and meaning has suggested juxtaposition, even where this has
meant separating groups in which genetic theory might predict cognacy. In a

number of instances, a non-Hausa form may have been included under the
rubric of more than one Hausa word. Apart from such well-known examples as

H. laifi and aibi, both having relationship, via loan, with Arabic ^ayb, there
must be many similar but much older doublets. Or indeed, one of the entries

may not be relevant, to be deleted when more research suggests it.

xii

SPELLING
For Hausa, the standard orthography is followed, except that vowels aX and u
in non-final syllables are marked by a macron, where long, and occasionally
lexical tones are given (Hi '
or unmarkedLo 'and Falling
For other languages, the source has usually been followed, with minor
changes in the interests of standardization and, occasionally, simplification. For
example, the plethora of vowel markings in the Kraft lists, doubtless of import-
ance for phonetic accuracy within one language, becomes less so in a mass

comparison involving great time depth. Generally speaking e and o have been
used where the source required signs for the lower counterparts, though some-
times e and o have been substituted. Egyptian vulture and reed signs have
been represented by 3 and i.

Glottalization is marked by the subscript point (occasionally superscript) or

hooked letter, or sometimes by the apostrophe, which represents the

glottal stop.

The subscript point also marks emphatic (velarized) consonants.

Subscript cedilla marks retroflexion.

Capital letters mark place of articulation without specification of other features.

X voiceless velar fricative

i voiceless lateral fricative

t voiced lateral fricative

tl voiceless lateral affricate

dl voiced lateral affricate

q regularly for Semitic emphatic (and sometimes Cushitic glottal) voiceless

velar

WITHIN a form represents a vowel

BEFORE OR AFTER a form represents either vowel omitted or affix omitted
+ morphological boundary
 xiii

GLOSSES
All the main glosses are in bold type. Within each entry, additional glosses

may be omitted where the main gloss is understood. Sometimes it is abbreviated

to its initial letter(s). Where the meaning of the comparative data varies from

the main gloss, the specific meaning is entered in quotes. Increasingly, the
actual words of the source have been used.

ABBREVIATIONS
BY LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE GROUP

Atar Atr. Bambara Bam.

Afroasiatic AA Banana Ban.
Agaw Ag. Bantu Bnt.

Akkadian Akk. Baram Barm.

Alaba Alb. Barein Bar.

Alagwa Alg. Bata Bat.

Amharic Amh. Bayso Bay.

Anfillo Anf. Bedauye Bye.

Angas Ang. Bedde Bed.

Ankwe Ank. Bedde-Ngizim Gp. BN

Arabic Ar. Bele Bel.

Arbore Abo. Bencho Bnc.

Argobba Arg. Benue-Congo BC
Asa As. Berber Ber.

Ari Ari. Bidiya Bid.

Awngi Awg. Bilin Bil.

Bacama Bac. Bogghom Bog.

Bagirmi Bgr. Boka Bok.

xiv HAUSA COMPARATI VE DICTIONARY

Bole Bol. DuUay Dly.

Bole-Tangle Gp. BT Dwot Dw.

Boni Bon. Dyula Dyl.

Borana Bor. East Cushitic EC

Buduma Bud. Egyptian Eg-

Bull Bui. English Eng.

Bura Bur. Ethiopian Semitic ES
Burji Brj. Fall R
Burma Brm. F.Bwagira FB
Burunge Brn. RGili FG
Bussa Bus. F.Jilbu FJ

Central Berber C.Ber. RKiria FK

Chadic Cha. F.Mucella FM
Cibak Cb. Felasha = Qwara
Cip Cp. French Fr.

Common Bantu CB Fula Ful.

Coptic Cop. Ga'anda Gan.

Cushitic Cu. Gabin Gab.
Daba Dab. Gabri Gbr.
Dacha Dch. Galambu Gib.
Daffo-Butura RD. Gava Gv.
Dahalo Dhl. Gawwade Gaw.
Dangaleat Dgl. Gbari Gb.
Dasenech Das. Gbaya Gby.
Daza Dz. Gedeo see Deresa
Dera Dr. Geez Gz.
Deresa (Gedeo) Der. Geji Gj.

Dime Dim. Gera Gra.

Dira/Zul DZ Geruma Ger.
Diri NBD Galavda Glv.
Dormo Drm. Ghadamsi Ghd.
Dorza Drz. Gidar Gid.
 ABBREVIATIONS

Gidole Gdo. Irakw Irk.

Gis. Taniprn (^Ypmsa^ Tni

v_j yy L/V^^V- Gob. Tpg-ii

Jt>'

vJLlClllCll /AllJSWC Tibh;ili

J lUUCLLl
Tib
JIU.

Goroa Gor. Jimbin NBJ

Gude Gd. Jukun Juk.
Hn1
VJ LiVJUi Gdii
VJVJLi Kahvle Kah
Guduf Gdf. Kachama Kch.
Gurage Gur. Kafa Kefa Kf.

Guruntum Grn. Kajakse Kaj.

Gwandara Gwd. Kaniiri Kan.

Gwandara (Nimbia dial.) Karbo Krb.

Gwd.(N) Karpkarp KK
Hadiyya Had. NBK
Hamer Ham. Kefa Kef
Harari Hrr. Kembata Kmb.
Harsusi Hars. Kera Kr.

Hausa H. Kanzi (NS)J

XX\7XXZ^X 11 Knz.
Hebrew Heb. Kilba Klb.

Highland E.Cu. HEC Kirifi Krf.

Higi Hg. Kofyar Kof.

Higi Baza HB IWJLlOKJ 1x1 1 J .

Higi Futu HF Knnti 7ak^bi

Higi Ghye HG Kotoko Kot.

Higi Kamale (Kapsiki) IX wy 1 a Kov

ixwy

HK Krio Kri.

Higi Nkafa HN Kiihi Kub

Hildi Hid. Kiijarke J\U).

Hina Hin. Kwa'adza Kwa.

Hitkala Htk. Laamang La am.
Hurza Hrz. Lame Lam.
Hwona Hwn. Lele Lei.
xvi HAUSA COMPARATI VE DICTIONARY

Libido Lib. Mupun Mup.

Logone Log. Mursi Mrs.

Ma'a Ma'. Musey Mus.

Maba Gp. Mab. MusgU; Musgum Msg.
Mada Mad. Muyang Muy.
Mafa Maf. Mwulyen Mwl.
Mafa-Mada Gp. MM Nakatsa Nkt.

Maha Mh. Nancere Nan.

Maji Mj. Ndam Ndm.
Malinke Mlk. Ngamo Ngm.
Mandara Mdr. Ngizim Ngz.
Mande Mnd. Ngwaxi Ngw.
Mangas Mgs. Niger-Congo NC
Margi Mg. Nilo-Saharan NS
Masa Mas. Njanye Njn.
Matakam Mat. North Bauci Gp. NB
Mbara Mba. Nupe Np.
Mboku Mbo. Nyaturu Nyt.
Mburku NBB Omotic Om.
Mehri Mhr. Oromo Or.

Migama Mgm. Pa'a (Afa) NBP

Misme, Mesme Msm. Padoko Pad.
Miya NBM Pero Pr.

Mocha Mch. Peve Pv.

Mofu Mf. Palci Pic.

Mofu-Gudur Mfg. Pidlimdi Pdl.

Mokulu Mkl. Qimant Qim.

Moloko Mol. Qwara Qwr.
Montol Mon. Rendille Rnd.
Mozabite Mzb. Rift Rft.

Mubi Mub. Ron (Bokkos) RB

Muktele Muk. Ron (Daffo) RD
 ABBREVIA TIONS

Ron (Fyer) Rr Tirma Irm.

Ron (Kulere) RK Tiv Tv.

Ron (Scha) RS Tsagu NBT

Saho an. Tsamai Tsm.
Sam Gp. (Cu.) Sam. Tuareg Tur.
Till-.
Sandawe Snd. Tubu lUD.

Semitic Sem. Tula Tul.

Senhayi Snh. Tumak Tum.

Seya Sey. Udlam Udl.
Sheri onr. Ugaritic
i_
Shilh
r'
Shi.
1
Uzam = Udlam
Shmasha Shn. Vame Vm.
Sidamo Sid. Wamdiu Wmd.
Sigidi Sig. Wargli Wrg.
Siri NBS Warji JNdW
Siwi Siw. Welamo Wei.
Socotri Soc. Werize Wer.
Sokoro Sok. W.Atlantic WA
Somali Sml. W.Nigritic WN
Somrai Smr. Wiaala Wia.
Songhai Sng. Wolane Wol.
South Arabian S.Ar. Aamta Amt.
South Bauci Gp. CD
bo Yoruba lor.

South Cushitic Zakshi (Kopti) ZiKS.

Sura Sur. Zari Zri.

Swahili Sw. Zarma Zar.

Tamazight Tam. Zayse Zys.

Tangale Tgl. Zenaga Zen.

Teda Ted. Zagvana Zgv.

Tera Ter. Z9lgwa Zlg.

Tigre Tge. Zime Zim.

Tigrinya Tna. Zul see Dira
xviii

ABBREVIATIONS
OF LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE GROUPS

BY ABBREVIATION

AA Afroasiatic Ber. Berber Cop. Coptic

Abo. Arbore Bgr. Bagirmi Cp. Cip
Ag. Agaw Bid. Bidiya Cu. Cushitic
Akk. Akkadian Bil. Bilin Dab. Daba
Alb. Alaba BN Bedde-Ngizim gp. Das. Dasenech
Alg. Alagwa Bnc. Bencho Dch. Dacha
Amh. Amharic Bnt. Bantu Der. Deresa (Gedeo)
Anf. Anfillo Bog. Bogghom Dgl. Dangaleat
Ang. Angas Bok. Boka Dhl. Dahalo
Ank. Ankwe Bol. Bole Dim. Dime
Ar. Arabic Bon. Boni Dly. Dullay
Arg. Argobba Bor. Borana Dr. Dera
Ari. Ari Brj. Burji Drm. Dormo
As. Asa Brm. Burma Drz. Dorza
Awg. Awngi Brn. Burunge Dw. Dwot
Bac. Bacama BT Bole-Tangle Gp. Dyl. Dyula
Bam. Bambara Bud. Buduma DZ Dira/Zul
Ban. Banana Bui. Bull Dz. Daza
Bar. Barein Bur. Bura EC East Cushitic
Barm. Baram Bus. Bussa Eg. Egyptian
Bat. Bata Bye. Bedauye Eng. English
Bay. Bay so C.Ber. Central Berber ES Ethiopian Semitic
BC Benue-Congo CB Common Bantu F. Fall

Bed. Bedde Cb. Cibak FB F.Bwagira

Bel. Bele Cha. Chadic FG RGili
 ABBREVIATIONS

FJ FJilbu H. Hausa Kmb. Kembata

FK F.Kiria Had. Hadiyya Kns. Konso
FM FMucella Ham. Hamer Knz. Ksnzi (NS)
Fr. French Hars. Harsusi Kof. Kofyar
Ful. Fula HB Higi Baza Kot. Kotoko
Gab. Gabin Heb. Hebrew Koy. Koyra
Gan. Ga'anda HEC Highland E.Cu. Kr. Kera
Gaw. Gawwade HF Higi Futu Krb. Karbo
Gb. Gbari HG HigiGhye Krf. Kirifi

Gbr. Gabri Hg. Higi Kri. Krio

Gby. Gbaya Hin. Hina Kub. Kubi
Gd. Gude HK HigiKamale Kuj. Kujarke
Gdf. Guduf (Kapsiki) Kwa. Kwa'adza
Gdo. Gidole Hid. Hildi Laam. Laamang
Gdu Gudu HN Higi Nkafa Lam. Lame
Ger. Gemma Hrr. Harari Lei. Lele

Ghd. Ghadamsi Hrz. Hurza Lib. Libido

Gid. Gidar Htk. Hitkala Log. Logone
Gis. Gisiga Hwn. Hwona Ma'. Ma'a
Gj. Geji Irk. Irakw Mab. Maba gp.
Gib. Galambu Jg- Jegu Mad. Mada
Glv. Galavda Jib. Jibbali Maf. Mafa
Gob. Gobeze Jnj. Janjero (Yemsa) Mas. Masa
Gor. Goroa Juk. Jukun Mat. Matakam
Gra. Gera Kab. Kabyle Mba. Mbara
Grn. Guruntum Kaj. Kajakse Mbo. Mboku
Gur. Gurage Kan. Kanuri Mch. Mocha
Gv. Gava Kch. Kachama Mdr. Mandara
Gwd. Gwandara Kef. Kefa Mf. Mofu
Gwd.(N) Gwandara Kf. Kafa, Kefa Mfg. Mofu-Gudur
(Nimbia dial.) KK Karekare Mg. Margi
Gz. Geez Klb. Kilba Mgm. Migama
XX HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIO NARY

Mgs. Mangas NBW Warji SC South Cushitic

Mh. Maha NC Niger-Congo Sem. Semitic

Mhr. Mehri Ndm. Ndam Sey. Seya

Mj. Maji Ngm. Ngamo Shi. Shilh

Mkl. Mokulu Ngw. Ngwaxi Shn. Shinasha

Mlk. Malinke Ngz. Ngizim Shr. Sheri

MM Mafa-Mada Gp. Njn. Njanye Sid. Sidamo

Mnd. Mande Nkt. Nakatsa Sig. Sigidi

Mol. Moloko Np. Nupe Siw. Siwi

Mon. Montol NS Nilo-Saharan Sml. Somali

Mrs. Mursi Nyt. Nyaturu Smr. Somrai
Msg. Musgu, Om. Omotic Snd. Sandawe
Musgum Or. Oromo Sng. Songhai
Msm. Misme, Pad. Padoko Snh. Senhayi
Mesme Pdl. Pidlimdi Soc. Socotri

Mub. Mubi Pic. Paid Sok. Sokoro

Muk. Muktele Pr. Pero Sur. Sura
Mup. Mupun Pv. Peve Sw. Swahili
Mus. Musey Qim. Qimant Tam. Tamazight
Muy. Muyang Qwr. Qwara Ted. Teda
Mwl. Mwulyen RB Ron (Bokkos) Ter. Tera
Mzb. Mozabite RD Ron (Daffo) Tge. Tigre
Nan. Nancere RD. Daffo-Butura Tgl. Tangale
NB North Baud Gp. RF Ron (Fyer) Tna. Tigrinya
NBB Mburku Rft. Rift Trm. Tirma
NBD Diri RK Ron (Kulere) Tsm. Tsamai
NBJ Jimbin Rnd. Rendille Tub. Tubu
NBK Kariya RS Ron (Scha) Tul. Tula
NBM Miya S.Ar. South Arabian Tum. Tumak
NBP Pa'a (Afa) Sah. Saho Tur. Tuareg
NBS Siri Sam. Sam gp. (Cu.) Tv. Tiv
NBT Tsagu SB South Baud Gp. Udl. Udlam
 ABBREVIATIONS xxi

Ug. Uzam = Udlam Wmd. Wamdiu Zen. Zenaga

Ug. Ugaritic WN W.Nigritic Zgv. Zagvana
Vm. Vame Wol. Wolane Zim. Zime
WA W.Atlantic Wrg. Wargli Zks. Zakshi (Kopti)
Wei. Wei am o Xmt. Xamta Zlg. Zalgwa
Wer. Werize Yor. Yoruba Zri. Zari

Wid. Widala Zar. Zarma Zys. Zayse

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS CODE FOR LANGUAGE GROUPS

(B) Barth (1862) 1. W. Chadic

(C) Cohen (1947) 2. C. Chadic

(D) Dolgopolski (1973) 3. E. Chadic 3a. Masa Gp.

(E) Ehret (1987) 4. Cushitic 4a. Omotic
EDG Leslau (1979) 5. Egyptian, Coptic
Eg.(Bu) Budge (1978) 6. Semitic
(F) Faulkner (1976) 7. Berber

gp. group 8. Nilo-Saharan

ideo. ideophone 9. Niger-Congo
(J) Jungraithmayr & Shimizu (1981)

(K) Koelle (1854)

loc. locative

(N)Newman (1977)
OS Orel & Stolbova (1995)
 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdel-Massih, ErnestA Computerized Lexicon of Tamazight: Berber Dialect

of Ayt Seghrouchen, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Near
Eastern and North African Studies, 1971.
Abraham, Roy Clive Dictionary of Modern Yoruba, London: 1958.
Dictionary of the Hausa Language, London: University of London
.

Press, 1962.
Alio, Khalil and Herrmann Jungraithmayr Lexique Bidiya, Frankfurt am Main,
1989.
Alojaly, Ghoubeid Lexique touareg-fran^ais, Revised by Karl G. Prasse, Copen-
hagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1980.
Amborn, Hermann et al. Das Dullay, Berlin: 1980.
Anon. A Short English - Bura Vocabulary, 1962 ? duplicated by Church of the
Brethren Mission, Garkida ?

. "Kano Chronicle", in Palmer, H.R. Sudanese Memoirs, Vol. 3, Lagos:

1928, pp. 92-142.
Banfield, A.W. Dictionary of the Nupe Language, Shonga: Niger Press, 1914-
1916.
Bargery, G. P. A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary,
London: Oxford University Press, 1934.
Barreteau, Daniel Description du Mofu-Gudur, Vol. II Lexique, Paris: orstom,
1988.
& Y. Le Bleis Lexique Mafa, Garoua: i.s.h., 1983.

Barth, Henry Collection of Vocabularies of Central- African Languages, Vol.

II,London: Frank Cass, 1971 (ist edition 1862).
Basset, Rene "Les noms des metaux et des couleurs en Berbere", in: Proceed-
ings of the nth Congress of Orientalists, Paris: 1897, pp. 58-91.
Behrens, Peter "Wanderungsbewegungen und Sprache der fruhen saharani-
schen Viehziichter", Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, Band 6, 1984.85,
pp. 135-216.
Bender, M. Lionel The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, East Lansing:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY xxiii

Michigan State University African Studies Center, 1976. (Committee on

Ethiopian Studies, Occasional Papers Series, Monograph No. 5).

Nilo-Saharan Language Studies, East Lansing: m.s.u. African Studies

.

Center, 1983 (Committee on N.E. African Studies, Monograph No. 13).

Cushitic-Omotic Papers from the International Symposium at Cologne,
.

1986, Hamburg, 1988.

. "The Limits of Omotic" in: Hayward, Richard J. Omotic Language
Studies q.v., pp. 584-616.
Bennett, Patrick "Working Paper 1981: Comparative Berber Vocabulary", unpub-
lished.
Benton, Philip A. Languagesand Peoples of Bomu, London: 1912.
Bimson, Kent D. "Comparative Reconstruction of Mandekan", Studies in Afri-
can Linguistics 7, 3, 1976; pp. 295-351
Blanchard, Yves and Philip A. Noss Dictionnaire Gbaya-Fran^ais, Meiganga,
Cameroun: Centre de Traduction Gbaya, 1982.
among
Blench, Roger "Historical Reconstruction of Evolving Crop Repertoires
the Nupe and Related Peoples" in Rottland, Franz Festschrift zum 60.
Geburtstag von Carl F. Hoffmann, Bayreuther Beitrage zur Sprachwis-
senschaft 7, 1986, pp. 33-44.
Breeze, of the Phonology and Grammar of Gimira (Bench-
Mary J. "A Sketch
non)" in Hayward, Richard J. Omotic Language Studies q.v., pp. 1-67.
Budge, E.A.Wallis Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, New York: 1978.
Bynon, James Current Progress in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, Papers of the
Third International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
1984.
Caitucoli, Claude Lexique Masa, cerdotola, 1983.
Cerny, J. Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1976.
Cohen, Maurice Essai comparatif sur le vocabulaire et la phonetique du
chamito-semitique, Paris, 1947.
Cooper, Koye N. Lexique zime - fran^ais, Sarh (Tchad), 1984.
Cortade, Jean-Marie Lexique fran^ais - touareg. Arts et Metiers Graphiques,
1967.
Cosper, Ronald Two papers of S. Bauchi vocabularies. Sociology Department,
St Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Dalby, David "Provisional Identification of Languages of the Polyglotta Af-
ricana", Sierra Leone Language Review, V0I.3, 1964, pp. 83-90.
xxiv HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY

Dalziel; John McEwen The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, London:
1948.
Delafosse, Maurice La langue mandingue et ses dialectes (MaUnke, Bambara,
Dioula), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1955.
De Larajasse, Evangelist Somali - English and English - Somali Dictionary,
London: Kegan Paul, 1897.
Delheure, Jean. Dictionaire Mozabite - Fran^ais, Paris: selaf, 1984.
Dictionnaire Ouargli - Fran^ais, Paris: selaf, 1987.
.

Dolgopolski, A.B. CpaeHHTejibHo-HCTopHMecKaH (|)OHeTHKa KyuinuKHx hsmkob, Mos-

cow: 1973.
Doornbos, Paul and M. Lionel Bender "Languages of Wadai-Darfur" in: Bender,
M. Lionel Nilo-Saharan Language Studies, East Lansing: African Studies
Center, Michigan State University, 1983, pp. 76-78 (Kajakse and Kujarke).
East, R.M. "Modern Tendencies in the Languages of N. Nigeria", Africa, Vol.

10, 1937; pp. 97-105.

Ebert, Karen H. Sprache und Tradition der Kera Berlin: Dietrich Reimer,
,

1976. (Marburger Studien zur Afrika und Asienkunde, Ser. A, Afrika, 8).
Edgar, John T. Maba-Group Lexicon, Berlin: Reimer, 1991.
Eguchi, Paul K. An English - Fulfulde Dictionary, Tokyo: ilcaa, 1986.
Ehret, Christopher. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Pho-
nology and Vocabulary, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1980. (Kolner Beitrage zur
Afrikanistik [5]).

. "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction", Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika,

Band 8, 1987, pp. 7-180.
Elias, Elias A. Elias' Modem Dictionary: English - Arabic, Cairo: Elias'

Modern Press, 1929 (3rd edition).

Epstein, H. Origin of Domestic Animals in Africa, 2 Vols. New York, 1971.
Equipe IFA. Inventaire des particularites lexicales du Fran^ais en Afrique
noire, Paris: edicef/aupelf, 1988.
Faulkner, Raymond O. A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1913.
Fedry, JacquesDictionnaire Dangaleat, Lyon: Afrique et Langage, 1971.
Foot, Edwin C. A Galla - English, English - Galla Dictionary, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1913.
Foucauld, Charles Eugene de Dictionnaire touareg - fran^ais, Paris: Impri-
merie Nationale, 1952.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY XXV

Foulkes, H.D. Angass Manual: Grammar and Vocabulary, London: Kegan

Paul, 1915.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt and Wendy C. Ross "Methodological Issues in Applying
Linguistics to the Study of Prehistory", in Pilaszewicz, Stanislaw and Eu-
geniusz Rzewuski, Unwritten Testimonies of the African Past, Warsaw,
1991. pp. 21-44.
comune semitico", Rendiconti dell' Acca-
Fronzaroli, Pelio "Studi sul lessico
demia Nazionale dei Lincei (Scienze Morali), Serie VIII, Vol. XIX, fasc. 5 -
12, 1964 et seq.
. Studies on the Language of Ebla, Florence: Istituto di Linguistica e di
Lingue Orientale, Universita di Firenze (Quaderni di Semitistica 13), 1984.
Fyle, Clifford N. and Eldred D. Jones Krio-English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1980.
Gaden, Henri Le poular, dialecte peul du Fouta senegalais, Paris: Ernest Le-

roux, 1914.
Gaetano, P. da Thiene Dizionario della Lingua Galla, Harar: Vicariato Apos-
tolico, 1939.
Gasparini, Armido Sidamo - English Dictionary, Bologna, 1983.
Gelb, I.J. Glossary of Old Akkadian, Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1957 (Ma-
terials for the Assyrian Dictionary, No. 3).

Gerhardt, Ludwig Chadic/Benue-Congo border

"Lexical interferences in the
area". Studies inChadic and Afroasiatic Linguistics, edited by E. Wolff
and H. Meyer-Bahlburg, Hamburg: H. Buske, 1983, pp.301 - 310.
"Analytische und vergleichende Untersuchungen zu einigen zentral-
.

nigerianischen Klassensprachen" Afrika und Ubersee, 71, 72, 73, 1988-1990

Gouffe, Claude "Notes de lexicologie et d'etymologie soudanaises", in: Comptes
rendus du glecs, tome 15, 1970-1971, pp. 55-65; tome 16, 1971-72, pp. 155-173.
. "Observations suremprunts au frang:ais dans les parlers haoussa du
les

Niger", Ann. University of Abidjan Serie H (Linguistique), 1971, (Fascicule

hors serie).

. "Contacts de vocabulaire entre le haoussa et le touareg", in: Actes du

premier congres international de linguistique semitique et chamito-
semitique, A. Caquot and D. Cohen (eds.). The Hague: 1974, pp. 357-80.
"A propos de haoussa maza 'vite'". Bull, des etudes africaines de
.

Plnalco I, 2, 1981, pp. 77-94

. "Le nom du 'puits' en haoussa: etude etymologique et phonetique",
Bull, des etudes africaines de Plnalco 2, 4, 1982, pp. 3-26.
xxvi HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY

Gragg, Gene B. Oromo Dictionary, East Lansing: Michigan State University Af-
rican Studies Center, 1982. (Committee on Northeast African Studies, Mon-
ograph No. 12).

Greenberg, Joseph H. The Influence of Islam on a Sudanese Religion, 1946

(reprint, Seattle, 1966).

. "Arabic Loanwords in Hausa", Word, Vol. 3, 1947, pp. 85-97.

. "Linguistic Evidence for the Influence of the Kanuri on the Hausa",
Journal of African History, Vol. i, i960, pp. 205-212.

. The Languages of Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University, 1966.

Gregersen, Edgar "Kongo-Saharan", Journal of African languages, 11, 1972, pp.
69-89.
Guthrie, Malcolm Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative
Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu Languages, Farnborough, Eng-
land: Gregg Press, 1971, Vol. 2.

Hause, Helen "Terms for Musical Instruments in the Sudanic Languages: A

E.

lexicographical inquiry". Journal of the American Oriental Society,

Supplement 7, Vol. 68, Jan. - March 1948.
Hava, J.G. Al-Faraid Arabic-English Dictionary, Beirut: Catholic Press, 1964.
Hayward, Richard J. The Arbore Language: A First Investigation, Hamburg:

Helmut Buske, 1984. (Kuschitische Sprachstudien [2]).

Omotic Language Studies, s.o.a.s., London, 1990.
.

Heine, Bernd "The Sam Languages. A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali",
Afroasiatic Linguistics, Vol. 6 (2), December 1978.
"Notes on the Rendille Language (Kenya)", Afrika und Ubersee, 59, 3,
.

pp. 176-223, 1978.

. The non-Bantu Languages of Kenya, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1980.
(Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya: Vol. 10).

. Boni Dialects, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1982. (Language and Dialect

Atlas of Kenya: Vol. 2).

Hetzron, Robert The Verbal System of Southern Agav^, Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1969.
Hiskett, Mervyn "Materials Relating to the Cowrie Currency of the Western
Sudan", Bulletin of the s.o.a.s.. Vol. 29(1), pp. 122-142, Vol 29(2), pp. 339-
366, 1966.
Hoffmann, Carl "Ancient Benue-Congo Loans in Chadic?" Africana Marburg-
ensia. Vol. 3(2), pp. 3-23, 1970.
Hofmann, Inge Nubisches Worterverzeichnis, Berlin, 1986.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY xxvii

A Grammar and Dictionary of the Gude Language,

Hoskison, James Taylor
PhD Ohio State University, 1983.
Dissertation,
Hudson, Grover Highland East Cushitic Dictionary, Hamburg: Helmut Buske,
1989.
Hutchison, John P. "KanuriWord Formation and the Structure of the Lexicon",
in Schadeberg, Thilo and M. Lionel Bender Proceedings of the ist Nilo-
Saharan Linguistics Conference, Dordrecht, 1981, pp. 217-237.
Johnstone, T.M. Harsusi Lexicon and English - Harsusi Word-list, London:
Oxford, 1977.
Mehri Lexicon, London: s.o.a.s.,
. 1987.
. Jibbali Lexicon, Oxford, 1981.
Jungraithmayr, Herrmann Die Ron-Sprachen, Tschadohamitische Studien in
Nordnigerien, Gluckstadt: J.J. Augustin, 1970.
and K. Shimizu Chadic Lexical Roots , Vol. II: Berlin: Dietrich Reimer,
1981. (Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde, Ser. A, Afrika, 26).

Lexique Mokilko, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1990.

et al.

A Dictionary of the Tangale Language, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1991.

.

and Abakar Adams Lexique Migama, Berlin, 1992.

Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm Polyglotta Africa, Freetown: Fourah Bay College,
University of Sierra Leone, 1963 (reprint of the original edition. Church
Missionary Society, London, 1954).
Kraft, Charles H. Chadic Wordlists, Vols. I - III, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1981.
(Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde, Ser. A, Afrika, 23, 24, 25).

Laoust, E. Siwa, son parler, Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1932.

. Cours de Berbere marocain, Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner,
1939-
Le Coeur, Charles Grammaire et textes teda - daza, Dakar: Institut Fran^ais
d'Afrique Noire, 1955, (Memoires de I'lnstitut Fran^ais d'Afrique Noire, no.
9).

Leslau, Wolf Lexique soqotri (sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et

explications etymologiques, Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1938, (Collection Lin-

guistique XLI).
. "The Rainbow in Hamito-Semitic Languages", orbis 5, 1956, pp. 478-
483.
. Etymological Dictionary of Harari, Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1963.
xxviii HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY

Concise Amharic Dictionary: Amharic-English, English-Amharic,

.

Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976.

Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic), 3 vols., Wiesbaden:
.

Otto Harrassowitz, 1979.

Comparative Dictionary of Ge^ez, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
. 1987.
Lethem, Gordon James Colloquial Arabic: Shuwa Dialect of Bomu, Nigeria
and the Region of Lake Chad: Grammar and Vocabulary with some Pro-
verbs and Songs, vols. 1,2,3, London: Published for the Government of
Nigeria by the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1920.
Levtzion, Nehemia and J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for
West African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Lewicki, Tadeusz West African food in the Middle Ages: According to Arabic
Sources. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Lukas, Johannes Die Sprache der Buduma im Zentralen Sudan, auf Grund
eigener Studien und des Nachlasses von G. Nachtigal, Leipzig: Deutsche
Morgenlandische Gesellschaft, 1936. (Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Mor-
genlandes, 24/2).
.Die Logone-Sprache in Zentralen Sudan, mit Beitragen aus dem Nach-
lafi von Gustav Nachtigal. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1936. (Deutsche Morgen-

landische Gesellschaft, 21 [6]).

. A Study of the Kanuri Language: Grammar and Vocabulary, London:

Oxford University Press, 1937.
Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter
. &
Co., 1937-
Mann, Michael and David Dalby Thesaurus of African Languages, London:
International African Institute, 1987.
Matsushita, Shuji An Outline of Gwandara Phonetics and Gwandara - Eng-
lish Vocabulary, Tokyo: ilcaa (A Series, No. 3), 1972.

. A Comparative Vocabulary of Gwandara Dialects, Tokyo: ilcaa, 1974.

Militarev,Alexander and Olga Stolbova "First Approach to Comparative-Histor-
icalPhonology of Afrasian (consonantism)" in Mukarovsky, Hans G. Pro-
ceedings of the Fifth International Hamito-Semitic Congress, 1987,
Wien: Institut fiir Afrikanistik etc., Beitrage zur Afrikanistik, Band 40, 45-84.
Mischlich, Adam Worterbuch der Hausasprache, Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1906.
Mouchet, Jean Le parler Daba: esquisse grammaticale, Yaounde: Institut de
Recherches Scientifiques du Cameroun, 1966 (Recherches et Etudes Cam-
erounaises, 10)
 BIBLIOGRAPHY xxix

Mukarovsky, Hans A Study of Western Nigritic, Vol. i, Wien: Institut fiir

Agyptologie und Afrikanistik Universitat Wien, 1977 (Beitrage zur Af-
rikanistik, [i]).

Murdock, George P. "Cross-language parallels in parental kin terms". Anthro-

pological Linguistics, Vol. i, No. 9, 1959, pp. 1-6.
Netting, Robert Vocabulary of Tal (Plateau Chadic), unpublished.
. "A Word List of Kofyar", Research Notes, Department of Linguistics
and Nigerian Languages, University of Ibadan, Vol. i (2), July 1967, pp. i -

36.
Newman, Paul "Historical Sound Laws in Hausa and Dera", Journal of West
African Languages, Vol. 7(1), 1970, pp. 39-51.
. The Kanakuru Language, Leeds: Institute of Modern English Language
Studies in association with the West African Linguistic Society, 1974.
. "The origin of Hausa /h/". Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement
6, 1976, pp. 65-75.
. "Chadic Classification and Reconstructions", Afroasiatic Linguistics,
Vol. 5 (i), December 1977. pp. i - 42.

. The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic, Leiden: Leiden Uni-

versity Press, 1980.
Onions, C.T. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1966.
Orel, Vladimir E. and Olga V. Stolbova Hamito-Semitic Etymological Diction-
ary, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.
Parker, E.M. and R.J. Hayward Afar - English - French Dictionary, London:
School of Oriental and African Studies, 1985.
Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma "Worterbuch der Hadiya-Sprache", Rassegna di
Studi Etiopici, Vol. 20, 1964, 133-182.
Prost, Andre La langue sonay et ses dialectes, Dakar: ifan, 1956.
Reed, William, John Burchard, et al. Fish and Fisheries of Northern Nigeria,
Zaria: Gaskiya Corporation for Ministry of Agriculture, 1967.
Reinisch, Leo Worterbuch der Bilin-Sprache, Wien: 1887.
Worterbuch der Bedauye-Sprache, Wien: 1895.
.

Roper, E.M. Tu Bedawie: An Elementary Handbook for Sudan Government

Officials, Hertford, England: S. Austin & Sons, 1930.
Rossing, Melvin OlafMafa-Mada: A Comparative Study of Chadic Languages
in North Cameroun, PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
1978.
XXX HAUSA COMPARATIVE DICTIONARY

Rossler, Otto "Berberisch Tschadisches Kernvokabular"; Africana Marburgen-

pp. 20-31.
sia, Vol. 12,

Sachnine, Michka Le vun dzapao (Lame), un parler zime du Nord-Camer-

oun. Phonologie. Dictionnaire, 2 vols., Paris: selaf, 1982 (Langues et
Cultures Africaines i).

Sasse, Hans-Jiirgen "The Consonant Phonemes of Proto-East-Cushitic (PEC): A

First Approximation", Afroasiatic Linguistics, Vol. 7 (i), October 1979.

_. An Etymological Dictionary of Burji, Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 1982.

(Kuschitische Sprachstudien [i]).

Schneider, CD. West African Pidgin English, Athens, Ohio: 1966.

Schuh, Russell G. Bole-Tangale Languages of the Bauchi Area Berlin: Diet- ,

rich Reimer, 1978 (Marburger Studien zur Afrika und Asienkunde, Ser. A:
Afrika, 13).
. A Dictionary of Ngizim, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
(University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 99).
. Several unpublished papers and lists.
Shennum, David English - Egyptian Index of Faulkner's Concise Dictionary
of Middle Egyptian, Malibu: Undena Publications, 1977.
Shimizu, Kiyoshi "The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic Languages - A Survey
Report", Africana Marburgensia, Marburg University, Special Issue 2, 1978,

pp. 5-50.
. "Mumuye-Protowestnigritische Lautentsprechungen usw.", Afrika und
Ubersee, 74, 1981, pp. 3 - 23
Simons (Cope), Pamela Lele - French Dictionary, unpublished.
Skinner, A. Neil. "The Hausa particle amma, an Etymological Note", Journal of
African Languages, Vol. 6 (2), 1967, pp. 146 - 152.
."The Origin of the name 'Hausa'", Africa, Vol. 38, 1968, pp. 253-257.
."North Bauchi Chadic Languages: Common Roots"; "Afroasiatic Vocab-
ulary: Evidence for Some Culturally Important Items", Africana Marburg-
ensia, No. 7, 1984, pp. I - 65.
. "Evidence for Earlier Nominal Affixation in Afroasian", in Ibriszimow,
D. and Rudolf Leger Studia Chadica et Hamitosemitica, Koln: Riidiger
Koppe, 1995, pp. 25-35.
. "*'dyi/*'gyi, *ma'- and *am- in Non-Khoisan African Languages", in
press.
Spande, Dennis A Historical Perspective on Metallurgy in Africa: A Biblio-
graphy, V^altham, Massachusetts: African Studies Association, 1977.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY xxxi

Stolbova, Olga "CpaBHHTejibHO-HCTopHHecKa;i (l)OHeTHKa h cuoBapt 3anaziH0Ha/icKHx

5i3biKOB" in Davidova et al. A(|)pHKaHCKoe McropHHecKoe $i3biK03HaHHe; Moscow:
1987, pp. 30-268.
Strelcyn, Stefan Medecine et plantes d'Ethiopie, Naples: Istituto Universitario
Orientale, 1973.
Swynnerton, G.H. "Vernacular Names for Some of the Better Known Mammals
of Central Province of Tanganyika", Tanganyika Notes and Records, 1952,
21: 21-38.

Taylor, F.W. Fulani - English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1932.
Terpstra, Gerard English - Tiv Dictionary, Ibadan: Institute of African Studies,
1968.
Tubiana, Joseph "A propos de sumor 'lievre'", Comptes rendus du glecs. Vol.
12-13, 1968, pp. 84-86.
Vansina, Jan "The Bells of Kings", Journal of African History, Vol. 10, 1969, pp.
187-197.
Vycichl, Werner "Das Schwert bei den Tuareg", Annali del Istituto Universi-
tario Orientale di Napoli, Nuova Serie 15, 1965, pp. 279-283.

. . Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue copte, Leuven: Peeters, 1983.

Wedekind, Klaus "Gimo-Jan or Ben-Yam-Om: Ben-Yemsa Phonemes, Tones and
Words", in Hayward, Richard J. Omotic Language Studies q.v., pp. 68-184.
Wexler, Paul "Problems in monitoring the diffusion of Arabic into West and
Central African languages", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen
Gesellschaft, Band 130, 1980, pp. 522-556.
Williamson, Kay and Kiyoshi Shimizu (eds.) Benue-Congo Comparative Word-
list, Vols. I & II, Ibadan, Nigeria: West African Linguistic Society, 1968.
 a
a'a no cf. Kan. a'a Ang. a'a Dgl. a'a

aboki friend, companion < aba( ) + ki abuya (fern.) abuta, abokantaka, sabo
"friendship" cf. saba
I. Gwd.(N.) avugyi NBT upo'on 2. Mwl. baygi 3. Lei. buga- Mkl. baka
"compagnon, copain, camarade" Bid. bote "soeur" 3a. Lam. bai, buso 4. Or.
obbol- "brother, sister" abbe "familiar term of address to young man" Afr.

ablno "one's mother's tribe" Brj. abbul- "child of aunt" abuyya "wife of
mother's brother" Gdo. appul- "person of same clan as one's mother"
P.HEC *abbo "maternal uncle" Ma', abu "mother's sibling" Had. abbayo
"male sibling" Sid. abare "collaborator" P.SC *boSo- P.Cu. *(')-b-l- "play
(vb.)" 6. ES 'abal "member of a group" Akk. ubarum "friend" 7. Tur. absl
"entourage"
abu, abi- thing cf. bawa, mora
I.Gwd. mbo Plateau Cha. *mbiy BT *m-y BN *b-y NB *v-y- 2. W.Mg. mi
Log.mbi "Gerdt" 3. Jg. man "Sache" Tum. bar 3a. Ban. va'a 4. Afr. abe "do,
make, operate" Irk. mura Or. mi'a "goods, possessions, things, baggage"
Sml. mod "non-animate belongings" Brj. basi 9. P.Jukun-Mbembe *bi Gby.
mo "chose" 6. Ar. 'amr "th., business, subject" Gur. gabar "goods, objects,
baggage, implement, utensil" Soc. bil-, b-hl 8. Kan. ajSi "what?"
acca Digitaria exilis cf. hatsi, intaya
I. Gwd. anca RK 'ac BT *w-tt- "corn, seed" 3. Mkl. 'ettiso "dernier noeud
d'une tige de mil sur lequel s'attache I'epi" 4. Or. anc "sorghum" 4a. Bnc. ag:

"meat" Jnj. asa "meat" 6. Amh. ajja "oats, rye" Akk. uttetu "barley" uttutu
"cereals" 8. ? Kan. kasa < K + asa 3. Lei. kasa "cereals"
adadi numeral < Ar. ^adad
adana preserve with care cf. aza
I. Plateau Cha. den- "put down" 2. Pad. dir)e "poser" 6. Gur. da'ana "put
aside, store" Amh. adara "deposit, care (n.)"
adda cutlass, machete OS *had- "cut"
9. Yor. ada {same tones as H.) Kri. ada i. Bui. adda "sword" 4. Sid. hadan-
"knife, razor" Or. haddu "sword" 6. Ar. hadd "sharp"
2

addini religion < Ar. ad + din

addu'a prayer < Ar. ad + du^a
adrko kerchief ? < Yor. idiku cf. Ewe duku < Danish dug or Dutch doek
adili just, honest (adalci (n.)) < Ar. ^adil

adire tie-dyed cloth < Yor. adire

adireshi address < Eng.

ado adornment cf. adana
I. NBM adem
Tgl. done "decorate, repair etc." 3a. Lam. ndal "decorer" 4.
adaw- "improve, be better" P.HEC *dan- "good" Had., Kmb. dan + s
Sid.
"adorn"
aduwa Balanites aegyptica "desert date, soapberry" ? < *adumwa *nD-mw- ,

I. Tgl.ndudek "tree sp. with its edible fruits" 2. Bur. daumwa Gd. jar)wa

(cf. Bgr. jar) a) Msg. muntsum Log. zum 3. Mkl. 'undumu (pi. 'inda) "arhre"
Bid. tondor) "arhre sp." 4.andode "soap nut tr." Or., Sid. oda- "syca-
Or.
more" Sml. indod 6. Gur. andod "sp. of tr." Hrr. indod "kind of tr. used for
washing clothes" 8. Ted. olou
afa throw in mouth P.W.Cha. *'aP- "open"
OS *'ap- "mouth, open" i. H. kafa "small hole" BT *af- "open" RF 'ap
"gdhnen" 2. Gd. au "take mouthful" 4. P.Cu. *ap(p)- "mouth"
afarari cream < Tur. afrar see Gouffe (1971-2), p. 156
agade banana cf. 9. Yor. ogede Ga akwadu 1 < an NC language but 6. Gur.
agade "banana sp."
agalami skin mat < Tur. eglem
agana smallpox cf. Tur. eganad "mefait, mal"
agare gazelle "big, male g., G. rufifrons"
OS *gar-, *gawar- "antelope" i. Ngz. agare "gazelle" 8. Kan. rjgari "G. rufi-

frons" {also Bud.) 9. Gby. r)gari "male de certains animaux" Ful. ggari "bull"
1. NBB gari "oryx" NBT gare "reedbuck" 2. Log. gariya "hartebeest" 3. Tum.
garu "antelope sp." 8. Knz. gel 4. Bye. garuwa "male antelope" Sml.
garanug "gazelle" Sid. garran- "antelope, buffalo" 4a. Wei. gara "antelope
sp."
agaza help (vb.) also tagaza
2. HG fugaze 6. Ethiopian Sem. agaza 4. Sid. agar- "protect, preserve" Had.
agag "hilfen"
agofata basket also gufata cf. Tam. aggfif

agogo clock, watch < Yor. agogo "bell, clock"

 3

agola stepchild ? < Tur. agyula see Gouffe (1971-2), p. 157 cf. Dgl. golla
"orphelin"
aguru donkey "d. gelding" ? < C.Ber. a7yul cf. Dz. agar Kr. agerhe H. uru
"pony" Kan.; Bgr. koro
agushi melon seed stew < Yor. egusi
agwado maize < Yor., Gb. agbado see also Pasch in SUGIA 5 (1983) pp. 177-218
agwagwa duck cf. Np. gbangba, gbamgba
aharaS; aras bay horse ? < Tur. aharas cf. Tam. aras (Tur. ihuwar "red" ayis
"horse")
aholaki young donkey /young camel
7. Tur. ahulel "poulain, anon" ahulil "ane sauvage" 4. P.SC *h-le "equine sp."
Bye. halkwi "foal of d." P.HEC *harre "donkey" 6. Sem. ^-w-1 "young of
animal"
aibi blemish < Ar. ^ayb cf. laifi
aik- work, send ? < *ark-, *ank- cf. raka.
"Work" & "send" also overlap in & BC WN
I. Gwd. (y)ankyi "work" Gwd.(N) hwagko "send" RB ro(h) "work, send" 2.
Glv. lagw- "send" Gd. iake "send" iana "work" Bac. lyen- "send s.one to do
s.thing" 3. Dgl., Bid. riy- "work (n.)" Mkl. 'igi-, 'agi-, 'akki- "envoyer, fondre
le fer, accompagner" 4. P.EC *'erg- "send" Bye langum "send" 8. Knz. "^alga

"Arbeitszeit" 6. Sem. l-'-k "send"

ainihi essence < Ar. ^ayni + hi "it's eye, it's essence"
ainun, ainin very much ? < ainihin
ajali period "fixed p., life span" < Ar. 'ajal

ajami Arabic script "H. written in Ar. script" < Ar. ^ajamiy "foreign, not
Arabic" cf. Spanish aljamiado
ajizi fallible, weak < Ar. ^ajiz "impotent, disabled"
akaifa fingernail, claw P.W.Cha.*q-rb- "fingernail, toenail" ? < K-r + p-( ) cf.

umba OS *aw- "nail, claw"

I. NBP arfun NB *-y- "nail" 2. Log. kwafe Gd. gii "nail" 3. Dgl. kor- Kr.
gel- Lei. gul- 3a. Lam. r)gile "griffe" r)gile a "ongle de la main" 4. Bil. ciffer

"Huf, Nagel, Klaue" P.Cu. *p-r- "finger" EC *k-y- "nail, claw" 6. Endegen,
Ennemor 'afar

akala rope "leading r. for camel" < Tur. akala cf. uU-
akanta accountant < Eng.
akasi opposite, antithesis < Ar. ^aks
4

akawal black horse ? < Tur. ekawel cf. Tur. ikuwal "be black" Turn, kole "black
(of horse)"
akawu clerk < Yor. akowe "clerk, pen, writing, literacy" cf. Yor. ko "write" Ijo

akove
aku parrot ureal word ? < S.W. cf. Bidyogo (WA) ekayo Ega (Ivory Coast), Twi,
Ga, Ewe-Fon ako Sng. aku Tub. aku Bgr. aku
akushi wooden bowl cf. Tur. aos "recipient (quelconque)" Gwd. akosi
akwai there is, there are cf. kwana
2. Bud. akol "es gibt" kol "vorhanden sein" 4. P.Cu.(E) *'-x- "to be"
akwati box < Np. kpati Gwd. akwati
Yor. apoti cf.

akwiya, akuya goat (female) pi. awaki "goats" ? aw + ki cf. uda

OS *^aw- "goat, bull" i. Ron, NBW *aw- 2. Bat.gp. *haw- Gis. 'aw 3. Dgl.
awko "g." ewki "male g." 3a. Mas. hu- Lam. 'uhu'u 4. Ma' ogu "male g."
9. P.WN *-gwu- "sheep" 5. Eg.(Bu) iau "goats" 6. Gur. ona, onna "young

male g. or sheep" 8. Knz. ewre "Ziegenkitz" Dz. wooni "belier" 7. Tur. iwan
"cattle" Siw zaluk "male g." (Cha. *Zal/r "male")
akyara tobacco "poor sort of t., grown for its flowers" ? < Yor. agira "tobacco,
snuff"
aalla at least also a alla < Ar. aqall "less"

al'ada custom < Ar. al + ^ada

al'amari matter, affair < Ar. al + 'amr
alade pig < Yor. elede
alama sign, indication < Ar. ^alama
alaya skin bottle OS *el- "leather sack"
alayyaho spinach < Yor. eleefo "vegetable seller"
albarkaci beneficent influence < albarka "no, thank-you (in bargaining)" <
Ar. al + barka "blessing"
albarushi gunpowder also albarus, barudu cf. Sng. albaru Tur. albarud "fusil"
< Ar. al + barud
albasa onion < Ar. al + basal cf. Sng. albasan
albashi salary ? < Ar. al + ma^as
albishir good news < Ar. al + busr also bishara
alewa, alawa candy, sweet cf. Kan. alewa Log. ale Bud. alii ? < Ar. halawa
alfadari mule cf. Kan. lafadara Tub. alfadera Glv. elbedir "poney" Bgr. batara
? < Ar. al + batari "unruly (horse)"
alfahari boasting, pride also fahari, fari(ya) < Ar. al + faxar "glory"
 5

algaita oboe cf. Sng. algeita Kan. algaita Tarn, aggyat "o. player" ? < Ar. al +
7ayta (Hause, 1948)
algashi green also alkashi OS *w-ri- "be green" cf. harawa "leaves"
I. Kof. nyiges "leaf used for meat" NBP likwiti "leaf" NBJ aluhu "leaf" Sey.
gwas "leaf" za + gwas "green" Jimi (SB) bgad- "leaf" 2. Ter. I070S "leaf
Njn. g9si "leaf" 4. Bye. I'lg "twig, sprig, branch" Or. marg- "gr., grass" liqiti
"kind of vine, darkness" 8. Knz. ulug "oberstes Blatt von Weizen oder Gerste"
6. S.Ar. r--s- "(good, grazing) grass" Akk. aruq- "gr." Heb. y-r-q- "gr., foli-

age" Ar. riqa "land becoming gr. after rain" ES ara(n)g'^ad- "gr." 7. Tur.
elakat "petite tranche fraiche" 9. Np. aliga "gr."
alhaji pilgrim < Ar. al + hajj cf. haji
alhaki guilt "g., burden of responsibility, sin, just deserts" < Ar. al + haqq "jus-
tice, just deserts"
alhali obviously "o., certainly, as a matter of fact ? < Ar. al + hal "present cir-

cumstances, actuality"
alheri kindness, generosity < Ar. al + xayr "goodness" cf. Tur. alxer "le bien,
du bien, paix"
alhudahuda hoopoe (Upupa epops) < Ar. al + hudhud
alif thousand < Ar. 'alf cf. Dz, Ted. olufu "10,000" H. aru-aru "long long ago"

q.v.

alilliba Cordia abyssinica cf. Kan. aluwa Ful. lilibahi

aljihu pocket cf. Gwd. rujuhu Sng. ziba Bam. jufa Kan. li/5u Tur. aljib < Ar.

al + jayb
alkaki cake "c. of wheat and honey" ? < Ar. al + qa^q
alkalami pen cf. Kan. alkalam Sng. kalam < Ar. al + qalam < Greek KaXajJiog
"reed; reed pen, stylus"
alkali, alkali judge cf. Mnd. al'kali < Ar. al + qadi

alkama wheat cf. Kan. algama, Isgama Sng. alkama < Ar. al + qamh
alkarya town "principal t. of a district" ? < Ar. al + qarya "borough, village"
alkawari promise also alkawali < Ar. al + qawl
alio writing board cf. Kan. alio < Ar. al + lawh
allura needle < Ar. al + 'ibra cxf. Gwd. alemina, anura etc. Kan. li^^la Dz.
ellifore Bgr. livra
almajiriKoranic student ? < Ar. al + muhajir "emigrant, companion of the
Prophet in the Hijra"
almakashi scissors < Ar. al + miqass cf. Kan. magasa Sng. masu
almara fable {not the common word for "tale", which is tatsianiya) ? < Sng.
6

almara "spend the evening" cf. H. hira (< Ful.) "spend the evening, con-
versation"
almiiru dusk ? < Zar. almari hum "after sunset"
alwala ritual ablutions < Ar. al + wada' "purity"
amai vomiting also meshe, mayarwa < maya "return"
2. Bac. morse "vomit" mun- "return"

amalanke handcart < Yor. omon lanke

amale camel "large, male c." < Tur. amali ''animal entief
amana friendship, peace, trust < Ar. 'amana
amawali mouth-veil < Tur. amawal
ambata mention Mischlich has anbata "anreden" ? < Ar. anba' "announce" +
ta cf. tambaya
ambulan envelope, ambulance < Eng.
ambuli hyena "epithet for a strong h." cf. babba, buru
I. NBS mbali BN *b-l:-m Ron murum Bog. muli NBK mul- "leopard" 2. Ter.

mapulu Bur.gp., Bat.gp., Dab. *m + Bul/r-m (Mg., Klb. add *-la'u for
"leopard") Gv. mbula "leopard" 3. ? Bid. mulki- "camassier sp." 4. Sid.
amboma "h. (name of respect)" P.Cu. *(m-)b-r-(tt-) "large beast or bird of
prey" 9. Ful mbarodi "beast of prey" (w/(m)b-r- "kill")
amfani usefulness ? < Ar. anfa^a + ni "it benefits me" cf. Tur. anfu "be useful
to" Kan. amba- "be useful" Log., Tub. ampa Sng. nafa "be useful" Ful. nafa
"be useful"
amini friend < Ar. 'amln aminci "friendship"
amma but < Ar. 'amma "(but) as for ..." Ful., Sng., Zar., Kan., Bil. all have it.

For its provenance see /. of African Languages VI, 2, pp. 146-152 (1967)
amo noise
I. NBM amay "voice" 3. Bar. emo "schreien" 4. Bil. him "brummen, sum-
men"
amodari disease "blepharitis, eyelid d." amodarin ka (cf. kai "head") "dandruff,
etc." cf. Afr. amoddale "head-sore" (amo "head")
amsa accept, answ^er {also "answer (n.)") < Eng. cf. maya "return" OS *masi'
"take, steal" *'am- "catch, seize"
I. RS, RK mus "accept, receive" RB, RD mat "answer" Bed. masa- "seize" 2.
Bur.gp. m-s- "seize" 3a. Lam. amsi Ban. huma 7. Tam. amsasa "agree-
ment" Tur. musu "s'equilibrer (2 poids)" 6. ES m-ls "answer" 4. Sid. melse
"answer, reply"
 7

amuku stretcher < Eng. hammock cf. Kri. amok, amaka "hammock" Yor.
amoku "hammock"
amya beehive also amniya, amuniya ? < am + wun + iya cf. P.Cha.(N) *am
"water" *ami "honey, bee" OS *'amam- "honey"
I. RS amwot "honey" RD won "honey" Teshena (BN) iuwan "bee" 2. OS

*'amam- "honey" Msg. ami "bee, honey" Mat. am-m "bee" wom "honey"
Mfg. amam "bee, honey" 3. Jg. im + o "bee" 3a. Lam. 'iem "aheille, mieV
4. Kwa. yamito "honey" (P.SC *hinto "fly") Bye. wiu "bee" 'au "honey" 7.
P.Ber. *tammt "honey"

ango bridegroom cf. unguwa OS *gaw- "man, people"

I. Ang. g(w)o "man, person, boy" Sur. 13 go "husband" RD ngwor) "Ver-

wandschaft" Ngm ngo "person" KK nga "person" 2. Bat.gp., Mdr.gp. *ngw-r-

"man, male" 3. Tum. gon "homme" Lei. go "personnalite sociale, adulte
accompli" 3a. Ban. gona "boy" 4. P.Cu. *gw- "person" 8. Ted., Dz. ar)kar,

agar "male" 9. P.BC *gu- human sing, class marker

anini button (formerly "tenth of a penny") < Yor. onini
aniya zeal, determination, intention < Ar. an + niyya
ankara notice (vb.) "be observant" cf. hanga, hankali, kula, lura OS *^a-
"know, see"
7, Tur. anar "wake up" i. NBS ggulu "see" 2. Mat. arka'a "see" 3. Dgl.
girse "reconnaitre" 4. P.Cu.(E) *'ark'- "see" Afr. ankahise "listen, hear" 6.

Gur. xara "know, recognise"

annabi prophet < Ar. an + nabiy
annoba epidemic also alloba ? < Ar. al + waba' > *allawba
annuri brightness, light < Ar. an + nur
ara borrow, lend (not money) aro (n.)
4. P.HEC *arg + is "borrow (a thing)" Irk. wa'alah 6. Ar. a^ara 3. ? Mkl.
eredi "pret" 8. Kan. saru Tub. arni Sng. garaw
aradu thunder "claps of th." ? < Ar. ar + ra^du "thunder" cf, rawa OS *ra^ad-
"thunder"
8. Kan. rada "forked lightning" i. NBD rada "trembling" 2. Log., Hrz., Mdr.
rade "thunder" 4. Irk. kwara'a "thunderstorm" 6. P.Sem. *ra'^ad- "tremble"
arafiya fine thread (manufactured) ? < Ar. ar + rafi^ "fine, thin"
araha cheapness cf. Ar. arxas "cheaper" Tur. iryas "etre hon marche"
arautaki pincers also hantsaki cf. Amh. warranto
arba'in forty < Ar. arba^in
arewa north ? AA * ^al- "highlands, mountains" relevant cf. haya "climb"
8

I. Gwd. arewa Cp. arka 2. Log. halaka 3. Mkl. 'alala "dessus (sur la cible)"

Sok. mela ? < m + ela ''Nord" 4. P.HEC *ale "over, above" Der. alalle

"north" Kmb. aluda "north" Sid. aird- "upper, east (north)" Irk. ^oy- "north,
right" Dly. halh- "Norden, links" karo si^'^ile "Norden (Teil + oben)" 6. Hars.
^alwa "north, northwards"
arne pagan also asne ? < Tur. assanam "idol" < Ar. as + sanam "idol" cf.
Shuwa Ar. seyad al asnam "pagans (lit. ones with idols)" Kan. sanam "fet-
ish, superstition"

aru-aru long ago also "very many (years)" cf. alif, ari C.,E. Cha., Dr. aru "100"

7. Tur.araw "anciennement, jadis, etre ancient" 3. Bid. 'ello "jadis, autrefois"

4. Had. erare "former/past times" Sid. ero "times (x)" 8. Kan. yor "100" 3.
E.Cha. *or-(k) "10" i. Ron *hurey "10" 6. P.Sem. *'al-p "1000" Akk. alum
"city"
arziki prosperity "p., wealth, God's favor" < Ar. ar + rizq "that which God be-
stows of good" cf. Mnd. arsike Kan. arzagi Sng. alzeka
as! shoo! (said to animals) cf. Gd. as-as (used to call grown dog) Gur. ass Tur.
as Bye. is Eg. is "go!"
asabar Saturday < Ar. as + sabt
asabari curtain "c, mat" also tesabari ? < Tur. esabar "c, mat, carpet"
asali origin "o., lineage, cause" < Ar. asal

asara, acara = akyara q.v. < Yor. asaa "snuff, tobacco"

asawaki tooth stick < Ar. as + siwak cf. shiwaka
asgiri spear "sp. with metal shaft" cf. aska, kansakali, sok- Tur. ezagyaz "poig-
nard de bras" taz7ayt "lame d'epee d'esp. particuliere" Portugese azagaia "small
spear" (said to be < Ar. < Ber. za7aya "spear") Eng. assegai
asibiti hospital < Eng. cf. Yor. osipitu Kri. ospitul
asTri, sirri secret < Ar. as + sirriy
aska knife "small kn., razor" Cha. (E, W, C) *s-(y)-k "knife" H. ask- "shave" cf.

sok- "stab" OS *siq- "knife"

I. Gwd. sik, sek "shave" Tgl. sakam Ang. sak, jwak "shave" Ngz. sak "shave"
4. Or. sukka "dagger" Brj. su(u)ko 5. Eg.(Bu) asekh "reap, sickle" skhaa
"sword, k." 6. Ar., Heb. s-kTn Hars., Mhr. esk- "sword"
asuba morning < Ar. as + subh
ashana matches ? < Yor. isanon
ashe ? really ? cf. wasshe "when?" meye "what?" waye "who?"
5. Eg.(Bu) ashes + t interrog. part. i. Ang., Sur. -ye interrog. suffix 4. P.Cu.
*'ay(y)- interrog. prefix 6. Sem. 'ay interrog. adj.
 9

ashibta net (fishing), snare (bird)

7. Tur. essebbet "net" i. Sur. cip "trap" 4. Afr. sabak, sibik ? < Ar. 6. Ar.

sabaka "net, snare" Amh. yasabo bet "cage" (bet "house")

ashirin twenty also ishirin < Ar. "^asrin

atishawa sneezing cf. hantsirwa OS *otis- "sneeze"

4a. Jnj. atisso 8. Sng. tiseuyan "eternuement" 4. P.HEC * hatt'is
(+ ad') (vb.)
Or. hattisso "sneezing" Ma' -hatisa (vb.) Bil. hetis 6. Sem. ^-t-s- (vb.) i.

Bac. -hadisa- Ngz. watasi 8. Kan. wodissa 2. Bud. wattisi Log. isa, wodisa
Maf. disew 9. Mnd. tiso (vb., n.)
attajiri merchant < Ar. at + tajir, tajirta "enrich"
atuni dysentery
9. Np. atun 2. Gd. tan "diarrhoea" 4. Or. tene "diarrhoea" 7. Siw. utan
"be ill" Ghd. atan "be ill"
auduga cotton also abduga
6. ? Shuwa, Sudanese Ar. abu dagig "kind of white cloth" 7. Tur. tabduk

9. ? Kissi (Sierra Leone) betekei "cotton sp." i. Ang. putuk NB *budug- 2.

Log. mpataki Bud. kamdego 8. Zar. bindigi "carder le coton" ? Sng. habu
"coton"
auka, abka fall "f., collapse" auku "happen" ? < ab + k- OS *waa^- "fall"

I. wuko, wuge Ngz. vaga 2. Bac. vuk Mat. -vaah- Mfg. wak- "tomber
Tgl.
dessus" 3. Kr. aw- Turn, ab- "fall" pog "faire tomber" ]g. pak 3a. Ban. pugwa
4. P.Cu.(D) *'-bb-, *p-qw- 6. Ar. waqa*^ "fall, happen" Hars. awa "put

down"
aur-, amr-, arm- marry amarya "bride" auratayya "intermarriage" ? < m+ r-(

cf. raka P.Cha.(N) *mai- "brother, friend"

1. Gwd. amere Tgl. amde "love" NBW ley- "love" NBS reya "love" Ang. rot
"love (vb.)" maran "favorite wife" mal- "sister, fiancee" Dr. mura "sister"
2. Mfg. m + iey "epouser" 3. Kr. mar "epouse" Dgl. ale "aimer" Bid. 'ere

"epouse" 4. Or. marar- "be loved" Sml. meri "marry" Afr. mare "family rela-
tionship" mareyta "close friend for whom one would die" P.HEC *marar-
"pity (vb.)" *aro'o 'o "husband" *are "wife" Bye. aray "Liebe, Zuneigung,
lieben" Ma' m'aro "neighbor, associated or related thing" 5. Eg.(Bu)
(a)mer(r) "love (vb.)" mar + t "favor" (F) im3t "favor (vb.)" 6. Gz. mr'^w,
tamar^awa "get married (to a woman)" mar^at "bride, spouse, daughter-in-
law" Amh. marat "female in-law" Gur., Hrr. mar- "friend" Hrr. mirenya
"co-wives" P.Sem. *-r4y- "tend, care for" 7. Tam. ml^ "marry, get married"
(? < Ar. ?) amary "love" Tur. maraw "etre d'accord"
lO

auta youngest son (traditionally spoilt & mischievous)

2. Ter. wua 4. Sid. awiita "take care of child, treat with tenderness" ? 7.

RBer. *awt9m "male"

awa hour < Eng. cf. Kri. awa "hour, time"
awaza rib cf. H. waje Hrr. wazana "chest"
awo measure "measuring, weighing, buying (grain)" ? < *a7w- auna "measure,
weigh" ma'auni "scales" cf. H. gwada SB, Mab. *aw- "sorghum, mil"
7. Tur. a7W9r "mesurer avec une mesure de capacite" i. Bol. kor 2. *gw-r MM
Bur. nkara Gd. gal- Bud. uwi "sell" 3. ? Dgl. awd- "donner d chacun son du"
4. Bil. (g)wan(g)wan "prufen" aqan "messen" 8. Kan. ngal-

awo yes (N.W.Hausa) cf.Ngz. awo Amh. awo Bye. awo

aya grindstone "nether millstone" also ainiya
mountain, climb" see hau, haya
for (h)ay- "stone, rock,
I. Ron 'ai "mountain" 4a. Jnj. wa "grindstone" 5. Eg.(Bu)
*ay- "stone" Grn.
aina "a kind of stone" 3. Kaj. iwo "stone" 4. Bye. awe "stone" Dly.

awrukko "stone" 7. Tur. tawint, tahunt "pierre"

aya period, full stop < Ar. 'aya "verse of Koran" cf. laya
ayaba banana cf. Np. (and various NC languages) (-)yaba Juk.(Kono) ayaba
ayari caravan cf. aholaki, aguru OS *awar-/*ayar- "donkey"
7. Tam. i7yal "donkeys" 6. RW.Sem. *^ayr- "male donkey" S.Ar. *h-yr

"donkey" Amh. ahayya "donkey" 5. Eg.(Bu) a "caravan ... carrying goods

in the desert on asses ..." aa "ass" Eg.(F) ^3 "ass" Cop. eyo "donkey" 4.

RHEC, Or. *harre "donkey"

ayawu locust bean seeds cf. Np. elo "locust bean fruit" Yor. iriigba "locust
bean tree" iru "seed, locust bean seed"
ayu manatee ? < Sng. ayu

aza put down, put aside also aje, ajiye cf. aji "heap (one of several), class
(school), repetition (times)" ma'aji, ajiya "treasurer" C.Cha. *nza "sit" cf.
zama
I. Krf., Gib. j- KK, Bol., Ngm. za- NB *Za(l)- "put on, put down" Gj. zi 2.

Gd. 9ji "pour out, dump" Mfg. y- "mettre has, pondre etc." 3. Lei. je "lancer,

poser, coucher (une chose)" Bid. zag "atterrir" Dgl. zuge "poser a terre" Mkl.
zape "poser" 4. RCu. *z-gy- "leave" 6. Gur. ca'a "leave behind" 7. C.Ber.
*azz- "leave" Siw., Zen. (a)jj Tur. ayy- 5. Eg.(F) dr "lay down flooring"
azaba anguish, torture < Ar. ^a5ab
azahar early afternoon < Ar. az + zuhr
 II

azumi fasting ? < Tur. 9zum cf. Sng. anzum Tub. azzum all < At. as + sawm
cf. Kan. asam Bil. azumat "grofte Mahlzeit"
azurfa silver ? < Tur. azraf "s., money" < Ar. as + sirf "pure (silver)" cf. Sng.
nzorfu Akk. sarpu "refined s." (? the distant source of silver)

azzakari penis (polite) < Ar. a6 + 6akar "male, p."

azzalumi tyrant, oppressor < Ar. ad + dalim

6^6
 b
ba- ethnic prefix (pi. -wa wa- pronoun
suffix) cf.

5. Eg. p3 demonstr. and p3y "he of" pa Assur "Assyrian" (earliest

def. article

Eg. ref. to Assyria Naville-Hall, "xi*^ Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari" iii,

p. 18; quoted in Geographical Journal, May 1927, p. 472) Eg. -w suffixed pro-
noun "they, them, their" Tur. aw "originaire de ..." 1. KK ba + kuya "poor
man" ba + kule "barber" 3. Kr. ba- Attribuierungspartikel

ba not negative ban da "without" cf. dabam

I. Gwd. ...ba, be ...be Kof. ban Ang. man neg. imperative NBJ ...wa NBB ...va

NBD ...ba Ngz. bai 2. Ter. ...a Bur. ...wa Mg. ...mai Hrz., Mat., Gid. ...ba
3. Lei. gba "absoluement pas" Jg. ba "nein, nicht" 3a. Lam. mi 4. P.Cu.
*b-(y)- "not be, not do, neg. vb." P.Cu.(E) *ba "not have"
P.Om. *ba 4a.
"no" 5. Eg.(F) ...w neg. particle (Bu) ben "not" 6. Our. bay, ba'ay "no" (? <
Cu.) Soc. be "without" Ar. ma "not" 7. Tur. iba "not have" 8. Kan. ba "no,
not" 9. Gby. ban "manquer de"
ba give also baya baiko, baiwa "gift" bashi "debt, loan (of money)" mabarci
"creditor" cf. bar "allow" biya "pay" OS *bar-^- "give" P.Cha.(N) *bar3
"give" P.W.Cha. *p-n "give, pay"
I. Ngz. basa "loan (of money)" 3a. Lam. bal "debt, loan" 4. Sml. bih- Bil.
ben "distribute" ban "debt" Or. balca "present (vb.)" Bye kibera "gift" Kmb.,
Sid. bat- "pay back, give back" 4a. Kef.,Mch., Ham. *imbe 5. Eg. ^b3

"present (vb.)" 6. Gur. aba "g., allow, permit" Ar., Heb., Soc. hab- "give!"
ba'a mockery
I. Ang. bwer "scoff at" 2. Pad. uasa "rire, se moquer" 3. Bid. bo "se moquer
de" 4. Abo., Brj. taba' "play" Or. tapa "game"
baba indigo cf. Np. babari Tur. baba ? < H.
baba father "man of f.'s generation" OS *bab- "father" P.Cha. *baba
4. REG *babb- Bye. baba 4a. Bnc. baba "ancestors" 6. Gz. baba "grand-

father, ancestor" Ar. baba "f., grandfather" 8. Sng. baba Kan. ba/5a 9. P.WN
*-bhabha W.African Pidgin baba
baba aunt, paternal also babani cf. Kan. ba/5a + nyi "my father's sister"
 13

babba big ? < b + mb-r Cha.(E, W, C) *mb-r "big, lion"

OS *n-bir- "increase" 8. Sng. beri "big" bebberi "v. big" i. Gwd, bubure
"wide" Dr. ambaram NBP babsla P.W.Cha. *b-l- "big, strong" 2. Mg., FJ
b-b-1- "wide" 3. Kr. Lam. arim "many" bambiri "aim" 9.
boblo "big" 3a.

P.WN *bul- "be abundant, numerous" 4. Sid. babba "title given to dis-
tinguished woman" Or. bal'a "wide" babbal'a "v. wide" Bye. mar'a "wide,
broad, ample, numerous" Afr. barise "widen" Rnd. abur Had. ebbera "alt"
4a. Kch. bera 5. Eg. wr(r) 6. Gur. bwar "important" Amii. abiyy "import-
ant, capital, grandiose" Sem. 'ab-r, ^ab-r "old" 7. Tur. mar "be wide" 8.
Knz. barij "grofi" Kan. wura (pi.) Dz. bo, bu
babbake scorch P.Cha.(N) *b-k9 "burn, roast"
4. Or. baqa "melt" Brj. bukk'- "burn" 9. P.WN *bhak- "burn"

babe locust sp. cf. Bol. bamba "locust"

babi chapter < bab Ar.

babu there is not < ba abu

babur motor-cycle ? < modern Ar. babur < Ar. wabur "steamer, locomotive"
< Italian vapore
bacucane slave "slave born in captivity" ? < Kan. susana, suzana, zusanna
"slave born in the house" cf. Bgr. cucna (for phonology cf. caca)
baffa uncle, paternal < Ful. bappa, bapanyo
(dan) bagazam breed of fast horse < Bahar Ghazal (place of origin)
baho bathtub < Eng. bath
baiti verse < Ar. bayt
baka bow
I. Sur. buka RS bacen Ngz. abak Bed. aban Tgl. bon "arrow" 2. Dab. bak
Pad. baka "bend (vb.)" 4. P-Cu. *p-(H)y- "bow, arrow" P.EC *b-xn- "bow"
5. Eg.(Bu) petch
bakace winnow (grain) also bece cf. W.Cha. p-k- "blow" cf. H. fifita

I. Tgl. puk Ngz. baktu "winnow" 2. Hg., F. *mp-k-t- "blow" Mfg. m + p-tk
"winnow (grain)" 4. Sid. bakke "blowing into cow's vulva" 8. Kan. ambati
"fan (n.)"
baki mouth baka "in the mouth" ? < *mp- cf. afa, lee Cha.(E, W, C) *b- +
k- "mouth, hole" cf. P.W.Cha. *fun + h-
OS *finax- "opening" i. BN *v-k- "hole" Tgl. pok "m., door, language" 2.

Mdr.gp. F-k- "hole" Pad. vige "hole" 3. Sok. bokti "speech" Mgm. burgo
Lam. vun "m." vuk- "face" 4. P.Cu. *p'-n- "face,
"porte de la concession" 3a.
forehead" *ap(p)- "m." P.SC *box- "hole, pit" Gaw. bego Wer. poko Tsm.
14

bago 5. Eg.(F) pg3 "entrance of building, m. of valley" b^b^w "hole, one of

the 7 apertures in the head" (Bu) baka "cleft in rock, gorge" 6. RSem. *pu
+ m
7. Tur. abak "be put in m." Siw. ambo 8. Sng. baka "m." (? < H.) Knz.

obog "Loch im Beetwall"

bakwai seven ? < *B-y- "5" + k- + *v-l- "2" cf. H. biyar, biyu
I. Cp., Kof. pogovil (Cp., Kof. V9l "2" pat "5" go also used to construct 8 and
9) RK hondol (har
"5" wul "2" haram "six") 2. Bac. tukolukpe (tuf "5" kpe
"2") Ter., Mg. etc. seem often to have the order "2 + 5" 4. Irk. farjqw

bai black ? < b- + kir- see kirin OS *kuw- "be dark"

I. Ang. (pi) + kwi "darkness" NBT ba + goran Bui. afuxur Gra. makina "bl.,

darkness" Ngm. be'unu "darkness" Bed. palka "bl., darkness" 2. Gd.

bakwabakwa "bl. sp. of fish" Bok. pukin "blue, black" Nkt. vakyen "green"
Bur.gp. *mungil 3. Mub. bogot 4. Brj. mika "blue, green" Kns., Abo.
*bu'uri Amh. magala "dark-colored (horse)"
4a. Jnj. kara 6.

bako stranger "St., guest" ? < bar + ko OS *mulak-/*mulik- "stranger, chief"

I. H. baya "outside" bare "foreigner" Gwd. bakowe, bakoye NBD murkyu

NBW malki- 2. MM *mblak-, mbark- Mba. mburkoy 3. Bid. bako "voisin"

Lei. bay go kiya (kiya "territoire etranger") 7. Tur. amallagu "member of a

foreign raiding party, enemy"

bakurna duiker "duiker sp." ? < ba-/ma- + Kwar-
I. makwarna "antelope spp." Ang. kwer "reedbuck" Dr. kure
H. kuza,
"reedbuck" 2. Zlg. kwalam "antelope sp." 9. Tv. ikuran "duiker sp." Sw.
kuru "waterbuck" 4. RCu. *gw-r- "antelope"
bal flame "flaming brightly (ideophone)" balbal- "make a bright fire" a-ci-
balbal "lamp with floating wick" ballo "spark" RW.Cha. *b(H)l- "burn"
I. Ang., Sur. Bel- "light (fire)" RF el "be intelligent" Tgl. er "shine" 2. Ter.

bay "fire" Klb. mbala "light (n.)" Gd. bara "shine" baran "light (n.)" Gis. bal
"anblasen (Feuer)" Pad. ala "allumer" palak "eclater (feu)" 3. Bid. 'ebel "se
rallumer" Dgl. belbile "move flaming torch (over ground to kill insects)"
3a. Lam. a "allumer" 4. RCu. *b-l- "fl., be hot" Dhl. bajSa' "shine" 5. Eg.
^b3 "glitter" 6. Amh., Gur. nabalbal (n.) bolbol "flickering, blazing" Akk.,
Ug. nabl- 7. Tur. afa "lumiere, clarte"
balaga adult "become a." < Ar. balaya
bala'i calamity < Ar. bala'
balbela cattle egret "Bubulcus ibis" also belbela, felfela ? < *py-l- "white, new"
see fari cf. zarbe
I. NBW, NBD, NBT "heron + white" 2. Bur. apartawa MM *baDbaD "white"
 15

3. Dgl. paspas "completely white" port- "white" 6. Gur. bula "white horse"
balle much more, much less ? i.e. "let alone" also bare ? < bar- "leave, let"
q.v. cf. Tur. balle "surtout" ? < H.
ballo jackal (title of address in tales) cf. buru ? < Ful. ballowo "helper" (be-
cause he helps the lion, as his chief scribe)
3. Jg. balo "Fuchs" Bid. balaliyo "fennec" Lei. gbala, ala 8. Kanembu ballu
"hyena"
balma salt "s. imported from N.E." < Bilma (place of origin)
bamaguje non-Muslim Hausa ? < Ar. majias "fire- worshipper, Zoroastrian" cf.

E.Ful. majusajo common in Levtzion and Hopkins (1981) for "pagan in

general" see also Greenberg (1946) p. 13, footnote but *g-z- "god, sky" may
be relevant. See Gizo
bambam difference < *bam (cf. dabam
da bam) banda < *bam
"different(ly)" <
da "without" bambanci "difference" bambanta "differentiate" cf. ba negative
I. Gwd. bom "difference" 2. Mg. pam "different" Gd. pama (ideo.) "being

different" 3. Dgl. bam, bambam ideophone for "mix" 4. Sid. bada "dif-
ferentiate"
bambus melon Citrullus vulgaris cf. agushi, kabus
8. Kan. bambusu "melon" 2. Bud. bambusu "melon" Mg. mbambusu "paw-

paw" Log. bar)gus "melon tree" Gd. mbuza "pumpkin" bambuza "pumpkin
leaf" 3. Sok. baqgus "melon tree, Carica papaya"
bammi palm-wine
Mnd., Sng. ba "palm sp." Mnd. ba gyi "p.wine" (gyi "water") Bam. ban
"palm tree" ban ji "p.wine" ()i "water") P.WN *-ba, *-bale "p.tree spp." ?
Yor. ba "ferment" i. Gwd. bam, bammi NB * bama "tree" Kof. mbam
"palm-wine" 5. Eg.(Bu) bena "young palms, date wine, sweetness"
bana year (in age of bovine) "this yr." Cha.(E, W, C) *B-n- "rain" cf. yini/
wuni
I. Gwd. beni bano "next y." NBJ dabune "this y." Ngz.
"last y." Bol.
davangu "this Mg. abar) "now" Bur. avana "this y." Gd. bana "age
y." 2.

peer" vana "rain" ven "rainy season" Pad. va "Vannee, passer I'annee" Mdr.
gp., MM, Dab. *(-)viya "y., rainy season" Msg. afar) "rainy season" 3. Dgl.

bur) "sky, season, god" Bid. bur) "Dieu" Mkl. obonyo "an passe" 5. Eg.(Bu)
baa "the sky" (F) bi3 "sky" 4. Bye. hire "sky, rain"
H. bai "next y." ? < bandi
I. Gwd. beri 2. Mg. aata "next y." Klb. pata "next y." Bur. apta "next y."

Mwl. wanti "year" 3. Bid. pude "saison de pluies" 3a. Lam. mbadi "prochaine
 (annee)" 7. Tur. awatay "year" 5. Eg. prt "winter, second season of the
year"
H. bara "last y."
6. Jib. berhon "last year" i. Ron *-w-l "year" 2. Mg. avara "this y." Klb.
avara "this year" Bud. bira "last y." Mba. baray ka "this y." (ka "there") 3.

Smr. urni "y." 3a. Mas. wal- "dry season" 4. P.Cu. *b-r(r)- "dry season"
P.EC *bar-r- "time" P.SC *bal- "period of time" Or., Brj. bar- "year" P.HEC
*bere, bero "yesterday" 6. Gur. abar, ajSar "dry season" Ar., Hars. hawl "y.,

come round" P.Sem. *'awr "light" ? < *"sun"

bandeji bandage < Eng. cf. Kri. bandej
bango I. wall cf. Mnd.(Dyola) bago "mud for building" Kan. bongo "hut with
mud walls and grass roof" Gwd. bongo "wall of house" P.Cha.(N) *b9n-
"hut, house, build, granary, grindstone" Ar., Hars., Akk. *b-n- "build" Ang.
made of stones and rocks" cf. fa, pa
par) "wall, terrace etc.
gourd "large g. vessel without neck" cf. buta
2.

OS *ba-/*bu- "gourd bottle" i. Ang. bar) "calabash" ? NB *bangwar

"quiver" 2. Ter. bur) Mg. bar) Log. mboigo. 4. P.Cu. *b-w-
banki bank < Eng.
bante loincloth "I.e., underpants" cf. Gwd., BT, NB *bente Tgl. bende Bur.
bentar) Bac. mbyegtaqe Gd. bantera Ful. bantere Tul. fente ? all < H.
widespread on Atlantic coast cf. Yor. bante Np. bente Kri. panti "w^oman's
knickers" ? < Eng. pant(y) Poular pendel (< Soninke) "petit pagne de dessous"
H. -te rather than -ce suggests loanword
banye, fanye open Cha.(C, E) *b-n(-g) P.Cu. *'p-n(G) OS *ban-, *wan- "open"
3. Lei. wany- "ouvrir en pen"
banza uselessness Mnd. (Dyola) gba + nza "sans importance, sans raison, gratis,
pour rien, en vain etc."
bara i. servant cf. Mnd. bara "work, domestic service"
Eg.b3k "work, servant" wb3 "butler" Gby. bara "esclave"
begging ? < Kan. bara "seek, hunt" cf. Dz. bara "seek, hunt" Tgl. para
2.

"hunting" cf. farauta

bara aiming cf. Kan., Dz., Ngz., Dr. bara "hunting"
baranda trading "buying on credit for resale" cf. Np. baranda "middleman"
barasa spirits "gin, alcohol sp." cf. Np. barasa {same tone pattern as H.) < Brass
(where trade gin was imported in 19th century)
 17

baraya stable cf. Sng. ban "horse" (pi. bariey) cf. H. barga "stable" barde "cav-
alryman" hawan barde "riding bareback" Kan., Dz. bara "hunting" Tub.
baradei "hunter" Kan. barade "without a saddle"
barba- sprinkle, scatter barbai "crumbs" cf. baza, hadi
4. Bil. barbar, bat + s "ausbreiten" Or. barbada "what is left over after a fire"

barci sleep (n.) ? < bad + t- P.Cha.(N) *b9di "night" P.W.Cha. *bardi "night"
1. SB *mb-r "si., lie down" 9. Poular wal-/(m)bal- "passer la nuit" 2. Hg.

*ir- "lie down" Bat.gp. *ban "lie down, pass night" 3. E. Cha. *(m)p-yl-
"veiller" Lei. mboyro "soir" 3a. Mas. bura "lie down" Lam. barsi "lie down"

4. P.Bon., Abo. *barj- "spend the night" Sid. bart- "lie down" Afr. bar

"night" baltah "lie down" Kwa. palat "lie down" baliko "night" Bye. b'(a)
"lie down" bad'a "dusk" Or. bula "spend the night" 6. S.Ar. b-^-r "go at
night" 7- ? P.Ber. *B-d- "night"
bare foreigner cf. bao "stranger", baya "outside"
2. FB -bura "outside" 3a. Ban. burwa "outside" 4. P.Cu. *b-r- "external ter-
ritory" 5. Eg.(Bu) ber "outside, exit" benr "outside" 6. Gur. bare "slave"
Amh., Tna. barya "slave" (Leslau says < Barya (ethnic group) possibly
vice-versa ?) Ar. barr "outside, desert" Mhr. abarr "outside" Soc. bar "cote,
eloignment"
barewa gazelle ? w < gw OS *bar- "antelope"
I. NBJ burngu- "antelope spp." 2. Bat.gp. *b-rg- "g." Mat. marege "g." Bud.
barga "buffalo" 3. Mkl. orgu "ant. sp." Mgm. merengu "antelope sp."
argu "roan antelope" Smr. felengi "g." 7. ? Tur. abuleg "jeune bouc"
bargi granary cf. Kan. bara Dz. baram see bango
bargo blanket (woollen) (pi. barguna) cf. Kan. borko Tub. borgo Tur. abro7
Kot. borko Mas.borguna Amh., E. Cu., Jnj. bullukko "blanket"
barho knife "one-edged kn." ? < bar + k"^- cf. beli
OS *para'^- "knife, axe" *pila- "knife" *bel- "weapon" 7. Tur. abaraw
"sword of bad quality" 9. Np. borofo ? < H. 2. Bur. pyerku "razor blade"
FK badigu "sword" Dab. padek "razor" 4. Kmb., Sid., Abo., Had.
Or.,

bill-(w)- "knife" Dly. pillawho "knife" Bye. badad "sword" Afr. balade
"small kn." 6. Amh. baliho "knife" Gz. balx/h- "be sharp" i. Gj. puka RD,
RS bakam 5. Eg.(Bu) bahen "knife" 9. RWN * -bak- CB *-baka, *-poko
"kn." *-panga "bush-knife" Ang. pel "kn. for cutting grass" 3. Mgm. peru
i.

"couteau" 3a. Lam. bara "couteau de jet" 3. Lei. bolom "throwing knife" Kr.
param "sickle" 8. Kan. beli "razor"
i8

bari; bar leave, allow also bura, bira ? < "give (up), grant" see ba "give" cf.
let,

balle, bare "much more, much less"

I. Gwd.(N) buro Dr. ahi "allow, ignore, leave" NBS bi "allow" NBD asa

"leave behind" NBP, NBB (m)bi- Ngz. baru "give" bazu "leave (tr.)" 2. Gd.
mba- "leave behind" Mad., Muy. *mbar- "leave, let" Pad. vara "sauver,
racheter" 3. Mg., Bid. mar- "laisser" 4. Bil. bar "ablassen, aufgehen, auslassen"
P.Cu. *h-b(b)- "leave" Brj. habar "1. behind, forgive" Sml. bal + imperative
"let ..." Ag. bay- "leave, cease, let go" Bye. ba + optative "let ..." Sid., Kmb.
mar- "forgive" 5. Eg.(Bu) uah "leave behind" (F) wsh "permit" 6. Gur. aba
"give, allow, permit" Ar. barih "leave, cease"
bariki barracks, modern suburb < Eng.
barlma corkscrew < Ar. barrima
barka greeting < Ar. baraka "blessing" cf. albarkaci Sng. albarka Kan. barga
Mnd. baraka
barkatai in disorder cf. Ar. barqata "flee in disorder" Gur. balaqqata "run and
jump because of fear or joy, behave without restraint"
barkono pepper also barko
9. Mnd. foro "heat, burning" kani "pepper, spice" foronkani "hot pepper"
Susu, Mlk. bakoro 8. Sng. wakondo "piment noir de Guinee" Amh. qundo
6.

barbarre "black pepper" (barbarre "pepper") i. Gj. balkuna Sey. barkun-

barkwanci joking cf. barkatai, wargi
I. Ang. bark "play" Sur. el "dance" 2. Bur. aila "dance" Gis. urak (vb.)
"dance" Gdu. -arg- (vb.) "dance" 4. P.Cu. *(')-b-l- "play (vb.)" Or. burraq-
"gambol" Irk. bara^ (vb.) "dance (men)"
baru pigeons also bolo "pigeon" bardo "dove sp." cf. tantabara
OS *bul- "dove" i., 2. W/C.Cha. *(m)b-l "dove, pigeon" 3. Bid. balya

"tourterelle sp." Tum. parwun "pigeon" Gbr. belu "Taube" Kr. abagu "p." 8.
Dz. ebere Ted. borko Kan. bolagodu "red-eyed p." bolajSullam "dove" 9.

Balante (WA) mbere Soninke bore Sekiyani (Bnt.) mbeo Mnd. boroboro
Poular pol- (pi.) "oiseau de taille moyenne" polel "pigeon" 5. Eg.(Bu) pat
"dove" 6. Gur., Amh. bullal- "dove, pigeon" Ar. ballala "coo (dove)" Akk.
bulTlu "kind of bird" 4. Bye. belbel "v^ilde Taube" Sid. lembola "dove, pig-
eon" 7. Tam. tmalla "dove"
baru see buru
basasa civil war said to be from the chronogram formed by the Arabic letters giving
the date of the war between Aliyu and Tukur for Kano
 19

basilla large needle also tasubala ? < Latin subula "awl" via Ber. See Gouffe,
1971-2, p. 158 cf. OS *sabil-/*sabul- "iron, weapon"
basTra insight, understanding < Ar. basTra

basukur bicycle < Eng.

basur hemorrhoids < Ar. basur
batir battery (electric) < Eng. cf. Or. batire "flashlight"
batta box "small container for e.g. tobacco" cf. Sng. bata "skin for Tuareg but-
ter, small tobacco box" Prost (1956) also gives Mauritanian Ber. batta Ar.
b-tt- "tabatiere"

batu subject, topic cf. Tur. batu "affair, discussion, subject" Mlk. batu "asso-
ciation, conversation etc." Poular batu "assembly of courtesans or notables,
palaver"
bature European (pi. tiirawa) Tiarai "Europe" ? < Turi, Ture (common clan
in Mnd.) Ibn Batuta says that tun is the name given by Wanjarata to
name
white men who are Sunnis of the Maliki school (Levtzion and Hopkins,
1981, pp. 287 & 415)
batse fill to brim OS *ba'uts- "fill"

batsiya oribi ? < ba + tsiya

4. P.SC *tsa'- "large antelope sp." *ts'ak- "small antelope sp." *cek- "reed-
buck" 9. Bnt. -nsya "oribi, duiker sp." Snd. cia "dikdik"
bawa slave pi. bayi ? < *ba'a(l) < *b-^-(l) bauta "slavery, worship, service" cf.

bara "servant" OS *bo'-, *bi'ak- "slave, servant"

Gwd. buwa Gwd.(N) vuwa Bol. baya SB *-y- Ngz. bayi "boy living in
I.

household, but not member of family" 2. ? FJ mugula Mat. bele Msg. bege
"si., captive" bel "slave" Udl. avahe "captive" Dab. babm 3. Dgl., Bid.,
Mub. er- Mkl. ule 3a. Lam. bi'ana 4. Bye. biri "possess, have" P.SC *be^-
"livestock, cattle" Afr. ba^la "owner" boyla "spoils of battle, prisoners of
war" Sml. bahal "thing" 6. Gur. ba^l "wealth, riches" Sem. *b-^-l "own,
dominate" 8. Bgr. el Ted. bore "female si." Dz. here "captive, si." 7. Tur.
taba7ort "fortune, richesse" abaybay a "habitant noir de la cote" 5. Eg.(Bu) bak
"slave"
bawali urine < Ar. bawl
baya back, outside "b., o., afterwards" baibaya "thatch, cover superficially"
cf. bare OS *bay- "back, hump"
I.Gwd. bay, babay Ang. bar) si "heel" (si "foot") BT *b-y Bed. vayan "o." RS,
RK way 2. Bura gp. Bila/Biya "o." Gd. ba'a 3. Dgl. ba 3a. Ban. burwa "o."
20

bayawi "north, south" Lam. vo'o "dehors" 4. P.Cu. *b-r- "o." Sid. baira
"carry on back" P.SC *bu- "behind"
bayani explanation < Ar. bayan
bayyana appear < Ar. bayyana; bayyana {different tones) "make apparent, ex-
plain" cf. Sid. bayyana "decide, decree, arbitrate"
baza spread out cf. NBK vaz- "disperse" Ethiopian Sem. b-z-x "be abundant"
Ar. bazx "abundance of wealth"

bazara hot season "time of sowing preparation" ? < ba + zara

for *ba( ) "season, year" see bana
for *zir "child, seed" see jariri OS *bedzar- "corn" *dza'ar- "plant"
I. Gwd. bajara Bed. kazar "hot s." NBJ, NBB vazar "seed" 2. Muy. azaya fat
"hot s." (fat "sun") Hrz. vazeya "cold s." Nkt., Glv. vazaya "dry s." Mba.
biza "annee" 3. Kr. pisir "beginning of rains" 3a. Ban. hazar "year" Mus.
basara "year" 4. Afr., Kmb., Lib., Wei. zer- "seed, sow" 4a. P.Om. *zar-(t)
"seed" 6. P.Sem. *6-r-', *z-r-^ "seed (including human)" Gur. zar "rainy s."
7. Tam. azal "canicule" zW "scatter"
bazawari/a marriageable "widow, divorcee, man without a wife (but pre-
viously married)" also zawara see zaure cf. Kan. zogor, zowor "divorced
woman" (Barth, 1862) kamo zawar "widow fit for contracting another mar-
riage" (kamu "woman, wife") ( > Pad. zawara "prostitution") Mfg. badagwar
"celibataire (sans femme)" Ar. zawag- "be married"
bebe deaf-mute cf. gauu
9. Gby. ee "muet" Mnd. bobo, bubu i. Ngm. bebe Pr. wao 2. FM
bubunu 8. Sng., Zar. bebe Sng. bemba
bege longing, yearning cf. Sid. begg- "feel & show tenderness for one's child-
ren"
beguwa porcupine also maaya < aya "spine" ? < b + guwa
7. Tur. ema7ay 3. Tum. mag Dgl. mukuyum
beli bail "going bail (legal)" < Eng. cf. Kri. bel
beli uvula also belu "u., other small organs excised by wanzdmi in childhood"
3. Bid. bele "gorge, voix" 7. Ber. belebele "uvula" 4. P.Cu. *b-l-^ "throat" 8.

? Kan. beli "razor" 3. ? Mgm. belle "couteau-rasoir" (see barho)

bene upper story ? < Sng. bene "en haut" cf. Sng. bena "up, high, sky"
bera girl cf. fure P.W.Cha. *b-r- "child" OS *bar- "child"
I. Ang. par "infant" RF ara "Kind" RD mar "Kind" 8. Knz. buru "Mddchen,
Tochter" 6. Gur. bayy-, bay- "child" Heb. bar "son"
 21

beza salt "s. from Azben and the north" cf. Ngz. beza "white, granular s." Al

Dimashqi "To the west of the town of Abzan is a salt lake 12 miles long"
(Levtzion and Hopkins) ? beza < Abezan (i.e. Asben)
bi, biya follow "f., go along, obey" biyayya "obedience, allegiance" bi da "sub-
due" blko "pursuing runaway wife to get her back" bincike "investigation"
(see ciki) Cha. (E, W, C.) *mb- "come, go out"

OS *ba'-/*baw-/*bay- "walk, go" *bol- "lead, follow" *taba^- "follow" i. Ang.

wul "f." Ank. wul "come" RS, RK bo(l) "come" Brm., Pic. bil- "f." Mgs. bil-

"f." 2. Ter. mbura "f." Pad. aba, tsaba "f." 3. Dgl. hire "passer le long de"
3a. Mus. mbaya "come" Ban.
Sok. *be "come, go" mole- "f." Lei. tab "f."
bawa "come" mwa "f."
RCu.(D) *b-h- "come, go" RCu.(E) *bar-/*bir- "go
4.

to" *boh- "depart" As. bowat "f." 5. Eg.(Bu) peher "traverse" pehrer "f. a
course of action" (F) phr (with following preposition) "f. after, persuade
with flattery" 6. Sem. b-( )-' "come, go, enter, return etc." ES (ta)b-r-y
"follow successively" Ar. b-y^- "acknowledge as chief" tabi^ "follow"
bice extinguish < bit- cf. RCha.(N) *(m)b9t9 "e." *b9tu "ashes" *m9t9 "die"
I. H. ba "not" hadi "ashes" ata "be lost" 4. Sml. baxti "e." bahti "die"

Afr. bade "extinguish"

Mcilmi black ostrich also bincilmi, bitilmi < b- + cilim cf. tilim Shuwa Ar.
hidlim "black ostrich" (Sudanese Ar. "male o.")

bida viper "dark-headed v. said to be two headed" cf. Mnd. bida "large black
snake which caused the downfall of the Ghana empire" W.Cha. *b-t/r-
" snake"

I. Dw. bei "snake" 3a. Lam. budor "snake sp." 4. Or. buti "viper" Sid.
bute "viper" 6. P.Sem. *ba^m "poisonous snake"
bidi roan horse cf. Kan. bidi "spotted horse" Bid. bidi "etalon"
bia seek cf. "hope"
fata
I, Gwd. bira "want" Tgl. pari "look for, search" NBB mbu- Dr. bide "ask"

RS but-, mbut- "suchen" RB wet "gern haben, lieben" 2. Pad. mbaa "cueillir,
choisir" Mfg. -haar- "chercher" Gd. bsia "court, woo" 3. Mkl. peise "cher-
cher des traces" Bid. bay-, aj- "demander en mariage" bey "payer gradu-
ellement le dot" Dgl. bode "reclamer (une dette)" 4. Sml. bad- Had. bu'n
"kosten, versuchen" 6. Heb. b-^- "ask, desire" Ar. baha^a "be in quest of"
bijimi large bull also bajimi
I. Tgl.buzum tar) a "bull" (tar) a "cow") Ang. bajam "big" Gwd., Sey., Gj.,
BoL, Ngm. bijimi "bull" ? < H.
22

bika baboon cf. gwaggo

9. Tv. ika as H.) ? BC *bi- pi. class i. Gwd. owukyi Pr. ribik
(same tones
NBW, NET FK baki "monkey" FJ waku "monkey" Gis. bagum
yipak- 2.

Mwl. bukumo 3. Kr. kinti bohom (kinti "monkey") 3a. Mas. fi bakr)a (fina
"monkey") Zim. abaka Lam., Pv. bukw-m. 4. Bye habek Irk. poham Kwa.
pakasuko "monkey sp."
biki celebration see bukata
bikili bay horse cf. H. kili Bgr. kilili "alezan"
bindiga gun cf. Kan. bandaga Tur. bendega all < Ar. bunduq cf. Hindi banduq
Persian bunduq "filbert, musket, cannonball, firearm" Greek wovtlkov
"Pontic (hazelnut)"
binne bury also bisne, bishe (in Cha. and Cu. "bury" is often synonymous
with "cover, close") OS *b-i- "dig, bury"
I. Gwd. bisina NB *pas- BN *b(a)hi "dig" RD pis- "Totentuch" 2. Mfg. -pas-
3. Dgl. pese "perform divinatory rite with corpse" 4. Bye. bis Dly. pose
"Grab(platz)" Afr. bukne "burial" 6. Ar. nabas "dig up, exhume (corpse)"
Gur. (a)bosa "perform funeral dance" 5. Eg.(Bu) behen "cover over"
birbiro, bilbilo bat also birbiri, cibirbira, yabirbira, yaburbura Cha. (E, C.)
*(m)b-r- "jump, fly" cf. filfilo

I. H. bilbilo "swallow, butterfly" birabira "quail" Pic. birimbirim 2. Mba.

'abayabay 3. Bid. burburur) "coleoptere sp." Dgl. bobito "bat" burburu "but-
terfly sp." Lei. bebel- 9. Ful. wilwil-, pi. bilwil- "bat" Gby. mbelewele "pa-
pillon" 3a. Mas. baibai- Lam. babai 4. Had. bilbil- "butterfly, moth" Sml.
balanbalis "butterfly" Or. birbir "hovering" 6. Gur. anbarbaya "butterfly"
Amh. birrabirro "butterfly"
biri monkey P.Cha.(N) *badi cf. bika OS *bid-, *fir- "monkey"
3a. Mas. vir- 9. Ful. (Volta) bayl- Makua tubili Sw. tumbili "m. sp." Yao
tilumblri 7. Ber. b-d- 8. Bgr. beti, bulu Knz. ablai "Affe'*
birki brake < Eng.
birkila mason < Eng. bricklayer
birni city Kan. barnyi "large town surrounded by wall" Sng. birni "fortified vil-
lage" Heb. bir- "chief city, fortress"
biro pen "ballpoint p., biro" < Eng.
(Niger) office < Fr. bureau
bisa above "a., up, sky, top" ? P.Cha. *P-ts- "sky, sun"
I. Gwd. bisi, bisi, (N) pitasi 4a. Bnc. has "top, on top of" 4. P.Rft. *pats-
 23

"sky" P.SC *bets- "sunlight" Bye. bire "sky" Or. fit'e "top" Sid. birt'e "top"
5. Eg.(Bu) baa, pe + t "sky"
bisa animal "domestic a."

8. Sng. basi "viande" i. Wid. biya "female a., goat" 4. Sid. busawa "wild a."

Or. binensa "wild a." P.Cu. *b-(y)-n "wild a." 6. P.Sem. *baiar "carne" Gut.
basawa "wild a., beast"
bishiya any tree also bisa OS *bis-r- "plant"
3. Lei. bisi "repiquer une plante" 4. Sml. ber- "tr., plant, vegetable, sow" 6.

Gur. fins- "young plant, seedling" Jib. basirat "date" Soc. bisreh "dwarf
palm" Akk. bi'irt "a tree" ? Sem. b-q-1 "grow, sprout"
bita revision ? < bl ta "go over" see bi, biya
biya pay cf. ba, baya "give" P.W.Cha. *p-n- "give, pay" OS *bay-^- "sell"

8. Kan. biya- Dz. beaye (n.) 7. Tur. baya (n.) 6. Ar. b-y- "trade, buy, sell"
Hrr. bayi "cost, price" i. Kof. piyan "price, cost" (pan "give") Tgl. payi
"trade, buy, sell" BT *b-'- "buy, sell" (various suffixes) SB *ib- "buy, sell" (var-
ious suffixes) 2. Bac. mbwa (vo "give") Hg., R *pa- "buy, sell" (various suf-
fixes) Maf. pal (pa "give") Mdr.gp. v-1- "give, buy, sell" 3. Dgl. belke, make
"exchange" (here "give") 3a. Lam. po'o 4. P.SC. *bi P.Sam. *bih- "take out,
give out, pay" Sml. ibi "buy, sell" Or., Abo. bit- "buy" Or. bu'a "profit, in-
terest" Bye. b'as "trade, turn over" 5. Eg.(Bu) tebi "payment" (F) tby "pay"
biyar, biyat five ? < *b-( )- "hand" + *(w)-- "one" cf. daya, ai "one"
for *b-( ) "hand, arm, shoulder"
I. balam "shoulder" Sur. pal "arm" RB bal "shoulder" NB *pana
Dr.
"shoulder" 2. Ter. ban "hand, arm" bembalem "shoulder" FB bur "hand,
arm" HK, HG, F. *-bai- "shoulder" 3. Mkl. bey "main, bras" Lei. bawa "aile,
epaule" (bay "5") 3a. Lam. vai "finger" Msm. ba "shoulder" "arm" Pv. a a
"arm" ambur "wing" timba "feather" 4. P.HEC *balle "feather" P.Cu. *b-l-
"small branch, leaf" Bye. kibalai "finger" beyi "leaf" Or. bar'u "palm of
hand" kaballa "handful" kabal- "slap" bal'e "wing, feather" Sml. bal "wing,
fin, feather" 4a. ? P.Om. *b-r- "finger" 5. Eg.(Bu) bat, bait "palm branch"

pet "paw of animal" Cop. bet "palm leaf" 6. Gz. bar "branch of chan-
delier" Sem. s-b-t- "take handful" 7. Tur. tabbart "poignee" abar "saisir a
pleine main"
for "5"
I. Dr. bat NB *vai'- BN vadi Plateau Cha. *p-yt 3. Dgl. bey Mkl. pa(t) Bid.
be'er) 3a. Pv. vate
for meaning cf. Bye. ei "hand, five"
24

biyu two for bi- cf. biyar P.W.Cha. *biHa4u

I. Bauchi BT *mb-( )lu Sey. mbutur) Plateau Cha. *vuhul 2. Gd. bara'i, baro'i
"2" hwirana "twins" Bur., Klb. ali "twin" Klb., Hid., Wmd. *m-ylu Mdr.
mbuwa 3. Sok. mom Lei. mo "name for a twin" Tum. mar)ni "twin" 3a.
Ban. mba "2" araw "divide" Mas. ma' 4. Bye. male P.Cu. *m-ll-(q)- "pair"
9. P.WN *-bali "2, twin" 7. ? Tur. ablag "share (halves)" 6. P.Sem. *b-h-n
"finger" Gur. wsr'et "2" malta "twin" Gz. manta "twin"
boka doctor "traditional d. using roots etc. and magic" ? < b + oK-
I. Gwd. boka "idol" Bed. boka ? < H. SB *(w)uKn "medicine" 3a. Lam. bu

wa(za) "one-of medicine" Pv. behwa "diviner" 3. Dgl. olg- "soins de gueris-
seur" 4. P.HEC * og + essa "traditional doctor" 5. Eg.(Bu) pekhar + t "drugs,
m.edicines, remedy" 4. Sml. buks-, boks- "heal, cure"
bokiti bucket "metal b." < Eng. cf. Kri. bokit
boko false "not genuine, non-Arabic writing, non-Muslim education, *book"
? < Eng. book (which was felt to symbolise Western education) not in

Mischlich (1906)
bola incinerator "i., garbage dump" < Eng. boiler
bora disliked wife cf. Kan. bori "forsaken, empty (esp. rooms)" Ted. bore
"female slave" Bid. bor "ne pas reussir (fruit)" Sid. bororansho "insult (n.) (a

husband his wife)"

bori spirit possession bore "rebelliousness" borace "fly into temper" cf. Mnd.
bori, boli, bodi "idol, spirit" Ful.(W) bori "operation de magie" (< Mnd.) Bam.
boli "fetish, idol" Tur. biari "attaque de nerfs" ? Mende bundu "initiation
society for girls" Kri. bondo "do." ? Fon vodu (> Eng. voodoo) ? Yor. ebo
Ori "sacrifice to Ori (god of fate)" Kan. boli "epilepsy, attack of madness"
Np. bori "a dance" boli "epilepsy" ? both < H.
boyi servant "domestic servant, waiter" < Eng. boy
buda haze also buji cf. bururi P.W.Cha. *bawta "fog"
I. Gwd.(N) budo "cloud" SB w-(n)d- "fog, harmattan" NB *ba'ta 2. Ter.

ponda "fog" Mg. piru Mwl. pordi "cloud" purduo "harmattan" 9. P.WN
*-buda "rain" 4. ? P.SC *mant- "mist"

budurwa "unmarried g. of marriagable age" cf. durwa

girl
4.Afr. baduwwa "young, unmarried g." Or. bottolle "small, fat child or

animal" 6. Ar. batul "virgin, maid" Akk. batulu "young man" batultu "ado-
lescent, nubile girl" Ug. btlt "virgin" {and other Sem.) 8. Tub. budir "slave,
slave girl"
see Bargery p. 123, Gouffe (1971-2)
 25

bue open, uncover P.W.Cha. *b-Hd- "open" *b-(w)t- "loosen, untie"

OS *bada'- "begin" *pitah- "open" i. Gwd. butu "take off (clothes)" BT
*b9- "untie, widen" NB *bit- "untie" Sey. mbut-, bait- "untie" Dr. pule
"undress" 2. Bur.gp. *mburnT- "open" Klb. mbud- "open" Hg., F. *p-l-Nt-
"untie" Gd. pita "unfasten" pil-, pir- "open" Gv., Nkt. vid- "untie" 3. Mkl.
bete "ouvrir la bouche" Bid. bias "soulever un coiivercle" 9. P.C.Jukunoid
*pod Gby. bur "detacher, denouer" 4. P.Cu. *b-t- "separate" Bil. bid- "offnen"

Ah. boto^- "split open" 5. Eg.(Bu) pet "open out (intr.)" 6. Sem. p-t-h
(Akk. petu, patu) Ar. bada' "begin"
buga beat bugu "be drunk" Cha.(E, W, C) *mb-g- OS *bak- "squeeze, strike"
*hubag-/*hubig- "strike"
9. Bam. bugo i. Ang. bak 4. Bye. bag- Sml. bog-, bug- 7. Tur. bakkatkat
buhu bag "b., burlap sack"
I. Ngz. buhu 2. Mad. buho Muy. boho Hrz. buhwa 3. Kr. bugu Lei. bugu
"sac en toile" uglu "sac en paille tresse pourgarder les champignons" 3a. Mas.
bugu- 9. Tupuri bugu
bukata need also buki, biki "necessity, contribution to feast, feast, celebration"
I. Gwd. i bukata "be necessary" Ngz. buku "lack (vb.)" 3. Dgl. biakum
"empty" 8. ? Kan. fan + kata "needed (participle)" 4. Ethiopian Sem. b-k-r-
"lack, fail"
buke helmet cf. Kan. huge "h." huge kalajSe "skull"
bukka shelter "sh. made of sticks and grass"
for *ban- "build, hut, granary" see bango
I. Ang. puk "hut made of grass or matting and grass" Gra. buhu "house"
Ngz. baka (pi. bakakin) "sh. made of poles and stalks or mats" 2. Mfg.
balak "hangar (reconvert avec des nattes)" Gd. barakwa "small chicken hut"
4. Afr. bukka "wooden type of grass used for construction" Bye. bekkar
"shanty" Sml. bul "hut" bulki "the hut (m.)" 5. Eg.(F) pr "house" ph3
"decking of ship" (Bu) pekh "a part of a ship" 7. Tur. abuk "case miserable,
animal trap"
bulala whip Bol. bilala bilala ? < Bulala people of Lake Fitri, ? the source (cf.

kurfo, also apparently of E. provenance)

bulbula pour through narrow neck OS *bol-, *bulbul-, *bulul- "flow"

4. Or. bulula "flow slowly" Bil. falfal "hervorquellen"

bulo cement block < Eng.
bunu breaking through bunkuso "cause ground to crack (of crops)" bunasa
"become serious, important" cf. banye
26

2. Ter.gp. unkot- "groundnut" 3. Dgl. bunga "hole for sowing" Bid.

bugaro "tubercule (terme generique)" 4. Sid. buqqi "bubbling" buqqisa "clod
of earth"
bunsuru male goat ? < b- + nsur- OS *^anadz-/*^adzan-
I. Ngm buzuru "male g." Ngz. gabuzuru "male g." 8. Knz. buttul "Ziegen-

bock" 2. Wmd. micuru ku "male g." (ku "g.") Mg. minci'u "male g." 4. Or.
busa'e "g." Dly. funca "wild g." 2. Bur. ncuwa "male g." Mdr.gp. *'us-l-
"male g." i. Ron ('a)ndur "Widder" RK 'nzam "Widdef NBS danzi "male g."
3. Mkl. mou
"bouc, chevre" Lei. tu "cabri" 3a. Lam. musisu "male g." 5.
Eg.(Bu) untu "cow, calf, g. etc." (F) wndw "g.s" 6. P.Sem *anz- "g." 7. Tur.
ess "young male g." ezola7 "male g."
bura penis cf. loa OS *bu'uh-, *bod-, *bur-
I. Gwd(N). mwarl Pr. kpalle NBT ondan "clitoris" RB wel Dr. zumbulum
"foreskin" (P.Cha.(N) *z9m "skin") 2. Pad. uvara "le sexe feminin" (uve "p.")
Bur. zumbulum "foreskin" Bac. vodot- {elsewhere in C.Cha. *kw-l-) 3. Dgl.
pele "penis" dyerbebe "foreskin" 4. Abo. balla Sml. buryo Bye simbili "fore-
skin" Sid. bode, burde "clitoris" 4a. Basketo bulli 5. Eg.(Bu) benn "cop-
b3h "phallus" b33Wt "virility" 6. Heb. 'e/3?r "mem-
ulate, beget, phallus" (F)
ber of body, genitalia" Ethiopian Sem. *abal "member of body, sexual
organ" Gur. ballat "cut of meat, sexual organ" 7. Tam. abllul Tur.
talenbetuk "foreskin" (P.Ber. *ilm "skin") 9. Gby. bor P.WN *-Bun(t)- CB
*-bodoi 8. Sng. boro "homme"
buri wish, ambition also guri cf. Ghd. ajSr "aimer, vouloir"

burki brick < Eng.

burma i. bag "grass b. especially for colanuts" [burma] cf. Gwd. dgburugwa
"sack of raffia leaves used for packing colanuts" Msg. burmi "Tasche, Le-
dersack"
2. invert (to cover pot etc.) cf. Tgl. wurme
burodi loaf of bread < Eng. cf. Yor. buredi
buroshi brush (n.) < Eng.
burtali cattle track < Ful. burtol, gurtol
buru, baru hyena "epithet for strong h." cf. ambuU, babba, ballo Cha.(E, W,
C) *(m)b-r- "big, leopard, lion, hyena" OS *bawar- "lion, hyena" *bar-
"beast of prey"
I. Bed. abtam- 2. Ter.gp. *purum "hyena" 3. Bar., Jg. *bul- "hyena" 5. Eg.
b3 "leopard" 9. Ful. buleru "nickname for h." 8. Kan. bultu "hyena"
buriiji good luck "g.L, auspicious day" < Ar. buruj "signs of the Zodiac"
 27

bururi haze "harmattan wind and h." cf. buda

1. Ngm. bira "harmattan" 2. Pdl. bulus "fog" Bud. bum "Nebel" 3. Bid.
parurur) "brouillard" 4. Bye b'aluk "mist" Afr. baraybarri "haze" ^ubul "haze,
mist, cloud"
busa blow (vb.) bushe "dry up, out" ? < Cha.(E, W, C) *B-r- "blow" + s- OS
*yub-s- "be dry" see hura
2. HF visin- "blow" 6. Sem. y-b-s "become dry" Ar. mibbas "blowing of
wind"
bushiya hedgehog ? < bish cf. bish da aya "epithet of hedgehog" see aya
8. Kan. wus- "threaten" wusasa "hedgehog" i. Gwd. gurgujiya, guhyiya NB,
Ngz. *-t-Kw-S- 2. Bur.gp. -wis- Hrz. -wusa MM, Mdr., Kot. *'usus
but sudden movement (ideo.) cf. kuut-, suut- "escape, slip out"
3. Dgl. but "ideo. de s'enfuir" 2. Mfg. pat, pet (adverb) "sortir brusquement"
4. P.SC *bed- "appear, emerge"
buta gourd "waterbottle g., kettle" cf. bango 2.

OS *but-, *but-, *bo'-d- "vessel" *bu'- "pot" i. Gwd. buta "kettle" Tgl bate
"gourd" 3. Bid. boda "gourde d huile" bocca "petite calebasse" 4a. Bnc. bot
Jnj. botsa 4. Sid. bacco "vessel for milking" Kmb. bull + ta "small calabash"
Brj. bodo "pumpkin" Dly. pot- "Kiirbis" 2. Ter.gp. *6uta "pot" *tia "cala-
bash" Gdu. a "calabash" Msg. gabeto "bottle g." Bud. kapeto "bottle g."
8. Kan. kafeto "calabash g." 9. CB *- binda "calabash"
buwaya exceed "e. the power of, become impossible" ? < "go beyond" cf. bi,

biya
2. Zgv. uraya 3. Dgl. berjire "aller au deld, depasser la capacite de quelqu'un"
4. P.Rft. *ba^- "excel, exceed"
buza, boza beer cf. fito

6. Ar. buza "alcoholic drink" 8. Knz. buza "Bier aus Durra" Berta baca i.

Ngz. bazi "dross from b." Plateau Cha. *mw-s 4a. Jnj. usa "beer (final pro-
duct)" 2. MM *gwuz-, *muz- Mf. bizi Dab. mbaza "Mere de mil lourde"
C.Cha. *mbal 8. Kan. mbal "white beer" 3. Mkl. iliili "Mere de mil" Tum.
bilbil "Mere de mil" 'uzine "petite quantite de b. de mil donne par la mere a ses

enfants" Bid. ma'abus "Mere de sorgho" gusine "b. qui fermente sans levure"
4. Or. busbusi "thick b." Irk bura 6. Ar. n-b-6 "intoxicating drink, make
(intoxicating drink)" Amh. gus "unfiltered beer" barz "honeyed water" 5.

Eg.(Bu) besha "dhurra for making beer"

biazu skin mat cf. baza "leather apron" baza "spread"
I. Ngz. buci "plaited mat" 8. Kan. baji "mat" 2. Mg.gp. buci "mat" Gis.,
28

MM *buje "mat" Mdr. buce "mat" Nkt. mbuca "mat" Bud. buji, boji "Matte"
4. Bye. b'ad "birsh matting" 6. Shuwa Ar. birs, burs "m. for sleeping" Ar.
fars "mat, carpet, mattress"
buzurwa long-haired (goat or sheep) ? < buzu-buzu "very hairy" + *i9w "ani-
mal" cf. Gby. gbizi-gbizi (ideo.) "designe quelque chose d'hirsute"
buziizu dung beetle ? < b- + zuzu "heap, pile, collection of anything" (it

spends its time collecting dung)

algata break off (a piece) cf. arka
2. Mfg. p9ikw- "casser (une partie de qqch.)" Gd. puraka "split, chip off" 3.

Lei. gbalgusu "ebrecher" algusu "emousser" 4. Or. burkut- "shatter" 7. Tur.

bargat "etre detache de, etre rompu (traite, paix)"
ball- tie, untie P.W.Cha. *al- "tie" OS *xabal- "tie, plait"
alle break (something hard) P.Cha.(N) *aia "break" OS *P-L/TL- "break,
split; cut, etc."

2. Pdl. ila "beat, kill" Mfg. ei-, pei-, bai-, "casser (various connotations)"
Gd. ab "kill,4 P.Cu.(E) *bel- "break' Or. bullawa "be pulverised"
forge"
fulla'a "be broken" Ag. belle "chop up" Sid. bullesa "crush" 5. Eg.(Bu) ba
"break through, cut up" (F) bs "destroy" 6. Heb. prr "break" Ar. frr "split"

7. P.Ber. *f-ly "fendre, demonter une tente, crack" 8. Knz. be 'Wten" 9. P.WN
*pi-, *put- "beat"
amaroki skin, shell (n.) amara "strip, scrape off, peel off" ? < -r see ara,
6 a wo
1. Bol. bambirosoi "bark" (soiwi "tree") Ngm. bamro "bark" Brm. mbambil
2. Mg. mampiliba "bark" 4. Abo. bofibac "bark"
"outside"
angale break, chip off cf. algata, alle, arka
antara break off (small piece)
Mg.gp. *-lt- "break (stick)" Mfg. mbarc- "rompre, casser (une corde)" Maf.,
2.

Gdu. bats- "break" 4. RCu. *p-ll-c- "divide"

ara split (e.g. colanut) ari "one of two halves" cf. alle Ngz. sra "split
open"
remove (bark) cf. Ngz. aaru "peel off Gby. ar "changer de peau, peler"
ararraka boil hard OS *bur- "boil"
I. NBW mbsmbai- "boil" 2. Bur. mban- "boil" Mdr. mburatumbura "boil"
3. Bid. bolol "deborder (liquide)" 4. P.Cu. *b-ll-ll- "be hot, cook, heat" 9.

Mnd. bara-bara "boil"

arawo thief cf. waro
8. Kan. barjSu "thief" bu- "eat, destroy, sack, cheat" Ted., Dz. bor- "eat.
30

plunder, harm, steal" Bgr. bog- "steal" 2. Bud. bergo, borbu "thief"
ararwa quail cf. Bid. birbiriny "caille"
arashi crumbs, bits (= marmashi) ? < asa q.v.

argo marrow (bone)

I. H.(Sokoto) aka, (Gobir) bobuwa "brain substance" NBJ bakanama
"brain" (NB *7ama "head") Ang. nvel Ank. argo "brains" Gra. argoka
"brains" (ka "head") Dw. wor) "brains" 4. Kmb. bou + t- "head, brain"
Afr. bokka "non-crusty part of bread" 6. Gur. amba Hrr. habu Ar. mux "m.,

brain, pith" 9. Gby. mbp "moelle"

ari miscarriage also "fall, drop" P.W.Cha. *ba/ihr "throw, drop"
1. Sur. balar) "fehlgebdren" er "verschiitten" 4. Sah. bala^ Afr. bad*^- (vb.)
arka rip open also farka cf. algata, alle
OS *paro- "tear, rip" *polik- "split" *pirig- "separate" i. Gj. alka "break
(rope)" Ron *ak "hrechen" 3. Bid. pirgay "separate" 2. Ter. byax "tear" 4.
P.Cu.(D) *p-- "tear in pieces" (E) *parh- "tear apart" Sid. balka "breaking
open, bursting" falka "split" 6. Heb. paraq "tear off" 5. Eg.(Bu) beha "break
in pieces"
arsa, azga tear off (branch of tree)
cf. alle
2. Maf. bar! "arracher (une branche d'arbre)"
arza grind coarsely
cf. alle
2. Mfg. bars- "casser facilement etc." 6. Sem. B-r(r)-s- "demolish (something
solid)"
asa, yasa break off
cf. alle, arza OS *batla^- "tear off, break off
I. H. arashi "crumbs, bits" 2. Mg. usu "chop up" Gd. atsa, adza
"break off" 4. Sid. bacce "fragment" 8. Knz. bas- "spalten"
ata lost, be also "be missing, err"
cf. ba "not" ata "spoil, ruin" arna "damage, waste, destruction" OS
*'ibad- "lose, be lost"
7. Tur. iba "not have" abatu "it is lost" nubet "be bad" i. Gwd. beta, bata,

boto "lose" bebeta "spoil" RF bubwat "verlieren" Dr. boi "spoil, get lost"
NBP, NBD, Tgl. *bud- "rot" 2. Gd. bat "forgetting completely" Mfg. at- "se
faner, maigrir" Gd. aia "decay, rot" bwoya- "evil" FK bay "evil" Njn.
bumbwuy "evil" 3. Dgl. bonte "pourrir partiellement" Lei. irni "pourri, mau-
vais" 3a. Lam., Msm. *baro "evil" 4. RHEC *ba'- "be lost, spoil, go bad"
 31

P.EC *bad- "get lost" *bel- "lose" Abo. bedda "bad" beddos- "spoil" Or. bada
"spoil (intr.)" Bil. batan "vergeuden, verschwenden" Sid. batt "impure" 5. Eg.
(Bu) beta "evil, wickedness, bad" (F) bint "evil (n.)" 9. P.WN *-bi- "bad"
*bud- "get lost, be lacking" 6. Sem. b-t-1 "become nothing" 8. Kan. banna-
"spoil, ruin, waste (n., vb.)"
auna buffalo "W.African bush-cow" (pi. akane) < ak-
9. Mumuye aka Ful.(E) mbana Sw. mbogo CB *-bogo P.WN *-pok-
"antelope sp." 8. Nuer mok
(P.Cha.(N) *k9b3n P.W.Cha. *abani/*kaani)
aure fig tree "Ficus sp."

3. Jg. bugaye "R sp." Dgl., Bid. bagu-, "R sp." 2. Mba. 'bil "R sp." Mfg.
baiawar "F. sp." 8. Ted. borke "flguief 4. Sml. berde "R vasta" Bil., Sid. b-1-

s- "R sp."
awo bark (of tree) "b., scales, shell, rind" also awa
cf. baya "outside" ara "remove (bark)"
OS *pa-'- "bark, skin" *po- "peel, skin (vb)" i. Cp. u tir) (tir) "tree") DZ
wuuri 2. *w-r- {sometimes + "tree") Bur., Ngw. *wotil- 3. Tum
Ter.gp.
ogon Kr. alogi 3a. Lam. bile'e 'ugu "ecorce" ('ugu "arbre" bile'e "ecaille")
4. P.Cu.(D) *-p-(r-) Kwa. pa'uko Had. hobara Das. burte P.SC *bu4- "hide,

skin" 4a. Bnc. k'omp'ar 5. Eg.(Bu) peq-, paq- "skin, shell" 6. ? Gz. 'af a
"outside" 7. Tur., Zen. *t-f-rkit "bark" 9. RWN *-puk-, *-puak- "bark"
era rat, mouse OS "mouse" *pa'ir- "mouse, rat"
*ber-
I. Tgl. bill Pr., Dw. *w-l/r- "rat sp." 2. Hrz. kumbar "r." Bac.
"rat sp." Ang.,
voye +te "mouse" Gd. poyan- "mouse sp." Dgl. more "rat sp." kiilo "small
r. sp." Bid. cebilo "rat rouge" Tum. barar) "mouse" Smr. devere "r." Lei. bolo

"mouse" 3a. Lam., Zim. mere "rat sp." 4. Brj. wera "r." woyra "r., mouse"
Or. fuli'o "shrew" fiitii "rat" 5. Eg. pnw 6. Sem. *fa'r "r., m." *akbar

"mouse" 9. P.WN *-bete, -bente "rat"

illa throw RW.Cha. *ul- "throw" cf. ari
ingira fall and roll
I. H. mirgina "roll over" birgima "rolling on ground" birkia "roll on

ground" Kof. irir) "roll" 2. Log. bedkala "sich wdlzen" 9. Mnd. birinkiri "r.
on the ground" 3. Bid. piinkal-, piinkil- "rouler" 3a. Lam. burku ''faire
rouler (quelque chose de lourd et massif)" 4. P.EC *biy- "ground" Bye. b'inam
"r. in the dust" P.SC *Birik'- "turn over" 7. Tur. bar97wal "turn over (intr.)"

oye, uya hide, conceal cf. biae "uncover"

OS *ba'-, *bu'- "dig" i. Ron *ur "bury" BT *bun(k)- *mb-l- "bury" NB
32

*B-gw- Ang., Ank. *p-y- "close, cover" 2. Ter.gp. *-w-(n)- Mg. mbu R,
Mdr.gp. *wu7- Dab. oho Mfg. -ey Mad. iya "hide (intr.)" 3a. Lam. pe'e
"cacher" 4. Abo. bol- "cover, dress, hide" Der. bu- "cover" Bye. tibik "take
cover" kwibil "cover, hide (tr.)" 5. Eg.(Bu) behen "cover over, veil" 6. Sem.
x-b-'- (Leslau, 1987, p. 256) 7. P.Ber. *ffr 9. P.WN *bik- CB *bumb-
iila, ulle pierce "knock hole in" P.W.Cha. *"l- "pierce"
OS *bi'- "pierce" *ful- "bore a hole" i. Ang. el "p., hole" Bol. tou- "p."
Pr. we "p." Tgl. wa "hole" NB *ul-, *iy- "p." Dw. wur) "p." Gj. mbul-
"p." 2. Hwn., Pdl. *mbil- "p." Log. bulu "hole" 3. Mgm. bule "trou, entree"

Turn, mul, piil "hole" Lei. bulo "window, entrance" Bid. bulla "trou par
lequel on pent voir" 4a. Bnc. pel "hole" 4. P.EC *boi- "h. in ground" P.SC
*pu4- 5. Eg.(Bu) ba, beb "hole in the ground" behen "stab, perforate" (F)
b3b3w "hole" 6. Hars. b-l-r "become holed" 7. Tur. abatol "hole in ground"
ulele (ideo.) enormously fat
cf. Gby. olele "exprime Vaction de soulever une grosse pierre"
ullo appear suddenly ? < ul- "penetrate" see ula
4. Sid. Willi "appear" P.SC *bed- "appear, emerge"
usa pierce ? < ul- + s see bula
I. Kof. fus 2. Klb. budziy- "pierce" 4. Alg. pu'is- "bore (hole)" 6. Ethiopian
Sem. b-s'- "make a hole"
utuk naked (ideo.) also untur
cf. futuk cf. Log. butu Bud. phukka

^^6
 c

caO; cai mud also tao ? < T--K- cf. jimu

1. NB, BT taak-, ndaak- Ang. zap "m., swamp" Plateau Cha. *-w-(k)
"mud; dirt" 2. FK nts'au Wmd. tsakwau Bat.gp. *tsoo Ter.gp. tab- Pad.
taraa 3. Mgm. duba "argile" MkL daiye "terrain argileux" 3a. Lam. doro
"boue" 4. Rud. ubo (pi.) Sml. dohob, dob Or. dob- "plaster (mud)" Or., HEC
caf- "marshland, swampy place" Afr. darba "dirt, mud" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheb+t
"brick" 6. Hrr. ciba "m. for building" Ar. taba^ "dirt, rust" tub "brick" Gur.
"mud" taba "clay plate" 9. P-WN *-thop- "mud, morass" CB
ta/3a *-tope
"mud" *-doba "clay"
caca gambling H. ca "supposition" < cewa
see ce
cf. H. cTci "guessing" Kan. sasa Ful.(E) caca
cafe, cae, cafke catch (e.g. ball) also "hit (target)" ? < caf, caraf (ideo.) "neat-
ly, smartly"
OS *capah- "catch" *ca'^- "catch, seize" 3. Bid., Mgm. 'acap "attraper qc. au
vol" Dgl. tya(a)p "retirer qc. de (I'eau, un recipient)" obe tyap "prendre ferme"
Lei. cab "vite" i. Ngz. capt- "collect, gather"
caji investigation also "criminal charge, search" < Eng. also caje "search"
caka stab, pierce cf. sok- P.W.Cha. *c-k-
2. Gan., Gab., Bok. *cakw- "pierce" Gd. ciku "pecking" Hid., Wmd., Mg.
*dz9g- "pierce" Gis. cak- with spear" Mfg. cak- "lancer" FG tsaxw-
"st.

"pierce" 3. Dgl. dyakdyik- "picoter" 4. P.Bon. *suq- Sid. tin- "peck" 5. ?

Eg.(Bu) teqes "stab, pierce" teks "pierce, penetrate" (F) tks "pierce" 6. Gur.
caq- "peck" cuk "piquer"
7. Siw.
cali-cali clown "buffoonery" < Eng. Charlie (Chaplin)
can there cf. nan
cangami hoe "instrument for digging holes" also cingami Cha.(E, W, C) *s'-k

"dig"
I. H. sungumi "long-handled hoe" Bui. cug- "dig" 2. Mg., Bur. tsuhw-
"cultivate, hoe" Cb., Ngw. *mitsi7a "hoe" 3. Dgl. tyokom "small hoe" Bid.
34

cokor "creuser" jakila "houe a long manche" 3a. Mas. jugu- "dig"
canji change (n.) < Eng. canja, canza (vb.)
cara throw (weapon) cf. jefa P.W.Cha. *car-
OS *car- "throw, weapon" i. Ang. car 2. Ter.gp. cit-, cad- "shoot"
carabke catch deftly caraf "neatly and quickly"
4. P.Cu. *z-r-p- "take hold of, etc."
carbi, cazbi prayer beads ? < Ar. tasbih

cf. Kan. tajibi, tajiwu

carki Buphagus sp. "bird which pecks ulcers on animals"
4. Or. c'erri "bird like hornbill, sucks blood from cow" Sid. cirre "red-billed

oxpecker"
casa'in ninety < Ar. tis^n
ce say also cene, cane, tane
cf. nji, yi

OS *tse-, *cer-, *cer-, *tlin-, *t-n-, *ya- "speak" i. Gwd. nee, nkye Ang. te,
tene RS ton 8. Sng., Zar. tyi Dz. ye Ted. ce Knz. e "sagen" 2. Mg. cu, ci

"speak" Dab. cedu "speak" Bud. ca, ca 3. Lei. ya "parler, dire" Dgl. diye
"dire" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchet "speak, say" Cop. ce introduces a quotation 9. CB *-ti

4. P.Cu. *y- 7. ? P.Ber. *y-n- Tur. tanna "parole" 6. Our. tan/r- "call, invite"

Gz. tar'- "shout"

cediya fig tree "Ficus thonningii"
I. NBW zizid + ai Ang. zar "large tree sp." 2. Gd. cicida "tree sp." Ter. zar

3. Lei. sidi "F. glumosa" Mkl. sedyum "arbre sp" Dgl. tyalo "F. sp." Bid. cela
"arbre sp." 9. Twi, Ashanti jedua "Ficus, shade tree" Tv. kinde, akinde "Fi-

cus" Ago, Ahlo (Togo) kedia "Ficus"

ci eat, consume also "have sexual intercourse with, conquer, etc." < t-y/w-
tuwo "food, mush" cima "staple food" ciwo "pain, sickness, illness" OS
*ta'-, *'et- "eat" *ti'-, *tiw- "bread', flour" *ti'-/*t-y- "dominate" Cha. (E, W,

C) twy
3. Dgl. tiwu "sauce accompagnant la boule" 4. P.Cu. *t-'- "drink, eat" P.HEC
*tibbo "sickness, illness" 4a- Jnj. ta'ra "eat" (language of respect) 5. Eg.(Bu)
t "bread" 6. Ethiopian Sem., Akk. *-twiy- Soc. te "manger" 8. Kan. ci

"mouth" Berta 6ir)a "eat"

cTbiya navel cTbi "enlarged n." cf. tumbi ? < t + B-r- < Cha.(E, W, C) *-t-
"stomach" (Gouffe suggests metathesis) cf. P.WN *-put- "stomach" P.Sem.
*b- "in"
OS *but- "belly" *ti(m)b- "navel" i. Ron *But "navel" NB *bud- "navel" 2.
 35

Gd., Bur.gp. *s/z-mbu- "navel" Pad. zimba "n." 3. Mkl. dibino "nombril"
Lei. dimde "nombril" Mgm. ubo "nombril" Dgl. ew- "nombril" 4. P.Cu.
*p-'^- "stomach, inside" Bye. fi "stomach" tefa "navel" P.Bon. *ber "stom-
ach" Bil. eteba, itiba "navel" 6. Ar. batn "stomach" Heb. tibbur "navel"

Ethiopian Sem. -tabt- "navel" 7. Ber. t-m-dt, tabutt "n." Tur. abutu "en-
larged n."
cida thunder
i.Plateau Cha. y-nd- "thunder, lightning" RD taas "make lightning" 2. ?

Ter.gp. *(k)y-nd- Hwn. kyatta "lightning" Mg. tindila

cika, cikasa fill "f., complete, die"
cf. matua Cha.(E, W, C) *t-k- "finish"
I. Tgl. seeg-, sek- Ang. jok "fill" Krf. jotu "fill" Dw. dzux- "fill" Gj. ci'is "fill"

Ngz. cika- "fill, complete" ? < H. 2. Gd. cikwait "full" FG txay "fill" Njn.
tsikar "fill" 3. Mkl. yerge "remplir" 4. P.Cu. *d-nK^- "complete, fulfil" Bye.
sikin "attain full adulthood" P.SC *tyuka- "end (n.)" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcher- "com-
plete, fill" (F) dk "complete" Cop. jok "complete" 6. Gur. ciraqa "fulfil,

complete" Tna. saraq "finish (n.)" 7. P.Ber. *t-k-r "fill"

ciki inside, stomach also "pregnancy" cf. zuciya n.b. "pregnancy" could also
relate to cika "fill"
I. Gwd.(Gitata) tsikyi Plateau Cha. *Dikin "inside" RK cuk "inside" RD tu(h)
"Bauch" SB *tuk- "stomach" Dw. tu "st." ti "inside" 2. Klb., Hid., Wmd. ta
"St." R, Hg. *(n)tik-(l) "vagina" FB tikin "inside" FK, FG, FJ *ciki "hut" FJ
skiy "St." Gd. saka"stomach" asak(9) "inside" asaka "be pregnant" ("make"
+ "stomach") Gis. tihur "pregnant" Glv. ciki "inside" Mat. ntkwal "heart"
Bud. tugun "pregnant" 3. ? Dgl. tukina "foyer" Tum. tug "heart" Sok.
yedikir) "inside" Kr. tona "heart" 3a. *duk- "liver, heart" 4. P.Cu. *(z)--
"be pregnant" Irk., Alg. tsihay "pregnant, pregnancy" Bye. siwi, suwi "be-
come pregnant" 4a. W.Om. *ci-, *juk- "pregnant" 6. Amh. cagg'^arra
"stomach, tripe" Ar. d-x-1 "enter, inside" Gur. dal "belly, stomach, *interior"
Soc. 'edaq, dinih "be pregnant"
cilakowa hornbill "h., Lophoceros sp." also cikoko, cakuri cf. carki
I. Tgl. tilikgok 3. Dgl. tylkiro "Loph. sp." Bid. calak "oiseau sp." 4. Or. c'irri

"bird sp. (like hornbill)"

cTlTya teal "whistling t., Dendrocygna sp." also cillliga

I. Bol. kilalulu 8. Kan. ciwulwuli, cigulguli 6. Shuwa Ar. kilili

cingam chewing gum < Eng.
36

ciniki trade "tr., occupation, bargaining" ? < cin- + ki P.W.Cha. *cin- "send"
P.Cha.(N) *ana "work" cf. gina, yi for more on "work/send" see aiki
1. Plateau Cha. *cin "make, do" Ang. cin "send away"NB *c-n "send, work"
2. make" Dab. zin "send" 3. Lei. ce "fabriquer, pondre (oeuf)"
Ter.gp. *ci "do,
3a. Lam. si(i)n "send, work" Msm., Pv. sin "work" 9. Mnd. kyi, cyi "work,

send" 8. Sng. kyin "construire" 4. Qwr. km Xmt. kin "custom, manners,

way of life" Bye. sanha "work" ? < Ar. 6. Gur. kin "art, craft, handicraft,
workmanship etc." Sem. s-n^- "be skillful, strength, firmness" 7. P.Ber. *azn
"send"
cinkal tin alloy "white metal alloy, mainly copper and tin" cf. Kan. cingal
"tin" Bud. cingal "tin" Np. cinka "Britannia metal"
cinkis completely full cf. cusa
2. Gd. tinkis "many (of things close together)"

cinnaka ant sp. (with painful bite) also cirnaka, tsirnaka (-aka pi. suffix) RW.
Cha. *(nc)-r- "ant" cf. tururuwa
9. P.WN Milaku "driver ant" i. NB *at9r "ant sp." 2. Bur. anjir-, andzir-

"ant sp." Gd. ciraga "termite sp." Bud. tei "termite" 3. Mgm. tirr)- "fourmi sp.
tres piquante" Kr. aturmu "fourmi sp" Lei. njir)njir) "termite sp." Dgl., Bid.,

Sok. -ntir/1 "ant spp." 3a. Lam. tara "termite sp."

cinya thigh OS *tsin-, *ki- "leg"
I. Gwd. sir-, tsin-, cin- "th., lap" Plateau Cha. *ci "thigh" SB *cign "thigh"

3a. Msm. jure "th." 4. Afr. di'^- "th." sinku "hip" SmL, Bil. sin "hip,

haunch" ? P.Rft. *dzi^- "calf" 6. Ethiopian Sem. can "th., hip, waist" Tge.
hasan "hip" Heb. hosen "hip" 8. Kan. si "foot plus leg" Dz. co "upper part
of th. bone"
cira, cire lift up, move away cf. tsir- "grow up, escape" tsin- "pick, break" tsira

"pile up" OS *tsir-c- "gather, collect"

I. Kof. t-1 "pick, loosen, free" Montol t'al "find" Dr., Tgl. yil- "raise, lift"

Ngz. 'y^wa "extract" 2. Bur. cara "pick out" Bud. ci "lift" 3a. Lam. tsar "se
lever" 8. Kan. cir)-, cij- "rise, set off" 3. Bid. ci(i)r- "exceller, s'echapper" Mkl.
cere, "depasser, vaincre" Dgl. tyere "manifester" Lei. ter "arracher, enlever" 4.
Or. cir- "pick up" Sid. cira "pluck (hair) Dhl. tsol- "pick up" 5. Eg.(Bu) ten,
then "raise, promote" tun "lift up, extend"
ciroma title (usually for emir's oldest son) < Kan. ciroma "traditional title of
the Maghumi dynasty"
cita guess cTci, tlti, tinte "formulae for guessing game" cf. H. caca "gambling"
cf. Kan. tittimi "riddle" Mnd. tente "riddle"
 37

citta spice "name for various spices" cittar aho "ginger" tsTdahu "pepper sp."
I. KK, BoL, Tgl. Sita Ngm. kwita Pr. anjita Plateau Cha. sita Sur. zita NB
*cat- BN cita 2. C.Cha. cita Cb. nsita FJ, FM, FB wita 3. Dgl. tyete 3a. Mas.
cita 8. Kan. njitta "pepper" Ted. ncotto pi. ncatta Bgr. t'ita 6. Shuwa Ar.
sitta 7. Tur. citta ? < a NC language cf. Yor. ata "pepper" Ga sito
citta four days hence P.W. Cha. *(tl)i/*si "day" cf. hantsi
I.Gwd. cita 2. Gd. cif gat "day after tomorrow" cif gatta "2 days after to-
morrow" (cf. H. gata)
ciyawa, ciyayi grass cf. shar, tsintsiya OS *ciw-/*ciy-, *tsim- "grass, plant"
9. Mnd. ci, ki "gr., esp. for thatching" CB *-cuwa "gr." Ful.(W) sTure (sing.)
cibe (pi.) "gr. sp." 3. Dgl. siya graminee sp." 4. Abo. sayy "grass" Bye.
siyam "vegetation" i. Ang. sit "grass, 'bush'" 5. Eg.(Bu) sben, sem, sen ta
"grass" (F) snw "grass" 6. Sem. i-^-r "grass, barley, hair"
cTza, clje bite "b. with front teeth" maciji "snake" ? < t + z-(

I. Gwd.cwa', tswa' NBW zTmw- "eat (hard food)" Tgl. yise "bite off, break
off" 2. C.Cha. z-m- "eat" Gd. ciia "chop" Muk. tsa Udl. tsal Mfg. -z- "mor-
dre, piquer (serpent)" Maf. j- "mordre, piquer" Mdr.gp. z- "eat" 3. Dgl. tyir-,

tyer- "dechirer" Mkl. 'oiza "piquer" 4. Brj. cir- "chop, gnaw" cor- "tear
(with teeth)" P.Cu.(E) *za^- "bite" 6. Gur. nacT "take a bite of meat" 8. Knz.
acci "beifien"
cokali spoon Sng. sokol "wooden spoon" Kan. cokkol "imported metal sp." Dz.
cokol "European sp." Lei. congoli "fourchette ou cuilliere" Tm. sokal-, tyokal-
"cuiller" ? Spanish cuchara Portuguese colher relevant ?

cuku cheese also cukumara(n) cf. Ful.(E) cukumaram Ted. cegoma, comogor
Kan.cam "milk" P.Nilotic *ca(ko) "milk (n.)"
cura knead curi "ball of food" cf. Kan. (Benton) tsuri "ball of food"
cusa stuff (vb.) cf. toshe ? < cinkisa "stuff" < cinkis (ideo.) "full" cf. H. cika
Or. c'uqal- "stop up"
cuta, ciwuta hurt, illness, harm ? < ci "eat, consume etc."

for the semantic shift cf. Ngz. tau "eat" tata "difficulty, pain" NB *tau "eat"
NBM atatau "ache" Plateau Cha. se/i "eat" suwal "sickness" Gj. co "sick-
ness" ciwi "eat" Mdr.gp. kuza "sickness" z- "eat" Tum. w5m "be sick, eat

(meat)" Sem. qam- "eat, chew" Gur. qamnat "sickness"

 d
da and, with, than also relative marker
I. Gwd. n "and, with" na, nja "and" Ngz. na NBJ na 2. Gd. da "and" da

"at, from, with" Ter. nda Mg. da Zlg. nda 3. Kr. da 6. Gz. 'anta "by, at, to,

because etc." Ar. 4nda "at, by, near" Akk. itti "along with" Heb., Ug. ^-m
"with" ^-d "up to" 7- Tur. da ''avec, et"

da formerly ? < *Daya cf. jiya

I. Tgl. da, dayi, danu "formerly" RD nde 2. Bur. saka nda (saka "time")
Bud. denda "in alter Zeit" ? 3. Dgl. dayum "autrefois" 3a. Lam. da "deja" 4.
Had. end hunda
"vorige" Sid.
daba durbar < Eng. < Urdu cf. Persian darbar "court"
dabam different < da + bam see bambam
dabara plan also dubara < Ar. dubara "trick, craft" cf. Mnd. dabari "means,
stratagem" Sng. dabari "way (of doing s.thing)" Kan. dawari "plan" da/3ar-
"provide, prepare"
dabaza coarse grinding OS *dabadz- "pound, grind"
dabba animal (mainly domestic) cf. Kan. dabba Sng. adabba < Ar. dabbab
dabi shelter (n.) "thatched roof resting on poles, hunter's covered platform"
I. Ngz. dabu "erect, set up" 3. Lei. dabadaba "hangar, abri" 4. Or. madabi

"raised platform" Sid. dabba "poles placed horizontally" 6. Amh. madab

"stand, bench"
dablno date cf. bammi ? < Kan. dibino, difuno {also Bol., Ngz., Bud., Log.,
Sok., Bgr.) Tub., Dz. dimbi, timbi, timmi, tinni Knz. diffe "einzelne unreife
Dattel"
7. Ghd. tabinawt 6. Ar., Heb. tam-r "date" 9. Ful. dui, "deleb due
palm" 2. Hrz., Mf., Mad. taB- "deleb palm" 3. Dgl. gidibiny "Ficus sp." 6.
Gz. sabar, dabar "palm tree" Akk. bi'irt- "a tree" 4. Had. dimbaba "palm
tree" Bye. bir "male d. palm, dum palm" P.Sam. *bar "river palm" Or., Dly.
m-yt- "palm tree" 5. Eg.(Bu) ban "date palm" benra "fresh dates" (+t "date
palm") (F) bnr(t) "dates" 8. Sng. be "deleb palm" 9. P.WN. *-ba- "oil palm"
*-bale "kind of palm"
 39

dabo magic ? < Ar. tabbu "medicine" cf. H. tsubbu, ibbu "magic" Gwd.
dobo "sorcerer" ? Kan. dajSali "noxious charm"
daa, dae beat hard (usually to smooth floor) OS *dab- "trample"
I. Bol. teu "pound (floor)" 2. Gis., Muy. daba "pound" 4. P.SC *Dif-

"pound" 6. Gur. dabataga "level the floor of a house" Ar. taba^ "imprint,
stamp" 7. Tur. daba (n.) dabat (vb.) "level (ground)"
daa add dade "prolong, last" cf. ara
I. Bol. dad- Pic. dadaw Dw. kardadi Tgl. tunde "be late, delay" NB *dad- ?

< H. 2. Gan. dida- "fill" Bok. naxdada "fill" 3. Dgl. dudye "become serious,
get worse" 4. P.Cu.(E) *dar- "add"
dadi pleasantness cf. dana, dandana, madi
9. Mnd. d'yandi "get pleasure, give pleasure" di, dyi "agreeable, pleasant,
sweet" Bam. di "pleasurable" diya "please (vb.)" 4. Bil. tu^um ''siift" Or.
dad! "mead" Kmb. data "mead" P.HEC *te' "taste good, be sweet" 2. Mfg.
dadak dadak "doux, sucre, frais" 3. Dgl. dyarar) "bon" dyirim "doux, sucree"
Bid.,Sok. dan- "bon, gut, siifi"

dafa cook dafi "poison" cf. toya "burn, bake"

I. P.W.Cha. *da/if-, *dih- 9. Poular def- i. Gwd. depi, doh-, dob- Ang. tup
RD jih 2. Pdl. ndahi Hwn. dif- FJ daf- FM di Gd. dafana "guinea-corn
mush" 3. Kr. defe "prepare (stew)" 3a. Mas., Ban. daf- 4. Der., Or., Abo.
*danf- "boil" Bye. deho "heat (vb.)" Irk. -daham- "boil" Sid. du'p- "bake in
embers" 5. Eg. wdpw (n.) 6. Ar. dafa' "warm (vb.)" ES d-f-n "bake under
ashes" 7. Siw. tab "cuire"
dafa press down (with hand) dafa kai "hurry (press self)" cf. dafa P.W.Cha.
*dap- "push"
OS *dup-, *d-pir-, *tiba^- "push" i. Bol. dara 2. Gd. taba'a "press with
hand" darapa "footprint" 3. ? Dgl. dipe "asphyxiate" 4. Or. dafe "do in a
hurry" 6. Gur. dafadafa "pr. down slightly with hand" Ar., Gz. daf^- "push"
dafara Cissus sp. OS *daparan "tree sp."
daga line of battle cf. Mnd. da7a "army camp"

Poular dak- "etre rassemble (se dit d'une armee etc.)"

dagaci village head ? < Mnd. dugu + tigi "chef territorial d'lin village"
dagara limp cf. dungu, dingishi P.W.Cha. *daHar-
dai particle (used enclitically to soften abruptness, contradict mildly, precede
summing up) Mnd., Bam., Sng., Zar. have de/dey with similar function
daidai correct, exact daidaita "make/be exact, correct, symmetrical" cf. dace
? < day + t- "be correct, appropriate, suit" data "reach age of 8 or 10 (child).
40

reach height of 4 feet" Cha. (W., E.), E. Cu. Dan- "good"

8. Sng., Zar. de(y) "justement" i. Gwd. dede Bol. dede 2. Mfg. dar dar
"normal" 3. Mkl. deddet "directement, tout droit" Le\. degedege "exacternent"

Dgl. dak dak "d'habitude" 4. Sid. daddo "exact, straightforward" dar-

"equal" 9. Mnd. tente, tete
daina cease
I. Dr. de (deye tr.; deni intr.) "finish" ? Ngz. dam- "finish" 2. Gd. iidsna
"finish" ndaga "stop raining" FB di "finish" 3. Dgl. de "achever" 4. Bil. duii
"beendigen" P.SC *Del- "finish, be through with"
daje, daza edge "strengthen e. of" also darje

4. P.Cu.(E) *dar- "edge" 5. Eg. drw "end, limit, boundary" 6. Ethiopian

Sem. dar "frontier, border, limit"
daji bush "uninhabited, uncultivated country" (pi. daz-) also dauji, jeji < d +
w-z- cf. ciyawa "grass" dawa "bush" (in Cha. "bush" and "grass" often
overlap, e.g. Bui. jir "grass" gijir "bush")
I. Ngz. azam "grass" dus "densely wooded area of bush" Dr. lusu "bush,
high grass" NB wuzin "bush" wuzindi "grass" HB
*(a)was "grass" 2. Pdl.
dawtsi/u "grass" 3. Lam. 'aza,
Bid. 'awso "herbe" Dgl. ezirme "tall grass" 3a.
za "grass" duza "bush" 4. P.EC *^aws- "grass" RCu. *^-nwis- "grass" 5. Eg.
(Bu) antch "pasture, field, lake" 6. Gur. a(n)zwawar "grassy place where
cattle graze" 7. Tur. izi "pdturage assez abondant"
daka pound cf. duka, tia P.Cha.(N) *d- "kill" OS *dak-/*duk- "beat, pound"
I. H. dandaa "p. on log or stone" Bol. dak- 2. Bur. diga, daki, dakamta

Mfg. d9gey Gis. dugo 3a. Lam dzoko "piler d petits coups" 3. Kr. ceke, cak-
"piler une deuxieme fois" Dgl. dasiye "piler pour la deuxieme fois" 4. Or., Sid.
dak- "grind" daku "flour" Sml. daqi "grind" Afr. dagdag "p.ing (grain)" Bil.

dagah "stofien, schlagen" 4a. Bnc. dekn "hit" 5. Eg.(Bu) ta "smite" ta aka
"destroy" (ak "destruction") tekh (?) "beat, strike, overthrow" (F) d "flour"
8. Knz. dr + kir "tbten" (df "sterben" gir, kir "machen") 6. Sem. *d-qq- "grind,
reduce to powder" 7. Tur. dagdag "ecraser"
dakali platform cf. danga, dangi, danki
i.Bol. dikili "bed made of stalks" 8. Kan. dagal "bed made of sticks"
(Benton, 1912) dagali "bed made of clay" (Lukas) Tub. degeli "bed" 2. Ter.

dar)kal "lookout" Mg. dagal "bed" 3. Dgl. daqal "bed" dagilo "bed post" 9.
Ful. dank + el "small shelter" 6. Gz. dag^a "make up bed" dag^ "pillow,
mattress"
 41

dakare infantryman cf. Ful. dakare "bachelor, rough type" Tur. dakare "group
of foot soldiers"
dakata wait, await also dakanta, tsakirta, tsaika "w." jinkiri "delay (n.)"
I. Gwd, dakata "stop" 8. Kan. daga- "remain, live" 2. Log. daka "warten"
dakal "warten, erwarten" HF, FG *Daxut- "w. for" Zgv. x-tsugin- "w. for" 3.

Dgl. yok- "w. for" tarjkil "tarder" Turn, tag "attendre, garder" Bid. tak "garder
a vue" Mkl. toge "refuser de rendre une chose pretee" 4. P.Cu. *'-g(g)- "wait,
guard" Bil. takau "bewachen, behiiten" Dly. ta^ad'- "wait for s.one" 5. ? Eg.
^h^ "stand, w., attend (on)" 6. Sem '-xr "delay" Gz. dahara "delay" Gur.
daxara "delay" 7. ? P.Ber. *-yy\ "w. for" Ghd. ataqqal "attendre"
dakusa blunt (vb.)
1. Ang. duk (adj.) NBJ dusa (n.) 2. Bur. dagdakari "bl." gudukumta "become
bl." Gd. dugwas- "bl., make bl." Maf. ndos- (vb.) 3. Dgl. dor)(i)le (vb.) 3a.
Zim. diklim (adj.) 4. Or. doma domsa (vb.) P.Cu.(E) *d-k-
(adj.) "old, weak"
6. Gur. duma (vb.) Hars. dekim (adj.) dekom (vb.) Jib. dukum (vb.)
daia second (of time) < Ar. daqlqa "minute"
daii stupid, dull ? < Ar. daqiq "paltry, trifling"
dako clay soil OS *da- "clay, sand"
dawalwa ripe, nubile also "laying hen"
2.Pad. jigwera "plante qui est prete a porter des fruits"
dala florin "2 shilling piece, 5 franc piece, Maria Theresa dollar" cf. dalma Kri.

dala < Eng. dollar "money" Ga, Twi dare "dollar"

dalili reason, cause < Ar. dalil "proof, indication" cf. Mnd. dairiu "proof, indi-
cation" Kan. dalil "reason, ground" Sng. dalTlu "sense, significance"
dallaro light, kindle P.W.Cha. *d-l- "light (vb.)"

dallasa blunt (edge) (vb.)

3. Sok. dolidoli "stumpf" 6. Amh. dannaz- "bl. (edge)" Gur. darazaza,
daramaza "bl. (edge)"
dalma lead "1., smelted tin" also darma cf. dala cf. Kan. dalma, darinna "lead"
Mnd.
dala, dara "silver" daraku "lead, bad silver" ? darama (adj.) "silver"
Bam. dorome "5 franc piece" ? RS dalmwec "smithy"
dama mix "m. into paste, stir up, confuse" also damutsa "m. (food with one
hand)"
I. Bol. dam- "mix" ? < H. 8. Kan. dam- "be crowded, flow together in one
place" Bur. dapti "m. (dry substances)" 3. Dgl. dimse "confondre, melan-
2.

ger" Kwa. dam- "knead" Or. d'amasa "trouble, disturb" 6. Ethiopian

4.

Sem. *damar/d- "add, join, mix"

42

dama right (hand) also "r. moment, opportunity, r. amount, modicum" E.

Cu., Cha. *dan- "good" HEC *dan- "be able"

8. Sng. dama "chose bonne'' Kan. dama "free time, chance" 9. Bam. dama
number, only" 2.
"limit, Gd. dama "health (only in greetings)" 4. Bye.
dum "good condition, substance, profit, advantage" Ag. dall- "suffice" Bil.
dalam "bereit sein" 7. Tur. dama yossibilite"
damana spider sp. OS *dim-, *deman- "insect sp."
dambe boxing (uses both hands and feet) cf. Gwd. dembe
9. Mnd. dampu "strike with foot or elbow" Poular dampu- "frapper d'un
coup de pied (se dit des personnes)" 8. Kan. dambe "kicking"
dambu steamed food (various kinds) cf, dafa, imama Der., Or., Abo. danf-
"boil" CB -damb= "cook, boil"
damina rainy season also damuna, damana OS *deman- "cloud, rain" ? < d-
+ aman- cf. AA *am-n "water (pi.)"
I. Ngz. daman "r. season" aman "year" am "water" Bed. damanan "r. sea-

son" amanan "year" aman "water" ? RK dam "Wasserstelle" 2. Log. am

"water" deman "r. season" 4. P.Cu. *d-m-n- "clouds, cloudy weather" Bye.
daman "weather, season, climate" 6. Sem. zaman "time, period, year" 7.
? Tur. iziman "eau saumdtre a fleur de sol" (which could occur after a period
of rain)
damisa leopard OS Miim- "feline"
7. Tur. damasa < H. i. Gwd. tamusu "hyena" NBW dansa + na Ngz.
gadamuzai "large, male hyena" 4. Afr. dimmatto, dimbatto, dummu(ta)
"cat" Sid. dobbicco "lion" Bye. dibeda, sebada "Moschuskatze" Bil. dummu
"Katze" P.Rft. *du'um- 3. Sok. damde 6. Amh. dammat "cat" 9. Tv.
adambusu "cat" P.WN *-thimb- "1., wild cat" CB Mjmba "cat" *-cimba "cat,
lion, leopard, genet" Buta, Kagoma, Pai (Plateau) d-m Kwanka (Plateau) tam
Tv., Bute, Buti (n)jam i.Sur. ndumu "hyena"
jem "Caracal" 4a. Bnc.
3. Lei.

gidnba "leopard" 2. E, Hg. dugwav- "leopard" Mfg. dava "leopard" Dab.

nduva "wild cat" Bur. turjuwa "leopard" 7. Siw. ssiba "lion" Tam. izm
"lion" 5. Eg.(Bu) tu, thamr "lion" teba "panther" 6. Gz. sa^b "rapacious
animal, hyena" Heb. safSu^ "hyena, 1."
damo monitor lizard ? < d + mb-
I. NBD zimu "water monitor" ? Plateau Cha. tiBil "lizard" Ang. cim "mon-

itor" 2. Muy. dzumdzum "iguana" Gd. dampwapwaza "lizard sp." Bud.

gabober "big lizard" 3. Kr. dababar "varan sp." 4. Bye. damba "lizard" Bor.
 43

dubli; doffoca 6. S.Ar. lob "monitor lizard" 8. Sng. mbau "Nile monitor"
9.CB *-bambi "monitor lizard"
damtse, dantse arm "a. near elbow, forearm" ? < d-m + S-r dimtsa, dintsa
"take out handful" cf. dana Cha., W,E. *s-r "arm, hand"
1.Gwd. demece "arm" NBW damasai "forearm" 7. Tur. amasur "avant-hras"
2. Mg. tsi "arm, hand" 4. P.Cu. *(t)-t-m- "forearm" 6. Gur. ta(b)bata
"*take handful and close hand" Ar. dabat "hold, grip" db^ "arm, upper
arm"
danda piebald horse cf. Sng. danda "cheval balzane" Ful. r/dan- "white"
dandaa pound, castrate cf. daka Ngz. dadgu "castrate (by pounding cords)"
OS *da-/*du- "break, pound"
dandali open space (in village or town) ? < Kan. dandal
dandan firm and solid P.W.Cha. *d-(H)-N "heavy"
dandi roaming "r. about leading a carefree life" cf. Sng. dendi "go down-
stream, go to the S."
danga, dangal(i) fence (of cornstalks) cf. darni
8. Kan. danga Sng. der)gele "paille tressee" i. ? Bol. dakka "f. made from
zana mats" 2. Msg. dar) "mud wall" Mfg. dangwar "canne" Pad. daga "canne"
3. Lei., Bid., Kr. dangay- "prison" 6. Shuwa
dangaya "prison" 3. Lei.
Ar.

diga "cloison de paille pour la peche" Dgl. dyegruwa "stone wall" 3a. Mas. dar)
"terrain qui entoure un groupe de cases" darjgayna "prisoner" Lam. dan "do-

turer" daqgai "prison" 4. Afr. dange "balustrade, railing" Or., Sid. danqara
"bar (gate or door)" 6. Gz. daqwan Gur. dang "frontier, border"
dangi family dangana, jingina "lean on, depend on" dangantaka "relation-
ship" cf. dogara, tokara OS *dan- "family"
I. Gwd. dengyi Sur. der), dar) "family, household" 2. Gis. d9r)g9 "support
oneself" Bud. jogeni- "lean on, support oneself" Pad. daga "support principal
du toit" Gd. ndanwa, ndiija "lean against, prop, support" 3. Dgl. der)le "s'ap-
puyercontre quelque chose dans le dos" 9. CB *-dongo- "brother" *-dugu- "in-
law" P.WN *-dem- "in-law" 4. Or. deggera "support" Bye. dungwi "servant"
Sid. daga "race, tribe" 6. Gur, dang'a "boys"
danja danger "red danger light" < Eng.
dankali potato "Ipomea batatas" Cu., ES dinnic-
OS *dankal-/*dankul- "bean" 4. Brj. dane "p." Sid. dinn- "potatoes" i. H.

kali "fenced cassava farm" 8. Kan. dangali "p." galisa "cassava" Kanembu
gali "cassava" 3. Tum. r)gali "cassava" i. RK ndumwisi "p." ? Bol. zumoki
"p." 3. Jg. joge
"p."
44

danki display of calabashes (on shelves in bride's room) cf. dakaU

9. Ful. danki "abri, etagere, lit" Poular danki "abri, verandah" (dan- "sleep")

1. Dr. danki "bed"

dana, dama grasp "g. with the hand, hand over" danki, jimki "fistful"
damuka "clutch with both hands" cf. damtse
4. RCu.(E) *tik(k)- "forearm"
danko gum "g., stickiness, rubber" damka, danka "stick, cling"
2. Pad. darjguwa 3a. Lam. der)le "gum" 4. Bil. takan "ankleben" 8. Kan.
danko "rubber tree, rubber"
danna press down
1. Gwd. done "hold down" NBD dlna NBJ jan Ang. ten 3. ? Dgl. dar)e
"enduire"
danshi, damshi moisture dansasa "moisten" cf. dausayi
dara checkers "12 hole ch.-like game" also wasan d. ? < Mnd. dara, dila "jeu d
12 trous" Dara "Morocco" Tur. dara "espece de jeu"
dara fez also hular dara ? < Mnd. Dara "Morocco" (cf. Eng. fez < Fez)
2. Ter. dera "cap" Mg., Gd. dara "cap" ? both < H.
daraja value, worth < Ar. daraja "rank, dignity"
darasi lesson < Ar. dars

dare night cf. lumshe, tilim OS *xad-r- "darkness, sleep (vb.)" Cha. *(d)-l-m
"dark, black, night"
I. NB *-nd9l9m "darkness" 3. Mkl. dirno "obscurite" Turn, digbm "obscurite"
Lei. alar) "night" Dgl. duluk "ombrage" Bid. 'erer) "nuit" 4. Afr. dulma Sid.
dimma "darkness" Bye. hadal "darkness" P.EC *h-d-r- "sleep" 5. Eg.(F) d3W
"night" 6. Amh. addara "spend night" Akk. ? 'adrum "dark" 7. Tur. erdel
"etre dans Vobscurite de la nuit"
dare scatter OS *dahar-, *dar- "drive away"
dari hartebeest "Damaliscus korrigum, tiang, topi"
7. Tur. ederi "oryx" i. Ger. jweri "h." NBP ndalhya "h." 2. Msg. uderi
"gazelle" Log. uteli "gazelle" 3. Mgm. idilim "antelope" Lei. danw "Bubale"
Dgl. daro "gazelle sp." 3a. Lam. dei "duiker
4. Kwa. dala + dziko "h."
sp."
Dhl. dadiri "lesser kudu" Sml. dero "gazelle" derki "male gazelle" Brj. hide
"dikdik" Bil. antaula "gazelle, bohor, redunca" 9. Bnt. -ndala "kudu"
Dinka, Nuer, N.Luo *Tar) "h." 6. Shuwa Ar. teital "h." 3. Jg. tetir) "an-
telope"
dariya laughter dara "laugh"
I. Tgl. dele (vb.) 4. Bil. da'al "spielen, lachen" Sid. dira "ridicule (vb.)" Rnd.
 45

reo, reid- (vb.) 6. Gur. da'a < *d-h-q 9. Mnd. yele "laughter" da + yele
"cause laughter" Dyl. yere, ylre
darni fence ? < dar + n cf. daje OS *dar- "dwelling place"
I. Ngz. dardar Dr. danda 2. Vm. dalaha "wall, fence" Gis. dalam "Wand,
Hutte mit Strohdach" 3. Turn, dalaw "cloture en paille" Dgl. darne "village"
4. P.Cu.(E) *dar- "edge" Or., Der. dalla "corral, animal pen, fence" 6. Gur.
dar "frontier, limit" Ar. dar "province, house, district, etc."

dasa I. plant "pi. out, transplant, inoculate"

I. Ngz. das- "fill hole" 2. Mwl. dazo "seed" Bac. as(i)to, dase "seed" 3. Kr.

dose "remplir" Tum. dew "repiquer" Bid. 'is "enfoncer, faire entrer" Dgl. diwse
"se plonger" Dgl., Mkl. (t)ate "repiquer, planter" 4. REG *dis- "make hole and

put s.thing in it" Bye. da(i) "enter" dasa "put down, ? put in" P.SC *tat-,

*tat- "plant, stick in the ground" 5. Eg.(Bu) tega "to plant" tchas "plants,
flowers, vegetables" (F) d(w) "implant, put (on ground), put in (to shore)"
4a. Bnc. tok "plant" 6. Ar. tassa "penetrate, plunge into (water)" Amh.,
Gur. tasa "break through" 7. Tur. taytay "enfoncer a coups de marteau"
2. gourd sp. OS *das- "vessel"
dasashi gums also dadashi, dasori ? < (da)dar) + "tooth" cf. P.Cha.(N) *an(-)
"tooth" H. hakori, haure "tooth"
I. Gwd. adosori Tgl. diz wudo, tizuk wudo (wudo "tooth") Bol. dingo 2.

Mfg. dadar) nga ier "g., wall of tooth" Log. ndagade "g." 3. Dgl. dolnyo
"g." Bid. dorr)o Mkl. dilr)ise 3a. Lam. didik se'e (se'e "tooth") Zim. diklim
"gencive sans dent" 4a. Bnc. dine 4. Kmb. dondanna 6. Amh. dad Gur.
dandara Hars. didih 7. Tur. tayna
dashi tip "t., small gift, pourboire" < W. African Pidgin dash cf. Kri. dash <
Eng. dash "splash"
datti dirt ? < Eng. dirty cf. W.African Pidgin doti Kri. doti

dattijo gentleman "g., respectable, mature man" dattako "quality of being dat-
trjo" < Ful. ndottijo, ndottaku cf. Ful. dott- "be adult, be important"
datsa cut, chop (wood, grass) datsa "intercept, block, dam" datsi "chopped
grass for building, sp. of thatching grass" OS *dats- "cut, chop"
I. Ngz. azu "thatch" Zeem (SB) dutsa "kill" 2. Gdu. madatsu "axe" 4. P.

Cu.(E) *ts'at- "cut up" 6. P.Sem. *da^' "fresh grass" 8. Sng. dasi "axe"
dau redness of sun at rising or setting
I. Tgl. tus "very red" Gd. diaz "glowing red (of setting sun)"
2.

daudawa locust-bean cakes also daddawa, raddawa cf. Kan. daudawa H.

dorawa "locust-bean"
46

daudu title of Galadima an daudu "bori spirit who dresses like a woman (al-

so dan galadima); homosexual" cf. Np. dawudu "title of siaba (prince)"

daua dirt ? < d + b-- cf. RCha.(N) *b9tu "ashes" P.Cu. *b-d- "dust" Sem.
^-p-r "dust"
I. H. hadi "ashes" Gwd. dora "dirt" Dr. dua "ashes" bubut "dirt" KK
bubau "dirt" RF pwer "Dunkelheit, Schmutz" 2. Bok. puta "dirt" Gan. pata
"dirt" Bur.gp. *d-y- "dirt" HN waiwae "dirt" Mf. luwe "dirt" Maf.
dara "d." 3. Bid., Mkl. ortokol "boue" 4. Kmb. tabaro "ashes" Or., HEC
tur- "be dirty"
daugi ant bear, aardvaark also dabgi, dabugi cf. dagi "digging tool" Dhl.
n6age Bor. doke-
daula power "p., wealth, empire, rule" < Ar. dawla cf. dole
daura da next to also dabra da, dab da ? < dab, daf (ideo.) "very close"
daure endure also jure see jima cf. Ful. dur- "last" H. dauri q.v.
dauri formerly cf. daure, da wuri (see wuri)
I. NBT dauriye "early" 4. Or. dur, durl "old, previous, former" Bye. dor
"turn (order of succession), time" dai dor "early, in good time" 5. Eg.(Bu)
tuai(t) "dawn, early" (F) dw3(w) "v. early" 6. RSem. *dawr- "continuity,
generation" Akk. dar- "cycle, period, eternity" Amh. daro, duro "f., previ-
ously, long ago" 7. Tam.
? < Cu.
tizwuri "formerly"
dauro millet sp. also damro, darmo cf. Mnd. doro "millet sp. susceptible to
disease of same name" for *daw see dawa
I. DZ, Dw. dswro "m." 2. Log. dorio "sorghum sp." 3a. Lam. 'uru "m." 4.

Afr. daro "grain, sorghum" Brj. wor- "cereals" 6. Ar. 6ura, dura "sorghum,

m., maize"
dausayi well-watered pastureland cf. dansasa "moisten" danshi, damshi
"moisture"
dauye Parinari sp. OS *daw-h- "tree sp." Mende ndawe "Parinari spp."
dawa bush (uninhabited country) cf. Ar. dawwa "desert" Or., HEC duw-
" empty"

dawa sorghum (guinea-corn) ? < da + wa

I. Gwd. da' SB *'aw- Sey. wa 2. Mat. dawn Gis. daw Zlg. daw "millet" Mfg.

daw "s., millet" Wmd. uwatu "millet" 3. Tum. day "millet" 5. Eg.(F) ddw
"sp. of grain" 4a. Jnj. du'iyya "black millet" 4. Kmb. du'ita "sp. of cereal"
Or. da- prefixes several words for "millet, sorghum, grain" ? RCu.(E)
*dankaws- "finger millet" 3a. Mas., Ban. wana "s., millet" 8. Bgr. wa Mab.
aw "mil" 9. Tv. wua
 47

dawaya return dawayo, dawo "return here" cf. dauri, juya, tafi, waiwaya OS
*d-w-r-; *tuwur- "turn"
2. Bur. -tawara "turn" Gd. tawura "go repeatedly" Mfg. dahwrey "se toumer"
3. Turn, udwar "transformation, devenir" Mk\. dole "entourer, repeter" Dg\. dele
"repeter" 4. Sid. dawara "come back, answer" Afr. udur "r., come back"
madara (n.) odore "revolve" P.Cu.(D) *d-g-y- "return, etc." P.Cu.(E) *dur-
"turn round" P.SC *dokwar- "turn around, revolve" 6. Akk. tuar- "return"
Sem. d-w-r "go around" 7. Siw. dul, duwal "revenir" 9. Poular tar- "entourer"
dawwama endure, last < Ar. ? dawama "persevere"
diddige heel (pi. dugadugai) also dunduniya

I.Gwd. kudidigye Tgl. tindor) (+ yo "foot") 2. Maf. dodukw "rounded

extremity of a member" dodukw ray "elbow" dodukw sak "h." Mfg.
madakw salay "h., end of foot" {also madadakw "end, extremity" Mdr.
adgedga Gv. degdega (pi.) Mbo. dakadak 3. Kr. gidir)gidir)gad9 (pi.) Dgl.
dudu Bid. dudur 8. Kan. gudugudu "heel" gadi "bottom, base" Dz.
godogodo
diddire dysentery
3. Sok. diridiri Lei. digrir) Bid., Mkl. ir- "avoir la diarrhee" Dgl. ere "avoir
la diarrhee" 4. Sid. de'a "defecate"
diga pick, pickaxe ? < Eng. digger cf. Lei. diga "pioche" 2. Mdr. dega "hache"
digiri degree < Eng.
dila jackal cf. Cha.(E, W, C) *d-r/l- "hyena, leopard" ? < "dog of bush" w/Y/7

localization in second word cf. H. karamiki "jackal" Gwd. kare bikyiya "j.,

dog of bush"
for *d-r/l- "bush, wilderness"
I. Sur. tiler) "bush" ? Tgl., Pr. t-1- "far" 2. Gab. talaya "bush" Zlg. dala

"forest" Mdr.gp. *t-7-l "bush, forest" FG turjgwulu "outside" Mfg. darl-

"endroit inculte, desert" 3. Kr. dol "endroit aride, desert" 3a. ? Lam. 'idi "foret-

galerie" 4. Abo. del "forest" Bye., Sid. dal- "bush, thicket" Afr. del- "isolate"

Or. dirre "plain" P.SC *dyar- "plains" Kmb. etero, etaro "outside" 6. Amh.
dirre "hill" dur "woods, forest" 8. Kan. dali "open space" (Lukas); dili

"brousse" (Le Coeur) dari "bush" (Benton) Dz. dili, dull "brousse" Bgr. nduru,
dzuru "forest"
for "jackal"
I. RS fatandyel "jackal" (P.Cha. *patu "cat") BN *dala KK dila Bol. dilla 2.

Bud. dala 8. Kan. dala "j." Knz. jeleg "Wolf Schakal" 2. Hrz. kardala "j."
(P.Cha. *k-r- "dog") Pad. yindala "hyena" (W, C. Cha. yin/yir "dog") 3.
48

yedala "j." Brj. gedala "j."

Dgl. dyorol "j." (yer "bush") Sok. tarlo "j." 4- Sid.

Bor. gedala "j." (REC *yeyy- "wild dog" Sml. dulmadow "j., fox" (madow
"be empty" cf. Mhr. ye^ayl "fox" (other Sem. ^-4 "fox")
H. dawa) 6. 7. ?

Tur. adal, ahedal "wild cat" 9. Gby. dila "lion" bdo dila "vieux male du lion"

dillali salesman, middleman < Ar. dallal "broker, auctioneer" cf. Tur. dallal
"offer for sale" Kan. dilal "trade, brokerage" Amh. dallala "cajole, flatter,
entice"
dina dinner party < Eng. dinner cf. W.African Pidgin dina "feast, celebration"

dinga keep on (doing) cf. dana "grasp" (ria "hold" has the same connotation
as dinga) Sid. diqa "spend much time in something"
dinya, dumya goose
I. dam 8. ? Np.
Bol. dinci
di'o district officer < Eng. D.O.
dira jump down "j. down, fly down" cf. tsall- "jump" Cha.(W,E.) *dur-
"jump" OS *di'ay- "fly (vb.)" *der- "bird" 4. P.HEC *dirr- "descend, go
down" 7. Tur. andar "sauter de sa place"
direba driver < Eng. cf duroba .

dirtsa press down ? < dir + S see dira

OS *diraTS- "press, beat" 3. Mkl. dirse "(s')appuyer" Bid. dirady "presser sur
quelque chose" 7. Tur. adar, adsd "presser tres fortement ... de haut en has"
aderih, idrah "empreinte de pied" 2. Pad. dice, kudice "presser" 6. Ar. d-r-s

"be effaced (footprints)" 4. P.HEC *dirr + is "unload" Sml. dis "press,

squeeze, push hard" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tegas "tread in the footsteps of another"
disfensa dispensary attendant < Eng. dispenser
dodo ogre "o., monster, evil spirit, masked dancer" cf. juju
3. Dgl. duldule "female spirit inhabiting certain trees"
dogara lean on, rely on cf. dangi, tokara H. dogari "emir's bodyguard, secur-
ity" cf. Kan. dogoli "policeman" ? < H.
3. Dgl. der)le "s'appuyer contre quelque chose dans le dos" 4. Or. deggera "sup-
port, shore up" Kmb. dikka'- "lean on" dikk + is- "support"
dogo long, tall

8. Tub., Dz. dogo "loin" i. RF ndak "weit" RB, RD ndok "genug" NBD na
daku NBJ nana jiga "long" 2. Bat. nduko "grand" Maf. dzak "long,
"tall"
full" jike'e "long and narrow" Pad. dagwa "costaud" 3. Bid. dok "loin" dokki

"loin, haut" 4. RCu. *d-g(g)- "height" Sid. dogga "big, tall" 9. Gby. duka

"profond"
 49

doki horse dawaki cf. godiya, duushi cf. jaki

pi.

OS *dam-, *dawak- "equid" i. Gwd. dokyi, daci, digyi KK, Dr. dok- Ngm.
do NB *d-wk- NBS dukulo muci "mare" (muci "woman") Brm. dok Ngz.
duka Bed. duwun Bol., Bauchi BT, Tgl., Pr. *d-ws- 2. Ter. dox "stallion"
Hin. ndok "poney" Bac. duwe "h." dut "mare" FJ, FB juxw- Gd. tahwa 3.
Dgl. dewki "antilope-cheval (roan antelope)" Bid. "antilope-cheval" awaw
Kr. daga "mare" i. Ang. da "h." dawlyer) "pony" (yem "child") 3a. Lam.,

Pv., Msm. nda'- 9. Sewe do Birom -dwa Gby., Mbum nday "bull" 8. Knz.

tr ''Kuh, Rind" 4. Bye. hatay 5. Eg.(Bu) heta, heter Cop. hto 6. ? ES 'adg

"donkey"
dole perforce Ful. dole "power" Sng. dole "forcer, contraindre" Kan. dole "force"
also Ngz., Kr. etc. all < Ar. dawla "government, state" see also daula
domin, don because Gwd. dum, dumu
dorina hippopotamus ? < *d-w- "horse" {see doki) + ? "river" as Ar. faras al
bahr
I. Gwd.(Gitata) doya ? < daw + yam 2. Mfg. gari yam "bull of water" 3.
Tum. garam 3a. Mas. nina "water, river" 5. Eg.(Bu)nem "lake" 6. Ar. nil
"Nile, Indus"
for nil > lin > rin cf. rini "dyeing"
doro hump cf. duka, tozo
4. P.HEC *dallo Brj. dollo 8. Kan. dogoro "h. of animal" 2. Bud. dogoro
"h." Maf. bodogwa "h. of zebu"
doya yam "Dioscorea spp." cf. dankali, dawa
I. Gwd. duwa, duwo i, 2, 3. W.Cha., Pdl. W.Mg., Smr. *d-wya "cassava,

yam, small potato" 3. Kr. adaw "tuber" 3a. Mas. daw "tuber" Ban. dawra
"y." Mus. daw + "cassava, y., potato" Lam. dau "y." 8. Sng. dauri "Ipornea

reptans" 9. Fante edwiw "yam" Basaal dunore "yam"

duba, diba look at, look for also "draw omens, tell fortunes" madubi "glass,
mirror"
I.Gwd. dumba "1. at, 1. for" Bol. diwu- "look at" NBT duw- "see" NBM,
NBK, NBT *dom- "look for" 2. Gdu. dua "see" Muy. daba "1. for" Mol. dab
"1. for" Mfg. aambar "examiner avec attention" Maf. ep- "epier, guetter,

surprendre" Mba. du "regarder, voir" 3. Dgl. aipe "surveiller" Lei. dob "cher-

cher" 4. P.SC *dab- "look" Bye. dibi "guard, watch, keep safe" Or. dow'add'-
"look at" 6. Sem. t-bb- "be wise, skilled in magic" Amh. tabaqa "look after,

watch" 7. ? Tur. dubat "be able, capable"

50

dubu thousand common in Cha. either < H. or Kan. davu

OS *tab- "tribe" 8. Bgr. dubu "th." ? dibbu "two hundred" Ted., Dz. dubu
Sara gp. dub- i. NB *d9 "lo" 4. Afr. taban "10" Abo., Or. dibba "hundred"
P.HEC *tibbe "hundred" Had., Kmb. (EDG) taBa "tribe" Bye. diwa, dawa
"tribe, family, people" 5. Cop. tba "10,000, myriad" Eg.(Bu) tcheba "10,000,
thousands, hundreds, tens" (F) dbS tb^ "10,000" 6. Gur. tab "tribe, clan"
Hars. tayf- "tribe" 7. Tur. attabu "groupe d'hommes"
dubura anus < Ar. dubur OS *di(m)bur- "back"
duhu darkness also dufu *d- + hw-( ) duhuwa "forest, thicket" cf. duna
I. RB fwo' "night" RS mafo' "night" RF pwer "darkness" NBB, NBK d-v-N

"d." Brm., Gj., Bui. *duwun- "black, d." Ngz. aduwan "late afternoon" 2.
FB uwur "evening" Gd. kuduwan "evening" Msg. dufo "night" Gd.
davsda, vadavada "at night" 3. Bar. dafeji "night" Mkl. diwlar) "noirdtre"
3a. Mas.gp. *Dufun- "d., night" 4. RCu. *(7)-w-d- "late evening" REG

*hawen "night" RSC *x'^ed- "evening" Bye. hawad "Nacht, spate Abend"
Kmb., Sid. *hawar "evening" 5. Eg.(F) wh "night" wht "d." 6. Heb., S.Ar.
(-)h-w-r "black" Ar. sawwad (? < s + w-d) "blacken" 7. Tur. ehod "nuit"
Ghd. ived "night" 9. Ful. hurma "be very black" 8. Knz. tiir "Abend, Nacht"
Berta habula "night" Kan. bune "night"
duji owl ? < d + w-z- also mujiya q.v.
8. Kan. duji "nickname of the owl" ? < H. i. Ngz. duzi Kof. dayi, vet 9. E.

Ful. duji + re "large eagle- owl" 2. Log. dulu 8. Bgr. dulu 7. Tam. twuyt
duk(a), aukaci all also dukkani
I. Gwd. dudu(k) Cp., Ang. dukduk Pr. dwe Dr. day NBD dukum Bui. dok

Bed. dakka 2. W.Mg. dugum Klb. duhu Maf. akakka'a "numerous" Zgv.,
Gv. D-7-n 3. Dgl. titok 3a. Lam. dukuku "en grand nombre" 4. Sid. tuqa,
ducc- Rnd. daxan
duka, doka beat, strike cf. daka, tika ? < dzu + k- RW.Cha. *duk^- "kill" R
Cha.(N) *d- "kill" OS *dak-/*duk-, *dog-, *tuk- "beat" *tug- "strike"
I. Dw., Pic. dzuw "beat, kill" NBP juwa "pound" (da "beat, kill" ta "beat
(drum)") 2. Bur. tsa "beat" tsi "kill" FG duwuti "beat" FM, FB, Gd. dig-
"beat" Mfg. dakw-, dagw- "taper amicalement" Pad. daga "taper, battre" taha
"battre" 3. Mub., Bid. *d-(y) "kill" Bid. dok- "battre, frapper" 8.
Dgl., Sok.,
Knz. dl "sterben" di kir "tot machen, toten" 9. Gby., Mbum duk "mortier" 5.
Eg.(Bu) ta "beat, break, smash" (F) d(w) "strike (blow)" 6. RSem. *dwuk-
"crush, pound" 4. RSC *tu^- "pound (grain)" 7. Tur. addu "piler" Siw.
doq(q), duq "frapper"
 51

dukanci leather work < duka because of the beating done to soften the leather
?

dukiya wealth ? cf. NBP tangir "wealth" NBK tangar "domestic

< doki "horse"
animal" Bac. segurto "domestic animal, ? wealth" Eng. chattel/cattle
dukuma potato cf. H. kudaku Np. duku Yor. odokun Kof. daku
dua bend cf. durusa "kneel", tanwasa "bend" Sid. dugununa "bow, bend"
dui eagle "Aquila wahlbergi"
1. 9. Mnd. duga
Ang. dugasi "vulture" "e., vulture" i. Ngz. disaw "vulture"
Muk. madagwala "hawk"
2. ?

dukushi colt cf. doki ? < d-wk + us

for -s- diminutive see under kare
I. Gwd. dukushi Krf. dukkusirji "horses" 8. Kan, Bgr. kusta Knz. dahas
"Esels fallen"
duma gourd (various spp.) OS *dimb-, *diim- "gourd, vessel" Cha.(E, C) *t--,
*t-mb- "calabash"
I. Ang. tam, damok Krf. dimbi 2. Ter. daa Pdl. dirbi 8. Kan. damba "large
g." 9. Ful. tumbu-, tumu- "calabash" CB *-cupa "calabash" 4. P.Cu. *c-pp-
"g." Bil. dubba "Cucurbita maxima" Bor. dibbe- "container for milk, drum"
5. Eg.(Bu) tebu "vessels for beer or wine" 6. Amh. dubba "pumpkin,
squash" Shuwa Ar. dumbaya "calabash" Soc. dibbeh "g." ? Gur. tarmus
"waterbottle"
duma (vb.) insert OS *dum- "split, pierce"
dumba glass bracelet OS *dumb- "ring"
dumiya snake "eel, water sn." OS *dum- "worm, snake"
I. KK 'adumaw "sn." Krf. duma "sn." 2. Gd. damburam "coiled (sn.)" Dab.

0) -m-1 "snake" 4. Brj. duma "roundworm" Sid. dum'ulo "worm" 3. Bid.

dopolko "ver de terre" Lei. ndubu, tondubo "python spp." Dgl. dolo "sp. of
large, non-venemous sn." 6. Gz. taman "sn., dragon" {other Sem. t-nn~)
duna black ? < duhuna see duhu
I. NBP nduna "darkness" BT *dir), jur) "b., (dirty)" SB *duwun- "b., dark" 2.

Gd. dadanwu "b., dark blue" takuna "darkness" Pad. daqwa "dark"
dundufa drum (long and narrow, standing on ground) ? < Mnd. dundu ba
"bass dr." dundu fo "beat drum" cf. Np. dundufa Yor. dundun "type of
drum" Sng. dondon "little drum" Limba, Landoma dundu Ful. dundu + ru
Dgl. unukuny "dr. held by knees"
dungu stump "st. of maimed arm" also dungurmi, dungulmi, gundu cf.

ingishi, guntu
3. Dgl. dur)guro "tronc (sur pied)" dur)gum "fondement" Mkl. duqkilnye
52

"moignon" i. Bed. duqgw- "leprosy" KK tugum "tree st." 2. Kot. dungu "lep-
er" Msg. duggum "lahm" Bud. digim "lahm" Mfg. dagwal- "court" darqgwa^-
"st. of tree" Maf. gwondangwal "st. of tree" 8. Kan. duggu "become lame"
9. Np. dukun "lameness" 8. E.Sng. dungura "be short" 6. ES dank- "be
short; dwarf" 4. Sid. dinke "dwarf" Afr. e^enga "deformity" 5. Eg.(Bu) tirga
"dwarf"
duniya world < Ar. dunya
duri vagina buduri "girl's first husband"
I. Gwd. (not N.) duri Tgl. tuli KK tsele 2. Zgv. ndule Gd. unts- "penis, have
sexual intercourse" Tum. jaw "v." Mkl. dur)se, diise 3a. Mas., Ban. d-yl-
3.

4. P.SC dur "intestines" Or. doddo "vagina (small)" Sml. sTl "v." Kmb., Sid.
cil- 5. Eg. d3 "copulate"
durkusa kneel cf. duka, tankwasa
3. Dgl. derse
duro I. drum (for kerosene, etc.) < Eng. cf. Kri. drom
2. draw (drawn game) < Eng.
duroba prison warder < H. ganduroba "p. warder" ? < Eng. [gang] driver
durumi fig "Ficus polita" cf. *lub/m- "shady, overcast (true of ficus spp. in H.
villages)"
I. NB *d-l-m, *g-l-m 2. Gd. kurambana "H. durumi" Gis. 'urof "fig tree" 3a.
Lam. turum "R sp." 8. Kan. tarmu "F. sp." 6. ? Akk. nurmu, lurmu "pom-
egranate" 5. Eg.(F) d(3)b "fig tree" d3bw "figs" 4. Bye. minda'ro "f. vasta"
Sml. darai "large fig tree" Xmt. diruna "sycamore" Bil. darguna "F. sp." 6.

ES da^ro "sycamore"
durwa i. loincloth "tucking the ends of a I.e. into its waistband after drawing
it between the legs (done by marriageable girls)" cf. H. budurwa Or. durba
"young girl" 5. Eg.(F) d3iw "loincloth"
2. quail OS *dur-, *der- "bird sp." cf. dira
dusa bran "b., metal filings" cf. Dgl. dosiya "dregs (of millet beer)"
duskure blunt (vb.) daskare "thicken" cf. dakusa
dutse, diici rock "r., stone, mountain" cf. tsakuwa "gravel"
I.Gwd. dunci Sur. dusu "hoher Vulkanhiigel" 2. Mfg. das, adas "caillou de di-
vination" 3. Tum. daay "pierre, rocher, colline" 5. Eg.(Bu) tes "kind of stone,
flint" (F) ds "flint"
a child "ch., son, fruit, freeborn, noble, a little" pi. 'ya'ya, iya f. 'ya, iya ?

< *-y-l (for the semantics cf. Latin ITber "free" ITberl "children" Knz. id
"Mann" idi "Leute" idin tod "ein Freier" (tod "Sohn, Junge")) cf. kadan "little"

iri "seed"
OS tal- "give birth, young animal" *da'- "child, man, chief" i. Gwd.(N) riya
"son, daughter" Ang. diyem "son" Sur. iyem "son, daughter" Bol. dole
"small" Krf. badele "small" Gra. yeli "small" NBK, W *diyu- "boy" Ngz. diyi
"offspring" 2. Hwn. wan diya "son, boy" (P.Cha. *wun "child") Mg. bzir da
"son" (C.Cha. *z-r- "child") Maf. biy dalay "jeune fille en age de se marier"
(b-y "grand, chef") dala hay "fille, jeune fille, petite" 3. Turn, daw "fruit" dayar
"jeune fille" Kr. tar- "girl, daughter" Lei. tere "fille" Mkl. (t)e'e "accoucher" 3a.
Lam. nde pi. dire "petit" 4. P.HEC *il "give birth, beget" P.Cu. *t-y-l- "be-
get, give birth to" Or. dala "boy, give birth" daya "give birth" 6. Gur. ca'l-,

cul- caql- "baby" Gz. hatan "infant, young child, page" Syriac, Heb., Ug.
y-l-d "progenie, partorire" Ar. ^ayyil "dependent family" 7. Tur. iyell "daugh-
ter" 5. Eg.(F) iri "beget (human beings)"
da'a good manners < Ar. ta^a "obedience"
ab'i printing < Ar. tab^

dabl'a habit "h., character, trait, custom" < Ar. tabl^a

daci, dwaci bitterness cf. danye, tsami ? < *dwal + t- cf. H. madaci "mahog-
any tree" madaciya, datanniya "gall-bladder" data, wata "Solanum sp."
I. Gwd.(N) ruwashi Plateau Cha. *d-yt Ngm dadatu Bol. duttuk SB das- 2.

C.Cha. *d-l-k Mfg. dadalak, dutatak Ter. 'jot Cb. duwatu Gd. madota
"gall-bladder" 3. Dgl. dyutu 3a. Lam. dileoleo "vert" 4. P.SC *tal- "bitter-
ness" ? *del- "immature" P.Cu. *(h) -t(t)- "bitter, sour" 5. Eg.(Bu) m'ti "bit-
terness" tehera + t "bitter (in mind)" (F) dhr "bitter" 6. S.Sem. t-y-f "bitter-
ness, aloes" ES t-l/n- "hate, dislike" 7. Tur. dalat "be green"
aori Cissus sp. "desirable ornamental vine" (Dalziel)
4. Bil. tor'^a 6. Amh. tar'^o "plante grimpante"
54

afa- stick to, cling cf. dafa, tufa afa, amfara "cause to adhere" damfara
"compress, collect, plaster, daub" ? Cha.(W, E, C) *ap-( ) "follow, close"
P.Cu.(E) *ta'b- "stuff, cram" OS *da'ap, *dab- *taba^- "follow"
4. Or. doba "plaster, smear" Brj. dabb- "plaster" Bye. d'(a) "patch, plaster
(mud wall, garment, wound etc.)" Abo. teb "spoor, follow" 6. Gur. tabba'a
"be firm, be tight" tatabba'a "stick together" ? Gz. tab^a "be steadfast, be
persevering" Ar. tb^ "imprint, impress" ? tab^ "follow" 7. Tur. adfar "mettre
un tapis sur" adab "fermer"
aga lift ? < -g-r- cf. igirgire "raising load off head, balancing load without
holding" auka "carry" ora "put on top" Cha. (W, E.) *-g-r- "carry (on
head)"
9. Gby. dak "enlever" ekeri "porter une charge sur la tete sans la tenir des

mains" NBP ugusu "stack (vb.)" Gwd. dega, tega "stand up" Kof. egen
i.

"pick out" 2. Mba. ige "se tenir debout" Gd. agana "carry load on head
without holding with hands" 3. Bid. dag "puiser de Veau" 3a. Lam. ijier
"porter en equilibre sur la tete", ijier wa "marcher la tete haute" (wa "head")
4. P.SC *da(a)- "keep lifted up" Brj. dink'- "pick up" Bil. adag "wegnehmen"
5. Eg.(Bu) takr (tikr) "set away, carry off (?)" 6. Amh. adgat "raising"
addaga "grow up" 7. Tur. etkel "porter, enlever"
aki hut, room aka locative cf. jinka P.W.Cha. *-k- "hut, roof, build" *ik-
"build, dig"
OS *da'- "place, house" *di- "build" KK ako Dr. ahi i. Gwd. rakyi
"build" Tgl. nduk + am BN *a- "town" Bed.
"rain shelter" RS a- "Ort"
agayitan "towns" 2. Pad. daka "dans la maison" Muk. kuik Msg. dugwa
"HUtte aus Matten oderRohr" 3. Sok. da "house" Mgm., Bid. *ako "dedans"
3a. Lam. za "case (ronde, en torchis et toit de paille)" 9. Poular dan + ki "abri,
verandah" 4. Bye. dim up house, new house with furniture" Brn. da
"set
"place" Alg., Irk. di "place(s)" 4a. Bnc. dad "place" 5. Eg.(Bu) ta + t, tai +
"room, chamber" tche + t "place, abode, house" at "house, abode" 8.
t

Knz. uda "Zimmer" 6. Gz. daxs "cottage" 7. Tur. edagg "endroit, place"
alangashi bat < ? ( ) + gashi "hair" cf. ? H. dare "jump quickly on to" Bol.
yawi gasilwa "bat" Soc. gelemenoh "bat" (lit. "entangler", because of it gets
caught in the hair)
alibi student < Ar. talib
damara belt "b,, act of tying" aur-, amr-, arm- "tie" ame, "tighten" dami

"bundle of corn" cf. dinka "sew" P.W.Cha. *-dum- "gather"

I. Gwd. dembira "tie" 4. Bil. debla "Gurtel" cammar "verbinden" Or. timbira
 55

"weave (basket)" Bye. dibib "wrap" Sid. dur- "bind fast" 5. Eg.(Bu) thami
"bind, wind around etc." tema "bind, tie together" (F) dms "bind togetiier"
dmi "be joined" 6. Ar. damma "unite, join" Gz. damada "yoke (vb.)" 7.
Tur. azm-(m) "squeeze, tighten"
ana adjust "a., set, improve, fix (arrow to bowstring), cock (gun)" Cha.(W, E)
*-n- "good"
I. NBP dan "bend (bow)" Ngz. danmu, dalmu "repair" 2. Gd. ndandar]

"well, healthy" 4. E.Cu. *dan- "good, healthy" Bye. da(i) "good, be good"
daib (adv.) dainai "goodness" 5. Eg.(Bu) tun "string a bow" 6. Ar. t-y-b
"good" Gur. taya "of good quality" 7. ? Tur. adan "conserver"
dan a borrow
3. Bid., Dgl. dana "dette" ? 6. Ar. dana "lend, borrow" dayn "debt, loan"
anana taste (vb.) cf. dadi OS ta^am- "taste, eat"

I. Gwd. dendena, tamina Ank. tiyam "taste" Bol. anuno' "taste" ano'
"touch" Gra. andil- 2. Gan. emem "sweet" Hwn. iem "sweet" Hrz.
tatam- "touch, taste" Maf. dedin- "prendre un petit peu, gouter" F, Hg. dam-
"taste" Mwl. uca'an dam, dam Bud. tam 3. Mgm. dandimo
"taste" Log.
"tdter" 4. Or. damdama "taste lightly" cami (n.) Sid. da'dama "piece of
meat given to the chief" Bil. tamtam "sehr gefallen finden" RCu. *(t)-^-m-
"taste" P.Sam. *daddami "taste" Bye d'am "taste" tami "schmackhaft" tam
"kosten" Rnd. camcam 5. Eg.(Bu) tema, teken "touch, approach" thehon
"touch" (F) dmi "touch" 6. P.Sem. *t-^-m "taste (intr.)"
dango grasshopper, locust "newly hatched 1., g.-hopper"
I. Gerka dor) Tgl. adoko "1." NBD daku "jump (n.)" RF der) "springen" 4. Bil.

dangwabe "kleine Heuschreckensorte" 6. Amh. dagobe "wingless 1." ? < Bil.

3. Dgl. derirjel "sauterelle sp." Lei. danji "sorte de grillon"

dangwama hoe (short-handled) cf. cangami
3. Jg. dokumo "grof^e Hacke" 3a. Mas. dukum "hoe"
dankadafi crab louse ? < dafa "cling" q.v. cf. P.Rft. *xidif "small tick" Mas.
terjkedefna '? pou"
anye unripe "u., raw, fresh" cf. daci, ganye
I. Kof. tagyim "green" Gra. dadyeni "bitterness" Pr. den "bitterness" NBK

ndindina "unripe" 2. Gd. nidinida "green" Log. ndan "be fresh, green,
damp" dindan "fresh, green, damp" ? Mfg. darnanah "amer, aigre" 3. Lei.
dany- "be bitter" Bid. meder) "cru, pas Men cuit" 4. Sml. ^edin P.SC *del-
"immature" Or. dedi "raw" 6. Sem. t-r-y "raw, fresh" 7. Tur. adar "moist-
en" dalat "be green"
56

ara exceed slightly < Cha.(E, W, C) *-l- "go, pass by" cf. daa, zara
?

I. Ang. del "surpass, cross" 2. Mfg. -dal- "depasser" 3. Lei. del "depasser" Bid.

del "croitre, devenir adulte" 4. P.EC *djal- "exceed" P.Cu.(E) *dar- "add" P.SC
*Dir- "surpass, pass by"
dari hundred "h., halfpenny" (old currency < "100 cowries") cf. aru-aru
I. BoL, Ngm. *d9lm-k NBW, NBK dal- Ngz. danamak 2. Mdr.gp. *d-r(-)m-k-

8. Bgr. drimka Ted., Dz. kidri 3a. Lam. sak + dao "1000" (? sak < Fr. sac cf.

H. jaka "bag, 100 shillings") 4. Irk. tsiru 4a. Jnj. tiya

for *m-k- cf. Kan. megu "10" P.Sem. *m-'- "100"
dari cold (due to wind) cf. hadari "storm", hunturu "harmattan", jaura"frost"
I. BT *dw-l- "cold" Ngm. edo "cold" Gra. ndey "harmattan, cold" SB *it9r
"wind, cold" NBJ, NBS turi "wind, harmattan" 2. Mwl. te'ersr) Pad. mataia
"froid (n.)" W.Mg. ndala "cold" Mof., Mol. '-tei- "cold" 3a. Lam. dari

"wind" ndor "rainy season" 4. P.Cu. *d-^- "wind, c." P.EC *da' "rain, over-
flow" Brj. turi "fog" Gdo. tura "dust which is blown by the wind" Bye.
darak "Regenzeit" Sml. durai "cold (disease)" Or., Sid., Der. *Dallo "cold,
wind" Bon. (Kill) adoresa "wind" 8. Knz. turug "Wind, Luft" 5. Eg.(Bu) tu(a),
tat "wind, air, breath" (F) t3w "wind" 6. P.Sem. matar "rain" Our. amadar
"c, c. weather" 3. Tum. da 7. P.Ber. *adu "wind" i. Gal. rna "wind" 2.
Gd. 'ira 4. P.Cu.(E) *4r- "rain" 4a. Jnj. iro "rain" 8. Knz. od "Kdlte" 3.
Dgl., Bid. *'ol-
aska grasshopper, locust also asku, askalaye
I. Cp. sikal NBD atsagada 3. Dgl. serkety 4. Or. siqo "1. sp." 5. Eg. snhm
"1." 6. Hrr. siqo 7. Tur. wa izzegen "grillon"
data Solanum incanum < "bitter" see daci cf. Gwd. ngonta raci "H. gauta (=
data)"
dau, dauka carry (on head), take, pick up cf. daga "lift" dauke "wean, dry
up" daukaka "exalt, honor, promote"
I. Gwd. (Gitata) raxa "take" Gwd.(N) ra'a "take" Tgl. doke "take care of"
NBP duma "take, carry (load)" Pr. diko "fetch" ? RB, RD d-w "aufsteigen" ?
Dw. dzox "mount" 2. Mg. du "move to another place" Bur. duwa "change
residence" Gd. dawu "move (residence)" Dab. da "fetch (water)" Maf. dawar
"enlever (un morceau pourri)" dawak "coussinette de tete" < "lifter" (cf. H.
matashin kai) Log. da, di, du "hringen" Bud. re, ri "hinbringen, hinschaffen,
wegtragen" 3. Dgl. dokinye "puiser" Kr. dum "enlever" 4. P.Cu.(E) *tox'=-
"pick up" Brj. dink'- "pick up" Or. to'a "draw (water from well)" P.HEC *to'
"dry up" Sid. to' "be weaned, run out (water in a well)" duqq- "carry on
 57

shoulders" Bil. dau + s "aufrichten" 5. Eg.(Bu) tua "bear, carry, support" 6.

Sem. t-w-r, s-w-r "carry" 7. Tur. endu "transporter rapidement" 9. P.WN

*thu- "c. on head" Gby. u "puiser"
aur- tie < damr- see amara
ori "bone-setting" Sid. dur- "bind fast"
cf.

aya one aiaita "scatter, disperse one by one" diga "pour out by drops"
cf.

kaai "alone" kiaya "count" cf. tak

I. Gwd. da Ang. dani Kof. dat "alone, only" RD aggat Tgl. do- "one, alone,

solitary, single" Pr. ite "pick out o. by o." NB *w-ti KK wai 2. Ter. da
Mba
Hid. tayu "un" ow e
"seulement" Pad. diya, tar) a "un" tagwa "compter"
Gd. dyar) "alone" tyana, tona "one" Log. S97dia (sigo "knuckle") 8. Knz.
detti "einzeln abpfliicken" 3. Mkl. ey
"seulement" 3a. *aw- Lam. ut "arra-
cher un a un" Ban. tiyaw Mas. e "seulement" dow "un seul" 4. Bye. di, da'i
"alone" Brj. de + kki/tti (m./f.) P.SC *tac "finger" P.Cu.(E) *tigah- "fingers"
4a. Mrs., Trm. done 5. Eg.(Bu) te + t "hand" teni, thenu "count, reckon"
6. S.Ar. *t-y Amh. tat "finger" Gur. matt(i) "alone, separately" ca "only"
7. Tur. -ddan "etre compte".
for w- inNB, KK (cf. Sem. w-h-d) see wani, wata
diba, eba take out (from others, from a mass) cf. zaa
OS *dib- "take" dape "pick from ground (e.g. chicken with beak)"
i. Tgl.
Dr. ebe "dip out" (? < H.) ibare "buy" Gj. doi "seize" NB *damb- "carry"
RB dif "buy" 2. Mg. dam "pick" Klb. embiya "pick out, choose" Mfg.
-deb- "arracher (arachides)" Hg. *tsiv/*tsuv "hold" 3. Lei. dib "remuer" Bid.
tep "deterrer" Dgl. tyepe "arracher quelque chose d'enfonce" 3a. Lam. tsobo
"buy" 4. P.EC *djUb- "dip in" P.SC *tub- "extract" 6. Gur. tabata "seize,
grasp, *take a handful and close the hand" Ar. dabat "hold fast" Gz. dabata
"take hold of, lay hands on" Akk. sabatu "seize" etc. 7. ? P.Ber. *ddf
"catch"
diga pour out (by drops) digo "drop, drip, dot, point" cf. H. daya "one"
3. Lei. dol "couler goutte d goutte" Bid. dordor "s'infiltrer" 4. Bye. takw "let
fall drops" Kmb. takki- (n.) Brj. tokk- "leak" Bil. tibb "tropfenweise fallen"
Sid. tu"e "drop of water" 6. Gur. tak(k) (n.) 7. Tur. setekket, etteb "laisser
tomber goutte a goutte"
dima, duma beat "thrash, hit, strike" also dama, tlma cf. duka, taa H. dim
(ideo.) "sound of beating"
i.P.W.Cha. *d-H-m "beat, destroy" 2. Mg. nduu Njn. ndie Mfg. dam- "ta-
per, fouler" Gd. tsama "pound" 3. Dgl. dime "casser (un recipient)" Bid. dim-

"briser" 4. Bil. ta^amb "schlagen" P.EC *daw- "hit, strike" Bye. ta', ta', tb'
58

"beat" tiw "bang, click, pop, crack" 5. Eg.(Bu) tema "strike (lyre, harp)" 6.

ES tabtaba "flagellate" Soc. 'etab "frapper, battre" 7. Tur. tabtab "taper a

main ouverte"
coups repetes" tubbet "taper avec la

imama warm up umi "warmth" cf. dafa, dambu, toya

I. Gwd. dimi Tgl. dombe Ngz. dam- "heat up" 2. Ter. ama Maf. uf-
"chauffer (de I'eau)" 3. Lei. umasa "soufflet de forgeron" 4. REG *dub-
"bake" 6. Ethiopian Sem. *t-b-s- "roast, bake, fry" 8. CB *-damb- "cook,
boil" 7. Siw. tab "boil"
imi sound of voice OS *dim- "voice"
ingisa limp (vb.) cf. dungu
1. H. ingirisa (n.) Bol. engiu- BN *d9gad- "lameness" 8. Kan. tarjgaras-
2. Bud. degimde (n.) 3. Dgl. odyik- "hotter temporairement" tyekie "boiteux"

4. P.HEC *din- Sml. dukis- (+ ki) (n.) (duti "go lame, 1.") Bil. tankay (n.)

inka sew Cha.(E, W, C) *d-m-(k) "sew" cf. amara "tying" cf. tufka "plait"
OS *tana'-, tlim- "sew"
I. NB *ikan "tie" 2. Pad. aha 4. P.Cu. *t-(')w- "make thread, material for
clothes, etc." 5. Eg.(Bu) tenh "bind, tie, fetter" 6. Sem. t-w-y "twist, fold,
? spin" 7. Ber. zmi Ghd. ezmak
inya Vitex sp.
I. NB *din- "tree (generic)" 3. Dgl. sinya "Ficus sp. etc." 6. P.N.Sem. *tin'
+ at "fico" Ar. tlna "fig"
oki longing cf. Bye dok + i "eagerly expectant"
ora put on top of ? < + ra see au, auka aw
I. Ang zwal "put on" 3. Lei. ogl- "empiler" Dgl. zorre "surplomber"
orawa locust-bean tree {Parkia fllicoidea) (its bean flour is yellow) orawa-
orawa "yellow" cf. ayawu, kalwa, rawaya
I. Gwd.(N) ruruwa "l.-b. tree" tarawada "yellow" Tgl. twali Dr. muryo Ngz.

ruwanu 8. Kan. runo 9. Yor. iru Gb. ullo Np. elo Tv. nuno 2. Gd. umfu
ran ('umpun "flour" ranran "yellow") 3. Tum. darar) "yellow" 3a. Ban.
doliya "yellow"
oyi stink (n.) cf. ji "smell, feel"
I. dawu, dawi "feces" Gwd.(N) rywer) RD mandoh "Duft, Geruch" RS
Tgl.
dway zoh "urinieren" dway pyar) "Excremente ausscheiden" Bol. aw- (vb.)
ur)i (n.) NBM aha NBJ da'a NBS ta'a NBT 'cawa- (vb.) 2. Log. davi
"schlechter Geruch" MM *tah- "expel (feces, urine)" 3. Dgl. e "stink" Bid.
eyew (pi.) "pi/er" 5. Eg.(Bu) tu (tchu) "stinking" tuaut "scented oil or po-
made" 4. As. di' "stink" Sid. de'o "human excrement" Bye. dimi "stink"
 59

Abo. 'ar daw "smell (intr.)" Afr. danay- "bad smell from feces or urine" 6.

Soc. zrn "sender mauvais" ]ib. dehen "have a bad smell" Gur. caya Gz. se'a
"smell bad" Heb. se'a "excrement" 7. Tur., Ghd. adu "odeur, vent" Tur. eder
"excrement (d'homme)"
dura pour (through narrow opening) cf. Cha.(E, W, C) *-r-s/g "pour" P.W.
Cha. *d-r- "pour, river" OS *dur- "flow"
uwawu buttocks sg. duwai cf. Cha.(E, W, C) *ugw- "sit" P.W.Cha. *d-g'^-
"sit" *d(a)w/y "sit, put" cf. H. tsuguna

I. Gr. diwi 2. Gan. ukwe- FJ ubaku Hg. *Z-bw- Dab. duwun "dos" 4. Afr.

da^oy- "buttock muscle" Bye. duk "crupper" P.SC *dzink- "buttocks" Ma'
-zoko "sit" 6. Gur. zangw- 7. Tur. -zuk-
edita editor < Eng.
eho see ihu
eka acre < Eng. cf. Kri. eka
el'e Local Authority < Eng. L.A.
emti empty container < Eng.
 f

fa, pa rock (large & flat) also falali, falami P.Cha.(N) *b9na "grinding stone"
Cha.(E; W, C) *p9r- "stone, mountain" RWN *-bui "stone" *-pi "stone,
rock" CB *-pidi "hill" *-pedo "stone" P.Plateau *fan "stone, mountain"
PJuk.- Mbembe *per) "stone, boulder" OS ^upel- "hill, stone"
I. Sur. kaper "Stein, Kiesel" RF balar) "mountain" 2. Gd. fara "rock, stone"
paia "large, flat, exposed rock" Mfg. palay "pierre creuse utilisee comme
cuvette" para "rocher plat" 3. Kr. parki "stone, mountain" Dgl. mariya "flat
rock" Bid. pera "roche lisse; terrasse" 9. Ningi gwam Longuda gubala 3a.
Lam. gwoi', gwei' "stone, mountain" 4. P.Cu. *'-b- "r., cliff, mountain" (E)
*g-p- "peak,prominence" P.SC *gipe "hill" *mar- "rock" REG *gub- "moun-
tain" Sml. bur- "mountain" gumbur- "rock, mound" 4a. Jnj. ama "moun-
tain" 5. Eg.(Bu) fua "stone, mountain" benu + t "kind of stone, pebbles,
flints" aba "slab of stone on which offerings are made" ama "kind of stone"

men "mountain, stony hill" 8. Berta bele "stone, mountain" 6. RSem.

*'abn "stone" Hars. 'abel "flint" Ar. gabal "mountain" balat "even ground,
paving stone" Gur. aman, amar, awan 7. Tur. ablalan "hard stone"
faci patch(ing) (flat tyre) < Eng. cf. Kri. pach

fada palace, court also faduwa bafade "courtier" fadanci "attendance at court,
sycophancy" fagaci "sitting in the audience of a king, place of audience,
official title"

8. Zar. fada 9. Mnd. fa, fanga "power" fa + dua "place of power" 6. ? Ar.

fada "court, enclosure"

fada priest (Catholic) < Eng. father cf. Kri. fada
fadama marshland ? < Mlk. fada + ma (adject, suffix)
fada I. tell, say ? < hwa- also furta "utter, mention"
OS *fa'-l- "foretell, magic word, omen" *ped- "call- "call" *wat- "call, speak"
I. Gwd. fala, para Ang., Sur. p-t "calling, shouting, conversation" BoL, Pr.,

Mh. *p-r- say, tell, word" RB fundel "Reden, Angelegenheit" ? Tgl. pondawi
"information" 2. Bur. pila Hwn. para Mfg. -papad- "parler beaucoup"

-babad- "parler, discuter" 3. Kr. wate "sagen" 4. RGu. *y-w-nt- "speak, tell"
62

(*y- "say") RSC *hod- P.Cu.(E) *war- "news, report" Had. woe- "sagen, er-

zdhlen" 4a. Jnj. fadu "prophesy" Koy. hod- 5. Eg.(Bu) petr, petra "explain,
say, declare" 6. S.Ar. hyd^ "inform" Akk wadu "inform" Ar. 'ayda^ "inform"
Gur. ewada 7. Tur. tafert "mot, quelques paroles, vers de poesie" 8. Ted., Dz.
fad-, fat- "dire"

2. fight "f., angry words, quarrel" i. and 2. seem to be connected. The

parallels between H. and Had. are remarkable. Jaw-jaw often leads to war-
war. Cf. alle
I. Gwd. biri Tgl. pule "be angry" pule "shout at, rebuke" Dr. papare
"punish, scold" NBW fatal "war" Bol. fada "war" Pr. ure "fighting" 2. Msg.
fada "schlagen, tbten" Bur. uji Mfg. vsram "war" 3. Dgl. pate "frapper" 4.

Or. fadda "rebuke" facce "fight with weapon" Had. wocam- "zanken,
streiten, kdmpfen" 8. Knz. facci "schlagen, zuchtigen etc." 5. Eg.(Bu) betsh "be
angry" 6. Gur. fancar "fight with weapons" 7. Tur. afud pi. ifaddan
"bataille"

faaka wake up (intr.) < fad- + ka cf. farka farfao "recover from uncon-
sciousness" OS *pudag-, *p-ro- "break, split, cut"
I. BN *p--k "morning" Tgl. pigde "wake, rouse" 2. Bat.gp. *p-D- "morn-

ing" Gis. puduk "wake" Maf. puoekw "se reveiller"

fai broadness ? < paid- cf. babba
I. Gwd. padi Ang. param "far" Ngz. padam "far" 2. Mg.gp. *pidim "far"

Mdr. parakke Bac. pile "widen" Gd. badawu "long, tall (inanimate things)"
3. Dgl. pataraty "large, epate" Lei. eler) "de loin" Kr. pamparar) "large" 3a.

Mas., Ban. bedi- 4. P.EC *bald- RSC *'ud- Ma' uda "far" 5. Eg.(Bu) pet "be
wide, spacious" (F) pd "stretch, extend" 6. Gur. fetata "be wide, be broad"
batat "wide, broad, large" Heb. p-t-y "make spacious" 7. Tur. faltag "be
broad and flat" 9. Mlk. para, pata "largeur"
fadi fall also hwadi fada "f. into, f. upon, jump into" farfadiya "epilepsy" cf.

auka OS *paxid- "fall, throw"

I. Gwd. pwar, Cha. pal "fall" Ron fur, fuh
fwar, hwari Cp., Ank. p-t- Plateau
"fallen" 2. Bur. pwa
from height" Gdu. wudii Mfg. -part- "laisser tomber"
"f.

Hrz., Mol. fat(d)ay "descend" 3. Dgl., Bid. pay- "descendre" 3a. Lam. putu
"f. from height" 4a. Bnc. wortn "descend, come down" wot' "fall" 4. Sid.

fottoqa "fall down" Dly. pur^- "fallen" Afr. wada^ "fall" RRft. *hu- "fall"
RSC *buw- "go down" Or. bu'a "f., go down, alight, dismount" Ag. atti- "f."
6. S.Ar. h-w-y "fall (upon)" 5. Eg.(Bu) betek "fall, drop, fail" petekh "fall,

cast down" 7. Tur. udu "tomber, se coucher (astre)" Ghd. uda Siw. uta
 63

fafaranda porch also faranda ? < Eng. verandah < Hindi

fage space, furlong OS cf. Gwd. pegye "field, open space" Ted.
*pax- "field"
"open space"
fage "camp, village" Sid. fajje
fahinta understand also fahimta < Ar. fahim + ta or At. fahimta "you have
understood" Sng. fahamenta "compris"
fa'ida advantage, benefit < Ar. fa'ida
faifa paper money < Eng. paper cf. Kri. pepa kobo, pepa moni

faifai plaited cover (for e.g. calabash) "circular cover, disc, gramophone record"

filafili "canoe paddle"

I. Gwd. pepe Dr. pila 2. Mg. pali Pad. palaya 9. Np. fefe "mat cover" 8.

Kan. falai "sole of foot, plaited cover" falaifalai "platelike, traylike" Ted. fefe
"natte a croisement oblique, sac fait de deux nattes"
fakara francolin cf. kadafkara
I. Ngz. dafkarak Bed. dakfarak NB *avilak 2. Ter. dakalak
fake shelter, avoid cf. bage "conceal oneself for a particular purpose", oye
I. Gwd. pakye "wait for" 6. Gur. faka "escape" Ar. fakk "resolve a difficulty"
falala abundance, prosperity ? < Ar. fadala (vb.)

falala leg bone of animal OS *far-, *fal- "bone, leg"

falau, balau flutteringly cf. P.Cu. *b-l(l)- "leaf, blade, sheet, feather"
fale-fale flimsy ? < Yor. fele, fele-fele cf. faifai

fallasa squander, treat badly < Ar. falasa "reduce to poverty"

falle, falan single (esp. sheet of paper) cf. H. war- "separate" Kan. falai "one of
a pair, one (sheet of paper)" fal "one" Ang. fil "thin as a sheet of paper"
falmaran waistcoat (vest) cf. Kan., Shuwa Ar. farmala "traditional embroidered
vest of Libyan origin" ? < Ar. (Ar. farmala "brake (of wheel)" ? < Fr. frein

a main hardly relevant) Bid., Dgl. parma(a)la

fam pound (old currency) also "2 naira" < Eng.
famfami trumpet "royal tr. made of wood" cf. Yor. fami-fami "obsolete type
of wind instrument" Kan. famfam Np. pampami
famfo pumping ruwan famfo "piped water supply" < Eng.
fanca puncture, flat tyre < Eng.
fangali bed Sng fangal "beds (garden)" Kan. fagali "bank of
(irrigated) cf.

house etc.)"
river" fangal "section, subdivision (of a field,
fanka fan (electric) "*punkah" < Anglo-Indian < Hindi pankha
fanke fried cake < Eng. pancake cf. Kan. fanke Kri. pankek
fanko empty container cf. kango
8. Sng. folko "grains de riz vides, avortes" 9. Ful. (Futa J.) honku- "vider, etre
64

epidse" Gby. hakap "ideo. designe quelque chose de vide" i. Gwd. honkoro
"light" Kof. fogop "empty" 2. Mfg. hukw- "decortiquer, enlever le tegument"
3. Dgl. bukum "fruit sans noyau" 4. Kwa. fanko "few" 5. Eg.(Bu) penq

"empty (vb.)" (F) fk "be empty" 6. Gz. bakk "empty, useless"

for fo-, ho- cf. I. H. wofi "emptiness" NBJ, NBM fowa- "light" NET oho
"empty" 3a. Lam. ho "vide" 4. Dhl. -fone "lightweight" E.Cu. ona "empty,
abandoned" Afr. hoha "empty spaces" 6. Amh. ona, wana "empty house"
7. Tur. fufat "etre vide" 9. P.WN *phu- "be light in weight"
fanni branch of knowledge < Ar. fann
fansa ransom "r., redeem, repaying a kindness" cf. banye

I. NET bin pose "ransom" (bry "pay") 6. Tge faza Akk. padu, pedu "set free"
Sem. b-z- "ransom, rescue, save" 7. Tur. af "liberer" afsu "etre sauve" 4. Sid.
fa'na "become free" fansisa "make free"
fantsara proliferate cf. Eil. fantar "zerstreuen" Sid. fantar- "split, break into
pieces"
fara grasshopper, locust ? < p-r- "fly, jump" see fira OS *fir + ut- "insect"
I. H. burdu "locust sp." Eed. pardon Ngz. parda "large flying termite" 2.

Mfg. babatar- "gr. sp." aiy- "voleter, sautiller" 3. Dgl. baga "sauterelle" bage
"bondir sur, sauter sur" 3a. Mas., Ean. bara "locust" pir "fly, jump" 4. Kwa.
pa'aluko "locust" Ma' padu "grasshopper" Kmb. fe'na 4a. Jnj. biliga "locust"
6. Gur., Amh. fenta "grasshopper" 7. Tur. afertakum "sauterelle voyageuse"

Tam. burxs "small gr." burjij "cricket"

fara begin, do first farko, fari "beginning" mafari "origin" faru "happen" P.
W.Cha. *pa(w)r- "begin" OS *pur- "untie" cf. bue
I. RD furay RS fwa'^ay 2. Gd., Njn. *f-w- "begin" Gd. p-r- "open" Mfg.

wur- "ouvrir, inaugurer" Mdr., Glv. wur- "open" Gv. farsana "begin" 3. Dgl.
ipire "denouer" pile "ouvrir" Lei. par "ouvrir" 4. RCu.(E) *fur- (D) *p-r-
"open" 5. Eg.(Eu) pa + t "the first beginning" (F) tpw3t "beginning" 6.

Sem. p-r-s- "open" 7. Tur. afar "commencer, debuter"

fara'a cheerful disposition < Ar. farha "joy, cheerfulness"
farabiti private (army, police) < Eng. cf. Krio prayvet
faraga opportunity, leisure < Ar. fara7
farashi price (usually the official, fixed pr.) < Eng. cf. Kri. prayz
farati parade < Eng.
farauta hunt Cha.(E, W, C) *P-r-(k) "hunt" *p-r- "look for" cf. bara
I. Gwd.(N) parete 3. ? Eid. 'araw "chasser" 8. Sng. faraw "make dam to
catch fish"
 65

farce fingernail, finger < *p-r + t OS *par-, *bir- "finger" *cupar- "fingernail"
I. Gwd. pirsi "finger" 3. Dgl. perne "doigt" 4. P.Cu. *p-r- "finger" Sml. farti
"finger, toe" 4a. Koy. parta ? "finger" 5. Eg.(Bu) bun, ben- "claw, nail" (F)

P3h "scratch" 6. Heb. parsa "hoof, claw" Gur. fracca "scratch with nails"
7. Tarn, baccr "fingernail" 9. Ful. fee-, pee "fingernail"
fara, fura hoe up (esp. underground crops) "scrape up soil, split open" cf.

fartanya, hiia OS *pirat- "break, split" *fir-t- "tear off, pluck"

I.BoL peta "harvesting hoe" NBJ bara "hoeing" Gra. fea "hoe" 3. MkL,
Bid. *p-y- "recolter des arachides" Dgl. peta "champ prepare de nouveau pour
culture" 2. Gd. kada byaa "digging stick" (kada "stick") 4. P.Cu.(E) *fal-/
*fil- "scrape" (D) *p-R-ts- "uproot" P.SC *fat- "clear ground" Afr. faaris-,

fetfet- "scrape the earth" P.HEC *fil + d "comb" (Sid. also "clean (grains)")
5. Eg.(Bu) fet "dig up, tear out" 6. Sem. p-r-t/s/d "break through, split
open" 7. Tur. furat "frotter (avec quelque chose de dur)"
farfela propeller "pr., fan of car" < Eng.
farga realise cf. farka "wake up"
fargaba dread, fear (n.) < fauwar gaba "falling of front"
fari drought Cha. (E, W, C) *p-t- "sun, burn, roast, grill" cf. fatsar-fatsar
8. Kan. faram i. Gra. fel- "dry up" Dr. pori "sun" Plateau Cha. f-y- "dry up"
NB f-y "sun" 2. Muy. pile "dry out" Bac. furey "sun" Bur. pri "sun" 3. ?

Dgl., Bid., Mgm. bor- "secher" 4. P.Cu.(E) *purC- "be burnt, be hot" Kmb.
faru "heat" Bye. fur "get warm (from sun or fire)" 5. Eg.(Bu) pe + t "the
sky" 6. Heb., Gz., S.Ar. '-f-y "bake" ? Ar. fasa^ "be dried at the top (maize)"
fari white fat (ideo.) "pure (white)" farfara "sorghum sp." fara "anaemia"
faranta "whiten" farar hula "wh. cap, civilian" farar kaya "wh. thorn. Acacia
spp." farin ciki "happiness" cf. ful "very new" see sabo P.W.Cha. *p(w)al-

Cha.(E, W, C) *py-l "wh., new" P.WN *-phwai- "new" CB -pe, -pia "new"
OS *fir- "be good" 4. P.Cu. *p-r-t- "beautiful, white" *Pw-ntl- "wh." 4a.
Jnj. poro "white" Bnc. foro "white" 5. Eg.(Bu) nefer "good, beautiful, hap-
py" 6. Akk. pis- Ar. b-y-d 7. Tur. afa "light, clearness" nafibl "be clear" 3a.
Lam. u, fel "blanc" 9. Gby. fer) "etre blanc" fotee (ideo.) "completement et
uniformement blanc"
farji vagina < Ar. farj

farka wake up, tear open cf. faaka mafarki "dream" P.W.Cha. *f-r- cf. fara

"begin, *open"
I. Ang. fuk "wake" Dr. pire (Tgl. pigde "wake" pigundum "dream") 2. Mf.
parey "wake" prek "morning" Maf., Pad. pirek- "morning" 3. Dgl. pele
66

"veiller" 4. P.Cu. *b-r- "morning, morrow" Sml. bararug "wake" Bye. ar

"wake up" belal, bilal "dream (erotic)" Dhl. fala^e "morning star" P.HEC
*bakk'i "waking" Sid. baraga "wake suddenly" Or. bar! "dawn" Kwa. fa'im
"tomorrow" 6. Ar. falaq "dawn" Gur. bsraKaga "wake with start, talk in
sleep" 7. Tam. warig "dream" Tur. tahargit, tihurga "dream"
farke trader (itinerant) pi. fatake fatauci "itinerant trade" ? < Kan. fatke
"itinerant trade" cf. Dyl. fetigi "rich man" fe "chose materielle, Mens" -tigi

agential, possessive suffix

fartanya hoe (small, with triangular blade) also fantarya ? < farT + nya see
tarda
fas passing (exam) < Eng. pass
fasa, fashe break in pieces, disperse faso "cracked skin of foot" fashi "highway
robbery" mafashi "robber" faska "rip, tear, dig" faskara "split with ax" fasa
"postpone" P.Cha.(N) *faa "break" OS *pats- "destroy, break"
I. H. asa "break off" 2. Gd. patsa "chop through with one blow" fwasa
"highway robbery" 3. Dgl. pesse "casser avec la main" Lei. pasini "disperser"
4. Sid. fac- "cut" face- "stop doing something" 5. Eg. psn "split, separate,
fracture" 6. Sem. f-s-h- "break in pieces" Ar. fa'as "strike with axe" 7. Tur.
afsak "se desagreger, se fondre"
fasa arrow "broad a. with long barbs" OS *pasuq- "arrow" *pa'us- "axe"
1. Ang., Sur., Cp. pas SB pis Ngm. po'oso Bol. posso, pwaco 2. Gis. petew,
petu ? Nkt., Glv. macaka 5. ? Eg.(Bu) pesh + t "bite, sting (of insect or
reptile)" 6. ? Gz. fazuq "3-pronged spear" ?P.Sem. *pa's "axe"
fasaha skill, artistry < Ar. fasaha "eloquence, skill with language"
fasali good arrangement also "section, season" < Ar. fasl "division, section,
season"
fasiki immoral person < Ar. fasiq
fasinja passenger < Eng. cf. Kri. pasenja
fassara translate, explain < Ar. fassara "explain or comment (on text)
fata I. skin (n.) cf. fita "go out" baya "outside" OS *pat- "skin"

9. Mlk. fata "skin, bark, wrap, put on" i. Gwd. pata, pato Ang. putol

"outside" Gra. patuwa "outside" 2. Hg. pta "skin" 4a. Om. *pa(a)t-
2. hope, wish well Cha. (E, W, C.) *p-r- "look for" cf. bida, farauta OS

*fat- "wish, desire"

4.P.SC *fid- "pray, ask for" Sml. fad- "seek" Or. abdl "hope (n.)" barbad-
"want, look for" 6. Gur. faci "seek" 7. Tur. as wad "esperer"
 67

fatala headcloth cf. fatari Sng. fatala "band of cloth" Mnd. fatara "woman's
headband, foulard en general" Ful.(W) fatarere "morceau d'etoffe de petite di-
mension" ? Portuguese peda^o "piece (of cloth)"
fatalwa goblin, ghost cf. Pad. fatab patsa "rain god" (patsa "sun, day, *sky)"
fatari underskirt "u., woman's loincloth" cf. fatala Kan. fatale "woman's body

cloth" > Mdr.gp. patile

fatattaka tear (vb.) OS *fata- "tear"
fatta tear (vb.) OS *fat- "tear"

fatawa request for information ? < Ar. fatwa "decision on legal point" (H.
meaning)
also has this
fatoma landlord (who lodges Kanuri traders) < Kan. fatoma "landlord" (Kan.
fato "house")
fatsar-fatsar heat of the sun P.W.Cha. *p-ts- "sun" P.Cha.(N) *fati "sun, day"
cf. fari "drought"
I. Plateau Cha. *pas "sun" Gra., Tgl. pis "sun" 2. E.Bura gp. pici "sun" Bok.
afsi "sky" Mdr.gp. f-ts-y- "sun" Pad. patsa "soleil, jour" Dab. pic "sun"
Ter.gp. farta "sun, god" 4. P.Rft. *pats- "sky"
fatu, fatuma cat cf. mussa
8. Kan. fatu Kof. batu Tgl. mbudu "wild cat" 2. patu widespread for
i.

"domestic Gan. piktuta "wild c." Mg.gp. ufwa "wild c." Hid. ufwatika
c."

"wild c." Njn. waeki "domestic c." 3. Smr., Kr. badu 3a. Msm. batau Mas.
fatu 8. Bgr. batu 9. Tupuri baadu 5. Eg.(Bu) Ba "Leopard god" (F) b3
"leopard"
fawa butchering mahauci, mafauci "butcher" cf. Mnd., Bam. *faRa/faGa "kill,

slaughter" Mnd., Sng. wa- "butchery"

feda pedal (bicycle) < Eng. cf. Kri. pedal
fee, fra flay, skin fere, fira "pare, skin" fia "surgical operation" fiiye "cas-
trate" cf. H. bare, fata i, fee Cha.(E, W, C) *p-- "skin, eplucher, ecorcer,
sharpen, (carve)" OS *fed- "tear (vb.)" *fer- "peel, scratch"
I. RB suet "skin (vb.)" 2. Gis. sewta "skin (vb.)" 3a. Lam. pile' "shell

(groundnuts)" bile'e "bark" 4. P.SC *por-, *pot-, *pod-, *puru^- "strip off,

lay bare" ? Bye. hut "flay" 5. Eg.(Bu) petch "sharpen(?)" (F) pdi "sharpen
(knife)" 6. Soc. f-t-^ "depouiller" Gur. falafala "shell, hatch out" Amh. falfala

"shell, pierce, gush out" 7. Tur. fuday "etre ecorche"

68

fee, fia sharpen (to a point) cf. fee, fige OS *f-h-- "scrape, scratch":
1. H. fia "fang; canine tooth" Ang. pok "peel, skin (vb.) 2. Maf. hukw- "de-

cortiquer, enlever le tegument" 3. Turn, poke "peel (vb.) 4. Sml. fiq "sharpen

to point" Irk. fiqit "slice yams" P.HEC *fenk- "shell (peas, beans)"
fensir pencil < Eng. cf. Kri. pensul
fensho pension < Eng. cf. Kri. penshon
fenti paint (n.) < Eng. also fenta "painter" cf. Kri. pent, penta
fesa, fisa spray also fitsa P.Cha.(N) *pas9 "spew, spray"
OS *pehas- "wet, sprinkle" *pic- "spit" *fec- "blow" *fic- "be wet" 2. Mfg.
-p9S- "cracker dans une calebasse pour la benir" 4. P.SC *pa'a- "spit (n.)"
*but'u^- "spit (vb.)" ? Bye. fis'- "deride, poke fun at" 5. Eg. psg "spit on, spit
at" 7. Tarn, ssufs "spit" Tur. afsu "vomir"
fetur petrol, gas < Eng. cf. Kri. petrol
ft, fifita exceed, surpass fifiko "excellence" cf. fita "go out" Cha.(W,C.) *p-n-
"surpass" *p-t- "pass by" OS *pay- "go"
2. Gd. pita "go past" 3. Turn, pal, paaw
pa "surpass, go "depasser" 3a. Pv.

out" 4. Bil. fi "ausgehen, etc." Ag. "go out" Bye.

fir) "go out" Had. fira

faranai "excess, surplus" 5. Eg.(Bu) per "pass a limit, be prominent etc.

etc." (F) pri "go, go up" prw "excess" 6. Gur. efa "go away, pass" 7. Tam.
if, fi "exceed" Tur. ufu "exceed" afal "go, come from" Ghd. effa' "go out"

Siw. fal "passer"

fii blowing strongly (wind) cf. H. hura "blow"
OS *fi'- "blow" I. P.W.Cha. *fi/aH- "blow, dry" RS fyah "blow (flute)" NBT
fefeyun "whistle" 2. Mfg. fey "souffler, siffler, jouer (d'un instrument a vent)"
Gd. 9pi "cool by blowing" Gis. pali "winnow" Bac. filo "whistle" 3a. Mus.
fe'er- "blow" 4. P.Cu.(: '-ff- "blow" Bye. nifi "blow, fan" 6. Sem. n-f(f)-H
>

"blow, fan" 5. Eg.(Bu) nifa "blow, breathe" 4a. Bnc. pel "blow" 8. Knz. uffi
"blasen"
fidaburdi public works department < Eng. P.W.D.
fidda, fid da, fiddau < fitar da see fita
fiffike wing pi. fikafikai cf. fira "fly"
P.Cha.(N) *p-k- P.W.Cha. *pak(k)a "wing, shoulder", *(ba) + baka "wing"
OS *pakuh- "hand, arm"
I.Gwd. pikapikyi Pr. skak Tgl. bokbok 2. Gab., Hwn., Bok. *p-kp-k- Bur.
gp. *B9B9k- Gv. pepe (s.) pepexa (pi.) "shoulder" 3. Turn. *p-r- "shoulder,
wing" 3a. Ban. pelpik "shoulder" Lam. bike "epaule (animal)" 4. Rnd.
barbar- "wing, shoulder" 6. S.Ar. f-rf-r "wing, feather" 7. Tur. tafakfak
 69

"wing, half of bird's breast" 8. Kan. fefeto "wing"

fifita fan (vb.) Cha.(W, C) *p-t- "blow" cf. H. fii H. fTto "whistling" huta "rest"
I. BT *f-yt "wind" 2. Mfg. fat- "eventer (en soufflant)" Pad. ufada "jouer (de
la flute)" Gd. pawutana (n.) 3. Mkl. *pete "eventer" 4. P.SC *hefid- "fan
(vb.)" 5. Eg.(Bu) nefut "cook's fans for blowing fire" (F) nfyt "fan (n.)" 6.

Soc. frfr "eventer" 7. Tur. hefefet "siffler"

fig-, fizg- strip, pluck out cf. fee, fee OS *pig- "stretch"
3. DgL pirge "decoller, ecorcher"
fil pin < Eng.
filafili paddle (of boat) Kan. falaifalai cf. faifai

filaya pliers < Eng. cf. Kri. playa

fil azal long long ago < Ar. fi + 1 + asal "in the beginning"
filfilo butterfly, kite cf. birbiro < *p-r/l- "fly, flutter" see fira
8. Knz. firfire "flattem" i. NBM atlipepir "butterfly" NBK iifirfira "butter-
fly" 2. Hwn. papirra "bat" Mdr.gp. *p-lp-l "bat" Gd. pariparina "butterfly,
moth" 3. Dgl. pompimporom "butterfly sp." 4. P.Cu.(E) *pal-, *pil- "flut-
ter" 5. Eg. sp3w "birds made to fly, flushed from cover" 6. Heb. parpar
"butterfly" P.Sem. *-spir- "flutter"
fili; fell open space
9. Mnd. fere, fele "etre large, largeur, 1. Ang. fur "o.s."
com, place publique"
Plateau Cha. *p-y- "place" Cp. "doorway" Pr., Tgl. *piDi "place" 2.
pili

Laam. vli "place" Mfg. palah, papalah "plaine, endroit plat" 6. Ar. fala "o.s.,
plain" 8. Ted. fili "pdturage"
fille, falla cut off (head) filla-filla "item by item"
OS *pal- "cut, divide" *f-l- "divide, pierce" 8. Sng. falya, felya "couper en
deux" 2. Mfg. pare- "couper (au couteau, a la faucille)" Log., Bud., Kot. *p-y-
"cut" 3. Lei. por "couper, moissoner (eleusine)" 3a. Zim. fal "cut" Lam. fal

"egorger, couper en morceaux" 4. Sid. fil- "cut in small pieces" Brj. firt- "cut
branches" Dhl. ir- "c. grass, mow" Kwa. -pwilija "circumcise" 5. Eg. pns
"c. off (joint)" 2. Sem. f-l-y "separate, c." Ar. falla "notch (sword)" 7. Tur.
afras "couper, decouper, moissoner"
fim film (camera, movie) < Eng. cf. Kri. fim
fira fly, soar also ira, ura cf. fir (ideo.) "describes whirring of bird's wings"
fara "grasshopper" P.Cha.(N) *para "fly, jump" P.W.Cha. *paw/yr- "jump"
OS *P-R- "fly, jump, bird, (insect)" i. Ank. p'ar 2. Gd. par, far (ideo.)

"flying of birds" 9. Gby. firr (ideo.) "designe le vol rapide d'un petit oiseau"

4. P.Cu. *p-r(r)- "fly" 4a. Jnj. fillo "jump" 5- Eg. p3 "fly" 6. P.Sem. *-prur-
70

"fuggire (come in volo)" 7. Siw. amfar "fly" Tur. afrw "wing" Tarn afrw "fly"
8. Kan. far- "fly, jump" Knz. firr, firri "fliegen"
firgita frighten cf. H. firgigit "sudden jumping, e.g. from fright" fira "fly, soar"
2. Pad. varagat "s'envoler" 3. Mkl. 'orgie "craindre" akiyta "etre distrait

(pi.)" Bid. ak "avoir peur" 4. Bil. faggad "sich fUrchten, sich dngstigen" 6. ES
f-rh- "be afraid"
firlji refrigerator < Eng. fridge
firo Digitaria exilis also iburo q.v. cf. Ron *fot P.WN *-phila "kind of millet"
fita go out fito "come out" fice "pass by" fitas da, fitar da "take out, dismiss"
fito "ferrying" mafici "passing, temporary" ? fata "skin (< outside)" cf. fi

"exceed" wuce "pass" P.Cha.(N) *pata "go out" P.W.Cha. *put- "go out"
*f-t- "go in, go out" P.WN *phit- "pass" OS *fat-/*fit- "move" *f-t- "take
out" *hupet- "go"
3. ? Tum. 65d "sortir" 4. P.Cu.(E) *fi- "go out" Bil. fi + d "hinausgehen lassen"
P.SC *fad- "go out, go away" Bye. fidig "set off" 5. Eg. pri "come out" 6.

Hars. fetok "come out" Gz. f-w-t "err, stray" Ar. f-w-t "pass, elapse, die" 7.

P.Ber. (Rossler) *p-t( ) "hinausgehen" Tur. afal "quitter, partir de" Ghd. effa'
"go out" 8. Sng. fatta, farta "sortir"

fitiki cutting grass < Eng. fatigue (duty)

fitila lamp cf. Sng. fitilla Bam. fitine "oil 1."
Tur. taftalt Siw. taftllt "meche de la petite lampe a huile" Ar. fatlla "wick"
Eg.(Bu) petr "cord, thread, wick"
fitina troublesomeness < Ar. fitna "discord, riot, disturbance" cf. Kan. fitana
"intrigue" Mnd. "emeute, sedition"
fito, futo beer (local, from sorghum) cf. buza
I. H. betso Kof. pito 2. Mg. pe Bac. fito, vwe Pad. pihe 3. Dgl. potpoto
"Mere de mil (langage des anciens combattants)" Bar. boto 5. Eg.(Bu) pa + t

"liquor, drink"
fito whistling see fii, fifita

1. NB *fi- 2. Gd. fet "blowing whistle" 4. P-HEC *fi-(s-) "whistle (vb.)"

7. Tur. hefefet "siffler"
fitsari urine fitsare "urinate" P.W.Cha. *picari ? < p-s- (vb.) + S-r- (n.) cf. fesa

"spray" sai, sanyi "urine"

OS *puc- "urine" i. Gwd. bicari Gwd.(N) bitsaro Dw. buzari Pr. cirin (n.)

2. Pad. sill- Mba. salay "feces" 3. Tum. bajar (n.) Sok. sori (n.) sorsori
(vb.)
(vb.) Dgl. piy- (vb., n.) Lei. coro (n.) 8. Kan. coUo (n.) 6. Hars. d-h-1
 71

(n.,vb.) 4a. Jnj., Bnc. *ses- (n.) 7. Siw. sars (vb.) isarsin (n., pi.) Tur.
tafazzawen (n.^pl.)

fuka lung disease also huka cf. haki, huhu

ful very new
2. Gd. pul "very new"

fulawa wheat flour < Eng. cf. Kri. flawa

flower, blossom < Eng. cf. Kri. flawa
fumfuna mildew
I. Ang. vum, vun

fura dumpling (made of millet) cf. Mnd. bura "houillie, se mettre en bouillie, re-

duire en bouillie"
fure flower (esp. tobacco fl.) Cha.(E, W, C) *p-l-(t) "flower" cf. huda OS *pur-
"flower, grass" *pir- "fruit, corn" *pirax- "sprout, flower"
9. Mnd. firi, fyere (esp. tobacco fl.) 4. P.Cu.(E) *fir- "flower (vb,), bear fruit"
4a. Jnj. fu'ra "flower" 5. Eg. prt "fruit, seed, offspring" 6. P.Sem. *pary-
"fruit" Hars. f-r-7 "bloom, ripen" Gur. frata "flower, blossom (vb.)"
furfura grey hair Ful. fur- "be grey" cf. hurde
I. Gwd. huhurugwa 2. Gd. hwTra'uda
furfura barter, exchange ? < "*turn over" cf. Bud. furfuri "roll on ground"
furta utter, mention furuci (n.) see faa "tell, say"
furu, hiaru shells of groundnuts OS *fuwar- "skin, bark"
furza spit out cf. Gur. frat- "spray water, sprinkle" H. fesa q.v.
fuska face ? < *pu + k + *san ("mouth" + "nose") other AA langs. have "mouth"
+ pL; "eye"; "mouth" + "eye"
1. Gwd. puska NEW pusk- Bed. puksan Ngz. faska 8. Kan. faska ? < > H.
2. Bur.gp. kwu (< *pu) + cir FB bagi + jin (jin "nose") Gv. vaku diya (diya
"nose") 4. "mouth" P.Cu.(E) *'isr)^- "nose" 6. P.Sem. *p-
P.Cu.(E) *'af-
"mouth" Akk. pu "mouth" putum "forehead" Syriac pa'^- "face" Gur. fanca
"forehead" Gz. fasm "forehead" Amh. afanca "nose" 5. Eg.(Bu) fent "nose"
fushi, hushi anger bad temper, vexation, ? sexual arousement (there is a
"a.,

passage in a version of the Daura legend in Edgar's collection where this

meaning seems to be demanded)" also fishi cf. haushi OS *fus- "be
angry"
I. BT, Grn. (w)isi "fire" 4. Bye. hasi "be sharp, get angry, sexually excited"
5. Eg.(Bu) hushi "danger" user + t "fire, flame" 6. P.Sem. *'is- "fire"

futuk primitive (ideo.) cf. utuk

I. Ngz. puduk "black (ideo.)" 8. Kan. futku "naked"
72

fyace blow out (mucus) cf. fesa, furza

fyaa beat "b., whip, flog, knock down" fyae "rape (n.)" cf. fee "flay", faa
2.

I. RK fwad "schlagen" Dr, wata "whip (n.)" Zri. fwat "kill" 2. Hrz. veda
"beat" 3. Dg. Pate, Pete "donner un coup" 4. P.Cu. *w-c- "beat strongly" Or.
watala "hit strongly with rope or wire" 4a. Kf., Mch., Shn. *wud- 7. P.Ber.

*w-t
 g
ga, gare at, in, to, with cf. gari, guri
I. Gwd. ga object marker Bol. ga "with, to, in" 2. Log. age "wegen" ga "zu"
Bud. g9 "zu, nach, wegen" Gd. ga "at the place of" 3. Dgl. ger "maison
(home)" ger tyo "chez eux" 4. Brj. -ga benefactive, directive suffix Or. gara "to,
toward" 6. ES ? -ge locative suffix 7. Tur. 7ur "chez, aupres de, a"
gaba front, future Cha.(C., E) *g-b- "near" gabata "lead, precede" cf. gefe
"side"
OS *gab- "front, side, bank, beach" i. P.W.Cha. *gaba "front, chest" 4. P.EC
*gab- "direction" Bil. gaba "neben, Seite des Korpers, Ufer" Had. gob "nahen"
P.Cu. *g-p- "side, near" 5. Eg. gbs "side (of room)" 6. ES gab- "flank, side"
Ar. q-bl "front, before" Hars. mexabbet "front (of chest)"
gaba enmity, war
I. Ngz. gaba ? < H. NBK gabu "war" 4. P.EC *gib(b)- "hate, avoid" 6. Sem.
*g-b-r "force, subdue" Ar. 7iyba "backbiting, slander" 7aba "spear" 8. Sng.
gabi "force"
gabaruwa acacia "A. arabica" also bagaruwa ? < g- + bar-
I. BN *g-varu NB *baru NBJ varan "A. Senegal" 2. Gd. vuran Log. 70val 3.

Bid. gabara "arbresp." Dgl. garpa "A. macrostachya" Lei. bore "A. sieberiana"
8. Tub. gobor 4. P.Sam *gumar "A. nubica" Bil. gamaro "A. sanguinea" Sid.
burra "A. sp." 5. Eg. b3 "A. moringa" 9. Mnd. barana 8. Sng. bani
gabas east ? < gaba q.v. cf. Sey. gabar ? < H.
gaa joint (of limb)section between joints"
"j.,

OS arm" 4. Afr. gaba "hand, arm" Bye. gibb- "span"

*gaba'- "hand, Or.
qaba tokko "something that can be held in one hand" (tokko "one") 5. Eg.
gb3 "arm" 7. Tur. a79bber "hanche"
gaa bank (of river) "b., vicinity" cf. gaba, gefe
H gaggafa "bank" q.v. Dr. galba "beside, edge"
I. 4. P.Cu. *g-'p- "side, near"
Sml. heb "sea-shore, coast" 5. Eg. gb3 "side (of room)" 6. P.Sem. *qurb
"near" Sem. *g-nb "side"
74

gauu fool also gao

bebe cf.

2. Njn. gbaggbame Gd. gapa Bud. abubu "diimm" 6. At. 7abiy

gaci bank (of river) OS *gats- "face, bank, side"
2. Gd. gandzama "crumbling edge of river bank" (ma "mouth, edge, rim")
4. Had., Kmb. gita P.Cu. *g-s- "side" 5. Eg. gs "side, border" 6. Amh. gass
"face, surface, side"
gada antelope "duiker sp." P.W.Cha. *gada "ant. sp."
I. Ngz. gaduwa Bed. kaduwan NB *gudam- "kob" Sig., Zks. kidu 4. Brj., Or.
gadam- "greater kudu" Der. gadansa "antelope" Sid. goda "deer, gazelle"
6. Shuwa Ar. umm tigdim "duiker"
gada bridge (modern) < Eng. girder cf. Yor. gada
gada inherit gado "heritage, tradition"
4. Sid. gade "descent (origin), lineage" Bil. gada' "herrschen, machtig sein"

Afr. nagare "inherit" gar + le "have rights" (le "have") 6. Ethiopian Sem.

gwalt "legacy, patrimony etc." Gz. ga'/^z "custom, ways, mode of life" Gur.
gaza "own, possess" 7. Tur. agaz "heriter"
gadi guarding < Eng.
gado bed cf. gwado "blanket" ? < g- + d-(g)w-
I. Gwd.(N) gado Bol. dawu "mat" 2. Mfg. gegade "natte" 9. CB *-gada

"mat" 3. Tum. ge "mat (gen.)" Kr. gadagaw "mats"

gadu warthog "w.hog, wild pig" cf. gursunu Kan. godu Tub. gadu CB *-gudu
"pig" *-gidi "warthog"
I. Bed. gadan KK gadu 2. Bur. gadu 3. Mkl. godige "phacochere" 4. Mch.

gudino P.SC *gu'^at'- "bushpig" 4a. Wei., Kef. gudin- 6. Gur. gutma
(for K-D-r in languages of Sudan, see Spaulding, J.L. and Jay in SUGIA 9

(1988), pp. 247-268)

gafaka bag "b., scholar's satchel" cf. Mnd. gafa, gafaya "horse's feed bag" W.
Ful. gafakke "feed bag" E.Ful. ngafakka "satchel" Sng. gafaga "shoulder bag"
gafara pardon "p., excuse me" < Ar. yafir "forgiving" 7afar "forgive" H. gafarta
"forgive"
gagara exceed "e., be too much for"
I. BT *g9r- "e." 2. FK r)gyar- "e." 3. Lei. gar "passer a cote" 4. Sid. gara "win
a cause in a trial" gargara "restrain" Bye. gwil "e." 6. Gur. jagara "embar-
rass, Amh. aggara "impede,
upset" stop" 7. Tur. agar "exceed"
gaggafa bank OS *haf- "bank"
gaggawa haste also gaggauta ? < gargar + wa see gara
6. Amh. gwaggwa'a "hurry" 4. Sid. gaggawa "stagger" Had. gaggab- "hurry"
 75

gaibi unseen < Ar.yayb

gaira lacking "1., minus" < Ar. 7ayr
gajeba kidneys OS *gadeb- "stomach"
gajere short cf. H. gutsura "break off piece" gaza "fall short" see gaji
8. Sng. gazere "sh. person" 7. Gra guja Ngam. gajere
Ber. g-z-1 "short" i.

NB *g-(n)j-l- Tgl. kwandal 2. Pad. gejele "petit (en stature)" 3. Tum. goji
"court" 3a. Lam. gwadzi "court" 4. Sid. gica "grow stunted" 6. Ar., Heb. q-
s-r "short"
gaji tire cf. H. gaza, kasa "fall short, fail" gajiya "fatigue" P.W.Cha. *gatt- OS
*^-gaj- "be weak"
I. Gra. gwadi, gwaz- Brm. gaje 2. Gis. gar, girvo "fatigue" (vu, vo "body")
Mfg. garey "se fatiguer" 4. Bye. gwoi "fail, be unable, be tired" 5. Eg.(Bu)
khasi "suffer, be tired" (F) Eg. gth "be tired" 6. Amh. aqata "be unable"
Gur. q'ata "be tired" q'acna "fatigue" Gz. gwa^taya "fatigue" Ar. qasr "ina-
bility"
gajimare clouds "white, fleecy clouds" ? < g-d/z-m + are
for *g-d-m "big" see girma OS *ar- "cloud"
I. H. gajimmari "rainbow, spirit living in wells and emerging as rainbow"
RS 'are "Himmel, Wolken" 2. Pad. hule "nuage" 4. P.Cu.(E) *g-d- "big" (D)
*^-r- "cl., white cL, fog, rain, sky" 5. Eg.(Bu) herit-, hai + t "sky, heaven"
galadima title of official < Kan. galtima
galan gallon "g.,g. sized can" < Eng.

galibimajority galiban "usually" < Ar. 7alib "predominant" 7aliban "usually"

galma, garma hoe "broad-bladed h." cf. kalme, korame
I. Gj. gili Tgl. kalambi "axe (for men)" Bol. galabi "ax" 3a. Lam. galmai "pi-

oche" 2. Mfg. gabma Klb. gilu'u Hg., F. *r)gur- Log. gera "jaten" gam "Haue"
Mad. ggalar) "hoe, weed" 3. Kr. gal "creuser" Bid. karbawi "houe sp." (? < Ar.)

7. Tur. agelhim "houe"

gam locust sp.
I. NB *-gwam "1." Ngz. aqgwam "1." 3. Mkl. gambir- "sauterelle sp."

gama finish, collect game "together" gamo "encounter" cf. goma P.Cha.(N)
*g-ma "meet" P.W.Cha. *g/xam- "finish" *g(w)am- "meet" *(n) + gam- "fill"
OS *gam- "be full" *goma^- "gather, meet" *qom- "gather, join"
I. NB g-m- "join" 2. Gd. gwama "herd of cattle" gunwu, ganwu "come to-

gether, meet" 3. Mgm. gamo "/in/r" Bid. gamar) "troupeau" ]g. gam "(zusam-
men) treffen" 3a. ? Lam. gumo'o "fermer (main, oeil, bouche)" 9. Gby. gam
"melanger" 4. Or. gum- "finish, complete" gum! "meeting" gamta "togeth-
76

erness" Sid. gamba, guma "gather" gamo "company" P.HEC *gum'a "all"
Afr. gamaddis- "make final" 5. khem "bring to an end" (F) hm^
Eg.(Bu)
"collect (of people)" 6. P.Sem. *gamil- "maturo" Ar., Hars. g-m-^- "collect"
7. Tur. agmar "collectionnef
gamba grass sp. "Andropogon guyanus"
2. Hg. gamba "bush (brousse)" Mdr. kamba "bush {broussey Pad. varakamba
"brousse" (vara "tribu, clan")
for grass /"bush" connection see daji
gambu (NW H.) door covering
8. Sng. gambu "porte" i. Ngz. gwamper "door closure made of bamboo" 4.

Abo. korbo "d. made of interwoven lathes" 6. Hrr. garbari, gambari "d. of
house" (gar "house" bari "door")
gamji, ganji fig tree "Ficus platyphylla" (source of gum)
9.Np. gbanci "R spp." i. Ang. gur) "F. platyphylla" Dr. gomso "Detarium sp."
NBT gar) "gum-arabic tr." NBJ auji "gum-arabic tr." Tgl. kwanam "rubber,
gum" 4. Sid. ganco "tree sp. (big, gives shade)"
gammo, ganwo headpad (for load) P.W.Cha. *hama "head"
OS *xam- "senior male relative" i. NB *7am- "head" SB *gam- "head" 4.

P.Cu. *g-m(m)-n "mane, tuft of hair, headdress" Bye. gir'ma "head, corner"
amo "head, top, hair" Sid., Der. umo "head, self" 2. Bac, Mwl. *h3m-
Afr.

HB 7u(m) "head" 5. Eg.(Bu) hen "skull, brain pan" 6. Soc.

"king"
gemgemoh "head" Ar. gamgama "skull" 9. P.WN *-7iu "head"
gamshea cobra "black-hooded c." ? < gam- "meet with" + shea "run away
fast"
gamzaki morning star ? < g-m + 1 + k-

5. Eg.(Bu)khemiu seku, akhmiu seku "stars that are always above the
horizon" akhmiu "stars" 2. Njn. gamleki "st." Mwl. gumla "st." Pad. gamala
"St." I. ? Dw. zagizak "st." 4. P.Cu.(E) *h-zk- "st." P.HEC *beddzeko "st."

6. ? Ar., n-g-m "st."

Soc.
gandiroba see duroba
gandu farm "f. of the head of the house or area" gandu, kudin gandu "tribute"
? < Sng. gando "earth, land" cf. Np. gandu "drummer's fee"

ganda palate "hard p." also hana

I. Ngz. ganad "gum" 2. Mfg. gardar) "p." Maf. ngardak "p." C.Cha. gan-

"tongue" Ter. yen + nda "tongue" 3. Sok. kerred 4. P.EC (Ehret) *^andab-
"tongue" P.SC *^anda "tongue" Sml. hardad Afr. ri4d "gums" Sid. gangana
"palate, gum" 5. Eg.(Bu) gann "tongue (?)" 6. Gur. anad "tongue" Hrr.
 77

arrat "tongue" S.Arg. arada "tongue" 7. Tur. an7a, an7atan "palate"

ganoki overeager "person who does foolish things through overeagerness" <
oki q.v. ? *gam- "head, chief" {see gammo)
ganga, gangami drum (general) also "dr.-shaped container" cf. gwangwani ?

< gangan ureal word e.g. Yor. gangan Sisala gengan- Gurma ganga- Kan.,
Bgr., Tur., Cha. (E, C.) ganga
gangama bank (of stream) cf. gaba, gaa
2. Ter. guma "front" Bur. gagam "steep b. of river" 3. Kr. koqkor) "bank"
Turn, gar) "bank"
gangara roll down, descend ? < gara "roll" q.v.

4. P.HEC *gonkol- "roll" Sml. giringiri "roll" 6. ES q^-lq^-1- "go down hill"
gani, gan, ga see gane "understand, recognize" gana "have private meeting"
P.W.Cha. *^ayan cf. ankara, hanga
I. Gwd. gar), gani Gwd.(N) gye Ang. gor) "look" Bol. gan "understand ? < H.

NBP, NBD *h-yn "see" 2. Zgv. nu7ene FJ 7a FB r)gun Njn. nahan 3. Sok.
gen- Mkl. geN- "voila, void" Lei. gangri "regarder" 4. P.Cu.(E) *7ahn- "know,
understand" Bye. gin'a "heart, mind" gin'i "verstdndig", Sid. qane "rendez-
vous, appointement" 5. Eg.(Bu) ga "see, look" gamh "see, look upon, per-
ceive" 7. Tur. ihannay "voir" 9. CB -gan- "think"
gamma booty < Ar. 7anTma
gan jar bushbuck "Tragelaphus sp." cf. katsauri
8. Kan. nganjar "b." i. NBD, NBJ ganjar "b." 2. Bur. kajal "antelope sp." FB
kajaran "gazelle" Mfg. maggazaw ''Redunca (reedbuck)" i. Tgl. kadur
"bushbuck" 3a. Zim. zar "reedbuck" 8. Ted. agazo "antelope" Dz. gazabsi
"antelope" 4. Awg. agazeni "antelope sp." Kimant agazen "antelope sp."
6. Ar. 7azal "gazelle"
ganuwa town wall, rampart ? < *g-n- "build, make" see gina cf. garu
ganye leaf cf. anye
I. Gwd. gar)ya Gwd.(N) gyer) NBB gyan din (din "tree") 2. Mdr. ganye Log.
'7one "vegetation" 3. Dgl. ganyo "herbe" ganyir "paille" Kuj. kanya "grass"
9. Biafada (WA) ganyari (s.) wanyari (pi.) Eregba anyi (Dalby, 1964) 8. Kan.

ganya "tree with green leaves" ? gar)- "produce new leaves (tree)"
gara ant "white a., termite" cf. gina, gwano P.Cha.(N) *gaia "termite" OS
*gotlal- "ant" *gu^al- "insect"
9. Ful. galgal "male termite" Gby. gaya "termite sp." 4. P.Rbt. *har- P.EC
*kuy- "termite hill" 4a. Jnj ora ,
78

gara roll, speed along garaje, gargara "haste" gare "hoop" cf. gaggawa,
gangara, gudu, hari
OS *gir-/*gur- "go, run" i. RS ('a)gal, "run" 2. Nkt. y^ala "run" Gd. 79rava
"ride horse quickly, attack quickly" Mfg. garay garay "marcher rapidement"
3. Gbr., Nan., Lei. g-r "run" 3a. Lam. fiar- "hater" 4. P.SC *giri "hurry" Had.
ger- "davonlaufen" Bye. garabo "canter" 4a. Bnc. gar- "roll" 5. Eg.(Bu)
kherem "hasten" (F) h3h "hurry" 6. Hars. gero "run" Gz. (ta)'agrata,
hagrata "hurry" Ar. gara "flow, run" ^agal "hurry" 'a7ar "gallop, run swiftly"
7. Tur. Yarafraf "se hater trop"
gam better that "it is better that"
3. Dgl. gala "bon, agreable" 4. Or. gari "good" garoma "be better" 8. Kan.
rjgala "good"
garali pursuit of one's own ends < Ar. 7ard
garatute payment (to retiring official) < Eng. gratuity
garaya lute (2 stringed) also giraya

4. Or. kirara "1." 6. Amh. krar "6 stringed 1." Gur. karar "stringed musical
instr." Heb. kinnor "zither" Ar. kinnara, ? kiran "kind of guitar" Akk.
kinnaru Eg.(Bu) kenanaur Greek kinnura
gara grind coarsely
I. Tgl. keebe "grind imperfectly" 2. Log. muxbi "flour" Mfg. ggarw- "moudre
a moitie" karp- "ecraser" harp- "ecraser lourdement" Mdr.gp. K-p-y- "flour" 3.

Dgl. karpe "piler quelque chose deja imbibe" Mgm. kampis- "piler pour enlever
le son" Lei. kubra "farine" 4. Or. garafa "gr. coarsely" 5. Eg.(Bu) kenfa
"crush, squeeze"
gardama dispute, quarrel cf. Kan. gar + ta "attacking, assailing" garetema "at-
tacker"
gardi obstinate, tough, brave also gardaye
3. Dgl., Bid. gardy- "elephant" i. Dr. gandar- "huge"
gareji garage < Eng.
gargadi warning, admonition ? < Kan. garga + ta "being angry" cf. Bud.
girgade "being angry"
gari town, inhabited environment cf. ga/gare, guri
OS *ger- "town" *er- "dwelling" *xa^ay- "house" 9. Gby. gari "endroit oil
Von se tient" Tv. gar "village, fence" i. Gwd.(N) giri Krf. giri Tgl. hili, kalau
"soil, earth" 2. Bok. xura'a "town" Bat.gp. hanyi "ground" C.Cha. *7ay-

"home, earth, land" 4. P.Cu. *7-rr- "land, earth, soil" Afr. gari "adjacent
area, environs" Sid. gare "tribe, people, village" 3. Dgl. ger "enclos familial"
 79

game "clan" Mkl., Bid. h-11- "village, quartier, ville" Turn, haji "terre, sol" 3a.
Mas. gali "voisin" 6. Ar. qarya "borough, village" Gz. hagar "town, country,
inhabited region etc." S.Ar. hgr "city" Tge., Tna. hagar "land, country"
Amh., Gur. agar 7. Tur. a7ram "ville" P.Ber. *9k9l- "earth"
gari flour cf. gara, gurori
9. Yor., Np. gari "cassava fl." Tv. gera "grind coarsely" i. NBM hara "grind

into liquid" 2. Bur. hat- "grind" Klb., Gis. h-'- "grind" Gd. aggyi, a4-
"grind" Log., Bud. *7e "grind" Mba. har "grind roughly" 5. Eg.(Bu) kha
"crush, pound" 3. Dgl, Bid. kurgal "millet fl." Mkl. gerriye "ecraser" 3a.
Lam. hala "ecraser" 4. Kwa. xa'it "grind" Irk. qet- "be broken in pieces" 6.
ES ankuro "fl. of maize etc." Gur. garadafa "grind coarsely" art "fl." Arg.
hart "fl." Gz. harada "grind" harid, haris "fl." 7. Tur. egel "fl." Tarn, arn
"fl."

garji heat "what a hot day!" cf. P.Cu.(D) *g-r- "fire" P.Cu.(E) *7war- "heat" Lei.
wirji, wurji "burn completely"

gark- shield, fence garka, garga "fenced plot" garke, garge "corral, herd, flock"
garkuwa "shield" cf. kange, kara, kunkuru, wangwara OS *or-^- "shield"
I. Dr. garwa "shield" Tgl. karge "enclose (with wall or fence)" kwagam
"shield" Bed. garakun, ggarakun "shield" Ang. kak "ward off, protect" 2.

Mdr. guUakwa "shield" Pad. galaka "shield" Udl. guloko "shield" Bud.
r)galag9 "shield" Log. galaka "shield" Mdr. gargare "fenced place" Pad.
gargare "fenced place" 8. Kan. gargara, gargari "fenced place" 3. Sok.
kokere "shield" Dgl. gur)gar "delimitation entre champs" gengire "se pro-
les

teger, mettre devant soi" 4. Bil. gargara "Ringzaun um ein Gehofte" Had. agira
"shield" Alb. garero "shield" Or. kerkara "protect" Sid. gargar- "corral ani-
mals" 5. Eg.(Bu) qera, ger "shield" hurh "protect, keep watch over" (F) h3
"herd" 6. Gur. ago, garangar "shield" Amh. garangare "shield" 7. Tur.
agror "enclos a chevreaux" 8. Sng. korey (pi.) "shield" Ted. korey, agor
"corral" Knz. karu "Schild"
garmaho gramophone, record-player < Eng.
garu wall (round town or compound) cf. ganuwa
OS *ga'ur- "waU, yard" *gor- "wafl, house, dweUing" 8. Kan. gar- "build"
garu "wall" Sng. garu "case en terre" Dz. gouru "mm en pierres ou terre" garu
Ngm., Ngz., Ang., Gby. (? borrowed either from Kan. or H.)
also in Dr., Bol.,
I. H. gargari "low wall"
garura dye "imported dye, green or magenta" cf. Sng. garura "red dye" Mnd.
gara "indigo" cf. karofi
8o

garwa tin "4 gallon kerosene t. (much used by water carriers)" ? < ga ruwa!
(which was the cry they used)
gas diesel oil, cooking gas < Eng.
gasa grill, broil (cook over hot ashes) cf. girki, kawa
OS has- "roast" i. H. easa "dry up" 4. Awg. kwi + s- "simmer" Ag. ges-
"roast" Bye. gas "boil" Afr. gasa "iron griddle" Kmb. qunse 4a. Jnj. kassu
"cook" Bnc. kes' "burn (intr.)" 5. Eg.(Bu) hess "heat, flame, fire" 6. Gur.
qwaqwasa "be roasted (on griddle), *become burnt, *become dry" Gz.
takkwasa, tarkwasa "burn, set on fire"

gaskiya truth also gaske (n.) gaskata (vb.) < gas + k-

I. Gwd.(Gitata) gace 2. Msg. gazi "wahr" Gid. gisirj Maf. kuza'a "droit, direct"

3. Mkl. kuc "vrai, intime" 3a. Ban. gasagira, gaziya Mas. gasi(ta) 4. Or., Brj.
ajel- "right, honest, straight" Sid. gut- "equal right, share" P.SC *ui- "be
straight" 6. Tge kazra "recht" Gur. qatt "straight"
gashi hair, feather P.Cha.(N) *gasi "hair" P.W.Cha. *g(a)z- ? < g-N "head" +
s-( ) "hair" gammo, lahuru
cf.

1. H. geza "mane" Gwd. gasa (N) ga' NB *r)g9zi NBT ga'siye 9. E.Ful gasa
2. Ter. 70s Gis. r)gwic Zlg. ngwuz "feather" Mfg. arjgwec "cheveux, poil" Pad.

r)gutsa 3. Tum. gura "h., feather" 3a. Lam. rjgasa "poil, cheveux" 5. Eg.(Bu)
gemsh "hair, lock, tress" shu + t "hair, feather" shen "hair" 4. Sid. gaze
"long hair" Der. gucce "feather" Or. koco "feather" Gaw. geso Tsm. gazo
Gollango kaso 4a. Wei., Kef., Mch. *Kw-s- "feather" Jnj. koso "feather,
wing" 9. P.WN *-ghwili "h."
gata three days hence cf. citta, hantsi
I. Gwd. gata 2. Mg. azugu "tomorrow" azagata "day after tomorrow" Gd.

cif gat "day after tomorrow" cif gat ta "2 days after tomorrow" 8. Ted.
agudi, agude "apres-demain"
gatari ax cf. gitta
I. Gwd. gante, gantere 7. Tur. a7tas "cut with axe or sword" 2. Glv.
'uyudara "chop, cut" 4. Or., Kmb. kalt- 6. ? Sem. q-t-1 "kill" (Akk. has the
same root for "kill" and "battle-ax") 5. Eg.(F) rdn (Bu) qartchan
gato vagina, bottom cf. gindi, gutsu, kuturi OS *kud- "genitals"
I. Gwd.(N) goto "v." 9. Gby. goo 2. Ter.gp. *kand- "v." Dab. megien

"vagina" 4. P.Cu.(E) *end- "vulva" Bil. qit 5. Eg.(F) k3t (Bu) ka + t 6. ES,
S.Ar. qantar 7. Tur. akedil
gatsa bite gatse "sarcasm" gatsine "sneering grimace" P.W.Cha. *qas- "bite"
*hatsw- "tooth" *^atl(tl)- "eat (hard food)" OS ^atl- "bite"
 8i

2. Dab. ngats "mordre" 4. P.Cu.(E) *r)ed'-, *r)ed^- (D) *g'^-S('^)- "tooth" Bil.

gatat "nagen, knuppem an Gegemtand" nakat "beifien, stechen"

einen harten
Sid. hant- "canine t." Brj. gacco "molar t." Or. gade "canine t. of animals"
4a. P.Om. *ats- "tooth" 5. Eg.(F) nhdt (Bu) neht + t "tooth" 6. Ethiopian
Sem. gat- "nibble, gnaw" S.Sem -rt- Syriac n^kat "bite" 7. P.Ber. *9c(c)-
"eat" 8. Knz. acci "beiften"
gaua, gaba beat also gabza P.W.Cha. *g/xab-
gaue Gardenia erubescens
I. Dr. gut Ngz. gwagu 6. Amh. g'^abbil "G. spp."
gauraka crested crane (Balearica pavonina) also gamraka, garmaka, gubori
I. Ngz. gavarak, varak Bed. davarak NBM mbul- NBJ abur- 3. Dgl. garko
Bid., Mgm. qarak- 8. Kan. gavari 9. Ful. kumare
gauraya mix together garwaya cf. gwalitsa, hautsina
also kauraya,
I. Ang. gwer "mix, mixing up" RF go "mischen" 2. Bur. gwarta "mix" Bac.

gba "knead" Mfg. gawal- "tourner qqch. dans la bouche" 3a. Lam. gai "tour-
ner, melanger" 4. P.SC *xwar- "stir, mix" P.Cu.(E) *7ur- "join" 5. Eg.(Bu)

khaa "mix" kharb "m. by crushing" 6. Gz. x-wia "mix, mingle, confuse"
7. Tam. xrwd, rrwy "stir" Tur. aray "mix, stir"

gauta bitter tomato {Solanum incanum) cf. ata P.W.Cha. *kut/nti

I. Gwd. ngonta raci NB *Kwi(n)t- Tgl. kudo Bol. kwita Ngz. kwitawa 9.

E.Ful. huitare pi. kuitaje

gautsi, gamtsi disrespectful speech ? P.W.Cha. *hamts- "laugh" cf. gatsa,
murmushi
gawa corpse OS *gaway- "body"
I. Ngz. guvu Bed. avgan NBT vune NBW viw- 2. HK, Mdr.gp. *guv- "body"
Bud. gau "bury" Mfg., Gis. vagay "c, burial" Bac, Gd. w- "c, death" 3.

Mkl. gobe Sok. goy 4. As. gawa "death" P.SC *gwa "die" 6. Jib., Mhr. m-g-f
Gur., Soc. g-f- "stuffed skin of calf used to stimulate cow's lactation" 8.

Kan. kavin Tub. agafor 9. P.Plateau *kwar) "c." *ku "die" P.WN *khwu "die"
Tv. -kom 5. Eg.(Bu) kha + t

gawayi charcoal cf. gobara OS *xab- "charcoal"

I. H. gawaro "anything burnt black" Ang. gyerep Gib. r)gurna Tgl. kuro 2.

Cb., W.Mg., HG -r)gw-r- Mwl. r)goli Mdr.gp. *-gv-r- Dab. gguvan 3. Tum.
gulam Dgl. kulmo 3a. Msm. ggur- 4. Irk. xawo Brn., Alg. xabo Bil ge'a
"Glutkohle, brennende Kohle" P.Cu.(D) *g-r- "fire, burn" (E) *guf- "burn" 6.
ES gaHar "coal" 7. Tur. a7u ''bruler, s'enflammer"
82

gawo acacia (A. albida) cf. aya "thorn"

I. Bol. gako Dr. gahai Ngz. gwayu 2. Pad. gaha "A. albida" Gd. kaya Mfg.
gwalam "A. polyacantha" 3. Dgl. garo "A. nilotica" Bid. golo "A. sclerocarpa"
3a. Lam. r)a'i "A. sieberiana" 4. Sml. galol "A. bussei" Kmb. grar Bil. gwara
"A. sp." Had. grara P.Cu. *-r-c- "A. sp." 6. Amh., Gur. garar "A." ? < Cu.
gaya extreme situation < Ar. yaya
gaya tell gayar da, gai da gaisa "greet" cf. kira "call", ara "cry out" OS *gay-
"say" *xay- "voice" *al- "speak"
I. Tgl. ka, ga, r)a "say, speak, tell" Gra. kiri "speak" Gwd. gye' Ang. yirr "tell
from beginning to end" Dr. ngwa "it is said that" NBP fiwuley "greet" 2.
Mg.gp. *r)ga "call" Cb. 7a "speak" Mad. giwusa "greet" Hrz. gesa "greet"
Log. ggul "greet" Pad. 139 "dire" Mfg. ggal- "inviter, demander, entonner (un
chant)" 3. Bid. garaw "parler" Dgl. gare "montrer, expliquer" gaia "divination"
Tum. ka "dire" 4. P.Cu.(D) *(g)-r(r)-y- "speech, word" Afr. garay "meeting,
discussion, making welcome" Or. sagale "voice, sound, word" Bil. gawr "seg-
nen, griiften" Kmb. ga" "call" 4a. Bnc. gars "let speak" gartn "discuss" 5.

Eg.(Bu) kai "speak, say, think, tell out" kher "speak, say" 6. Gur. qal, qar,
qay "word, voice" ES, Akk., Ug. n-g-r "speak, word, inform" 7. Tur. a7ru
"appeler, mentionner, invoquer"

gaya lump, round object cf. guda Ngz. gayi "one"

gayai, gayitsi feces < Ar. ya'it
gaye Western dress ? < Eng. guy cf . boko
gayya communal labor
3. Dgl. gayo "aide" Ngm. gayo "aider" 7. ? Tur. gayya "travail mal fait"
gaza fail, fall short see gaji
gazgayi granary
I. Ang. gyer KK, Ngz. gatai "plaited gr." 3. Lei. golu "poterie pour conserver
les grains" 4. Or., Kmb. gayy- "gr. made from bamboo"
gebe stream OS *xab- "water flow"
gefe side, edge cf. gaba, gaa
I. Gwd. gyepe Ang. kwop tur "ribs" (tur "chest") Dw., Sey. gup "chest" 2.
Ter. kai Mfg., Gis. gwe "near" 3a. Ban gaftika "chest" (Cha. *tik- "body")

4. P.Cu.(E) *gaf-, *guf- "side, edge" P.Cu.(D) *g-> "side, near" 6. Soc. gehe

+ t "shore, bank"
"poitrine" 5. Eg.(Bu) khefi
gejigauge (especially "tyre g.") < Eng.
gemu beard Cha.(E, W, C) *g-r-m "beard" cf. gashi Cha. *G-S- "hair" Cha.,
P.Ber. *m- "mouth"
 83

2. Bok. xwasa "hair" miya "mouth" xwasimiya "beard" FG gwuzam "beard"

mmi "mouth" Gd. (m)buzemina "beard" ma "mouth" (Wmd. sisi "hair"
nya "mouth" cicir nya "beard") 4a. Jnj. kemsa "chin" 3. Dgl. getyimo
"beard" gemo "individu mascuUn" Bid. gecima "barbe, menton" 3a. Lam.
ggasaa vun "moustache (poil bouche)"
gero millet also (Bauchi) gyauro ? < g-y + wur- cf. waya "grain" gyauro "ra-
toon, growth from old stump" dauro "millet sp." lawur "millet sp."
OS *gir-/*gi'ur- "corn" i. P.W.Cha. *giw/yro Gwd.(N) gyoro Sur. gyewuro
NBD, NBP; NBS *gyura Sey. gyoro Ngz. gavarka "sorghum" varda "first ripe

heads of m." Dr. kure "sorghum" Tgl. kporok "mixed grains" 8. Kan.
r)gav9ri"sorghum" 9. Poular gauri "mil" 2. Ter.gp. *xw-rm "sorghum" Bur.
gp., R *'yar "m." HF garwa "m." Dab. viyi Zgv. wira 3. Dgl. yorwa "sor-
ghum" Smr. gel "sorghum sp." Mkl. *g-y/wl- "grain, millet" 3a. Lam. garar)
"m." Msm. gwirany "sorghum" Mas. togoro "sorghum" 4. Brj. wor- "cere-
als" 5. Eg.(Bu) hi "grain, wheat, barley etc."
geza mane Cha. *G-S- "hair" cf. gashi
2. Gd. gaza "tail" Mfg. arjgwec "criniere, poil" Dab. mugadzagadza 3a. Lam.
dzega 4. Sid. gaze "long hair" Sml. gud "m." sayn "hair of m." 9. P.WN
*-gwendi
gii gap (esp. in teeth) cf. gurbi "indentation, place where something or some-
one is usually found, nest"
I. Kof. kop "place of which something is gone" Pr. kwoi "hole" 2. Mfg.
gu- "couver" 3. Dgl. gurbibe "fondriere" Bid. kuurka "couvee" Smr. gubu
"hole" Amh. qaliba "mold, casting"
6. Ar.,

gida, giji house, home, household OS *gud- "house"

I. Grn. gidi "hut" Bog. kundi "hut" 2. Ter.gp. *kanda "hut, house" Mdr.gp.

*guda "hut" Bud. gandu "house, hut" Pad. kayda "hut" 3. ? Dgl., Bid.,
Mgm. kida "terre" ? Kr. gida "inside, stomach" 3a. Lam. gi- "enclos" 4a.
Bnc. ket "house" 4. P.Cu.(D) *R-t(t)- "hom" P.HEC *giddo "inside, interior"
Or. ganda "village, community" Sid. gate "space behind the house" 6. Hrr.
gidagad "wall" (etc. see Leslau, 1963, p.68) ganda "village" Hars. gedor "build
up with stones" Gz. gedar, qedar "tent of a nomad" 7. Tam. tigedrin
"houses" P.Ber. *agadir "wall" 9. CB - ganda "chiefs enclosure" 8. Dz.
kendira "enclos" 5. Eg.(Bu) qarta "city, town" (F) irti "city, town, envi-
ronment"
gifta, gibta, gitt-, gicc- move across ? < gef- "side" see gefe cf. Gby. giti "poser

en trovers"
84

giginya deleb palm (Borassus aethiopum)

I. Dr. gangiyo Bol. ganga Gib. kanga 8. Kan. ganga "Hyphaene thebaica"
gigita fluster, upset also "lose presence of mind" cf. girgije, giya
I. Ang. gyit "intoxicating" 5. ? Eg. thi "be drunk"
gimbiya princess, chief woman of town < Cha.(E, W, C) *g-m- "chief, head"
gina build "b., make pottery, (Sokoto, Katsina) dig" P.W.Cha. *h'^an- "build,
work" Cha.(W, E, C) *gy-n- "b., make" cf. gona "farm" OS *xon- "do,
make"
I. Gwd. gyina gun "build" gi( )- "dig, bury, hole" 2. Bur. xanta "build
Sey. 13

with mud" Gd. yin, ydn "build with mud" FM 7unyi "build" 3. Dgl., Bid.
gine "faire" magine "tombe" Tum. gan 3a. Lam. ganai "poterie" Mas. ini-
"build" 4. Afr. gin- "plait, twist (rope), construct" Sid. qinacca "do some-
thing actively" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) qet "build, mould, construct" 6. ? ES hans

"building, construction" 7. Tur. anu "faire, fabriquer" 8. Sng. kyin "con-

struire" 9. Mnd. kene "work, field, cultivate"

gina flying termite (Bargery says the word derives from the method of catch-
ing)
I. Gwd. gana, gana, ggana "termite" 4. Bye. hang'ane "ant"
gindi bottom, lowest part cf. gato, kudu, kutiri
8. Kan. gadi (same tones as H.) "base, bottom, east etc." Sng. ganda "down"
9. Mnd. gyun "fond" -ndi diminutive Gby. gun "commencement, debut,
origine" gun te "tronc d'un arbre a la base" (te "arbre") 3, Lei. hida gindi
"stump" (hida "tree") 4. P.Cu. *g-d- "rear, back, hind" P.HEC *ginde "log,
stump" (Sid. "heel") REG *gund- "trunk" Bye gande "fundament" Or. gad(i)
"down" 6. Gur. gaday "down, below, south" Amh., Gz. *gand "trunk, stem,
lineage"
gira eyelash, eyebrow
I. Gwd. gyira ndani "eyebrow" (ndani "eye") 2. Pad. guguma de "eyebrow"

(de "eye" gege "poil des joues") Lam. ggasa wa 'ir "eyebrow" ("hair +
3a.

head + eye") 4. Or., Brj., Bon. gar- "eyebrow" Sid. gara "eyelashes, fore-
head" Brj. ilanga gari "eyelash" ("eyebrow of eye") Sml. hirib "eyelash,
eyelid" 6. Gur. qarb "eyebrow, eyelash"
girbe reap Cha.(E, W, C) g-rb- "cut" OS *hib-r- "harvest"
4. P.Cu. *q-rm "gleanings" P.Cu.(E) *gw-rp "cut off" 6. Gur. q-r-m "glean,
harvest" 7. ? P.Ber. *mgr "harvest (vb.)"
girgije cloud "raincloud" pi. gizagizai cf. gajimare
 85

I. RD marjgirgii "rainbow" 3. Dgl. gotyi "nuages" guzguzu "brouillard noir

charge de pluie" Bid. 'uje "nuage"
girgije shake also girgiza, girgia cf. giglta
I. Ngz. guguyu 2. Pad. gada "secouer, essuyer" gagara "trembler" Mfg.
r)gar)gwac- "secouer violemment" 9. Mnd. gidyi-gidyi, gudyu 4. Afr. gilgile

Bye. gid "throw, shoot, shake (head)" Sml. garir "shiver, tremble" 6. ES
q-tq-t 7. ? Tur. gallad "etre en extase, danser frenetiquement"
girki cooking "putting pot on fire" ? < gir + ki cf. gasa, kawa Cha.(W, E) *g-t-
"roast, grill" OS *gir- "fire, be hot"
1. P.W.Cha. *gai- "burn, make fire" Tgl. kare "cook" Ngz. gatu "build fire"

2. Gd. gura "hearth" Wmd., Mg. aggiri "burn" 3a. Mas., Ban. r)gal "burn"
4. P.Cu.(D) *g-r- "fire" P.SC *a'l- "dry by fire" Bye. gwir "cook by stewing"
5. Eg. rr "burn, bake (pottery)" 6. Gz. qrh "burn, be hot" 9. P.WN *-gik-
"fireplace"
girma bigness "b., be older than, high status, respect" gagarumi "very big"
girmama "show respect to" Cha.(E, W, C) *g-r-m "big, old" OS *gid-/*gud-
"be big, numerous" *gidol- "big" *gad- "be old, elder"
I. H. gawurta "grow big, important" 4. P.Cu.(E) *gad-, *gud- "big" Sid.
girm-, gurm- "big, many" 4a. Jnj. gayma "adult, mature" 5. Eg. k3i "tall,
exalted" 6. Gz., Amh. garma "majesty, glory, dignity, awe, magnificence"
Hrr. gadara "become great" Heb. gadol "big" Ar., Soc. g-d-1 "strong" 7.

P.Ber. *g-t- (Rossler) Tur. im7ar "etre grand (de dimension on d'dge), etre

important" igat "etre nomhreux, etre long (temps)"

gishiri salt also girsilli ? < gir + S-r-

I. Gwd. gyiri "salt" Gra., NBP gisira (? < H.) Sey. gilur "ash" Pic. gii "ash"
Bed. duguiin "ash" 2. Cb. kagila "salt" Gdu. r)gir- "salt" qgiir- "ash" HG
manda sare "salt (Kan. manda "salt") Gv., Zgv., MM *iugw-l- "salt" 9. Tv.
ishar "salt lick" 8. Tub., Dz. geren "salt" Bgr. r)gal "natron" kas Sarwa
"Sarwa (? = Sara) salt" Kan. ki7ir "type of salt" Sng. kyiri "salt"

gitta ax "battle a." cf. gatari P.W.Cha. *gitt/tt-

I.Gwd. gyita, gante NB *g-yti Bol. gaii "chop" 2. Bac, Njn. gyeta,
(n)gyee "hoe" 4. Sid. otto Or.(Foot) koto 9. Mnd. gyenda "ax" kpiti
"battle ax" 8. Sng. kyendi "knife, sickle"
giwa elephant P.Cha.(N) *gyawan
I.Gwd.(N) gyuwo Tgl. yokune 2. Ter.gp., Bur.gp., Hg., R, Mwl., Gd. *c-w-
n/r 8. Bgr.(K) gewa Ted. kuwun 4. P.Cu. *z-kw-n/r P.Cu.(E) *zo7- 4a. Jnj.
zakno 6. Gur. zaxwana, dahan- Amh. zahon 9. CB *-jogu P.Plateau *zwam
86

giya beer "b., alcoholic drink" cf. gigita ? < Ar. ji^a, gi^a

giya gear (of engine) < Eng.

Gizo trickster-hero (of H. tales) gizogizo "spider" bakan Gizo "rainbow"
gizami "epithet applied to Gizo" (Especially in W. Africa, the spider seems
to have a relationship with God) cf. hantsi
I. Tgl. kitor) "sky, heaven" Dr. guruwu "rain" (puro "sky" puro guruwu
"god") Gib. ggsla "sky" Pr. gurer) "sky" 2. Bur.gp. xyel "god" Klb. zirka hyel
"spider" (C.Cha. *zir "child") Log. zuwexii "spider" Gan. ngirngirya "spi-
der" Mg. iju "god" ada giju "sky" Mwl., Bac. kurakura- "spider" Mfg. gszw-
"tisser (une toile d'araignee)" galavay "del, Dieu" vay "calebasse" Maf. zigula
"god, sky" Mad. dudu gizuwe "spider" (Cha.(E, W, C) *d-d- "in-law (male)")
Zgv. 7W9la7W9la "spider" Maf., Dab., Gis. *kwalay "rainbow" 3. Tum.
kojikoji "spider" Lei. gunye "spider, tale, hero of tales" (? < Zim.) Mkl.
lor)gusu "dieu(x) des Hadjerai" 4. P.HEC *issan- "spider" Der. "spider" =
"God's friend" P.Cu. *z-r- "god, sky" Bye. kwas- "god, create" hasim
"spider" Afr. goyta "Lord, Seigneuf Brj. wanto "God" 5. Eg. ntr "god" 6. ES
agzar "God, Lord" 9. Gby. wanto "spider, trickster-hero" CB *-gudu "sky"
P.WN *-gulu "sky"
/ "god" relationship cf. also:
for "spider"
Ang. nen "god, spider" Sur. nan "god, spider" (Ank. "spider" = ? "wife of
I.

god"; Cp. "spider" = "child of god") 3a. Lam. bur)or "arc-en-ciel" -buwo
collocates /or "storm, thunder, lightning" (cf. Dgl., Bid., Mgm. bun "god, sky
etc.") maibar)bur)o, ma bi buwo "spider" (ma "woman")
goba guava gwaiba < Eng. cf. Yor. guafa, guroba, gurofa Kri. gweva
also
gobara fire, conflagration cf. gawayi, kawa OS *gub- "burn"
I. NBP hwuu "burn" 2. Ter.gp. *xuB- "boil" Mg.gp. *kumbw- "boil" FM
xibw(u) "boil" Njn. -hibi- "boil" Bac. -hubwa "boil" Gv. kubufa "boil"
Laam. yuvaya ''brunnen" 3. Dgl. kobire "burn (tr.) with large flame" 4. P.
EC *gub- "burn" 6. Soc. qeb(b) "roast" Aramaic kabbeb "roast" N.Assyrian
gabbubu "roasted"
gobe tomorrow ? < g-( ) + b-r
4. P.EC *ber- "dawn, morning, tomorrow" Bayso bari "morning" gebari "to-

morrow" Bil. gwarab "dawn" Kmb. gareba "the morrow" P.Cu.(E) *gwarb-
"daylight" Sid., Kmb. ga'- "tomorrow" i. Dw. go "morning" gurur) "tomor-
row" Tgl. kumbunu "morning" RF huhwon "morgen" Plateau Cha. *B-yt-
"morning" 2. Nkt. 7alaberta "tomorrow" Msg. ggorof "morning" Bud. hoba
 87

"tomorrow" 6. Sem. g-w-h "dawn, daybreak, burst forth" 5. Eg.(Bu) kheper

"the rising sun" 7. Tur. gaway "remonter, aller en amont, aller a Vest"
goce swerve, move aside < gota "pass beyond, exceed" cf. Cha.(W, C.) *gw-r-
"surpass"
I. H. kauce "move aside" Ngz. gwafu 4. ? P.Cu.(E) *-'gwar- "turn" *gwe'd-
"side of body" Bye. kijd "irregehen" 5. gws "become askew, bent,
Eg.
twisted, turn away" 6. Gur., Amh. gw-n, gw-d-n "side of body" 7. ? Tur.
gattu "etre penche, incline, oblique"
gode thank cf. Kan., KK, Ngz. god- "thank"
1. Montol kwedde Bol. kunnu 4. P.HEC, Or. galat- "thank, praise" ? Bye.
gidil "do s. thing well, in proper fashion" 6. Amh. galata "good action that
deserves a reward" ES galata "gratitude" Gz. 'a'kwata "praise, thank" 7. Tur.
guday "remercier, etre en bonne sante, aller Men"
goiya mare cf. doki Cha. *d-(w)- "horse"
2. Hg. *G-d-w- "horse" Mat. kidex "donkey"3. Kr. gadamo "horse" 6.

Amh. ganeta "mare" 5. Eg.(Bu) ka + t "female animal" SB gut, gud "wo-

man" Kan. kurkuri "female of animals" Knz. karri "weiblich" CB *-kadi
"female" P.WN *-khal-, -khand- "woman"
goji pumpkin, marrow OS *ga'uj-/*gawuj- "calabash, basket"
goga, guga rub "r., file, polish, plane" gogagge "experienced" P.W.Cha. *gwag-
I. Gwd. *gw-(n)gye "rub" Ang. gwak, gwok "rub, grind, old, useless, spoilt"
KK gogus- Bol. gogo- Dr. gar) gar) ga "worn out" 2. W.Mg. giginda Mfg.
gwaguh- "frotter qqch. pour nettoyer" 3. Kr. horke "frotter" Dgl. korge "racier,

se gratter" koygu- "ef/riter, petrir" Lei. kogli "lisser, polir" 4. P.Cu. *x-hK-
"comb, scrape" Bye. hug "chafe, grind" 7. Tur. egg "petrir" Siw. ogg "petrir"

Tam gg "knead"
goge fiddle "one-stringed fiddle that is bowed" ? < goga from the way it is

played cf. H. guga Np. gboge "fiddle"

gola goalkeeper cf. Kri. gola ? < Eng. "goaler"
golo testicle cf. gululu, gwaiwa, wai Cha.(E, W, C) *gO-r-(l-) OS *gural-
"genitals"
4. As., Kwa. gulala (pi.) Kef. qura Bil. quia Bye. ula, wula "testicles" galo
"scrotum" 8. Kan. r)gur 9. Wolof nguli 6. Gz. q'^alh Gur. anqulu Amh.
quia Hars. ke4- "swollen testicles" Shuwa Ar. gulun "swollen testicles" Akk.
gallu, qallu "sexual organ" 7. Tur. tekeyuryut
goma ten Cha.(W, E, C) *gwam- "ten" cf. gama, ungiya
4. P.Cu.(D) *kw-m- "large number, heap, 1000" P.HEC *gum'a "all" 9. Gby.
88

goqma "loo" 4a. Jn). kuma "1000" 6. Ar. qawm "tribe, nation, party of

men, some people" 7. Tur. gim "1000"

gona farm gayauna, gawaina, gayamma, gamana "small f." cf. gina OS *gan-
"field"
I. Gwd.(N) gwana RF ggon "cultivate" RD, RS gor) "farm" Grn. go "farm"
9. Mumuye gon 2. Gis. gava "Farm" Mfg. gavay "quartier, 'village'" ? Mdr.gp.
*gw-k- "farm" 3. Dgl.,Bid., Mgm. gaw(a)n- "cultivate, fields" Mgm. gan
"champ" Jg. gawit "bauen" 9. CB *-gunda "garden" 4. Bye. gaw "Gehoft,
Haus, Familie" Ah. gawra "cultivated land" 5. Eg.(Bu) qema, gema, kam(u)
"garden etc." 4a. Bnc. kam "farm-land" 6. Sem. g-nn "garden" Gur.
gwafifia "back of house where the asat is planted" 8. ? Knz. gunna "Wuste,
Steppe"
gora I. gourd (also called guraka q.v.) goran ruwa "water-
(masc.) calabash,
bottle, aluminum" kwarya cf.

OS *gar- "container, vessel" i. Gwd. gwara "small gourd used as water jar"

NBT gwaromi "large calabash" BoL, Tgl. kw-1- 2. Mfg. guta "courge" Gd.
kara "c. sp." 3. Nan. kolum "Trinkgefdfi" 3a. Lam. gul-, gur- 4. P.SC *xora-,
xoda- "large, hard shell of something (gourd?)" *'^ad- "calabash" Or. qorse
"fragment of broken gourd" Or., Afr. Kor- "wooden bowl" Sid. gerere "dec-
orated gourd vessel" 6. Gur. quia "gourd, bowl" Ar. quUa "jug, pitcher" ES
kora "cup, bowl, jar" RSem *gull- "ciotola" 5. Eg.(Bu) qerr "water pot" khau
"pot, altar vessel, milk bowl" (F) h3W "bowl" 7. Tam., Tur. ayW- "kettle,
biberon, vase, auge" 8. Berta ago "calabash" agu "gourd sp." Knz., Dz. *^-w-r
"Koloquinte, calebasse" 9. Ful. hor-, kor- Twi, Jarawan Bantu -kor- Busa
(Boko), Tv. gber- Sobo ogwara
2. bamboo, cane Cha. (E, W, C.) *g^ad- "stick, spear" cf. RCu.(D) *k-ll-,

*cui(l)- "stick, club" REG *kor- "wood, tree" RSC *or- "stick, tree, wood"
OS *go^ad- "stick"
I. H. g/kwangwala "stem of palm branch" tukurwa"bamboo palm" gwalm-.
gwam- "stick, cudgel, club" dead on one side" kulki,
gwadara "tree which is

kulka "club" Ang. gwal "stick covered with red earth set up in farms" Sey.
gwar "spear" Pr. gbaram "stick" gbarindam "hunting weapon" RD gaat
"Stock" 2. FG 7wole7wole "wood" Pad. gubve "bamboo" Gd. gangawala
"purlin of roof frame" 9. Gby. gangala "grande perche servant de charpente
aux toits des cases" 3. Lei. gol "gourdin de peche" ]g. 'orra "Stock" Kr. golom
"javelot" 3a. ? Lam. gol "fleau, baguette" 4. Abo. goliy "bamboo" 6. ? Gz.
 89

qwatt "butt end of spear, slender spear" 7. Tur. gewal "javelot" agula
"baton"
goriba, goruba dum palm "Hyphaene thebaica" OS *xuray- "palm tree" cf. Sng.
gori "edible p. leaves"
I. NBW gwalabai 2. Bur. gwarva 3. Sok. sogor, soger "dum p., dum p. leaf"
saune "tree"
for *ba "p. tree" see bammi
goro colanut cf. Sng., Kan. goro Mnd., Bam. woro Ful. wor- (s.) gor- (pi.) Yor.

kola Kri. kola (the Kano Chronicle says that Queen Amina, c. 1425, was the
first to receive colanuts from Nupe)
goshi forehead ? < gab- "front" + *-ci "nose" see hanci
I. H. gabashi "region to the E." Gwd.
gan "forehead, front" BT
ga' Dr.
(w)-c/sin "nose" 2. Gd. kuqwacin- "forehead" kunwa- "face, front" sina
"nose" 3. Lei. gin Kr. kunja "devant, vor"]g., 'ont- Dgl. undi "front, devant"
4. P.Cu. *g-t(ts)- "face, forehead" Dhl. awa^i "middle of f." Ma' nkumbiti

"eyebrow" P.SC *awa- "brow ridge" 6. Gur., Hrr. q-fat

goya carry on back, support cf. agola "stepchild" Cha.(E, W, C) *g-r- "carry"
OS *go'-y- "carry" *gor- "back"
I. NBP gey- "lift" Ang. kol "support (n.)" Ngz. gudv- "carry on back" 2.

Maf. gar- "elever (des enfants)" Mat. gwa' "load (n.)" Log. 7'oi "Zeug" 3. Dgl.
goro "epaule, fardeau" gogire "porter sur le dos" gogo "partie superieure du dos"
gogiyo "couchee sur le dos" Lei. germi "mettre un support" gura "offrande,
nourriture" 3a. Lam. ku'u "porter sur le dos" 4. P.HEC *gur- "carry away" Brj.

goro "back" goy- "take away, marry (of man)" P.Cu. *gw-r-b "back (n.)"
*gw-t(t)- "pull, carry (load)" Sml. kor "lift, adopt" 4a. Jnj. wora, wo'ra
"carry" 6. Gz. kawala "back part, rearguard" Tge. kawal "rearguard" Amh.
hwala "behind" g^aro "backyard"
gu place also guri, wuri q.v. cf. unguwa
I. Gra. gawa "hut" Dr. gaw- "room" Ang. we "home" Sur. wa "Heim, nach
Hause" 2. Njn. kwo "house" 3. Kr. ko "endroit, nature, temps" Mkl. kuwa
"etendue de terre, plaine, endroit aride, espace" 4. Bye. gau "Gehbft, Haus,
Familie" Bil. kau "Volk, Stamm, Tribus" 5. Eg.(Bu) hu "place, district, in time
of, over against" 8. Knz. gu "Stelle, Feld, Teil, Acker, Erde etc." 6. Hars. w*^
"land, place, down"
guba poison
I. Katsina H. guba "name of tree from which a poison is obtained" Gd.
nguma "medicine, magic, poison" 3. Dgl. kope "venom, tree sp. with very
90

bitter, poisonous bark"kopa "venin" 4. Afr. gubun

Bid. "v., poisonous black
snake" Sml. wab- "poison, poisonous plant"
guda unit, lump
8. Sng. gura "unite, grain" kondu "unite de" 4. Or. guro "lump" Bye. kwo,
k(w)ot "unit" Had. gud- "gleichartig, ebenmdssig sein" 6. Tge. gudu^ "einzeln"

gudu run "r., avoid, fear" gudana, gudada "flow (water)" gudanar da "run, ad-
minister" gudawa "diarrhoea" cf. gara "speed along" OS *xudad- "stream,
river"
I. Gwd.(N) guru NBW, NBD gud- "hurry" NBM had- "hurry" Pr. 7orana
"run" SB kutur- "run" Cp. gwe "run" 2. MM *h(u)wa- "run" 3. Dgl. gae
"courir, couler, derouler" Sok. gadigadi "fliehen" gadgari "laufen" 4. P.Cu.
away" P.Cu.(E) *7we'- "be
*kw-t- "run, run away, hurry" P.SC *kwa'^- "run
afraid" Afr.kude "run away" Sml. kud- Bye. kwid "stray, be missing, be
lost" 5. Eg.(F) hwi "avoid" 6. Gur. tagwada "run off (water)" Gz. gwayyat
"flight" (ES gw-y- "flee, run away") 7. Tam. gwd "be afraid"
guduma hammer "smith's h., hunter's throwing stick" Cha.(E, W, C) *gw-d-m
"spear" cf. gora 2. OS *gadum-, *gudin- "axe, hoe"
I. Gwd. guduma NBW di79m 2. MM
*gud-m "arrow, quiver" Pad.
gwadama "arrow" gaddumne "adze" Kr. -r)udi
Bat.gp. *r)geD- "hoe" 3. Dgl.
"axe" 3a. Lam. gada "travail de la forge" 4. Bye. gaddom "hammer" gid
"throw, shoot down" P.Cu. *gw-d-m- "Axt, Beil, Hacke" 6. Tge. gaddom
"pickaxe" Ar. qadum "carpenter's axe" 8. Knz. kadub "hacken"
gua cry of joy (ululation of women) cf. kuwwa
1. Gwd.(N) aguro 2. Gis. wud- "schreien" 3. Dgl. gurdya "cri d'encourage-
ment" 4. Bil. guda^ "aufbrausen, zanken" Kmb., Sid. wad- "shout, scream"
P.SC *wala' "shout" Irk. qwala' "be joyful, glad" Bye. kwalTt "intone (song
of praise, dirge)" 6. Ar. zayrad, zayiat "sing wedding songs, quaver" 7.

Tur. seeret "pousser le cri d'appel"

gujiya internal organ in a bird OS *guj- "stomach"
guga bucket (to draw from well) ? < gug- "rub" (? < constant rubbing against
the side of the well) see goga cf. Kan., Gwd., Sur.guga "bucket" Gd., R
guga "well"
guguwa whirlwind "wh., dust-devil" ? < g-w-y- "go round" see kewaya
2. Log. koawa Maf. ggwai- "be turbulent" Mfg. gwagus- "disposer en desordre

(paille d'un toit)" Gd. gugugwa "sound of many large animals moving

around" 3. Dgl. gulbiyoyo

 91

gujiya groundnuts (N.W. Hausa) elsewhere ''Bambaia groundnuts (Voandzeia)"

also gujjiya, gurjiya cf. gyaa, ulu

9. Gurma gudia Ful. -gulte- "pois de terre" Senufo kuru tiga "? bean of earth"
I. DZ, Gj. g(w)uja Ngz. gwadanu Pic. gwati Tgl. kwono RB gwamtar) 2.
Bur.gp. (h)-w-d- 8. Kan. kolji Dz. kolce 7. Tur. gojaya < H.
Forms close to the H. occur in Np., Ebe (?), Kamuku, Kambari
Igbirra,
gulbi river ? < gu- + mbi cf. Cha.(W, E) *gwud- "place" (H. gun-, gur-) Cha.(E,
W, C) *mbi "water" cf. gurbi
I. Ngz. gumbak "watercourse filled by the rains" 4. P.Cu.(E) *mi' "be wet"
5. Eg. nbi "swim" 6. Sem. nb^ "flow" Hrr. ebi' "tear (lacrima)"
gulob electric bulb < Eng. globe
gululu ball "b. of earth fixed to end of spindle" cf. golo, wallo OS *gulul-
"ball" *gol- "be round"
7. Tur. galallat "etre rond" 4. Bye, kwilil, kulel "umgehen, Umkreis, Fuftring,
Armband" As., Kwa. gulala "testicles" i. Tgl. kprol "exactly round" 6. Gur.
kurure "ball made of wood"
guma tire, bother OS *xom- "be sick, be ill"
1. Dw., Pic. *kum- "tire" NBW, NBD gwan- "sickness" 2. Pdl. ngum- "tire"
Mfg. gum- ''deformer, se ratatiner" 3. Bid., Dgl. gum- "couver" 4. P.HEC
*gam- "pains of labor" Or. gama "tire" Bye. gwoi "fail, weak" P.Cu.(D)
*om- "chew, bite" (for
*7^-n- "bite" P.EC "eat" > "pain" see ci, ciwo) 6.
? 7amma "grieve, afflict" 7. Tur. amu
Al "faire mal a, faire de la peine a"

tama "mal (physique ou moral)"

gumi sweat, heat (n.), hot weather cf. guma cf. Sid. gammut "heat" OS
*hum-, *um- "be hot"
guna melon (Citrullus vulgaris) cf. gwanda "papaya"
2. Gd. gunaya "tree sp. with edible white fruit" *-gwini "papaya" 8. MM
Kan. gunoguno "white melon"
gunaguni grumbling also gunguni cf. gurnani
7. Tur. genugenu "grogner" 2. Mfg. ggwagguz- "grogner, se plaindre, gemir"

3. Dgl. gangine "gemir" 4. Or., Sid. gunguma SmL gunus- P.SC *u(u)m-
"grumble"
gundu Pennisetum sp. OS *xund- "cereal sp."
gunduma break off (piece) also "piece broken off" gunduwa "slice, section"
cf. guduma ? *"tool for cutting, breaking"

3. Dgl. guumo "stump of tree cut down to ca. i meter" 6. Amh.

92

gwarammama gurma "stump of tree" Ar.

"cut the top off something" Gur.
g-5-m "cut gi6ma "fragment cut off"
off"
gungu island cf. Sng. gungu "protrude, island etc." (Argungu was once under
the domination of Songhai) Mnd. gungu "island, central part"
guni sound of voices OS *xun- "voice, speech"
gunji roaring cf. iigi
gunki idol see gwani
guntu short (piece of anything) cf. dungu, unci
3a. Msm. guti "short" 4. Had. gund- "kurz sein" Sid. gurde "stub (e.g. of

ticket") P.Cu. *w-tty- "small, few" *(w)-(n)t- "cut" Afr. gundubite "short-
tailed" 6. Sem. q-t-n "be small" 7. Tur. 97ew9d "morceau taille"
guntule cut short ? < guntu
guraka gourd (large) cf. gora, warya
1. Tgl. kuluk "large gourd" NBP galka "calabash" Zks. kwolkin "calabash"

2. Gd. kwalaka "small calabash" Log. gerlaka "Cucurbita maxima" Mfg.

galar)ga "grande calebasse sp." Pad., Laam. kulaga "calebasse en forme de
bouteille" 3. Mgm. kuraka "petite calebasse pour la boisson" Bid. kurukidya "la
plus grosse calebasse" 3a. Lam. guraka "large water pot" 5. Eg.(Bu)
garagantesi "gourd, pumpkin" (Greek KoXoKwdrj, -tk])

gurasa cake, wheaten cf. Ar. qiras"round cake of bread"

gurbi hole (indentation) ? < gur- "place" + bi (P.Cha. *mbi "water") cf. gfi,
gulbi, guri OS *gur, *xub- "hole" P.Cu.(D) *g'^-l(-p)- "hole"
gurata mix "m., stir up (sediment)" cf. kwae
3. Dgl. Bid. guril- "troubler (eau)" ? Cha. *mbi "water" relevant
gur-, gus- twist "t., cause sprain or dislocation" cf. murde, murgude
I. H. targade "sprain, dislocation" 2. Mfg. rjgadw- "tordre, arquer" Mdr.gp.
*gur(9)d- "twist" Mat. ar)gwed- "twist" 3. Lei. gurada "tordre" Bid. gul "tresser
(cheveux)" Dgl., Bid. *'ar- "tresser, tordre" Mgm. riiny- "tordre" 4. Brj.

gurd- "dress (vb.)" Sml. gunt- "gird with loincloth" Or. gurd- "belt, girdle"
Afr. girda "bracelets" P.Cu.(E) *'gwar- "turn" 7. Tur. adran "tordre"
gurfana kneel cf. gwiwa Cha.(E, W, C) gw-rp- "knee, kneel" P.W.Cha. *g'^al-

"elbow" OS *gup-/*gump-, *il-b-, *gul (+ ib) "knee"

4. P.Cu. *gw-lb- "knee, kneel, bend" 4a. Om. *gunB- 5. Eg.(Bu) qenb "cor-
ner, angle" (F) h3m "bow down" nb "bow oneself" 6. P.Sem. *kapp-
"mano incurvata" *-kpup- "incurvare" Gur. (ta)grapa "bow down, bend
down" Amh. gwabb- "be bent" 7. Tur. garaffat "kneel"
 93

gurgu lame, cripple gurgunta (vb.) OS *^urag- "be lame"

3. Bid. gurko "souche" mugila "boiteux" 6. ? Gur. jarr- "be lame, bent, crip-

pled" 4. P.HEC *ho(n)kol~ "lame, limp" 9. Mnd. kuku "boiteux, boiter" 8.

Sng. gurkom "homme blesse"
guri, wuri place ? < *7w-ri unguwa OS *gur-, *or- "house, place"
cf. gari, gu,
I. Bol. kule "place found" KK kwaraw "compound" Tgl. la +
where one is

korok "town, village" (la(w) "child" lakey "small") Bog., Mgs. kwal "com-
pound" RD, RB wu(u)r "Gehoft, Haus, Heimstatt" 9. Ful. wur-, pi. gur-
"compound, village" wiir-, (r))gur- "live (vb.)" 8. Kan. gguro "quarter of
town, forsaken village" 2. Gan., Gab. *w9r- "town, compound" R, Hg.
*r)Kwul- "place, house" Gd. gara "place" varans "village" Bok. xura'a "town"
Gan., Gab., Hwn. wir-, wur- "town, compound" FM vur- "house" 3. Kr. kuli
"case, concession, village" Lei. kur "place" Dgl. wer "lieu, temps, circonstance"
3a. Mas.gp. *ri/*li "place, time" 4. Sml. guri "hut, house, large enclosure in
which huts are built" Abo. 'ur "time" Brj., Or. place, hut, shelter, cottage"
Bye. gwad "by, near, with" P.SC *gud- "land, country" *gad- "reside, dwell"
6. Gz. gor "neighbor, neighborhood, vicinity" g-w-r "dwell together, live in
vicinity" 7. Tur. gawar "s'asseoir, rester" yui "chez, aupres de, a"
gurjiya silk-cotton tree (Bombax buonopezense) cf. kurya Tur. gojaya, gorjaya
Ful.(Gambia) gwijeri Ful. joyi, johi Mende kinjoi, kinguwe Twi akonkore
Tv. genger Kan. gelta
gurmi lute (2 stringed) cf. Kan. gulum "guitar"
gurnani growling, purring also gurgurtu cf. gunaguni
I. Ang. gwer "groan (vb.)" 2. Gd. ngira "growl" Maf. gurts "gronder" Log.
r)ger "bellen" 3. Lei. ngorngili "ronfler (purr)" Mkl. gurgire "grogner" 4. Bil.

guramram "murren" Or. gururi'a "growl (vb.)" Afr. gurmu^to "grumbling"

Bye. gwil- "complain" 6. Gur. garggara "grumble" gurgur "thunder,
*murmur"
guro okra, gumbo {Hibiscus esculentus) cf. kaewa ? < NC, as is okra cf. Kri.

okro Igbo okuro

I. kwa "okra" Dr. garak 2. Mfg. guta "courge sp" Njn.,
Sur. kul "Eierfruchte"
Mwl. ngila'o3. Tum. garmag "gombo sp." 6. Shuwa Ar. daraba umm gurum
9. Np. kpanmi, kpanmi ena guru
gurori flour "sittings of flour, coarsest grains" cf gara, gari E.Ful kurori "flour,
.

meal"
gursunu pig ? < gur + Sun- cf. gadu OS *xundz (+ir) "pig"
I. H. gunzu "wild boar" Gwd. burusunu, gurusunu Ang. gwas 8. Berta
94

burdale "hog" (/br*d-l- "bush" see dila) 2. Dab. guldom "pore" 3. Jg. goror)
"Wildschwein" Mub. gerwa "Wildschwein" Bid. gorinya "phacochere" 3a. *zTr)-

"cochon, phacochere" 4. P.Cu.(D) *g'^-L-ntl- "KaaH" P.SC *gu^at'- "bushpig"

Bye., Afr. H-r- 4a. Anf. gurico, saggo Kef. sugo Wei. sego Bnc. ob 5. Eg.
S3 Cop. se "pig" eso "sow" 6. P.Sem. *x-z(z)-r 7. Tur. azubara "sanglier" (for
*bar- "outside, *wild" see baya)
gurya cotton seed also angurya cf. Mnd. koro nde nkulu "c.s." (koro "cotton")
gurza, gurje scrape esp. "gin cotton" cf. Sng. gursu "egrener" Mnd. wuru "bourre
de coton" wurusi "egrener (specialement bourre de coton)" Ful.(W) burs- "egre-
ner" Ar. garad "strip, peel, abstract, (?) gin (cotton)" igtarad "comb (wool)"
Tarn, qrsl "card (wool)"
gusa move a little gushe "pass on, die" OS *gas-/*gus- "move"
I. Sur. gyes 4. P.Cu.(E) *gus- "take away" Bye. gwis-s "move"
gusum (N.W H.) south cf. Tur. agos
gutsu bottom, sexual organ cf. gato, gindi, kuturi P.W.Cha. *Kwisi "buttocks"
I. Gwd.(N) goto "vagina" Sey. gus "vagina" gud "woman" Dw. gut "wo-
man" NBS gasi "vagina" NBM kuti "vagina" 2. Gab, Can. werta "vagina"
Cb. kwodar) "vagina" Gd. untsa "penis" Nkt. xwusa "woman" Mfg. wuam
"vagina" 9. Ful. kuttu, kottu "vagina" 3. Bid., Dgl. guruN "sexe de femme,
vagin" 4. P.Cu. *w-t(t)- "sexual organs, anus" 6. Gz. kwahs-, kwahi-
" women's genitalia" Ar. kus 8. Knz. usud "Gesdfi, After, Vulva"
guza monitor "water m., Nile m." cf. gwada
1. Gwd. gunja NB (r))guz- Ang. rjgwojo "male lizard" jo "female lizard" Ngz.
gazan 2. Ter. kwaza "monitor" katax "lizard" 8. Kan. gujen "Nile monitor"
2. Hg. kaja, kaca "lizard" Mat. kozok Muy. dzumdzum "iguana" 3.
"lizard"
Dgl., Bid. girzibo "varan" Lei. gulo "lezard" 3a. Lam. 'izin "lezard sp., aquat-
ique et comestible" 4. ? P.HEC, Or. oca "tortoise, turtle" 5. Eg. S3 "lizard"
guzuma old (cow, woman) cf. ungozoma, gyatuma
I. H. warso "old person" Ang. gadjet "old man" Ngz. gudugum "widow

too old to remarry" BuL, Brm., DZ (r))gwus- "old" 2. W.Mg. kuduxum "old
woman" Muk. mukwaz "old" 9. CB *-kudu "old person" 4. P.Cu. *q-d(-)d-
"be old" P.SC kidz- "old person" As. kijumo "old person" Sid. ge'dimma
"old age" Or. gadamoji "someone very old" 6. Gur. gurz "old, worn out"
gurz mast "old woman"
for "big, old" see girma
 95

guzuri provisions (for a journey)

6. Amh. guzo "journey, caravan" gwaz "baggage, luggage" tagwaza "go on
journey"
gwaa, kwaa insert, copulate cf. Dr. gwae "copulate"
gwada try, test also "compare, show, do once, measure" cf. awo
I. NBM, NBK gudza "measure" DZ gwade "show" (? < H.) 2. Pad. nagwada
"tasse pour mesurer" Maf. gwada "tasse servant de mesure" (said to be < Ful. ?

agoda) 3. Dgl. getyime "essayer, soupeser un poids" Lei. agodo, agode "tasse
pour mesurer" (said to be < Ar.) 4. Afr. egese "measure, put into sacks" ? P.

EC *gat- "sell" 6. Gur. qat "measure" ? Gz. qata "kind of weight" 7. Tur.
asaywad "mesure (quelconque)" ^yw^d "tailler (en leur donnant la forme vou-
lue)(etoffe, peau, cuir)"
gwadabe main road see gwangwa
gwado blanket (cotton) cf. Ful., CB, Lam. *(-)dag^o "mat"
I. H. gado "bed" Gwd. gwodo, gbodo "bed" Ngz. gwadam Sur. gwan "wood-

en bed" 2. Gd. gwada Maf. gwadaray "grande pagne tisse en coton" 4. Or.
qodo "furniture" qoddiro "mat" Afr. godari "mattress, mat" 6. Ethiopian
Sem. *gwazgwaz "bed, covering, carpet, mat, mattress" 7. Tur. tagadanfust
"couverture epaisse"
gwafa, gofe forked stick cf. goce
I. Gwd. gopa Ngz. gwafu "turn off to the side" 4. Or. qorbi "kind of pitch-
fork"
gwaggo I. aunt (paternal) < Ful. goggo, gorgol, goggol ? < wor-/gor- "male"
2. baboon also goggo, gauji OS *goh-goh- "monkey"
I. Gwd.(N) agbam "baboon" Ron, NBW aggo "monkey" RS qguggwa
"monkey sp." NBS yago "baboon" NBD galgan "baboon" Dr. gom "baboon"
Gj. hwor) "baboon" DZ gwomi "baboon" Sur. kwom "baboon" 2. Hrz. agula
3. Tum. gargam "monkey" gaw "large monkey" 4. Bil. j-ggu ''Mantelpavian"

gwaiduwa egg yolk also gwanduwa, waiduwa cf. wai "egg"

I. BT *d(w)-y "red" 4. RCu.(E) *dum- "red" Sml. "yolk" = "egg" + "red" 6.
Gur. "yolk" = "egg" + "red"
gwaiwa testicle(s) cf. wai see golo
gwal goal (football etc.) < Eng.
gold < Eng.
gwale-gwale fatigue duties (soldier, student) < Yor. gbale-gbale "sweeper-up"
96

gwalitsa mix cf. gauraya, hautsuna OS *xalat-/*xalit- "mix"

I. Gwd.(N) kirite 2. Bur. gwart- "mix" r)gurt- "stir" 4. Bye. kwil'as "shake
(e.g. bottle)" Sml. xalad ? < Ar. 6. Ar. xalat- "mix" 7-l-t "mistake"
gwambaza antelope "Western waterbuck (Kobus defassa)" also yakumba q.v.
? < *kumba "antelope sp." cf. gwanki

I. NBM; NBK gumbaz8ha "roan antelope" NBW hwambaz + ai "waterbuck"

NBP zakumba "female waterbuck" NBM zakwambai "waterbuck" NBK

zakumba "waterbuck" 2. Bud. komoseno "Haimaran-Antilope" kamasano
"Kob-Antilope" 8. Kan. kamasano "cob antelope" 3. Lei. mbur "Kobus de-
fassa" Bid.; Dgl. kerp- "antelope spp." 3a. Lam. qurbu "Kobus defassa" Zim
gor) "Kobus defassa" 4. ? Dly. kumacce "antelope sp." Kmb. gummicu

"antelope sp." 4a. Jnj. gimuwa "antelope sp." 9. Snd. kumpa "reedbuck
{Redunca sp.)"
gwamma better that also gwanda cf. gwani
I, ? BT *gwon "good" 2. Mfg. rjgama "// vaut mieux que"
gwamna governor < Eng. cf. Yor. gominon Kri. govna
gwamnati government < Eng. cf. Kri. goment Ijo go(v)meti
gwanda papaya (pawpaw) gwandar Masar "p., Carica papaya" gwandar daji
"Anona senegalensis"
I. H. guna "melon" Tgl. kuduk 9. Gb. gwanda ? < H. Tv. agbadu Dagomba
gondele "p." 8. Kan. gwonogo "An. sen." gunda Masar "p." i. Ngz. agunaku
"An. sen." 2. Mfg. gwanakay "An. sen." Maf. gwonokwa "pap oyer sauvage"
gwonokud bay "papayer cultive" (bay "chef") Pad. gwarjusa "p."
gwangiri rail, sleeper (rail tie) also kwangiri cf. Yor. ogba irin tabi ti igi "? rail

of metal or wood"
gwangwa road "broad highway" cf. gwadabe "main road" (dae "pound
smooth") HN, Mdr., W.Om., Our., Hrr. *ung(w)- "road" ES *gwadana "main
road"
gwangwala see gora 2.
gwangwani tin (small) ganga "drum", kwano "metal bowl"
cf.

I. Tgl. koggor) 2. 4. Sid. gonga "dish, plate" 8.

Maf. gorjgor) "bottle gourd"
Kan. gor)gor) "tin box" Sng. gangani tu "mesure de grains" (tu "plat, ecuelle")
9. ? Bam. gongon "t." Igbo gbamgbam "tin roofing" ? Pidgin ngor) 6. ? ES

qw-rqw-r-
gwani expert cf. gunki "idol" gunkin malami "celebrated scholar"
8. Kan. gonyi "learned scholar, skilful worker" i. BT *gw-n "good" 2. Mfg.
 97

gwaw, gwam "pouvoir, etre puissant, valide" 3. Lei. go "adulte accompli" (cf.

ango)
gwanjo auction < Yor. gbanjo
gwanki, gwamki antelope "roan antelope" cf. gwambaza Snd.(? Khoisan) xonxe
"roan antelope"
I. BT *gwam- "r.a." 2. Ter. gomox "bush-cow" 3. Turn gun "buffle" Kr. gor)

"antelope sp." 3a. Lam. gor) "bubale sp." 4. P.SC *gum- "small antelope"
Or. qorke "hartebeest"
gwanO; gwarno ant "stink ant" cf. gara "termite" OS *god-n- "ant"
I. gunda "large, black a." RD gandif "small, red a." NBM,NBB -r)gwan
Dr.
"stink ant" NBJ guru "stink ant" 2. Gd. gwajafa "termite sp." Pad. rjgurataya
"ant sp." Log. ma7'oda "large, black ant" 3. Dgl. gudyina, gondyirko
"termite" Bid. giinto "petit fourmi rouge" Kr. gonoy "ant sp." 4. P.Cu.
*gw-t-(n)- "termite, maggot" P.HEC *gota "big ant" Or. gonda "ant sp." 6.
Amh., Gur. gw-nda(n) "ant sp." 7. Ghd. tagitfit "ant" Sokna tagadfit "ant"
Nefusa tagataft "ant"
gwargwado proportion ? < gwada "measure"

gwara beer "type of b."

I. NBD gwarana 4. Or. qarari "stage of b."

gwari grasshopper sp. cf. waro "insect"

I. Ngz. gwara "grasshopper sp." NBM gwal "locust sp." Ang. r)g(w)ok "lo-
cust" 2. ? Mg., Wmd., Hid. *(a)7a'i "locust" 4. P-SC *'u(u)ri "grasshopper"
Sml. koronkor "locust" 6. Gur. angwarabanna "locust" (bana "eat" banara
"destroy") 7. Tur. tahuwalt "sauterelle voyageuse"
gwari shunting engine (locomotive) ? < Gwari (ethnic group proverbial for
hard work)
gwarzo energetic man P.W.Cha.*g'^ar- "man"? < P.Cha. *(n)gw-(-) "person,
male, husband" + *z-l "male" see ango, miji OS *gabar- "male"
I. gwarzo "man" 8. Sng. gorzo "geant" 2. Glv., Nkt. *gw-rv- "man"
Bol.
gwauro, gwabro bachelor gwauron gida "house detached from others"
gwagwarci "having no spouse"
9. Mnd. gbara "celibataire" gba, gwa "privation" i. Gwd. goro Ang. gwTr "the

odd one over, of a pair, bachelor, spinster" 2. Glv., Nkt. *gw-rv- "man" 4.
Or. qerro "bachelor"
gwaza coco yam (Colocasia esculentum) cf. Gwd. gbaja, gwaja
gwiwa knee ? < *gurwa for *gw-rp "knee, kneel" see gurfana
98

gyaa groundnuts cf. < g + y-nd-

gujiya ?

I. Sey. gyei ? < H. 9. Wolof ngerte Vai

"cassava" Tgl. kond- 8. Bgr. gedaji
gyende W.Ful. yert- (s.) gert- (pl.) Temne, Bulom, Kissi (WA) -kantr Kabre
(Gur) ketu Kalong (Bnt.) kendiu (s.) bendiu (pl.) 2. *nd-r Gis. hindir MM
Pad. ndara
gyale shawl (woman's) ? < Yor. gele
gyambo ulcer ? < g( ) + mbo
5. Eg.(Bu) uben "wound, sore" ubt + t "wound, sore" i. KK 'abab- "pimple"
NBS bambi Sur. e "pimple" Sey. pui "pimple" Tgl. (h)ambik "pimple" 2.

Pdl. mbiri "ulcer, pimple" Hg., FG *mbulu- "pimple, ulcer" Bac. oke 3a.

*mb-r "ulcer, pimple" 3. ? Mkl. bundu "plaie" 4. Sid. gurumbo "corn (on
foot)" Bye. 'ibab "sore, chafed wound" 'ib "gall, chafe (vb.)" Abo. be-
"wound, sore" Had. bu- "rot" Sml. bog "ulcer, sore" ? P.SC *p'o'- "rot
(vb.)" 6. Gur. ajSa' "furuncle" Gz. 'anpappe, 'anpanpe "ulcers, pustules" 7.

abuwis yiaie"
? Tur.

gyandama calabash "gourd waterbottle" cf. duma cf. Or. guccuma "narrow-
necked gourd" Amh. gucuma "milk recipient"
gyangyai nodding head < gyada "nod (vb.)" cf. girgije
gyara, gyarta repair, improve also "extra bit added free by seller, lagniappe"
gyartai "calabash-mender" cf. gara "better that", kyau 3. Lei. karna "cadeau
donne en surplus de ce qui est achete" 3a. Lam. galari "reparer, arranger" 4. Or.
qajel- "be straight, well, prosperous" ijara "build" P.HEC *haro "new" 8.

Sng. gyere "faire attention a" Mnd. gyara "lier" 6. Sem. x-y-r "good, choose"
I. ? Tgl. togor "generosity, gift"

gyatsa belch, burp also gyashi ? < gi + Cha. *'a'l- "cough" OS *-l-ts-
"spit" *ay- "spit"
I. Ngz. gadlu "belch" ata "cough, chest" NB *G^'\- "belch" 2. Mfg. 'at-

"eructer" Gis. gi 'irtle "cough make") Pad. garawa "renvoi"

(vb.)" (gi, ge "do,

3. Lei. gar "roter" Dgl. getye "roter" Bid. gee "roter" 3a. Lam. giii' "eructer"

'oio "tousser" 4. Kmb. gott' + am- "vomit" Bye. g'(a) "belch" s'is "cough
(vb.)" 5- Eg-(F) S
k3S 3S, is "vomit" (Bu) gesu "flatulence" 6. P.Sem.
*-gsa^ "belch" *-qyi'- "vomit" 7. Tur. agry "roter"
gyatuma old woman cf. guzuma for ma < mat- "woman" for g-r- "old" see
girma
1. Gra. garu mundu "old woman" (mundu "woman") Pic. gyatima ? < H.

2. Gd. ge "so-and-so (older female)" Pdl. garti "old man" 3a. Lam kituoma
 99

"old woman" 4. Sid. gerco "old person" Or. jarsa "old person" ? P.Cu.

*q-d(-)d- "be old"

gyauro ratoon, growth from old stump ? < g-r- "old" + w-r- "cereal" see
girma, gero
 h
habra, harba dust cf. hadi, ura OS *gabur- "dust" *^afur- "dust, sand"
2. Bac. bubare "dust" Gd. barabara "dust" 3. Turn, dabar "cendres, poussiere"
bar "farine" Dgl., Bid. ub-1 "braise" Lei. tibre "cendre" 3a. *'-b-r 4. P.Cu.
*'^-B-r "dust" 6. Heb. ^afar 'efer "dust, soil" Amh. ab'^ara, awwara "dust" 7.

Tarn, ibrayn "rough flour" Ghd. afaran "farine" 8. Knz. ^abes "Staub"
haa chin
8. Sng. kaba "barbe" 5. Eg.(Bu) khabs "beard" khabsit "chin (?)" i. Sur.
kapak "Gesichtseite" Gj., DZ g-s + K-a "chin" (Cha. *g-z- "hair, beard") 2.

Pdl.6oxm- "chin beard" Gan. ax- "chin" Gab. -mbax- "chin" Bok. -aur-
"chin" HF gui "chin, beard" Njn. mburme "chin" (P.Cha. *m- "mouth")
Bac. mwokum- "chin" (kwame "mouth") 3. Lei. mbili "barbe, menton" 7.
? P.Ber. *-mar- "beard, chin" ? < mb-r
hadi ashes cf. habra, ribidi P.Cha.(N) *batu "ashes"
OS *buwut- "burn; ash" i. RB 'afut SB *'apti "flour" Bol. bidiki "flour" Ngz.
apta "flour" 8. Knz. uburti "Asche" 2. Gis. 'aftso "Asche" Bac. 'umboto
"flour" biimate "fine sand" Msg. afdi "flour" 3. Kr. abadasga "sable" 9.

Gby. gbutu "endroit de terre fine, de poussiere ou de sable" 4. Cu. *b-d-(n-)

dust, ashes" Bil. bita "Staub, feiner Sand" 5. Eg.(F) hmw "dust" *^b "meal"
6. ES Hamad "a., dust"
hae Hausa person with no Fulani ancestry < Ful. hae (pi.) < ? "those
fought against" or "those captured"
hao nose bleed P.Cha.(N) *bar "blood"
I. Ang. mbolm "bleeding nose" 8. Kan. kan + jambu "bleeding from the
nose (bu "blood")" 4. Bye. ba' "bleed" P.Cu. *b-l- "blood"
hadari, hadiri storm see dari
hadda, harda learning by heart also "incessant cooing" ? < Ar. 'ardad "repeat
constantly"
haddasa cause (vb.) ? < Ar. ahda^a
haddi Islamic punishment < Ar. haddi
hadTsi Tradition of the Prophet < Ar. hadi^
 lOI

haa join hau "meet (intr.)" cf. aya, udura

OS *x-wit-/*x-yit- "sew, tie" i. H. haaka "something shared by many"
yanta "prepare grass for thatching" KK yen- "tie" Tgl. hauk "tie" 2. Ngw.
eta "arrange" Bur.gp. *Ha-, Gdu. mahaa "tie" Njn. haan "tie" Gd. 'yint-
"tie" haa "fix, repair, dress" hwaa "knead, mix with water, do together"
Mdr.gp. *r)gwu- "tie" Hg. *xit- "arrange" FM xai "arrange" Log. rde
"befesdgen" 3. Bid. 'atam "preparer (bagages)" 'ude "noeud"Dg\. ate "coller" Kr.
anti "attacker" Mgm. 'ado "coller" Mkl. kette "ligoter" 3a. Lam. te'e "joindre,
ajuster" 4. Afr. oe (vb.) aaw (n.) "tie" P.EC *hid- "tie" Bye. hatik "mix"
8. Knz. handa "Befestigung" 6. Soc. 'eti "rassembler, reunir" ES gatam- "join"
Our. (h)at, (h)ad "one" 7. Tarn, hattr- "meet" Tur. idaw compagnie
"faire

(avec), se reunir" adraw "mettre en association"

haama greed ? < had- "swallow" or had- "collect"
hadari danger also hatsari < Ar. xatar
hai fortune-telling < Ar. xatt "geomancy"
haiye, hae swallow cf. haama OS *nada^- "swallow"
I. P.W.Cha. *-l "swallow" Ngz. ntu "swallow" 2. Bur.gp. *ndas- Bok., Gab.,

Hwn. m-(x)-( ) "swallow" Pad., Glv., Mfg. nd- 3. Dgl. side "avaler" 4.
P.Cu. *n-t-'(') Afr. anda*^-, undu^- "swallow" Brj. dem- "gulp, swallow" Bye.
kwit'- "swallow" 6. Ethiopian Sem. waHata "swallow" 7. ? Tarn, smnd-
" swallow, chew"

hafsa officer < Eng.

hagu, hagun, hauni left (side) also "left-handed, eccentric" ? < ha(n) + gun- cf.

mugu
8. Dz. anege "gauche" Kan. anege "S.E." (Le Coeur) (Lukas has anam gadi)
Knz. ungo "SUden" Gwd. guni, gur) NBD aguwe KK aguwa NBM aga'ay
i.

Ang. gun "dirt" Ank. gurum- "evil" 2. Mol., Mfg. har gula "main gauche"
HK gwula Mat. gula' Gd. gulaga "odd, odd one out" Laam. kutaku "faire
mal" 3. Dgl. gulay "salete, malheur" gele "gauche" Kr. gula Mkl. gelo "gauche"
3a. *gul/r- 4. P.Cu. *(h)-ggw- "unlucky, unhappy" Afr. Rnd. gur(r)- Sid., Brj.
hogol- "north" Dly. "left" = "north" Bye kelim "unlucky" Or. golom'-
"clumsy" 6. ES *gur- ? Ar. gawr "wrong-doing" 7. Tur. tehalge, tehalgyun
"gauche (cote)" tehelt "direction"
haiba charisma "appearance that inspires respect" < Ar. hayba "awe, reveren-
tial fear, countenance, bearing"
I02

haifa, haihu procreate "give birth to, beget" ? < *ayw- mahaifi "parent"
mahaifa "womb" OS *hayaw- "animal, family, people" *hay- "give birth"
hawar-/*hayar- "breed, multiply"
I. Ngz. 'yawu 2. Mfg. mayawa "naissance" 3. Mkl. e'iyo (inaccompli) "mettre
au monde" 4. P.Cu. *h-y(-)w- "live (vb.)" P.Cu.(E) *-xwayl- "child, bear
child" 5. Eg.(Bu) haut "descendant, progeny" (F) hsw "length of life, kind-
red" 6. P.Sem. *h-yw- "life, living, animal" 7. Tur. ayyaw, ahaya "grand-
child, descendant" sahhayaw "have grandchildren"
haila menstruation < Ar. hayda "menstruate"
ha'inci fraud, deceit also alha'ini "dishonest" < Ar. xa'in "treacherous, de-

ceiver"
hairan good deed < Ar. xayr, xayran cf. alheri
haja merchandise, goods (esp. cloth) < Ar. haja "want, need, clothes, things"
haji, hajji pilgrimage < Ar. hajj cf. alhaji
haka thus cf. kama, ungo

I. Ang. ar)ha, aha "thus" 2. Gd. ha'(a) "thus, indeed" Maf. aka "ga y est"

Pad. heka "la" Mfg. ka "ce, la, maintenant" 3. Dgl. ar)ka "celui ci" (anta f.
ar)ku pi.) Kaj. aka "this" Smr. ka "dieser" 4a. Jnj. aka "how?" 4. P.Cu. *k-
"masculine suffix, deictic, determiner" Or. akka "as, like, thus" akkas "thus"
Bil. inka "also" REG *ka, ku "this" Bay. hikina "this" atina "this (fem.)" Afr.
akah, kah "that for which {relative pronoun^ 6. Gur. akka "thus" Hrr. ukku

"thus" 7. ? Tam. akya "ainsi" 8. Knz. ikke "so"

haki grass cf. ciyawa P.W.Cha. *gaki
I. NBP hyea "straw (stalks) RK 'akyen "Busch, Wildnis" Ang. gak "sp. of
long grass" 2. Gd. hankina "grass sp." Bac. kakay "grass, bush" 3. ? Tum.
hegal "paille" 7. ? Tur. aasa "herbe fraiche"
haki panting also huka, huci cf. fuka, she-
I. haghag 2. Mfg. hagaf hagaf "haletant" 6. Gz. 'kw-r, ta'akwra "pant"
Tgl.
7. Tur. mehekket "etre tres haletant"

hakika certainly, undoubtedly < Ar. haqiqa "truth, reality"

hakimi district head (minor official) < Ar. hakim "governor"
hakkan = hakika < Ar. haqqan "really, truly"
hakki due, right < Ar. haqq cf. alhaki
haa dig also "build, make pots" hako "pit, trap" cf. gina "build, dig, make
pots", kogo RW.Cha. *gak^a "trap" *ha- "dig" OS *^og- "dig, cut"
I. Ank., Cp. (h)ok Ang. gwak, gwok "trap" NB *s'-- "dig" *r)g-r "hole" RS
nga "trap (vb.)" 'anga "trap (n.)" 2. Gd. ngaa "bury" Mfg. -hakw-
 I03

"decoller (une pierre du sol), arracher" 9. Gby. ar) "gratter le sol, creuser, deterrer"

3. Lei. hangi "tailler, sculpter, ouvrir" Turn, yag "travailler la terre avec une
houe" Dgl. ko(gi)nye "creuser" 4. P.Cu. *^-gw- "dig in, bury" *(h)-g- "build"
P.Cu.(E) *h-w- gaqa + d "aufgraben" Rnd. angey "trap" Bye.
"scratch" Bil.

angas "Pflug, dibble 7. Tur. ^y^z "creuser, excaver, deterrer"

holes for seed"
Tarn, tayzut "fertile field" 6. Gz. hsnqart "pit in which blacksmiths melt
iron" Amh. anqart "shaft from which minerals or ores are taken"
haarari ribs ? < "bone of chest" cf. ashi, irji
I. Gwd.(N) ar)gar)g9m DZ ggyeie "chest, bone" NBJ gaigai Gj. ngeii "chest"
isngeii "ribs" "bone") Bui. gulngei "ribs" (gul "bone") RK kukoh
(isi

"Brustkorb" 2. Pdl. "ribs" = "bone of chest" Mg., Hid., Wmd. *kaiu "chest"
*ixir kaiu "ribs" (*ixi "bone") Gd. "ribs" = "bone of chest" Bac. giyengay
(pi.) uley giyengay (s.) (uley "bone") Gdu. = "bone of chest" gire
"ribs"
"bone" Dab. gengirril "bone" 3. Dgl. korkio "poitrine" Tum. gogar "poi-
trine" 3a. Lam. uso garhei' "cdte" (uso "os") 4. Sid. gagaso "chest" Afr.

hakale "flesh around ribs"

haori tooth also haure < *hare OS *qor- "tooth" *'-gor- "chew"
I. Gwd. akuri Ron. *a(r))gur 3. Lei. kan- "dent" Kuj. kiya "tooth" 4. Bye.
kure, kure Bil. eruuk "Zahn" hinko RCu.(D) *'-l-kkw- "tooth, canine
Sid.

tooth" Afr. maqiyo "canine tooth" Rnd. hir- "tusk" 5. Eg.(Bu) khenr
"tooth, tusk (?)" 6. Amh. kranca "canine tooth" 7. Kab., Ghd., Zen. *ugl
"canine tooth" Tur. tahalat "canine"
hauri patience haura, hanura (vb.) cf. hankali cf. Gwd. ankuri Tub. ar)kuri
"manliness" Kan arjgar "denial" Bid. kangar, kangir "resistance, endurance"
Tur. unkar "renier" Ar. inkar "denial"

hala possibly ? < Ar. hal la? "why not?" cf. halama
halaka perish [halaka] also [halaka] "destroy" < Ar. halaka "perish, be des-
troyed"
halal lawful (according to shari'a) also halak, halas, halalta (vb.) < Ar. halal

halama probably ? < Ar. '^alama abbreviated for da halama "there are sign(s)"
cf. alama

hali ? < Ar. hal see hali

character, disposition
hali condition, circumstances < Ar. hal
halitta create, creation ? < Kan. alakta (vb. n.) < Ar. xalaq mahalicci "Crea-
tor" cf. taliki "creature"
hallara arrive on scene halarta "attend (e.g. meeting)" cf. Ar. hadara "be pres-
ent"
I04

halwa religious solitude, retreat < Ar. xalwa

ham horn (auto) < Eng. cf. Kri. on
hama hammer < Eng. cf Kri. ama .

hamada desert (especially Sahara) cf. Ar. hamad "be barren (ground)"
hamata, hammata armpit cf. hannu "hand, arm"
I. Gwd. amuta, maminta SB *am- "arm" Ngz. amai "hand, arm" 2. Zlg.
himbi Mg. humbu Bac. mwamwa + te Mfg. mbuwa "aisselle" 3. Kr.

alabai "(creux de) Vaisselle" 4. P.Cu.(E) *bob- "armpit" *'anb- "upper arm,
outer shoulder" Dhl. hajSe "armpit" 5. Eg.(Bu) khab + t "neck, shoulder"
8. Knz. abir togo "Achselhbhle (Achsel Unterseite)" *'amm + at 6. P.Sem.
"avambracchio" Ar. Amh. babbat
'ibt Hars. ebat
hamayya rivalry, opposition ? < Ar. humayya "excitement, vehemence"
hambua throw in mouth (powder, dust, flour) also hamfua ? < AA *mpu
"mouth" cf. afa Eg. hpd "open (mouth)"
hamdala giving thanks < Ar. hamdu + li +llah cf. madalla
hamlla sword sling < Ar. hamila
hamma yawning ham
ideo. "widely gaping" cf. hamniya
also
I.Gwd. amwa NB *ham- Ang. em RF 'ap (vb.) 2. MM *ham- (vb.) Gis.
haham (vb.) Msg. hima (vb.) Gd. haak- (vb.) 8. Sng. hahaba Ted., Dz.
ham- (vb.) 3. Tum hawul (vb.) 3a. Lam. halam 4. Or., Abo., Der. hamum-
Bye. ham "neigh" 6. Ar. hamham "neigh"
hamsin fifty < Ar. xamsTn an hamsin "transvestite" ? < hunsa q.v.
hana prevent, forbid cf. i
I. RF hen "ablehnen" RS ^and- "ablehnen" Ang. kwin "prevent" NBT han- ?

< H. 2. Mg., Bur. r)ka(n)- 3. Lei. kano "refuser" 3a. Lam. hon "interdire, de-
fendre" 4. ? P.SC *hink- "push away" Kmb. ka'm-, kam- "forbid, defend"
5. Eg.(Bu) khena "restrain" (F) hwi "prevent" 6. Gur. xan(n)a "prohibit,

forbid, deprive" 7. Tur. ekken "defendre, interdire"

hanci nose ? < m + ci( ) cf. ji, sansan- RW.Cha. *h- + tsini OS *tsin- "nose"
*xat-m- "face, nose"
I. Gwd. antsi, anci Tgl. wisin KK, Bel. (')unti(n) DZ icine RB 'atin 2. Gd.
sin- "n.,blow n." Mg. mcir Dab. micir) Msg. hancig "Schnabel" Log. xsani
Mfg. heter 3. Dgl. ete Lei. hinda 3a. Lam. tsTn 9. Mumuye sun 4. P.Cu.(E)
*'isr)w- Bye. sin'(a) "nostril" 4a. Bnc. sint' 5. Eg.(Bu) khent(+ i) "nose, face"
8. Knz. sorin Ted., Dz. ca Kan. ssran- "sniff (vb.)" kantsa, kanza, kanja
"nose" 6. Tge. ns^ "introduce medicine through nose" Ar. 'ansa^ "inject
 I05

medicine through nose or mouth" Hars., Mhr. se + ni^ "sniff, snuffle,

snuff" 7. P.Ber. *-nzr-

hanga see in distance also "foresee" < *anga cf. ankara, gani, hankali OS
*'^are- "see, understand"
I. Dr. yiijge "look at" Bol. ngi'y "look at" NBB na7- "see" 2. Log. ijgwa "see"
Muk. nir)ai] "see" FM nur)ga "see" Pad. narja, naka "voir"Gd. nsnga "watch,
look after, take care of" 3. Mkl. ange "remarquer, observer" 4. P.Cu.(D)
*(^)-k(k)- "see, know, notice, pay attention" P.Cu.(E) *'ark- "see" P.HEC *ag-
"understand" Dhl. '^enaD- "see from afar" 5. Eg.(F) ^rk, rh "know" 6. Arg.
hanja "see" Gz., Ar. hanaka "understand, perceive" 7. Tur. anay "voir"
hangum mumps cf. Sng. hungum "rhume de cerveau, grippe, suffoquer" Ang.
gum
hanlniya neighing cf. Dgl. innyinye Tur. henenet
hanji intestines (pi. hanz-) cf. hanta, irji
OS *hadzin-, *waj-N- "heart, intestines" i. Gwd. a(ya)nji BN *and9 RS, RK
'anji "Bauch" RF 'adden "Bauch" BT *w9zi SB *njim "heart" 2. MM *-9nday
Mwl. Dab wanji Bud. andei Gis., Mfg. tanday 3. *a(d)d-y "stomach, in-
'edi

testines" 4. Kmb. azi "inside" P.Cu. *w-j-n "intestines, inside, heart" 5. Eg.
ht "belly" mhtw "intestines" 6. Gur. anzat Amh. anjat Shr. m^ayzok 7.
P.Ber. *adan (s.) *adann (pi.)

hankaka crow OS *ga- "crow"

8. Kan. r)gaga Sng. gaga Mnd. kaka, kaka Gwd. akwakwa, ggarjkaa Ang.
i.

ngak NBP gaga Bol. kaki 2. Gd. 7aka, 7ak MM *r)ga'ak 3. Lei. hanga Mkl.
gagu 4. Sid. haraq- "raven" P.Cu.(E) *xwar- 4a. Jnj. kura 6. Gz. qaqer Gur.
hequra 7. Kab. aqaq "pie"
hankali intelligence, care cf. ankara, hanga, kai
OS *^al-/*^il- "be clever" 2. Pad. nakala Bur.gp. *'ar)gar "brains" Mat.
-rjgar- "brains" Mfg. leggei "cerveau" 4. P.Cu.(D) *h-nKw-l "head, brain,
top" RSC *^ar) "head, up, above" RCu.(E) *'^an7w- "top" 6. RSem. *gw-l
"skull, bowl" Gur. anat, arat "top of head" 8. Kan., Tub. ar)gal Bgr. aggala
Sng. lakal 9. Ful. hakkilo Mnd. hakili Sw. akili (? all < Ar. 'aql)

hankici handkerchief < Eng. cf. Kri. ankachif

hannu hand, arm ? < har + n OS *har- "arm"
I. Ron hara "5" Tgl. hara, yara "arm" Dr. arik 2. Gis. har) "arm, hand"
C.Cha. *x-r/n- 3. Kr. garar) "aile" Turn, geji "main" 4. P.Cu.(D) *x-rk- "arm,
lower arm" *g-n-^- "hand, arm" P.Cu.(E) *hark- "arm" Bye. ayi "hand,
forearm" P.HEC *anga "hand, arm" Bil. nan "Hand" 4a. Ari., Dim., Ham.
io6

*'an- 5. Eg.(F) ^ 6. Ethiopian Sem. *x-rn- "arm below elbow" 7. P.Ber. *a7il

"arm"
hansari snore cf. minshari
8. Sng.(B) hanzuru 2. Mfg. hendar- 4. Bye. kantur P.HEC *kontor-
hanta liver cf. hanji
1. Gwd. anta 2. Log. xsanten Msg. eteltel 3. Jg. 'atko 3a. Lam. manti
"heart" 4. ? P.Cu.(D) *ty-r- 5. Eg.(Bu) hati, het(i) "heart" (F) h3ty "heart"
6. Soc. hant- "stomach" Gur. xart "liver"
hantsa udder, large breasts cf. hanji
6. Tge. hante "Busen, Schoft" Gz. ga*^t "breast, udder" 4. Sid. hanta "dug,
teat, nipple" Dly. g'ante "Enter" 7. Tur. teze "globe de mamelle"
hantsaki pincers "p., tongs, tweezers" also hansaki, ansaki cf. arautaki
hantsi mid-morning cf. gizo, haske P.W.Cha. *"^amsi "sky" *(t!)i/*si "day" OS
*^aj- "sun" *^-n-jaw- "day, sunshine"
4a. Jnj. e'so"morning" 8. Knz. asal "der morgige Tag, das Morgen" i. BT
*-ci "tomorrow" Dr. sar) "morning" Bol. nso "day" Gj. cir) "sun" (cilti
"light") 2. Gd. ansina "today" Ngw. cici "sun" Cb. tsitsi "sun" HG mase
"morning" FG maksi "morning" Njn. haceme "light" Gdu. cad "light" Log.
sa "sun" 3. Krb. ati "heat of the day" Jg. 'etir) "day" 3a. Lam. has "chaleur"

4. PSC *7^ats- "sun" (*pats "sky") RCu.(D) *n-zO- "sun, day" 5. ? Eg.(Bu)

shu "sun god" shu + t "sky" 6. Soc. 'Ttin, 'e'eten "sky" Shr. sutum "sky"
Mhr., Hars. h-yt-m "sky" 7. RBer. *ass "day"
hantsirwa sneeze cf. atishawa, hanci
4. Abo. hettir- i. Gwd.(N) ancuwa Bol. hasita NBJ hasa NBK atsa 4. Kmb.
hantis- Dhl. hadiD- 2. Bud. osTsa 7. Siw. anzu Tam. tinzi
hanya road, way ? < *ang-la cf. gwangwa
I. Gwd. hanrjya RS hagil 2. Mdr. 'ugwule 3a. Mas. hagat 4a. W.Om. *ung-y
6. Amh. ma + ngad Gz. mangad

hanza, anza Boscia sp. cf. Bil. zinza "B. reticulata"

hanzari i. excuse, pretext ? < Ar. a^6ar "excuses"
2. speed, good health ? < Ar. ^ajal "haste, hurry, readiness" cf. Gwd.
anjari "good health" anjeri "speed"
har until, even cf. Kan. har Sng. hala Tur. har Sw. hata ? all < Ar. hatta
haraba enclosure (esp. of mosque) ? Ar. h-r-b "escape, take refuge" relevant cf.

Ar. mahrab "refuge, retreat, sanctuary"

harafi letter of alphabet < Ar. harf

haraji tax < Ar. xaraj

 I07

haram forbidden act < Ar. haram

harara glare at OS *'ur- "burn, be hot" *gar- "be angry"
I. Ngz. aru "malicious conduct" 3a. Lam. 'ir "injurier" 3. Dgl. era "bruler,
chaud" tale era "regarder d'un regard courrouce" 2. Gd. ngara'wa "being angry"
4. Or. ara "smoke, steam, anger" P.EC *'^ar- "smoke, steam" P.HEC *ar- "be
angry" As, 'aririt "quarrel" Ma' -xaro "annoy" Bye. 'arik "become wild,
excited (from joy or rage)" 6. Sem. h-rr- "be hot, glowing"
harawa leaves "stalks and l.s of non-cereal food plants" ? < *aragw- cf. algashi
"green" OS *^al- "leaf
I. Pr. alaw "leaf" Tgl. ala "grass sp. (for animals)" NBJ aluhu "leaf" 2. Hg.,
Gd., Laam. *L-K'^- "leaf" Gis. 'alar'alar "vegetation" Mfg. alar "partie en hois
d'un manche de pipe, arbre (?)" 3. Dgl. aro "stalk (of millet)" Lei. harme
"feuilles, plantes herbacees" 4a. Dim. ergo "leaf" 4. P.Cu. *^-l(l)- "leaf, veg-
etation" Sml., Or., Sah. *ala "cane (of corn)" Brj. alo "millet" 6. Heb. ^ale
"leaf" Akk. alu "sprout" 7. Tur. el "fresh grass" ela "sp. of leaf" 8. Dz. elle,

erre (pi. alia, arra) "grass" Knz. ulug "oberstes Blatt von Weizen oder Gerste"
harba shoot, sting, kick (by animal) also halba, habra cf. maharbi "hunter"
OS *mi + ^-bal "arrow, spear"

I. H. hamara "kick" Gwd. ribi "shoot, throw and hit, sting" NB *i:-p-

"shoot" 3. Bid., Mgm. 'ar(a)p "donner un coup de pied, piquer (abeille, scor-
pion), tirer (fleche, fusil)" Mk\. rapid- "jeter" 4. Brj. korburo, kobro "scorpion"
4. P.Cu.(E) *reb- "strike" Rnd. tarb- "throw spear" 5. Eg.(Bu) abb "fight,
hurl spear or weapon" 6. Sem. H-r-b "sword, spear, fight" '^-qr-b "scorpion"
(but Soc. qa^ninhin "curved + feet") Ar., Gz. 'abar "prick(le)" Ar. hariba "be
angry, have rabies" Gz. h-yp "strike, shoot, hit target with stone or arrow"
7. Tur. dyb^T "ruer, frapper avec le pied"
hargi harpoon ? < Sng. hargyi "spear" cf. Tur. aleggi, alla7 "spear" Eg.(F) h3h
or h-f "spear (fish)" Bar., Mkl. ark- "spear" P.SC *har- "spear"
hari raid (n.)mahari "raider" cf. gara, kora
OS *gar- "army, raid" *mahor- "slave, soldier" i. Tgl. kayi "chase, per-
secute, compete in horse-racing" 2. Mf. herey "drive away" Gd. 79r9V9 "at-
tack quickly, ride horse quickly, confiscate property" 3. Bid. 'araw "chasser"
Mkl. 'er- "chasser" 4. Or. ari'a "pursue, chase" Bye. haru "seek" Sml. eri "de-
feat, drive away" 5. Eg.(F) 3r "drive away" (Bu) ann "drive back" 6. Amh.
warrara "r., pillage, invade, swarm over (ants)" Ar. 7awar "make a r." 7.

Tur. (h)97- "razzier"

harka business, movement < Ar. haraka
io8

harsashi i. foundation < Ar. 'asas

2. bullet, cartridge, shell cf. Kan. arsasa Tub. arsas "lead" Ar. ar +
rasas "lead, bullet"
harshe, halshe tongue cf. lasa, reshe P.Cha.(N) *aiasi
OS *les- "tongue" i. Gwd. arisiya 8. Sng. halassa "lick" Berta hala "tongue"
P.Koman *let' "tongue" Dz. telesi "langue" 7. P.Ber. *ils 6. P.Sem. *lisan
5. Eg.(Bu) res, nes (F) ns Cop. las 2. Log., Kot. nil 4a. Kef. eritso, ec'io

"tongue"
hasala become angry ? < Ar. 'az^ala "vex, annoy"
hasali summing up < Ar. hasil

hasara loss < Ar. xasara cf. Sng. hasara

haske light ? < aS + k- cf. hantsi
9. Np. asike "glitter" (? < H.) i. Gwd. asikye BT esi, usi "fire" 5. Eg.(Bu)
ashep "day, light" 6. P.Sem. *'is + at "fire" 2. Mdr. 'atsakece "lightning"
Njn. haceme "light" 3. Dgl. ose "set fire to" 4. P.Cu. *(^)-z(^)- "sun, light
of sun" Brj. haski "fire burnt for dead person" 7. Tur. essam "lightning"
hassada envy < Ar. hasada
hasu, asu moth cf. susuwa
6. Ar. u^^a Amh. yaasat arat "m., dinner of fire" Gz. 'asatarmu

hasumiya minaret also sumi'a ? < Ar. 'as + s-m-^ "sharp-pointed, conical,
monk's cell"
hatimi seal < Ar. xatim cf. Mnd. hatuma
hatta even < Ar. hatta cf. har
hattara alertness ? < Ar. xatar "come to mind"
hatsabibi magician < Ar. at + tablb "doctor" cf. dabo
hatsi, hac'i corn, cereal crop cf. acca, intaya P.W.Cha. *haci "millet" *^as-

"flour" *'-s- "grind" OS *xats- "leaf, plant" *hasek- "cereal sp."

8. Sng. ansi "Digitaria exilis" i. Gwd. atuwa "sorghum flour" Sur. as "Samen,
Saatkorn" Plateau Cha. (h)as "flour" RS 'asi "das Bebauen, Feldbestellung" RK
'ase "abgeemtetes Feld" NBP aci "sorghum" Dr. asi "flour" 5. Eg.(Bu) at
"corn, grist" (F) it "corn in general, barley" 2. W.Mg. kwisi "sorghum" 4.

Sid. haite "barley" Kmb. oze "grain, cereal, crop" Bye. asida "flour, esp. mil-
let" (cf. dawa) 6. Hrr. asTta "young grain" Gur. aset "young grain" Gz.
xatt-, hatt- "grain, seed"
hau mount, climb "m., cl., possess, be possessed by {bori spirits)" also haur-
"climb over" cf. haya
I. Gwd. huwa, yuwa NBP hwun RS hau "Felsen" RF ho "Berg" Mon. oho
 I09

"rock, cliff" 3. Mkl. 'awwa "haut" 'awwika "hauteur, altitude" Bid. kaw, kaw-
"monter" 3a. Lam. 'ur "monter, grimper" 4. Bil. aw- "oben" P.Cu.(D) *k'^-r(r)-

"climb; mount" 5. Eg.(Bu) kau "be high" khu "high" 7. Tur. awn Siw. un,
W9n
hauka madness haukata "increase greatly, foment, stir up" ? < hau "possess
(by spirit)" + ka cf. Bil. hauk "Aufruhr"
hauni executioner also "left (side)" see hagu ? < "side of ill omen" did he
stand on the left of the sarki?
Hausa Hausa language hausa "language, meaning"
2. Msg. awus "Iwmme, vir" 6. Heb. 'is "man" Ar. '^-ys "live (vb.)" Akk. na'as-

"live (vb.)" usu "Kraft" 4. P.EC *'is- "self" 4a. P.Om. *Ets "person" 5. Eg.
(Bu) hau "persons" s/sa "man, person" cf. Sng. hausa "left bank, east, bush"
haushi annoyance, irritation cf. fushi
I. Ngz. gazi "anger" BT usi "fire" 7. Tur. awus "be v. angry" 4. Bye. hasi

"be sharp, get angry, sexually excited" 6. ? Gur. ma'aca "be angry"
haushi, habshi barking cf. Bid. bos "aboyer"
hautsuna mix (esp. powder or grain) cf. gwalitsa, haa
9. Ful. hautana "join to" 2. Gd. hwaa "knead, mix with water" 3. Dgl.

awtiye "mix (oily paste)" awde "mix (millet paste)" Bid. 'awal "melanger,
remuer" 5. Eg.(F) hwsi "pound, stir, build up (bricks)" 4. Sid., Der. kar + s
6. Gz. x-w-i "mix, confuse" Tna. h-w-s- "mix" Amh. hawwasa "mix" Soc.
^A-x, ^otier "mix" 7. Tur. srtay "se meler, se melanger"
hauya i. hoe ? < *Harwa
I. Ang. er (vb.) Dw. 'ir 2. Mwl. ura "dig" Bac. hawe *h9v- (vb.) "culti- MM
vate, hoe, weed" 3. Kr. erwi "sarcler" Mkl. 'anni "sarcler" 'elr)e "houe" 3a.
Lam. karva ''houe" 4. Sid. hawura "plough, till" hellakko "hoe" Brj. har'
"plough, cultivate" Or. arama "weed (vb.)" Ag. ares- "till" P.SC *haw-, *haw-
"axe" 5. Eg.(Bu) hennui + t (n.) "plough, hoe" (F) hnn "hoe" 6. P.Sem.
*-hru^- "plough (vb.)" Ethiopian Sem. arram- "weed (vb.)" 7. Tur. heryuwet
"creuser legerement avec les mains"
2. twenty ? < h-r + w-y cf. aru-aru for *Har- "hand" see hannu
I. BoL, Bui. h-w-ya Gj. hawya a component of 40 thru 90 Ron *hur-, *kut
is

"10" (? < "hands") hur, kut + 2 "20" 2. Bud. hakan "10" hagoi "20" 3. Jg.,
Sok. 'or- prefixes "10" & "20" Bid. 'orro "10" Kr. hor "10" horhor asi "20"
(asi "2") 6. Gur. xwaya "20" w-r'et "2" 8. Knz. ari "20" owwi "2"
The relationship between i. and 2. is involved. The equivalent of 20
cowries in early iron money was a small hoe. Similarly for bano in Ka-
no

nuri. Iron hoes were used as currency ? replacing cowries in some places.
(Source: Peter Rogers.)
hawainiya chameleon hanwawa, hawalaini ?<*ar)gwal + ? cf. adangare
I. Gwd. ayagya Gwd.(N) r)kpar) "lizard" Ang. rjgarap NB *-r)gw-l- "lizard"

Tgl. agkilir] "lizard" Pr. aggada "lizard" Ngz. aggwarzo "male lizard" H.
gwada "male lizard" 2. Mdr. mokpwalala "lizard" 3. Lei. gulo "lizard" Jg.
golgolo "lizard" Kr. amagali "chameleon" asugguli "gecko" Tum. awaway
3a. Mas. r)alair)alai- 4. Or., Kmb. gar-r- "lizard, chameleon" Ma' giritet
"lizard" 6. Gur. angraya "lizard"
hawa'i irresponsible ? < Ar. hawa'i
hawaye tears (sing, hawanya) ? < am+il- "water eye" cf. amya, iri OS *himal-
"tear (n.)"
I. Gwd. awoyi, ar)uwe Tgl am widi Bol. elum ? < il- + am 2. Udl. yamira
3. Tum. mulal 4. Bye. mile Cu. il + ma 5. Eg.(Bu) mu nu ar + t, rem +t
("water eye, eye water")
haya cross over, climb onto also haike "mount" hayi "thatched roof, bank (of
river), side" cf. aya, hau P.W.Cha. *^aly- "stand up" *gayk- "mount"

OS *^al-, *'^ilay- "rise" *^ar- "stone, rock" i. RS wahay 'erg" hay ''Stein"
Ank. han "mount" 3. Kr. arna "have sexual intercourse with" Lei. kal
"monter" Tum. ag "monter" hag "se lever" 3a. Ban. ir)wa "mount" 4. P.Cu.
*^-l- "mountain, highland" Or. olana "be up" Bye. hay "appear (only of

heavenly body)" 'am "ride" P.HEC *ale "over, above" 5. Eg.(Bu) heri, ara,
arar "go up" har, her "mountain" ar "stone of mountain, mount up" (F)
^r "mount up" k3i "high" 6. Ar. ^ala "become high, go up" Akk. alu Gur.

'an'a "ascend, go up, climb, mount (male on female)" araga "have inter-
course < ascend, go up" 'ajia "hill" 7. Tam aly "climb"
haya rent, hire < Eng.
hayaki smoke cf. harara ? < 'yar + ki P.W.Cha. *h'^alaki
I. Gwd. ayagkyi Bol. olo, oloki Tgl. or Sey yar), yaki 2. Hrz. hiyer) Bur.gp.
*'y-r- 3. ? Tum. haw 3a. Lam. 'ieo 4. Or., Bon. ar- P.HEC *willle Af. *^er,

4r "smoke, steam" Bye. kwarar "emit smoke" 5. Eg.(Bu) ar + t, uaa, ur

6. Soc. ^eto Mhr. manhayn, manhun 7. Tur.
"flame, fire" het "smoke"
ahu "smoke" aho- "steam"
hazbiya pigeon "ring-eyed p., Columba guinea, stye" also habjiya, habsiya,
hasbiya cf. Gwd. acipiya ndani "stye" (ndani "eye") Ngz. bagla
haziki intelligent < Ar. ha6iq
 Ill

hazo haze, mist

I. KK 'azantar "fog, harmattan" {for nt-r see hunturu) Bol. uzur "dust" 2.

Bur.gp. uz- "fog" FK gazi "harmattan" 3a. Lam. hazombusi {for busi cf.

buda) 4. Sid. gun jo "haze, mist" P.EC *^azz- "white" P.Cu. "white"
5. Eg.(Bu) aat "mist" hetch "white" (F) hd "white" 6. ? Gz. ^-z-r "brighten
up" Sem. 'awl "mist" y.Tam. tajut Tur. azyare "little, isolated cloud" {for
-are see gajimare)
hedkwata headquarters < Eng.
heluma foreman < heluman < Eng. headman
hidima task, duty < Ar. xidma
hijira Muslim date < Ar. hijra "emigration of the Prophet"
hikaya tale, story < Ar. hikaya
hikima wisdom < Ar. hikma
himma zeal, determination < Ar. himma
hinji hinge < hinjis < Eng. hinges
hira conversation < "c. in the evening" ? < Ful. hlr- "pass the evening" cf.

Sng. hira "evening" hire "pass the evening"

hisabi soothsaying, fortune-telling also "weighing a person's good and bad
at the Judgement" < Ar. hisab cf. lissafi Kan. isavu Mnd. kasabi
deeds
ho greeting hoho "greeting to a mourner" cf. hole
8. Sng. fo "saluer" 9. Mnd. fo "salutation" i. Kof. hog "w^elcome, hello"

3. Lei. o "grace, faveur"

hoda powder (cosmetic) < Eng.

hole enjoy life also "relax, be at ease" cf. ho, wala
4. Sml. holo "property, riches, wealth" Rnd. hola "wealth" Or. hori, hoda
"riches, possessions" 6. Heb. hon "wealth, riches"
holi queue, getting in line < Eng. "fall in !"

holoo dust storm (without rain) also "lacking kernel or grain" cf. fanko
Mnd. forongyo "tornade, tempete"
homa fishing net also foma, koma cf. Np. foma
boasting "b., aspiring to do what is beyond one's powers" ? < hau q.v.

homan foreman < Eng.

hora discipline, train "d., t., break in (horse)" cf. haura "climb over, mount"
koy- "teach" OS *gor- "punish"
4. Brj. hor + "breed"
'
As. har- "punish" Afr. hore "keep (s.one) out or in"
kobre "control" 6. Gz. mahara "teach, instruct, train, discipline" Sem.
m-h-r "be trained, skilful"
112

hotel bar, hotel, restaurant < Eng.

hoto picture, photograph < Eng. photo
hubbare tomb of saint < Ful. hubbare ? < Ar. qubba "dome"
huda, fuda i. pierce huji "inoculation" cf. ula OS *fut- "hole" *hur- "pierce"
I. Gwd. hurur)-; parir)- Sey. fuji ? < H. huji (n.) 2. Bac. hulo Gd. huaks
"cut hole in" huryagi "bore out" Mfg. patkw-, pskw- 4. P.Cu.(E) *forx-
"make hole" Sid., Or. hura, ura "make hole, pierce" 5. Eg.(Bu) uten
"bore, penetrate" 7. abad "trouer, percer"
Tur.
2. flower (n., vb.) ? < above "pierce, burst out" cf. fure
3. Tum. hiij (n.) 4. Or. hud'a "grow (flower, fruit)"
hua bank up, ridge up (crops) cf. fara OS *guwut-, *xut-, *xat-, *hut-,
*udah- "dig"
I. Tgl. wudi "hoe (vb.)" 2. Ter. 7wui "weed, hoe" HK 'uu "hoe (n.)"
Bat.gp. r)ge- "hoe (n.)" Mfg. hwahut- "evider, creuser, ronger" 3. Kr. kee
"cultivate" Tum hiid- "creuser" Lei. ngodi "fouiller, explorer" Mkl. 'otti
"creuser" 5. Eg.(Bu) uteb "furrow" khent "to plough" 4. P.Cu. *h/x-t-
"scrape the ground" P.SC *kut- "dig, plough" REG *kot- "dig" P.HEG
*huj- "work (vb.)" Or. gindo "plow (n.)" Abo. ged- "plow (vb.)"
huu, fuu four P.Cha.(N) *fwaa P.W.Gha. *firadu cf. farce, kafaa
4. Bye. fadig ? P.SC *fad- "count" P.Cu. *'-p-r(H)- "4" *p-r- "finger(s)" 4a.
Kef., Ari., Gimira *awud 5. Eg.(Bu) ftu 6. Akk. pudu "shoulder" 7. Tur.
afad "multiply (intr.), large number" Siw. fus "5" P.Ber. afus "hand"
huduba sermon < Ar. xutba
huhu I. lung cf. fuka "1. disease" kunfu "1." OS *fuf- "lung, breast" *puwad-
"heart"
8. Kan. fufu 9. Tv. huhu (? < H.) 9. P.WN *-phul-, *-phuk-, *-phulphul-
1. Dr. pupuk Pr. pok Dw. fukfuk NBP, NBD kuf- NBT kif- RK gugufi 2.

Ter.gp., Mg.gp., Hg. *xw-xw-f Muy., Mol. *hwohov 3. Tum. podpod 3a.

Pv. pap Lam. paf 5. Eg. wf3

2. package for cola nut cf. Mnd. huhu "sac en fibres" Np. fufu "grass
bag"
hujja excuse < Ar. hujja "argument, plea, excuse"
hukiima board "b., governing body" < Ar. hukuma
hukunta give judgement, pass sentence < Ar. hukm + denominative -ta > H.
hukunci (n.)
hula cap cf. Sng. fula Mnd. fugula Bam. banfula, fugula Gurma foalera (K) cf.
dara
 113

hula dealings, relationship < Ar. xulta "partnership, company"

huluri religious ecstasy ? < Ar. hudur "spirit possession"

humusi fifth part < Ar. xums

huntu insufficiently clothed cf. H. futuk "primitive" Mnd. fu + nta "without
loincloth"
hunturu harmattan (itself < Ga hun + nt-r- see ari
harabata) ? <
9. Mnd. hun, fun "cold, dry wind, harmattan" P.WN *-phun "wind"
hura, fura i. blow on cf. biasa, fifita, huta
I. Ron fuD SB *fw-d/r/l- BN w/had- "dry up" 2. Bac, Mwl. fud- Bur.gp.

pur- "wind" 3. Kr. full Mkl. piike "respirer" puto "soufflet de forgeron" 3a.
Zim. fol Lam. fo'o "souffler" 4. P.Cu.(E) *fur- "puff, blow" P.HEC *f61-
"breathe" 4a. Jnj. fuga "blow" 6. Gur. afwat "breath"
2. grass sp. (Pennisetum pedicellatum) Kan. far a
hurde, furde grey horse cf. Ful. furd- "be grey, dust-colored"
hure scrape, hollow out also gure cf. huda, hOa OS *xur- "dig, hole, pit"
I. Bol. gur "dig" NB *G-r "hole, grave" 2. Gd. hurar)9 "scrape out (wood
or calabash)" Mfg. hur- "creuser (pour avoir de I'eau)" 6. Sem. x-r-, h-r- "dig
out, chisel"
hurumi land preserved for a particular purpose ? < Ar. hurum "inviolable
places"
husufi eclipse < Ar. xusuf "lunar eclipse" cf. Ar. kusuf "solar eclipse"
husuma quarrel (someness) < Ar. xusuma
huta rest, relax hijce "cool down" cf. fifita, hura

I. Ngm. futin Bed. futan "rest" futan "blow" 2. Maf. fat "rafraichir" fit

"souffler sur" W.Mg. xud- Gd. xunt- "blow" fin "rest" fuf "blow" 4. Der.
hafura "breathe, breath, resting" Ag. fur- "rest" 5. Eg.(Bu) urt, her + t 6.

Gur. foye (vb.) fwayat (n.)

hutu fart (n.) ? < *urtu cf. wardi, wari

I. NBM aredi Bol. wordo Dr. wodo Tgl. widi 2. Bur. hidi Bur.gp. *purdu
"wind, harmattan" Gd. purats "breaking wind" 3. Mkl. 'odd-, 'i- Dgl.,
Bid. wed 4. Brj. ridi- Or. tarr "loud fart" P.HEC *fut- (vb.) 6. Ar. darat
Hars. tert- Syriac ^arret Akk. saraDu 7. Mzb., Wrg. rd 8. Berta dee
hutsu bad-tempered cf. haushi, hushi
1, e yes
Ang. e Sok. e Or. T Sid. e Ar. 'iy Tarn. Th Zar. ihin
ibada piety < Ar. ^ibada
ibhami thumb < Ar. 'ibham
iburo Digitaria exilis
I. Ang. balwo "maize" 9. Asante, Akan aburo "maize" 7. Tur. abora "mil-
let" 2. Mfg. mbaram ''Sorghum sp." 4. Dhl. buru "maize" Brn. baru
"grain" Alg. balu "grain" Bye. balti "millet" Or. omborT "oats" 5. Eg.(Bu)
per + t "grain, corn, wheat etc." 6. P.W.Sem. *burr- "wheat" Gur. bara
"food, *crop that is edible" Sem. b-1-' "eat, swallow" 8. Mab. belile "mil-

let prepared like rice"

ic(c)e tree, wood pi. itace, itatuwa P.Cha.(N) *it-

OS *'=utl- "tree" 9. P.BC *-ti "stick, whip" *-titi "tree" P.WN *-ti i. SB
*-y-(n)tsi Dr. yindi "section of split tree used for roofing" 4a. Bnc. inc P.

Om. *m + ints 4. Bye. hindi Or. iccima "small sticks for rubbing to make
fire" incinni "bush" Afr. ha(Ja "t., medicine" 5. Eg.(Bu) atutu "a kind of
wood" 6. Gur. aca Heb. *^es Akk. isu Gz. ^ad Amh. ancat Ar. 4dah "any
trees having thorns" 7. Tur. acak
Ida finish, complete
I. Tgl. ido "the whole of, complete" 2. Gd. uda 4. Or. ida (Foot) "add"
Bor. idaha "aggiungere" (for the semantics, cf. H ara/are)
idan if also kadan cf. kan
Gwd. nda "when" nde "if" RS 'ada "wenn" 6. Ar. 'i6an
I.

idda period between marriages (for woman) < Ar. 4dda

Tdi Muslim festival < Ar. *^Td

ido, ijiya eye cf. iri idon sawu "ankle" P.Cha.(N) *ida OS *'i(n)d- "eye"
I. Gwd. ndan(i), ndar Pr. ando NBD ado NBJ ida BN *da(n) RS 'adiri 3.

Mgm. 'ide Dgl. odo 4. RCu.(D) *cint- 5. Eg.(Bu) netr "eye" menti "the
2 eyes" mar + ti "2 eyes" nuit "eyes" 6. Sem. n-5-r, n-z-r, n-s-r "see, ob-
serve" 7. RBer. *t + id + t
 115

igiya, yagiya rope cf. akala, ulla OS *hakam-/*hakum- "rope"

I. Gwd.(N) arjgywe NBD agyama NBJ gwama RD mangil 2. Hrz. hugumay
"thread" Gis. gugumay "thread" Mfg. gagamay "coton" 3. Lei. gagu
"corde" Bid. kango ''corde robuste pour descendre dans le puits" 4. P.Cu. *h-
Kw-m P.SC *hagw- 5. Eg.(Bu) aq, aqau (F) ^k^ 6. Ar. ^uqla, 4qal "shackle,
bond"
igwa, agwa cannon ? < Yor. agba "cask, barrel, cannon"
ihu, eho, uhu yelling cf. kuka, kuwwa, sowa OS *^iw-/*4y- "cry"
I. Bol. 'es (vb.), 'und- (vb.) Tgl. 'uze "cry, weep" 2. Gdu. iya "call" Mwl.
u'at- "call" Gd., F. *'w- "call" Hin. 'ay "voice" 3. Lei. en (vb.) Sok. oti "ru-

fen" ]g. 'ic "singen" 3a. Mas., Ban. y- "call" 8. Knz. liwe "rufen" 4. Sid.

u'u "shouting" Bye. u(w) "call" REG *'oy- "cry, weep" P.SC 'uw- "call"

5. Eg.(Bu) au, uh(uh), "cry out" (F) iw "cry out" 7. Tur. uhu "crier contre"

ijaba fulfilment of a wish < Ar. 'ijaba

ijara wages, commission < Ar. 'ijara "rent, hire"

ikirari confession < Ar. 'iqrar

ikwaita equator < Eng.

ilahiri entirety < Ar. 'ila 'axiri

ilhami inspiration < Ar. 'ilham

ilia blemish, weakness ? < Ar. ilia "except ..."

ilmi, ilimi knowledge < Ar. 41m

Tmani faith < Ar. Tman
imbeci waterbuck cf. Afr., Sml., Sah. be^id "oryx" Shr. nbe*^et "oryx"
imma either ... or < Ar. 'imma
in if, when cf. Ar. 'in Syriac 'en Heb. 'im
ina ? [inaa] where ? how also inda ?
8. Kan. nda [nda] 3. Lei. na "comment ?" 3a. Ban. nana "how ?" 4. P.Cu.

*'-y(y)u + da "where ?" (*'-y(y)u interrog. prefix) Bye. na- interrog. prefix 6.

Ar., Akk. *'ayn- "where?" Akk. ina "in" ana "to" Gur. ayne "where?" ayna
"how much" (aynako "how?") 7. Tur. annar "which?"
inabi grape < Ar. ^inab
inatu inner tube (of tire) < Eng. cf. Kri. ina tyub
inci inch < Eng.
inda where (relative) ? < yanda {see yadda) or abbrev. for wurin da
indararo drain spout on roof ? < Sng. ndorro, ndororo
inganta strengthen "s., make more reliable" cf. Kan. ggala "good" ggalata
(vb.n.) "get better"
ii6

ingarma large stallion ? < Kan. (far) ggarma "beautiful, big and fast horse" cf.

Kan. rjgaram- "gallop" Bgr. ngirma "very fine horse"

ingirici hay cf. Dz. ogorse "straw" Tur. a7ar "herbe sechee prematurement" Tarn.
171 "straw" P.Ber. *77ur "dry" ? for -ci cf. ciyawa
ingwallo hip joint
I. Tgl. kwarja "hip bone" 2. Mfg. rjgwalar) "hanche" 3a. Lam. gor "hanche,
bassin" 8. Sng. nkoro "hanche"
ingwayya (N.W H.) greeting {reply to ho) cf. Zar. ingwayya
inji engine < Eng. cf. Kri. injin

inji, nji say (suffixed subject) OS *di^-/*du^- "speak, call"

I. NB *nd- 2. Mg. nda (suffixed subject) Gd. anki (suffixed subject) 3. Kr.

anti, ayti "on dit que" Dgl. iye 4. Bye. di "say, mean"
injiniya engineer < Eng.
inkari denial < Ar. inkar cf. hauri
inna mother "m., title of address for woman of older generation" ? < 'iy + na
"mother my" cf. iya
7. Tur. inna "ma mere" Sng. anna "maman (appellation, vocatift" Zar. ay
8.

nya "ist p. + mother" Amh., Tna. '9nna(t) "mother" Soc. 'enneh "sis-
6.

ter" 4. Sid. ennate "title for religious sister" i. Tgl. una "mother-in-law"
Gj. ana 2. Hrz., Kot. eny- 3. Lei. ina Smr. ina Gbr. ena 4. Afr. ina ? Sml.
inan "daughter, girl, lady"
innanaha furthest limit also innanahaya ? < Ar. ila nnihaya
inshuwara insurance < Eng.
intaha extreme limit < Ar. intaha "it is finished"
intaya Digitaria exilis cf. acca, hatsi RW.Cha. *w-nt- "corn, seed" OS *hint-
"cereal"
I. Gwd. atuwa "sorghum flour" 4. P.Cu. *h-y-(n)t- "corn in general" 5.

Eg.(Bu) uahit "spelt, grain" W3hyt "corn" 6. P.Sem. hint + at "wheat"

(F)

7. Tur. timzin "or^e" Tam. imndi "wheat" Nefusa, Ghd. (a)m9ndi "grain"
inuwa shade, shadow cf. kurwa, rai
I. Gwd. -uniy- Ngz. nanuwa 2. Gd. ma'yana "spirit, soul, human shad-

ow" 3. Mkl. 'unde "ombre d'une personne, dme" Dgl. untye "s'assombrir"
Bid. ninta "dme" Lei. tuno "esprit, ombre" 8. Knz. ennenu, nii "Schatten"
6. Gur. tararwat, tabl "shadow, shade" arwa "soul"
inyamiri Ibo (impolite term) ? < Igbo nya miri "? bring water ? here is water"
cf. Dgl. nyamiri "anthropophage" Lam. jiemri "anthropophage" also said to
be in Sango
 117

inyawara genet "W.African g." also alwara

3. ? Dgl. nyara "bush rat sp." 4. Or. iyya "wild cat" 9. NC nyaw- "cat"
Mnd. kongo nyari (kongo "brousse")
inzali orgasm < Ar. 'inzal
iri seed, sort, kind cf. yaro OS *'ir- "eye" *'iru'- "caviar"
1. Bol. are "seed" Tgl. ai "millet" Dr. yila "nut, grain, pupil" BN *'ay-
"grain, pupil" Ang. e RF 'e "Saatkom, Samen, Sprofi" 2. MM *hay "grain"
3. Dgl. era "pit of dum-palm fruit" Kr. arway "graines poussant vite" Mkl.
'ulo "enfant, grain" Bid. 'arankida "graine d'arachide en formation" (kida
''terre") 3a. Mus. ira "seed" (irano "eye") Lam. 'urii "m/7" 4. Brj. 'il- "eye,
fruit" Afr. arma "pip, seed" Bye. 'ara "Same, Frucht" Bor. irti "piccoli grani"
Bil. idin "Nachkommenschaft, Stamm, Geschlecht" Sid. ila "offspring" 5. ?

Eg.(Bu) ar + ti "kind of seed or grain" 7. Tam., Tur. ara "child, fruit,

product etc." Tam., Tur., Siw. ir(8)d- "grain of wheat" Tur. allun "seed"
6. ? Akk. eresu "seminare con Varatro" 8. Knz. er "die Palme befruchten" er
+ ar "Befruchtung" 9. Yor. iru "seed, sort, kind" Np. yiri, liri, riri "sort,

kind"
irili dignity, self-respect < Ar. ^ird
isa arrive, suffice, reach ishe "overtake" cf. iske, riske P.Cha.(N) *( )s9 "come"
OS "come"
*'as-

, 8. Kan. isa "he came" 7. P.Ber. *as- "come" i. Gwd. ris- RF 'es "finden, be-

kommen" 'yes "finden" RB wisi "finden, bekommen" yes "kommen" 2. Mwl.

usi "come" Log. sa "steigen, treten" 3. Dgl, Bid. as- "venir, arriver" Jg. 'as
"ankommen, erreichen" Mkl. 'esie "suffire" 4. Dly. ass- "gehen" Or. aseta
"become ripe" 5. Eg.(Bu) asa "fill full, satisfy" reshaa "suffice" 6. Ar., S.
Ar. (w)-s-l "arrive, help" Soc. sele "faire parvenir" Gur. salla "arrive, reach,
be ready"
isga, yizga tail used as fly-switch cf. tsagiya "tail"
2. Hg., F. si7- "tail" 4. Or., Der. ege "tail" 7. Tur. azag "criniere"
iska wind, spirit ? < us + ka OS *hos- "cold"
I. Gwd. kusuka Sur. sugum "cold" ? BN -ask- "sky" 2. Gan., Gab. *xasx9s
"cold" 3. Dgl., Mgm. 'u(s)su "wind" Jg. 'os "wind, cold" Minjile kosuk
"cold" 3a. Lam. 'asa "esprit benefique des morts" 4. RCu.(D) *ts-k(H)- "cold,
rainy weather" Bye. ese "gust of wind" Brj. Had., Kmb. sig(g)- "cold
(weather)" Brj. keskel- "spirit" Gaw. o'sengu "cold (of air)" Gob. oson +
ko "cold (of air)" 4a. Kch. os'- "cold (of air)" 5. Eg.(Bu) as "air, wind,

breath" hutchai "cold, god of the west wind" (F) hs "be cold" 6. Gz.
ii8

hasaka "be cold, make shiver (cold or rain)" Shr. 'os "cold, catarrh" Mhr.,
Hars. zek "cold, catarrh" Jib. ^ys "cold in head" sek "cold, numbness" 7.
Tam. azyu "vent, brise" Siw. sqi "le froid"

iske find, come upon also riske, ishe cf. H. isa Syriac eskah "find" Mkl. reke
"trouver par hasard"
iya mother "female relative of preceding generation, esp. maternal aunt" *pl.

iyaye "parents" cf. inna

I. NBJ aya "grandmother" 8. Kan. ya 2. Muk. iya Udl. iya 3.
Tgl. iya
Dgl. iya Mgm. ya- Tum. yo
3a. Lam. ya Msm., Pv. ya 4. P.EC, P.SC *'ay-

"mother" Or. ayyo "mother, mother-in-law" Sid. aidde "family" Bye.

ayyay "relative" 6. Gur. ay "mother" ayyo "mother!" ayya "form of ad-
dress to grandmother" 7. ? Ber. ayt "family" 5. Eg.(Bu) aut "family"
iya can (vb.) T ma "master" iyo "swimming" iko "power, control" iyaka "limit
of power, boundary" iya "as far as" cf. yi "make, do"
I. NB iy(-) "can" ? < H. Gj., Sey. yis-"know" 2. Bac, Mwl. ley "know"
Bud. yu "overcome" 3. Minjile ya "know" Mkl. mala "savoir (n.), savant"
3a. ? Lam. yi "voir, savoir, connaitre" 4. P.SC *'iley "know" Bye. iray "w/5-
sen, erfahren" P.Cu.(D, E) *'ar- "know, understand" 6. Gur. hara "know"

iyali family, dependents < Ar. ^iyal cf. Kan. yal Np. yalizi
izga see isga
izgili presumptuousness ? < Ar. 'az7al "adulterate"

izni permission < Ar. 'i6n

ja, janye pull, draw jayayya "dispute" ? < *dz-ya-
I. H. zame "draw out, deduct from, rein in (horse)" tsame "withdraw

from (tr.)" Gwd. ja, ji "drag, pull" tswa, cwa' "draw (water)" BN *z9m"
"draw out (water, etc.)" Grn. ji Pr. jola 8. Kan. je- "rope (n.), pull, draw"
9. Mnd. dya "allonger" i. Ngm., KK, Gra. (n)z-( ) 2. FM, FJ -(n)lya "pull"

FB dzi 3a. Lam. lam- "tirer" 3. Dgl. anye "tirer vers soi" Mgm., Bid. jot-
"tirer, retirer" yaw "traire" Kr. i "puiser" Mkl. linye "tirer, (s)'etirer" 4.

P.SC *ts'i^- "be drawn out, extracted" REG *zit- (Sml., Rnd. *jit-) ? Bye.
le'ab "draw (sword)" 4a. Jnj. zata 5. Eg.(Bu) teha "extend, draw out"
tcha + t "resistance, opposition" 6. Gur. zamada "pull, drag" Hars. athor
"draw water" 7. Tur. azzal "tendre" zazzagrat "allonger" Siw. nzag "draw
(water)" Tam. zzu7r "drag"
ja red cf. jini jan arfe "red metal, copper"
I. Ang. jan "red, yellow" jam "red sp. of corn" jelar) "red, rust" NBJ jiyu

RB juwi NBP jarjal "yellow" Gib. jonga Sey. zol-, zel- 2. Gd. ndza "paint
red" andzsna "red metal, brass" Log., Kot. zey Bur.gp. -za Mad. zuzek
Mdr., Pad. (Mouchet) *zagana 3. Dgl. zer- "fauve fonce (of animal)" zele
"murir, noircir" Tum. jaj "be ripe" Gbr., Nan. jile Mkl. teze "rouge, rouge-
dtre, roux" zere "noircir" Lei. njunway "rouge simple" 3a. Lam. dzer) "etre

mur" 4. RCu.(E) *ts'ed- "red" RSC *ts'ed- "red, blood" RRft. *ts'e "yel-
low" EC c'eg-, d'Tg- "blood" 4a. ROm. *zok'- 5. Eg.(Bu) tesher "red,
blood" 7. RBer. *azwwa7 Tur. azgay "color with red ochre" 6. Ethiopian
Sem. *c-rq- "begin to ripen" Ar. s-rq- "be bloodshot (eye), become ripe
(date)" Akk. samn- "red" Gur. basa "red" Amh. baca "yellow" Jib. sir "be-
come yellow"
jabba gown "type of sleeveless g." < Ar. jubba
jabu counterfeit ? < Ijebu Ode (where c. money was said to be made)
jadawali multiplication table < Ar. jadwal "schedule, list etc."

jaddada reform, renew < Ar. jaddada

jafa'i slander, abusive language < Ar. jafa'i
I20

jagale itinerant trading cf. Mnd. dyago "commerce, echange" see also jaura

jagati; jagari duiker (male) cf. gada

I. H. zanke "male duiker" Gra. jwangere 2. Bur.gp. *zigil "duiker" Mdr.

*zi7ara "gazelle" Hrz. adigare "gazelle" Mfg. hadakar "Oreotragus oreotra-

gus^Mt. hadagar "antelope" Muk. zihar "antelope" Pad. hsdagala "biche"
I. Ger. dugay "duiker" NBW dakay- "duiker" 3. Mgm. dagayam "biche-
cochon" Turn, jarga "antelope sp." 6. Amh. dak'^la "antelope" 4. Asa
sigaro "dikdik" Kwa. sikwato "dikdik" sigare "dikdik" Sml. sagaro "dikdik"
Sid. daggatto "antelope sp." 9. Sw., Nyambu -suguya "dikdik"
jahili ignorant, illiterate < Ar. jahil
ja'iri shameless, disrespectful person < Ar. ja'ir "deviant, unjust"
jaka bag cf. jema, jiki P.Cha. *Zi- "body, skin" OS *masak- "skin"
also jika
8. Kan. "bag made of cloth" i. Kof. jikau "shoulder bag" 2. Bur.
jiga
dakal "hide bag" Bud. jike "Sack" suka "Beutel" Msg. zetaba "tobacco
pouch" (taba "tobacco") 3a. Lam., Msm. Dike "skin" 5. Eg.(Bu) sak "bag,
sack" ameska, mesq "skin, hide" 6. Gz. zaq "skin bottle, leather bag"
Akk. zikku "wineskin" Heb. mesek "skin bag" Soc. mezingua "sac, panier"
Ar. siq-, ziqq- "waterskin" Jib. sikt, sek, kist "bag" 7. Tur. assakwa "skin
bag" 8. Sng. sikara "sac en peau"
jakada messenger of chief also jekada and je ka fada (presumably, the source)
jaki donkey "d., stupid person" cf. doki, dukushi
I. Gwd., jar)kyi, njasi Gib. ja "horse" NBW zyata- NBT za- RB njake 7.

Siw. iziyat "male donkey" tiziyat "female donkey" Tur. ejak, ajad Zen.
azzaj Ghd. 5. Eg.(Bu) shu "she-ass" sakut "young asses" 2. Dab. njen
zid
Kot. seneki "donkey mare" MM, Mdr.gp., Pad. -zagwa Gdf. tiggwa 6.
Shuwa Ar. janga "mare" Tna. 'adgi "donkey" Gz. 'adg 4. P.Cu.(E) *dik'^'-
(D) M-nk^'-r 3. Mgm., Dgl. urkul
jallo waterbottle gourd
I. Bol. jewi "gourd bottle" 4. Or. jaFo "water container" ? Afr. dala
"gourde" Bon. dule "long gourd" 2. Mg. ncala "calabash" Klb. sala "cala-
bash" 3. ? Mkl. culso "petite calebasse" Dgl. duluwa "calebasse a boire"
Dgl., Bid., Mgm. *ewwo "calebasse a col" 6. Ar. dalu "leather bucket"
Sem. dlw, dly "draw water from well" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) ten "vase, vessel,
bucket" tehra "water skins" 7. Siw. Iwa^ "seau pour arroser" Sened zau
"seau pour arroser"
jama'a public gathering, community ? < Ar. jama^a
jamfa jumper, sweater < Eng.
 121

jamhuriya republic < Ar. jumhuriya

jamhuru intrigue, conspiracy ? < Ar. jumhuru "multitude, throng"
jam'i plural < Ar. jam'^

jami'a university < Ar. jami^a

jami'i executive official ? < Ar. jami' "general (adj.)"
jam'iyya club, union, party < Ar. jam^yya
janaba impurity < Ar. janaba
jana'iza funeral < Ar. jana'iz

janar general (military) < Eng.

janareto generator < Eng.
jan baki lipstick < "red mouth"
jangali cattle tax ? < Ful. jahangal "caravan" < yah- "go, travel"
jante feverish cold cf. Sng. gyante "sickness, be sick" gyonto "fever" E.Ful.
yontere pi. jonte "fever"
jaraba craving ? < Ar. jaraba "itch"

jarfa facial markings cf. zana

8. Sng. zeri "tatouages etc., marquer le betail" 2. ? Mfg. njeh- "inciser, rayer"

Gd. maja "instrument for making scars or scratches" 3. Dgl. der- "tracer
un trait, graver des calebasses" etye "dessiner, rayer" Lei. kamje "cicatrice
corporelle, gravure" 3a. Lam. dzii ''scarification" 5. Eg.(Bu) senp "cut,

slay"
jari capital ? < Kan. zar "root, capital" cf. Manga Kan. jar Ful. jar Bol. jari

"trade"
jarida newspaper < Ar. jarTda

jariri infant also jinjiri cf. siriri OS *dza'- "son" *jan-/*jin- "child"
I. Gwd. ja, NBW jin + na "son" RS, Sur, Ang.
janja, zaza "small (of child)"
jan "twins" NBB zanwi "twins" Ang. zar) "youth" 2. Bur.gp. *zir "boy,
small (child)" Gis. ziri "children" Gd. uzin "boy" Gv, Glv., Nkt. *zir-
"boy" Nkt. zirzira "baby" FG za "daughter" 9. Mumuye za "child" 3a.
Lam. dza "petits-enfants" 4. Bye. jina "newly born infant" ? Or. ija "fruit"
ijolle "children" Brj. cin'- "very small" Awg. tsilli "small" Had., Kmb. cTla

"baby" 5. Eg.(Bu) shi "infant, child" sher "little boy, child" si + t "infant
(female)" Cop. s-r- "small, child, baby" 6. P.Sem. *zarzir- "minuscolo,
stomello" Ar. 6arr "atoms" 6urriyya "offspring" 7. Siw. zir "enfant" ? Tur.
madry "etre Tam. isirran "children"
jeune"
jarraba test, try, examine < Ar. jarraba
122

jarumi warrior also zarumi cf. jarmai, zarmai "head of army" ? < Ar. sarim
"brave, courageux" cf. Kan. Zerma, Zarma, Jerma "title of royal slave in
charge of ... the personal safety of the king"
jauje drum "double membrane hour-glass d." cf. Ngz. kanjau "large d. like

hour-glass d., but held between legs" Ang. jiji "a long-shaped drum"
jaura itinerant peddling also jula cf. jagale, jiiya, kewaya
6. Ar. dawwar "peddler" ES zora "go around, turn around" Heb., S.Ar.
z-w-r "turn" 3. Lei. jarwi "voyager beaucoup" Bid. yirawo "marchand am-
bulant" (yTr "exhiber, mettre en vente") Dgl. dyore "aller a I'aventure" 4.

"wander" Bil. ajau "ohne Ziel unci Zv^eck herumziehen" Sid. janjura
Or. jora
"roam, go around"
jawabi speech, statement, message < Ar. jawab
je go cf. dawaya, dawo, za P.Cha.(N) *d-/j-, P.W.Cha. *(n)da' OS *ju'- a
"go" *da'(aw)- "move"
4. P.Cu.(E) *dah- "travel (toward or from)" 3a. Lam. ze "entrer" 3. Mkl.
'ette "aller, venir" Mgm. a- "aller" Bid. 'ad- "aller, passer" Lei. eje "venir"

6. Sem. 'ata "come" 7. Tur. ejjer "sortir" 9. P.WN *ji- "come from" 8.

Knz. ju "gehen"
jefa, jifa throw (at) cf. cafe OS *jef- "throw"
I. NBD NBT 'caf- "shoot" 3. Mkl. zapi-, zipi- "jeter" Dgl. tirpe
jifal "jeter

en paquet" Mgm. daww- "lancer" 3a. Lam. do'o "lancer (lance)" a'a "jeter

au loin (pierres)" 4. Bye. tifil "cast out, throw" Dly. c'ep- "throw a spear"
Sid. jifa "throw, push" As. jahat "shoot with arrow" Brn. cahiya "arrow
head" Afr. dufe "throw, push away" REG *d-rb- "throw (esp. spear)" 5.

Eg.(Bu) tcheb "pierce, stab, spear, harpoon" 6. Gz. darbaya "throw

(weapon), hurl, shoot" daf^- "push, cast away" nadafa "throw, hurl
(spear, arrow), shoot (with bow and arrow)" Gur. camata "shoot without
missing, hit target with spear or stone" 7. Tur. ndaw "jeter, lancer" Siw.
^adaf "jeter" Ghd. andar "jeter"

jeji bush = daji q.v.

jela tail cf. tsele, tsiiliya, wutsiya OS *cil-, *tsilam- "tail"
I. NB *'s-wl- "tail" Gj., Dw., Pic. *tsir/l "tail" Gj. zila "buttocks" 2. Mg.gp.
*siw- "tail" Hg. *z-w Log. zue Bud. njui Pad. zewe "chasse-mouches" Msg.
yir, untul 3. Mkl. silme "queue" Bid. seledya "chasse mouches" 3a. Ban.,
Lam., Msm. *cawr- Lam. (Sachnine) tseo 4. Or. c'ira "fly swatter" {also
Amh., Sid.) Kmb, Had. serima 4a. Kef., Mch., Mj. *c-yr- 6. ES *c-wr- Ar.
6ayl ? Soc. tal "queue blanche d'un mouton" 7. Tam. ajlal Snh. aswal
 123

jema, jima tan P.Cha.(N) *z9m "skin"

I. Plateau Cha. *sim "skin" Ngz. zamta "strip off" adim "tanning"
4. Af.

? Sml. san "hide" idin "leather" ? Bye. dif 5. ? Eg.(Bu) shesm "animal
skin, leather" 6. Ar. 'adlm "hide, skin, leather" 7. Zen. ajam "skin (n.)"

Tarn, azy "skin (vb.)" Tur. azu "skin (n.)" 8. Knz. ajin "Haut, Leder"
jemage bat sp.
I. Ang. 'jim Ngm dimown 9. CB *-dim-, *-dem- i. NBP timba- NB *Z-m-
"bird" 2. Ter. lorn Mfg. meter) Mbo. jamjam Mol., Gis. *mil:eler) Msg.
simasim- 3. Mkl. sambu (sg.) sambuyagi (pi.) 4. Abo. daymaye (pi.) Or.
simbiro (h)alkani "bat < small bird of night"
jera align cf. gyara, shirya
I. Ngz. sar- "put in line, string beads" zarn- "prepare for journey" 2. Gd.
ndala "line up, string (beads for necklace)" Mfg. iy- "arranger, ranger, re-

tablir" 3. Dgl. dyerke "go in Indian file" soye "put oneself in line" ere
"stretch out (intr.)" Lei. njar "rester en rangs" Mkl. jars- "defiler" yirwe
"ligne, frontiere" 3a. Lam. ndza'a "aligner" 4. Af. dore "move in line" Brj.,

Sid. dira "align, row, line" Sml. dilin (n., ? vb.) 5. Eg.(Bu) ser "arrange,
order" Sem. darg- "rank" Ar. taraq "line (clothes)" Jib. tarruk "file,
6. line
of animals or people" 7. Tur. zarurag "defiler, marcher en file" 8. Dz. jey-
"ranger, arranger"
ji smell, feel, hear ji da "cause (pleasure, pain)" cf. oyi, hanci, sansana
for in ji see inji
I. Pr. zin- "sm." Sey. zogn "sm." Tgl. yine "sm." 2. Ter. zi(ra) "sm." Klb.
ci'un "sm." MM *tsin "hear" *zin "sm." Hg., F. *zun- "sm." Gd., Njn.
*zin- "sm., perceive" Mdr.gp. *-cin- "sm., hear" Mat. atsana "hear" z(9)k-
"sm." Dab. ji (n.) "sm." 3. Mub. jige "hear" Kuj. ajigala "hear" Kr. ca

"pauvrete" 3a. Lam. tsa "qui souffre, pauvre" 4. P.Cu. *c-n(gw)- "sm." P.SC
*tsi' "sm. (intr.)" Bye. sin'(a) "absorb through nostrils" Or. c'inTna "suffer-
ing" Brj. c'Ts- "suffer stomach pain" 4a. Kef. cm- "sm." 5. Eg.(Bu) shnem
"sm." (F) sn "sm." snnw "suffer" 6. Soc. si4 "ecouter" Ar. s-^r "perceive,
feel" ES s-^-r "feel pain" 7. P.Ber. *z9r "see" Tur. uzar "souffrir, gener phys-
iquement" *s-l( ) "horen" (Rossler)
jibga heap up juji, jibji "rubbish heap" cf. ibga "do a lot of", zuba "pour"
zubo "pile (n.)"
I. H. tsiba "heap up" NBB cuu "rubbish heap" 2. Gd. tsauk "collected
into a pile" 3. Bid. jomo "amasser, entasser"
124

jibi day after tomorrow for *ci "day" see hantsi

9. Gby. bin "demain" i. Gwd. jibi Mba. durboy "demain" 2. Gd. cif- be-

gins 3 "day" words 3. Kr. diblnim "tomorrow" 3a. Mas. jifina "tomorrow"
Ban. vini "tomorrow"
jia ant hill ? D + 6-( ) P.W.Cha. *d-p- "termite"
I. NB *d9- "termite" *9n "ant hill" Ang. tapTp "winged termites" Gj.
dimbi "termite" Sey. dibm "termite" Dr. ot "termite" 2. Pdl. zaa "ter-

mite" Bac. mbtjre "termite" mbtJte "ant hill" Mwl mburo "ant hill" Bok.,
Gab. *f-reta "ant hill" 3. Mkl., Mgm. dib- "termite, termitiere" Bid., Dgl.
*tumpul- "termitiere" Tum. amarraw "ant. sp." 3a. Lam. dazuwa "termi-
tiere" 4. Bil. zazaba "weiften Termiten" P.SC *'par- "termite" Bye. birat,

embira "termite" debba, dibba "mound of earth" Sml. abor "termites"

dundumo "termite hill"
jii sweat cf. zazzai "fever" zafi "heat" Cha. (W, C, E) *-n "heat" OS *'ib-

"thirst"
I. H. ji cuwe' "sweat" Tgl. wai "sweat" 2. Gd. cia "trouble"
"feel" Pr.
Ter.gp. *(w)e(w)e "sweat" 3. Kr. hai "sweat" 3a. Lam. sumbur Mas.
hibi- 4. Sid. cawabbi "drenched with sweat" P.Cu. *d-p(p)- "sweat" Bye.
niba "heat" Had. ibba "Wdrme, Hitze" binca "Schweifi" 9. P.WN *bwil- "be
hot"
jidali struggle < Ar. jidal
jiga jigger flea ? < Eng. but common in W. Africa e.g. Kri. jiga Wolof jiga
"insect"
jigawa light soil (usually upland) cf. tsakuwa P.W.Cha. *zig^a "hill, rock"

I. Ngz. jigwai "small hill formed by hoeing" 2. Mg. jiga "hill" Pad.
dzagala "rocher" 3. Lei. jegli "etre impropre d la culture" njegle "terre infer-

tile" 4. Bil. jaga "Tal, Ebene, Grasreiches Tiefland" 8. Sng. zigi "monter du
fleuve dans les terres, grande brousse, desert" 6. Soc. jij(y)e'^eh "rocher" Amh.
dangay "stone, rock"
jiha state (of federation) < Ar. jiha "side, region"
jihadi holy war < Ar. jihad
jljiya vein, nerve cf. jini, saiwa, zare
1. Gwd.(N) ajijiya Sur. cijyay "v." NB *z-( ) + "blood" NBW *zyan- "root"
Ngz. dazi "v., n." Sey. dazaye "v." Pic. irjzi "v." Bol. teje "vein, tendon"
2. Dab. zem "v., n." zem pay "root" (pay "tree") Muk. adir)iz "v." 3. Sok.
giria "v., n." 3a. Lam. zeo "corde" zeo + "blood" "veine, artere" 4. P.Cu.
*j-(^)-r- "root, artery, v., tendon" Brj. ceji "blood" 6. Jib., Soc. zid "v., n..
 125

sinew, root" Heb. gid "sinew, muscle" 7. Tarn, azur "v., root" Tur. azar,
asur "nerf" 8. Kan. zar bube "vein ("root + blood")
jijjifi early morning (just before sunrise)
2. Ngw. aapa "morning" 4. P.SC *dTdama "dawn, sunrise"
Bur.,

jlka grandchild ? < zir + ka for *zir "child" see jariri cf. kaka "grandparent"
I. Kof. cik Ngm. dika "g.mother" Sur. tikam "g.father" Gj. jikagini "g.
parent" 2. Ter. jikanki "g.child, g.parent" i. Sey. jikadr) "g.father" 9. CB
*-jikudu "g.child" (*-kodo "g.parent") i. NBT cin "g.father" ci wun "g.

son" (Cha., W, C wun "child") 2. Klb. aji "g.parent, g.child" Gd.

dzadzana "g.father, g.child" Bud., Log. dl "g.child" Bud. jokay "g.father"
Dab. didi(gi) "g.parent, g.child" 8. Kan., Dz., Ted. d-go "g.child" 6.
Shuwa Ar. diko "g.child"
jiki body jika locative jikin "close against" P.Cha.(N) *zi + k- "body" *z9m
"skin" P.W.Cha. *zi + k'^i cf. jema "tan" tsoka "piece of flesh" OS *dza-/
*dzi-, *dzik- "body, meat"
4. P.Cu. *j-q- "body, corpse, meat" 8. Kan. tiga 5. Eg.(Bu) tche + t, sha
+ t (F) dt "body" ds "self 8. Berta b-S-K- "body skin" 6. Gz. iaga "flesh,
meat, body, corpse" ? < Cu. P.Sem. *^i'r- "carne" 7. Zen. ajam "skin (n.)"
jia soak, moisten cf. tsima
1. Ang. S9k "wet" Plateau Cha. sigir "dew" Tgl. yege Dr. yeke "moisten"

2. Wmd. dzugwuri "moisten" Hg., F.(n)jik- "moisten" Pad. njie "humide"

3. Lei., Mkl. Zer- "humide" Dg\., Bid. zod- "pourrir, moisir" 4. P.Cu. *c-k(k)-
"moisture, become wet" *^-kk'^- "water" Bye. yid'(a) "be damp, moist" Or.
dukkud'- "become wet" Or., Brj. *jTd- "become wet" 5. Eg.(Bu) tekh-(b)
"drink, soak, flood, moisten, get drunk" 6. Sem. S-q-y- "give to drink,
irrigate" 7. Ber. abzak "etre mouille"
jima wait a while cf. jira, zama
I. H. jia "alight, lodge, subside" Gwd. jijima "sit, stay, live" Ang. yem
"be prolonged" Sey. tsan "sit" Ngz. amiy- "wait on, guard" 2. Gd. jima
"alight" Mg. yin "sit" Mfg. am- "garder (argent), economised 3. Lei. jen
"rester, habiter" 3a. Lam. dzi "garder (un troupeau)" dzi wa "attendre" 4.

Dhl. jem- "stay in place" P.Cu. *Sj-mb- "abide, dwell, live, stay, exist, be"
Sid. sima "remain in one's place" Bye. dib-, damb "guard" 4a. Jnj. di,
duwu "sit & rest" 5. Eg.(Bu) ti "wait, remain" 6. Ar. d-w-m- "last" 7. ?

Tur. zama "peu apres que"

jima'i sexual intercourse < Ar. jima4
jimu, yumu clay ? < j
+ mbu cf. cao, tao
126

I. Gwd. yumbu Plateau Cha. iy, 65- "mud" Pr. okje "clay" NB, Dr.
1-u/o "mud, clay" 2. Bur. Ngw. m-u "mud" 3. Mkl., Mgm. m-r- "ar-
gile" Nan. bul "Lehm" 3a. Lam. ruu "argile" 9. CB *-pembe "white clay"
4. Bye. but "earth" P.SC *bok-, *bek- "mud" P.EC *biy- "earth, soil" P.

Cu.(E) *bu "ground"

jimina ostrich
BN zaman- NB *z9m- "bird" 2. Pdl. zimnox Bur. zimnaku Mg. zinagu
I.

Gd. jinaka MM, Mdr., Pad. zirwe 4. Afr. dlmo "male ostrich" 7. Tur.
ajjaman (pi.) "peau d'autruche entiere avec toutes ses plumes"
jimla, jimilla sum total < Ar. jumla
jimre, jure endure = daure q.v. jimiri (n.) cf. jima "wait, stay" Tur. azmar
"supporter, endurer sans faiblir"

jinga wages, bank of earth ? < *"support" see dangi "family", jingina
jingina support, pledge see dangana sub dangi
jini blood cf. ja "red" P.W.Cha. *zayam (also *daHam, *dama) OS *dzin-
"blood" *di'im- "be red"
I. Gwd.(Toni) zini 9. Mumuye zin "clot of blood" 7. Tur. az(e)ni (also
azni, asni) 2. FM, FB, Gd. 'idan- 3. Bid. jit "saigner" Dgl. dinda "red" 3a.

Lam. ndi, ndindi (ideo.) "rouge vif" 4. Sid. tinni "bleeding" Sid., Der.
munde "blood" P.Cu.(E) *di(i)m "red" Or. bildima "bright red" (P.Cu.
*b-l/r- "blood") 5- Eg. snf "blood" 2. Bac. zambey (P.Cha./Cu. *b-r/l-)

4a. S.Om. *zump- 6. Gz. 'adim "red" Amh. adim "red leather" Ar. 'adim
"be brown" P.Sem. *dam- "blood"
jlniya siren "steam hooter, cotton ginnery, engineer" < Eng. engineer cf.
injiniya
jinjima salute by shaking weapon or fist also "test weight of" cf. Kan. zazar)-
(Form V of zag-) "shake, salute etc." E. Ful. jinja "shake"
jinka thatch, thatching
3. Dgl. zuga "toit de case" Mkl. sar)e "chaume, toit" Bid. jokoo "toit de
case" 4.dinqa "part of house reserved for sleeping"
Or.
jinya, jiyya nursing, tending (sick person)

7. Tur., Tam. jjy "heal" i. Ang. zum "health, peace" 2. Mfg. zay "sante,
paix" I. Tgl. tau "healing" 6. ES t-^-y "be healthy, regain health" 4. Bye.
dehan "live, revive" 3. Dgl. tyole "heal" 3a. Lam. tsa'a "heal (wound)"
jira weaver bird (Ploceus sp.)
3. Bid. jaya "oiseau mange-mil" Dgl. dyaray "martinet" 4. Af. daro kimbiro
''Ploceus sp. (grain bird)"
 127

jira wait for, guard cf. jima, jimre OS *gir- "live"

I. Tgl. diye "sit, abide, stay" Dr. de pori "spend day" (pori "sun, day")
Ngz. dsra, cirand- 2. Bud. jei "bleihen, sitzen" Bur.gp., F. nz-y "sit" FM, FB
*njayn "sit" 3. Mkl. delle "attendre" ? dele "s'habituer" Sid. tura "be late"
4. Or. jira, tura "be, exist, wait, stay, delay" P.EC *gir- "live, exist" 5. Eg.
(Bu) ti "wait, remain" (F) S3i "linger, await" 6. Gur. dalasa "last long,
wait" 7. Tur. azray "tester, survivre" adal "garde
jirgi boat "trough, canoe" in collocation "train, airplane" cf. Sng. zirigo "rail-
way" OS *dzir- "vessel"
I. Ngz. daragai "boat" 8. Kan. zsrga "valley, (B) cavity" 2. Bud. jirge

"sides of a plain" 6. Gur. girgim "trough" Amh. g9rg9m "trough" 2.

Hid., HF, FK, FJ girgi 5. Eg.(Bu) tchart "boat" tchai "valley" Cop. joy
"boat" jote, cot "trough" i. Plateau Cha. ci Dr. ki(yi) Bol. gere H. gure
"hollow out"
jlta-jlta rumor ? < ji ta "listen to this!"

jitu be on good terms with cf. Bid. jit (pi. jitaw) "raccorder, saigner" cf. jini
jiya yesterday ? < nd-r- cf. da "formerly"
for *nSi "day" see hantsi
I. RD nd(y)e "friiher" ndiya "vorgestem" Ank. diyen diyen Kof. dendsden
"yesterday" -den "ago, previous" Gra. njoni Gwd. dereni "day before
yesterday" (ni "that") dedere "formerly" 9. Tula dare "yesterday" dadere
"day before yesterday" 3. Dgl. undira "avant-hier" (ur)o "front, devant")
Bid. diair) "avant-hier, hier soir" 4. Bil. anjay "gestern abend" Or.
d'engadda "day before yesterday" Dly. and'era "vorgestem" P.Sam *celei
6. Gur. tarama, tarajia 7. Tur. and- (prefixed adverb) "hier", -nad "d'au-
trefois, de jadis" Siw. it-lli(n), id-lli(n) "hier (dans la nuit)"

joji judge (non-Muslim) < Eng. cf. Kri. joj

juda, jibda musk cf. Kan. jibda Ar. zabad "civet" zubda "choicest part, extract,

essence, butter"
juhurma eagle sp. {Polemaetus bellicosus) ? < Z-g'^-r + ma cf. shaho, shirwa
I. Tgl. sugurgup NB *j-(n)gur "hawk" 2. Gis. janigu "kite" Gd. zira "eagle

sp." Maf. dzola "Aquila rapax" 3. Bid. jugultum "oiseau sp." 4. Or. jobira
"large bird of prey (like eagle)" Der. jole "hawk" Kmb. zobira "bird of
prey, vulture" 6. Ar. saqr "hawk sp." Shuwa Ar. sugur "eagle, bird of
prey"
128

juju, gyugyu fetish, spirit also "crazy, wild" cf. dodo Weskos juju "witchcraft"
Kri. juju "magic, witchcraft" Yor. ju(a)ju(a) "wildly confused" Np. giagia
"juju"
jumla sentence (gramm.) < Ar. jumla cf. jimla
juya turn, translate cf. dawaya, kewaya, jaura, sauya, waiwaya
I. H. jewaya "go around" jewa "hovering, going to and fro, hanging a-

round" Gwd. juy- Ger. jaw- "buy < *exchange" Ang. cir Bol. dilu- 2. Gd.
zu'un, zu, zaw- Mg. julia "surround" Bac. ndulo "turn away" 3. Dgl.
ziwiye "incliner" Dgl., Turn, uw- "turn, return" Kr. co'e "retourner" 4. Afr.
idu, midu "turn (n.), changing "buy"
(wife)" Ag. zur- "return (intr.)" jew-
zugu "return" 5. Eg.(Bu) su "trade (vb.), unload ship" ? Cop. seye
4a. Jnj.
"go to and fro < go-come" 7. Tur. anzu "etre vendu, etre achete"
 k
kaba palm fronds, millet shoots cf. bammi, goriba
8. Sng. kaba "tranche d'arbre ou rejets, pousses" Knz. kabai "Palmzweig" 3.

Lei. huba "palm" Dgl. kupkupa "palm sp." Kr. kapar) "tree"
kabari grave, tomb cf. Kan. kabar < Ar. qabr
kabat cupboard < Eng.
kabdo locust sp.
I. Pic. kaban "grasshopper" Gj. kaa "grasshopper" 2. Bud. kabi "Heu-
schrecke" 8. Kan. kafi "locust" 4. Sml. koboja "grasshopper" Elmolo kopat
"locust" Brj. kapayya "grasshopper" P.SC *pa^- "locust" 6. ES 'anb-ta
"grasshopper, locust"
kabeji cabbage < Eng. cf. Kri. kabej
kabewa, kubewa pumpkin "Cucurbita sp." see kuewa
kabldo matting head cover (to ward off rain) also kabudo kube "sheath"
cf.

I. Ang. kipto "raincoat" kup "cover" kip "sheath" 5. Eg.(Bu) hap "covering"
hap + t "covering"
kabo calabash sp. OS *kap-/*kib- "(gourd) vessel"
kaboyi cowboy "c, c. dress" < Eng.
kabus marrow sp. "Cucurbita sp." cf. bambus "melon"
kaciya circumcision cf. sha "circumcise"
Kan. kaja (n. & vb.) Log., Sok., Bgr. kasia "foreskin" 4. Bye. kwisib- (vb.)
6. P.Sem. -ksip- "cut, circumcise" 5. Cop. sbbe < Eg. sby (vb.) (Cerny)
kada (do) not prohibitive, negative command
1. Bol. kad(d)a KK kada Gwd. kede Ang. ka(t) sentence-final prohibitive kadak
emphatic negative "not thus" Ngz. kadak "here's a warning...."
kada, kado crocodile P.W.Cha. *kadam P.Cha.(N) *kadam "crocodile" *kar-
"dog" *am "water"
2. Mfg. karam "crocodile sp." 5. Eg.(Bu) Kherm'u "a mythical crocodile"
(ma (mi, mu), mui "water") 8. Kan. karam 9. CB -gandu P.WN *-koti 7.

Tur. ahuter
I30

kadafkara lesser bustard {Eupodotis senegalensis)

I. Ngz. dafkarak "francolin" {see fakara) 3. Bid. gatapga "outarde" 8. Kan.
kagara 4. Afr. kakkaroni Or. kerkarume
kadai greeting reply (to "sannu" or "barka") ? < ka dai "you too"
kadara property, goods ? < Ar. qadara "opulence"
kadari value, price < Ar. qadr or qadar
kadarko bridge ? < kadar + ko cf. ketare "cross"
I. Kof. dorko Sur. kutar 2. Msg. kiftara "Fdhre aus Kalebassen" 3. Dgl.
kantyiro "bois applique contre un arbre en guise d'echelle" Mkl. zorke "echelle"
4. Had. gudera "Briicke, gefdllter Baum" Brj. tora "ladder" 6. Gur. qatapa
"bridge" Amh. qatana "passage between two precipices" Ar. qantara
kaa beat (drum), spin, churn kii "drumming" kade "knock down" cf.
girgije, kankare, tankade Cha. (E, W, C.) k-- "beat, kill, knead" OS
*ad-/*kawad- "strike"
I. Gwd. kyira, cira "beat (drum)" 9. Gby. gada resonance obtenue ...en
frappant le tam-tam" 2. Ter. 7wai "beat (once, with s. thing)" 3. Dgl.
kokie "donner un coup sec, marteler avec pierre" 3a. Mus. watta "hit" cira
"kill" 4. Bye. kadaw "stofien, schlagen, klopfen, pochen" Afr. kad- "pulsate,

twitch, rock, shake" Kmb. kocc'- "hit (on head)" P.SC *kir- "hammer, strike
with stone hammer" 5. Eg.(Bu) hu, hui "beat, hammer, strike (harp)" huit
"beating, striking, bastinado" 6. Sem. q-t- "beat, crush" Gz. qtqt "shake,

quiver, tremble, twitch" 7. Tam. kkat "frapper (forme d'habitude de wet)"

Tur. 9W9t "frapper, jouer de (instrument de musique)" iggat (imparfait intensif)
kaai alone, only < k- + day- kaaita (vb.) cf. day a, kidaya
1. Ngz. kaden "one (only in counting)" 2. Njn. hide "one" Bac, Mwl. hido
"one" Bud. katte ''eins" Mba. kitay "one" Pad. kutara "un" 3. Bid. kati "seule-
ment" ]g. kec "allein" Sok. kati, keti "one" 4. Rnd. kaldai As. kede "one,
alone" Bil. guduS gidu^ "allein, solus" ? 4a. Ham. ko'la "one" 8. Knz. agude
"allein, nur"
kadan small quantity OS *kutun-, *otir-, *kat- "be small"
2. Ter. kodomma "small" Cb. gkidu "small" Mfg. nekadey "un peu" 3. Dgl.

kode "diminuer" 3a. Lam. kadak "etre insuffisant" 6. Sem. q-t-n "be small,
thin"
kadanya, kadai shea butter tree "Butyrospermum parkii" man kadai "shea but-
ter" (mai "oil")
2. Gd. kadana "shea nut" (Bat.gp. kada "tree") 3. Mkl. megkede "arbre sp.
(donne des fruits du sommet jusqu'au pied)" i. Dr. dor) gat
 131

kao non-Fulani < Ful. kao sg. ofhabe q.v.

kaf; kap completely, tightly kafta "do/take/give a lot of"
I. Gra. kap "all" NB G,B,T) kap "all" Ron kaf "satt werden" 2. Ter. kap "all"

Mfg. kaf "plein (poterie)" Gd. ya' kap "drink all up" (ya' "drink") 3a. Mas.
kaf "all" 9. Gby. kap "avec beaucoup de force (saisir)" 6. ? Sem. k-f-y "suffice"
7. Tarn, qqah "all"

kafa fix, erect, establish kafe "fasten, become stuck" kafi "charm (buried or
attached)" P.W.Cha. *k(a)p- "plant, dig" OS *kap- "house"
I. H. kafe "hut made of wood" Gwd. kapa "plant (seedling), drive (nail)"
Dr. kape "sow" Tgl. kabe "sow, carve" Bol., Krf. kappu "plant, sow" 2. Gd.
kiha "prop up, plant" ? Bur. kukw- "establish" 3a.Lam. kap "perforer, coudre
d la machine" kap zara "semer en creusant d'abord" (zara "trou") 4. Bil. kaf y

"sich setzen, sitzen" (y "do, make") 8. Knz. ebir "pflanzen, aufrichten, anset-
zen" 6. Gur. qapara "plant" Sem. q-b-r "bury" 7. ? Tur. anbal "enterrer, com-
bler de terre, semer"
kafa small hole cf. afa, ofa OS *kah-p- "hole"
kafaa shoulder karfata "shoulder of animal" ? < *k-r "head" + *p-t- "arm,
hand" cf. farce, kai OS *qaputl- "arm, shoulder" hapat- "arm, wing"
I. Gwd. kerebeta, kapada Ngz. gapta "shoulder" shi gapta "armpit" (shi
"bottom, below") 2. Gis. kerpei "armpit" Mat. krapai "wing" Msg. karpei
"shoulder" 4. P.Cu. *k-np- "wing" *p-r- "finger(s), hand" *Sy-k-p-l "armpit"

5. Eg.(Bu) khab + t "neck, shoulder" 6. P.Sem. kat-p-(t) "shoulder" Akk.

pud- "shoulder"
kafin before cf. gaba, kamin
I. Gwd. kapi Ang. kapi-kapi "early" Ngz. kabi, kaban Pr. kapin ? < H. 2. Mg.
kabi Dab. kibik "devant" 8. Kan. kavu "point of time, when" 4. Or. gafa
"time, when"
kafinta carpenter < Eng.
kafireto carburettor < Eng.
kafiri infidel < Ar. kafir
kafur camphor < Ar. kafur
kai, ka head also "self" (pi. kawuna) cf. kaya "(head) load" kan (kai + n) "on"
cf. hankali, wawalwa, eya P.W.Cha. *ka(y)- 9. P.WN *-7iu "head" *-ka,
*-kata "headpad"
I.Gwd. kyiya Plateau Cha. *ka Ang. key BT ka'u, ka'i Dr. kara "headpad"
Ron h-y 2. Bur.gp. kur, kar Njn. kire Gis. hurar) Log. ka'a 3. Dgl. ka "head"
kaye "blesser a la tete"]g. kata 8. Knz. koi "Gesicht, Oberfldche" Kan. kala 9.
132

Ful. hore (pi. ko'e) 4. P.Cu. *k-'l- "cranium, head, self" P.Cu.(E) *ker-/kir-

"top" 4a. Dch.; Drz. hu'e 5. Eg.(Bu) her "face, on, upon" (F) hr "face" hrw
"upper part, top" 6. Gz. kwar^-, qar^- "hit on head" (cf. H. rots-, Ar. ra's)

7. cranium"
Tur. takayya "skull,
kai reach, take (there), suffice < kw-y/r- kawo "bring here, be in flood, have
orgasm" RCha.(N) *k9r9 "carry"
I. Dr. koi "ripen, be done" Pr. kero "suffice" Gra. kwam- "be sated" Bol.

kawa "be sated" NBM kwiy "catch" kiy "take" RB hya "voU werden" 2. Pad.
kura "sufftre, etre capable" Gd. k9r8 "carry, take away, bring (tr. & intr.)" ka'

"take, lift, carry" Mg. ka'u "catch" Dab. kaw "attraper" Mfg. kaw, kew "saisir

brusquement" Log. ka "nehmen, ergreifen" 3. Lei. kay "finir, terminer" 3a.

Lam. kao "attraper, arriver, etc." 4. REG *gay- "arrive" P.Cu. *g-y-H- "reach,
get, be sufficient, etc." 6. ES 'akala "be sufficient" Soc. goihe "etre mur"
geham "acquerir, pouvoir, gagner" 7. Tur. ugar "devenir finalement, survivre"
kaidi limit < Ar. qaid
kaifi sharpness (of edge) kaifafa "sharpen, turn on side to pass through nar-
row opening" cf. fanko
I. NB *kw-f-f- "light" Ang. kwopkwop "thin" RF fifyo "diinn, leicht" 2. Gd.
kafakaf "of light weight" Bur. kikafu "light" Gis. kefek "light" Muy.
kafkafane "light" Mfg. kef-, kafaf-, kekef- "leger" 3. Kr. kafar) "leger" Mkl.
kopukopu "leger" 4. RSC *fa "light, lightweight" Dly. hafa- "leicht, diinn"

6. Sem. k-ff- "light" Amh. kaffafa "edge, trim with leather" 7. ? Tur. fakfak
"etre trop leger par rapport a son volume"
kaka i. grandparent, ancestor *k-K- "grandparent" extends from Sng. to S.Cu.
(in Cha. "grandparent, grandchild") cf. jika

1. Dr. ka (sg.) kaggin (pi.) 3. Tum. ka (sg.) kagag (pi.) 4. Abo. kako "great
grandfather" RHEC *akako "grandparent" ? 6. Gur. akak- "grandparent,
grandchild" ? Soc. qaqa "sibling" Hrr. kaka "maternal uncle" 9. RWN
*-kaka "grandfather" CB *-kaka 8. Kan., Tub. *kaKa "grandmother"
2. harvest time ? < *karkar kakace "harvest (vb.)" cf. girbe, kala
2. Klb. gaga "harvest (vb.)" 3. Dgl. kargile, gerkide "couper"
kakaki royal trumpet cf. Yor. kakaki "Hausa trumpet" Np. kakaki Gby. gagazi

Hause (1948) quoting Tarikh al Fattash "about 1500 the cavalry of Songhai
adopted a large horn called kakaki''
kakanda salt from Europe ? < Kakanda (people who brought it up the river)
cf. KK kakanda "salt"
 133

kakari snoring also kyakyari

1. Ang. kangor, ganger RF gongor (vb.) RB, RD, RS *hangor NB *r)gwar Tgl.
koorok 4a. Bnc. karkar 8. Dz. kagar, rjarjar Knz. xorri (vb.) 9. P.WN *-kwal
(? vb.) Mnd. koro, kere 2. Bud. hirga Bur. n7ali 3. Turn, kor (vb.) Lei.
horngil-; ngorngil- 4. Or. koqa (vb.) ? E.Cu. *xw-r- Afr. kar 6. Gur. ankwar-
Ar. xarxara (vb.) Sem. n-H/x-r "snort, snore" 7. Tur. sunker (vb.) taxarret
(n.)

kaki I. phlegm kake "spit out mucus"

9. Mnd. kaki "glaire, crachat" 3. Dgl. kake "cracker (ungros crachatde morve)"
Bid. kak "s'eclaircir la gorge" 4. Bil., Bye., Sid., Afr. (H)ak- "clearing throat,
phlegm, spittle" 6. Gur. ak "clearing throat and spitting" Tna. ^a/c Tge. hak
"clearing one's throat" 7. Tur. zan7az "cracker (de la muqueuse)"
2. wax 4. REG *gag- Kns. kak- Gid. kok- Kmb. kaku- 9. Mnd. ka "cire a
modeler" Mende ka "waste matter"
3. khaki cloth < Eng. (< Urdu "dusty") cf. Dgl. kaki "vaiiete de tissu euro-
peen" Kri. kaki
kala gleaning kalata "glean" cf. girbe, kaka
8. Kan. kalau i. RB, RD karat "harvest (vb.)" Ang. karm "cut" Ngz. karmu
"harvest by cutting" Bed. kar(a)m "chop" Bol. kara-, sikaraw "cut" Pr. kar-,

7ar- "cut" Dr. kaye "cut down" Tgl. kae "cut" Sey. r)gyar "cut, break, tear"
NBJ ka'i- "chop, cut" 2. Hwn. kyal- "chop" Muy. kele "cut, chop" Mfg.
karw- "debroussailler, couper I'kerbe avec une faucille" 3a. Lam. kao "couper

(kerhe)" Mas. kam "cut" 4a. Jnj. ka'ra "cut" 4. Or. makara "harvest (n.)"
6. Amh. makar "harvest (n.)"
kalaci eating a meal OS *'-kul- "eat"

kalami words, speech ? < Ar. kalam

kalanda calendar < Eng. cf. Kri. kalenda
kalangu drum "hour-glass shaped d. used in company with dundufa" cf. Yor.
konongo "d. played in company of dundun" Np. kanangun "drum" Gur gp.,
Mossi, Dyula lunga "drum" kalambura
4. Bil. "kleine Trommel"
kallabi headcloth (woman's) cf. luUua, rufe
I. Ang. g/kirp "covering, protection" 8. Kan. kala "head, kale- "tie round"
Ted. ebi "tout morceau d'etoffe dont une femme s'enveloppe" 9. E.Ful sallabi
"mouchoir parure feminine" 2. Mfg. kul- "se couvrir de quelque ckose" 5. Eg.
(Bu) qerf, gerp "be wrapped up" 4. Or. golboba "cover head" P.Cu. *k-ll-p-

"encircle, surround, enclose" 6. Gur. (ta)xrapaba "cover one's head with

cloth" Amh. (ta)kannanaba "cover one's head with cloth"
134

kallafa impose (s. thing on s.one) ? < Ar. xallafa "appoint as successor"
kallo watching, looking kallata "look at" cf. kula
I. Tgl. kuror) "standing and gazing at" 4. P.Cu. *kw-ll- "look, look at, look

about" Af. garrise "wait for expectantly, watch from a distance"

kalma word < Ar. kalma
kalme, kalmi hoe "small h., having handle fitted in the same way as an adze"
cf. galma, korame
I. KK kala "hoe"
kaltibeta agricultural tractor < Eng. cultivator
kalwa locust bean seeds also kula, kuri cf. ayawu, orawa
I. Bol. kalwa Gwd.(N) korowa "locust bean cake" 2. Bac. kulte "locust bean
tree" 9. Np. kula "locust bean cake" elo "locust bean fruit"
kam see ko
kama [kama] like, as < ka + ma kamanni "likeness" kamanta "describe, illus-
trate" kamata "suit, ought" cf. haka
I. Gwd. kama "like" kamu "like this" Sur. ka "Art unci Weise, wie" Ngz. ka
"like" Dr. kr "like, as" Ang. ko' "like" ko def. marker, rel. marker 5. Eg.(Bu)
gi "form, like, manner" kama "compare" (F) ki "form, shape" kma "form,
appearance" 2. Gd. ka "to, for, as" Mfg. kaa "comme (comparaison)" Gis.
ka, kaba, kaa "w/e" 3. Mkl. 'a "comme, semblable a" 4. Brj. kamu "here"
Bye. gab "Gleichheit" 6. P.Sem. *k- + m-( ) "like, as" 7. Tam. am, ammani
"like, as" ammu "like this" Tur. urnrnan "paraitre, apparaitre" 8. Sng.
himandi (Zar. hima) "ressembler a, etre comme, egal a"
kama take hold of, seize, arrest kamu (v.n.) kamuna "my turn" kamunka
"your turn" etc. kama baki "be silent" makami "weapon" OS *qam- "pos-
sess" *'am- "catch, sieze"
I. Gwd. ka' Gj., Bui. *kam- "lift" Dr. ksme "pick (one by one)" 2. Bur.
kimta "wegnehmen" ? Mfg. gam- "accepter" Gd. mba "take by force" 3. Dgl.
game "arracher par force" kamine "tour de garde, cycle de sejours du polygame"
Mkl. 'ame "prendre, ramasser" ? Jg. 'any- "fangen (Fische, mit Korb)" Sok.
gamnur) "Waffen" 3a. Lam. 'am "prendre, prendre par rapt" 5. Eg.(Bu) khema
"grasp, seize" 4. P.Cu. *k-m(m)- "seize, take possession of, possess" 6.

Amh. qamma "take by force" Gz. gam*^a, gam'a "pluck out, remove" Hars.
kemoh "reduce to silence" 7. Tur. kammat "ramasser"
kamasho commission, mark-up < Eng.
kamaaed see kama
kamama food snack cf. tauna OS *kama'-/*kamay- "food"
 135

kambi mark of excellence kambin sarauta "turban, crown" cf. kambun baka
"working on a person by suggestion ? < *power of mouth" cf. Sng. kambu
''don, cadeau, hymen" Or. gonfo "crown, hat"

kamori shell (of e.g. nut, egg) cf. amaroki

kamfani commercial firm, company (milit.) < Eng.
kamfas compass < Eng.
kamili perfect, gentle < Ar. kamil
kamin before see kafin
I. Gwd. kami Kof. tagam "in front" Tgl. kam "when" 2. Bur. akima ta
C.Cha. *kama "face, front" 3. Dgl. kime, keme "quand" 3a. Mas. kamata "le

jour precedent"
kamu measure of forearm and hand cf. kam a OS *'am- "arm"
I. NB *kam "hand, arm" BN am- "hand, arm" SB am- "arm" 2. Gis. har)
"arm, hand" 3. Lei. kab- "main, bras" 6. P.Sem. *'amm + at "forearm"
kan on (top of) < kai "head" + n
kan if cf. idan
I. Gwd. nka "when" RK ka "und" 2. Log. ka(a) "und, mit, wenn" ka'n "Zeit-

punkt" Bur. ka "mit, und" 3a. Lam. ka' "des que" 6. Gur. Gan "day, time" ...
gana "when"
kana then and only then ? < Ar. kana "it was" contrasting with tukuna q.v.
kananzir kerosene < Eng. cf. Zar. kalanzir Kri. karozin Twi krasin
kanar colonel < Eng.
kanari canary cf. Kri. keneri (same tones asH.)
kangare, sangare stiffen cf. MkL kuggirar) (ideo.) "sec, rigide"

kange restrain, pen, segregate see gark- cf. kara

kangida totem cf. ? W.Bantu class 7 & 8 ka + n + gida

9. CB *-gid- "taboo" P.WN *-gil- "avoid (taboo), abstain" i. TgL kida "ta-
boo" H. gida "home, kin" 2. Pad. gide "ancetre" 3. MkL kiyiwe "margdi
(divinite), pouvoirs de punition, de repression"
kango uninhabited house, town cf. fanko
9. Gby. kor)gor)go "ideo. designe des ruines abandonnees" Mnd. kongo, konko
"brousse" 8. Sng. kon "be empty" 3. DgL kongorom "empty" MkL koke

"vider" i. Gwd. kor)go "bark (of tree)" Sur. kwa7ap "diinne und leichte Baum-
rinde"
kanju cashew ? < Yor. kaju (ultimately, via Portuguese, from a W.Indian
language)
136

kankan securely, tightly cf. Mg. kar), karjkar) "tightly hard, obstinately" Zar.
kankam "serrer, presser"
kankana watermelon "Citrullus vulgaris" cf. guna
8. Sng. kankani 9. Efik ikon
kankare scrape (off) also kart-, karc-, kats- ? < kar + t cf. koto
1. Ang. er "sc., scratch" 2. Gd. karyats- "scratching" Mg. kira "rub" Bud.
kaliu "kratzen" kaiu "kratzen, reiben" 3. Bid. kor- "scr., scratch, engrave" Dgl.
kortye "nettoyer le fond d'une grande jarre" kara "eplucher avec un couteau"
Bid. kerec "nettoyer le fond d'un canari" Kr. kurt- "frotter" Lei. klr "grignoter,

ronger" 3a. Lam. kerirje "grignoter" 4. P.HEC *hangar- "scratch" P.Cu.(D)

*x/h-t- "sc. (ground), sweep" (E) *xwat- "rub, sc. (with hands, paws, etc.)"
P.SC *xi4- "sc. off" *xa7''- "sc., rub" 4a. Jnj. ka'ya "sc., scratch" 6. ? ES
xwai-, kwast- "sweep"
kankare concrete < Eng.
kanki hartebeest (Alcelaphus gwanki
sp.) cf. agare,

2. Glv. kyaka "antelope like a donkey"

Dgl. gangilam "Grand Koudou" (E.
3.

dialect) "tout animal a grandes comes" 4. Or. qorke 8. Kan. kargum "Senegal
h." Bgr. kariya 9. Tv. kayer Gby. kaggara "male de certains antilopes" Sw.
kongoni
kansakali sword cf. asgiri, aska, lauje "sickle" OS *nigal- "sickle, sword"
8. Kan. kasagar "sword" katsaga "spear" (Benton) Dz. sinkar "lance" 9. Amo
(Plateau BC) ka + sangali Tv. sanker i. Gwd. kasengari Bol kaskar Ngz.
kasakar Bed. gasakaran 2. Gab. kscakar Bur., Mdr.gps. katsakar Hrz., Vm.,
Mat. katsakar 3. Sok., Turn, kaskar 2. Bac. sungwa "sw." sungwate "knife"
4. Bye. sangal "knife" 6. ES zagar "spear, lance"
(some Cha. languages have "knife" + source of borrowing)
kan postage stamp < "head-of king (of England)"
sarki
kanta counter, shelf < Eng. cf. Kri. kawnta
kanti shop, store < Eng. canteen cf. Kan. kanti Kri. kantin "restaurant at-

tached to large institution"

kantoma municipal administrator ? < Eng. cantonment magistrate also
kantomati (? obsolete)
kanumfari clove(s) also karanho, kalamfari, gurumbali cf. Mnd. koromfole
Kan. gurumbal Tur. anagarfal Ar. qaranful
kanwa potash cf. Bam. kwa "sel" Kan. kalvu "natron"
kanya ebony tree {Diospyros mespiliformis) also kaiwa cf. Yor. kanran, karan
Ewe keyi Gd. kujina
 137

kara clash, collide karo "collision, battle" OS *qaraw- "war, fight"

1. Ang. kar "quarrel (vb.)" 2. Ter. kara "quarrel" Kot. kwar "war" Glv. 7wara
"war" Bac. kawa + to "war" 3. Turn, karaw "colere, guerre" 8. Kan. kariga
"war" 4. P.Cu. *g'^-l- "be hostile, throw weapon" Afr. karani "contra-
fight,

diction, contrariness" Bye. girim, megaram "be inimical" P.SC *k'^ah- "beat
with weapon" 5. Eg.(Bu) hai "fight (vb.)" 7. ? Tur. agar "lancer" magar "se

combattre reciproque Vun I'autre"

kara, kare stalk e.g. corn stalk, sugar cane karakara, karkara "farmed land
around the city" P.W.Cha. *kara "material for plaiting a mat"
9. Mnd. kala, kara "brin de paille, tige etc." hausa kala "canne a suae" 8. Sng.
kari (pi.) i. Bol. kari Gwd.(N) r)kikara Ang. gal "sugar cane" 2. Bur. kila
Mfg. ggala "partie centrale d'une tige" Gd. kara "stalk, straw, arrow shaft" 3.

Lei. giladi "tige de graminees importantes" 3a. Lam. kiya' "tige" 4. Brj. kayle
Afr. garida, agiira "stalks" Sml. gargor "stubble or thatch" Or. agada "sugar
cane" P.HEC *agada "stalk" 7. Tur. 1711 8. Knz. ^age "Durrastengel" Kan.
kangale (? < ka + ngaie) karkara "reed" 6. Shuwa Ar. ageige "stalk (after cut-
ting)" Amh. qarqari "bamboo sp."
kara, kare screen from view kara "tact" cf. gark-, kange, kiyay- P.W.Cha.
*ka(y)ar- "defend, protect" W, C. Cha. kara "fence"
2. Gd. kalama, karama "shield (n.)" 6. ? Sem. k-U "surround for protection"

4. Or. kerkara "protect" P.HEC *kalo "enclosure" Had., Alb. g-r- "shield
(n.)" 7. Tur. angar "s'abriter derriere" 5. Eg.(Bu) qera, ger "shield" 6. Tge.
kar'a "beschiitzen" Gz. 'agre "large shield" Gur ago "shield" 8. Knz. karu
"shield"
karaga bed, throne (made of cornstalks or palm stems) cf. kara "stalk"
9. Mnd., Bam. kalaka "lit fait de tiges" Bua raka "mat" Kenga raga "mat" 2.

Log. raga "Matte" 3. Tum. raga "natte sp." Mkl. raga "natte" i. Tgl. kara
"bedstead" kara "mat sp."
karahiya disfavored act < Ar. karahiya
karama generosity, miraculous power < Ar. karama
karambani meddlesomeness cf. Gd. kandamana
karambata eagle, kestrel sp. also karamf-, karamm-
I. Bol. karmata "white hawk" 4. Sml. kolambai "eagle sp." Abo. killante
"vulture" ? Afr. bagilema "African fish eagle"
karamiki jackal, hyena ? < kare + n + ? cf. dila
I. Gwd. kare bikyiya "jackal < dog of bush" 2. Gis. kir u "Schakal (Hund
des Busches)" Muy. mbike
138

karankarma collarbone cf. Kan. ngalngal

karanta read makaranta "school" cf. karatu ? < Ar. qara' + suffix cf. Kan.
karar)- Tub., Mnd. kara Tur. aym "lire, etudier"
karara very cold also kalau OS *ar-, *or- "cold"
karas carrot < Eng. pi. cf. Kri. karots "carrot"
karatu reading ? < Kan. karata (vb. n.) cf. karanta
karauka, karabka main road cf. H. turba
4. Bye. garabi "footpath" Or. kara "road, way" 9. Ful. law-, lab- "path, way"
kara receive, accept
I. Gwd. ngi- "hold" Sey. qgap
karaba, kaleba, kaba Tgl. lobi "accept" Gj.
"seize" Pic. gubun "hold" guptu karamp- "saisir" 2. Mfg.
"seize" 3. Bid.
hwambat- "prendre dans ses bras" Gd. gapa "embrace" gaal "held in a firm
embrace" 4. Bil. kalab "in Empfang nehmen" Ma' -kupuriya "snatch" REG
*k'ab- "catch, have" 5. Eg.(Bu) kerf "seize, carry off" 6. Sem. q-b-1 "receive"
Soc. kebi "prendre furtivement" 7. Siw. kabb "embrasser"
kare, karya (f.) dog (pi. karn-) (f.) cf. kyarkeci, kwikwiyo
OS *kar-/*kayar-, *k-y-l-; *kuHen- "dog" i. P.W.Cha. *kw/yar- 8. Kan. kari
3. Mkl. kurusu "chiot" 4. P.Cu. *k-r(r)- P.EC *ker- P.SC *k(w)ari Bye. kelus
"pup" (for -us marking diminutive, see duushi) 4a. Bnc. kyan 6. Gur. gajii,

gaya 8. Berta gali, geli "d." agwe "hunting d." Knz. wel 5. Eg.(Bu) uher,
uher, uahr
kargo, kalgo Bauhinia thonningii Kan. kalur Shuwa Ar. karum
kari frond of deleb palm cf. kara
I. BoL, KK kari "(corn) stalk" 2. Bur.gp. *xyali "leaf" Bud. qgalei "leaves of
palm" 8. Kan. ggalai "leaves of palm"
karimi generous < Ar. karim
kariya carrier (on bicycle) < Eng.
karkara cultivated region around town cf. Sid. qarqara "border, shore, near"
karmami leaves of corn plants also "stunted corn plants used as fodder"
I. Bol. korum "leaves of beans" Ngz. iaiamawa "dried leaves of sorghum"

3. Lei. harme "feuilles, plantes, herbacees" 4. Or. qarmi "what is left on the

ground after harvest"

karofi dyepit cf. garura Mnd. kara "indigo" fye "calabash utensil, open space"
fi "dark blue"
karsana heifer cf. saniya "cow"
kartushi cartridge ? < French cartouche
 139

karuwa prostitute ? < Kan. karua "prostitute" cf. Kan. karwa "wind" H. an
iska "son of wind, immoral person"
karya, karye break cf. kece, keta "tear" ira "cut" P.Cha.(N) *k9i9 "break" P.

W.Cha. *q-tl- "break in pieces"

8. Sng. keyri "casser" Ted. kar, gar "casser" 9. P.WN *kel- "cut" i. Ngz. kaiu
(tr.) taiu (intr.) "break" karmu "chop" KK kiya "break" kiyusu "cut" 2. Mwl.
ukuli, ukui "break" 3. Lei. kar "enlever les feuilles vertes des tiges" Bid.

ke(y)- "couper, casser, blesser" 4. Bil. kar "hrechen etwas" P.SC *katl-
"separate" Bye. kirit "cut, wound" 4a. Jnj. ka'ra "cut"
kasa put down, overcome kashe "kill, cancel" cf. kisa "killing (n.)" kasa "fail,
fall short" kasko "fragment of pot" kayar da
I. Ngm., NBJ kes- "war" Pr. kec "war" 2. Msg. kasa "fallen" 3. Dgl. karse
"jeter a terre" Mkl. koss-, guss- "battre, casser, frapper, eclater" Lei. kasi "piler
3a. Lam. kas "demolir, casser" 4. Abo.
des graines oleagineuses, etre fragile"
knock down" 4a. Jnj. keja "kill" 6. Gz.
'EkEs-, 'igis- "kill" Sml. kaus- "kill,
qasa "throw down, make fall" S.Ar. kes "put down, let fall" Sem. x-s-r
"bring down, diminish, degrade" 7. Tam. xsy "extinguish (fire)" Tur. aYsay
"crever, mourir"
kasa puff adder
I. Bol. kankarsa NBM kakansa
kasa fail completely cf. gaji, kasa OS *kas- "fall"
I. H. kashe "knock down" Tgl. kassi, katsi "falling short" Bed. kasuwan
"illness" RS mukas "Mudigkeit" 4. Bil. ga' + s "hinfdllig werden" P.Cu.(E) *ga
"down" 6. Amh. kassa "become thin" 7. Tur. a7sar "atterir, s'abattre" 8.

Sng. gyasa "etre sans valeur, etre moins que"

kasada risk cinikin kasada "dealing in unsaleable goods" ? < Ar. kasada "sell

badly" cf. Kan. kasada "application, industry" (? needed to sell such goods)
kasafi, kasabi preoccupation cf. Mnd. kasabi "compte, calcul" < Ar. kasaba
"earn, acquire"
kasala lethargy < Ar. kasala
kasance be, exist cf. P.Cu. *k-s- "breathe"
kasangali shinbone also sangali q.v. cf. E.Ful. kosngal "foot, leg"
kaset cassette tape < Eng.
kashegari next day ? < ka pronoun + shekar- "go by" cf. shekara, washekare
kashi small heap, portion < kasa "put down"
kashi feces ? < k- + isi P.Cha.(N) *isi P. W.Cha. *'iS"
OS *his- "feces" 6. Gz. ka'^se "feces" kwasha "defecate" ES qwaza "have
I40

dysentery" i. Gwd. kwasi Ngz. sau

Hwn., Hg., R *(n)Kwus- "urine" Pad.
2.

kusie "contents of animal's stomach" Gd. sia "contents of intestine" 3.

Kr. kusi Lei. kasinya "intestins, excrement" 5. Eg.(Bu) usesh + t "urine, excre-

ment in general, evacuation" 4. Sid. kose "animal f." Or. uso "feces, urine"
Sml. us +/- ki "contents of stomach" 4a. P.N.Om. si- "dung" Jnj. siya "fe-
ces" sesa "urine" 6. P.Sem. *si' + at "feces" Shr. syot "feces" 7. Tur. awas,
iwassen "urine" 8. Knz. osi "Mist (Esel)"
kashiya cashier < Eng. cf. Kri. kashia
kaska tick cf. suka "prick"
1. Gwd. keska 4a. Bnc. kaskas "fly" 2. Gis buskum "Floh" 4. Gaw., Dly.
Tsm. uske "louse" Bus. sake- "louse" ? Bye. s'e "tick, parasite"
isqe "louse"
8. Knz. issi "Laus" 6. Amh. mazgar "tick" Gur. mazgar, masqar "tick"

kasko pot "small earthenware bowl" asa ta yi kasko "the ground is hard" cf.
Dgl., Bid. kosko "sable agglomere assez dm"
kasuwa market < Kan. kasugu, kasuwu < Ar. suq cf. Dz., Ted. kasogo Dgl.
kasko "commerce, echange avec argent" Ngz. asak < Ar. as + suq cf. lubayya
katako plank, lumber < Yor. patako cf. Kri. pata "flat wooden paddle for beat-
ing clothes in washing"
katanga wall (of mud) cf. danga "fence" q.v.

katara outside of thigh cf. kuturi P.Cha.(N) *kat9r "tail" Sng. katara "region
lombaire et fesses"
kati playing cards < Eng.
katifa mattress cf. Moroccan Ar. qtifa "woollen carpet" Sudanese Ar. qatifa

"fringed blanket" ? Sng. katibo "espece de natte"

katsauri antelope "a., male duiker" ? < k + S-B- cf. ganjar
2. Muk. kutsu "gazelle" 9. Hehe kitsimba "dikdik" 3. Bid. 'ujiro "gazelle"
6. P.Sem. *zaby- "gazelle" Amh. insu "dikdik" 8. Dz. gazab- "antilope sp."
katse cut off, interrupt cf. karya "break" kashe "kill" kece, keta "break
through" Bid. kadaw "barrer le chemin"
katiima pig of iron OS *katum- "metal"
kau, kawa move away cf. kawar da, kau da "move (tr.)" kauce "move aside"
cf. away"
Or. kaya "put aside, put
kauci Loranthus sp. cf. Mlk. kocon Yor. ose
kauri, kabri thickness, stoutness also kamri cf. kumbura, iba
for B-R see babba OS *kab-r- "be thick"
I. Gwd. kabari, kawri "thick" Dr. gambey "long" gamak "fat, obese" Pic,
Bui., DZ g-b-r "heavy" 2. HK kubanye "big" HF kub(w)anda "big" kibiyenda
 141

"long" 3. Kr. kimbili "long" Lei. gomlo "le grand" 4. P.SC *gab- "stout,
strong, thick" P.EC *G-b'- "be fat" Bye. gob "fat" (Bender, 1971) 4a. Jnj. kula
"thick" 5. Eg.(Bu) khepen "be fat" (F) hpn "fat (adj.)" 6. Ar. kubr "bigness"
Heb. kabbir "powerful" Gz. kabra "be honored" 8. Knz. kombo, konbo
(kombori pi.) "dick, fett"

kaushi roughness kausasa (vb.)

I. Ang. kls 6. ES kwasakwasa (vb.) Gur. kasasa (vb.) 7. Tur. karsss- (vb.)
kawa grill, roast also awa cf. gasa, girki, kunne, afe, yafe, one P.Cha.(N)
*aku/*akwa "fire" P.W.Cha. *kaw/y- Cha. (E, W, C.) k-w- "fry" OS *kaw-
"set fire" *qawar- "burn"
I. RS hwoh "brennen" 8. Kan. kaye- "fry" 4a. Jnj. gey a, ge- "fire" 2. FK kya
"cook" Mg. ngyu "burn" 3. Dgl. ogiye "griller, frire" Mkl. ogge "bruler" Mub.
kewi "Feuer" Bid. 'egey "rdtir, frire" 3a. Lam. hao "griller (dans un recipient)"
Ban. hawam- "fry" 4. Bil. kau "warm sein" kwan "backen" P.Cu.(E) *7w-y-
"become hot (from fire)" *gT' "burn" *k-l- "burn, roast, broil" P.SC *'oh-
"burn" Or. (h)o"a "be hot" Bye. tikwi "cook" 6. P.Sem. *-kwiy- "burn" 7.

Tur. 9kway "griller, bruler" (akaway vbL n.) e70w "roast (corn)" a7iwan
"foyer" 9. Gby. gi "faire bouillir, cuire"

kawai only kawaici "reticence, silence" cf. kewa

? OS *qaway- "be empty" i. Ngz. kawai 3. ? Bid. kaway "se desister en faveur

d'autrui" 4. P.EC *kaww- "alone" Bye. nagwai "pure, absolute, nothing but"
6. Gur. quna "alone, an only" 8. Kan. gaw(u)i "solitary, stray, without an
owner"
kawalipimp cf. Ar. qawwad
kawo bring see kai "take"
kawu maternal uncle < Ful. kawu
kaya load(s) "1., headload, enlarged scrotum" kayan ... "appurtenances, things
of ..." kayan aiki "tools" cf. kai "head, take", goya
I. BN *kak9r- "load, things to be carried" SB, BT *7'^-l- "load, thing" 2. Gd.
karya Mwl. kuro Bud. kaloe "Ware, Gefdft" Pad. kataqa "les effets" 3. Lei.
kanya "chose" 9. Mnd. kaya "poche renfermant les testicules" Ful. kulle
"things" 8. Kan. kare "things, loads, tools" Knz. karre "Warenspenden bei
Hochzeiten" 2. Log. 7'oi "Zeug" 3a. Pv. kwa "thing" 7. P.Ber. *kra "thing"
Tur. ehare "biens, betail" 5. Eg.(Bu) kar "object, thing, tool, furniture, goods
etc." kher + t, khe + t, henu "goods, things, possessions etc." 6. ? Sem. K-yr
"good, luck, generosity" 4. ? Bye. hekwal "lucky, fortunate"
142

kayar da overthrow, knock down = kashe

ground"
see kasa "fail, fall short, *fall to the
I. Ngz. throw down" 4. RHEC *ka'- "defeat" P.Cu.(E)
karu "knock over,
*ga "down" Sid., Brj. kar- "throw down, stretch out"
kaza so and so, such and such < Ar. ki6a
kaza hen (pi. kaji) ? < k + 'uz-(r)

7. Tur. ekaji "coq" tekajit, tekahit "chicken" Ber. *tazidn "chickens" i. Gwd.
kaza, kaja, kahi KK kezi BoL, Ngm. gaja "cock" Ngz. gaza Bed. kaza- NBD
azar "cock" Tgl., Pr., Der. *kw-luk "cock" NB *t-rk- "cock, chicken" 2. Ter.

kuza, Pdl. kuja Pad. utsaka Mdr.gp. *7w-ts-k 8. Kan. kaxa Yarava "duck"
(Yarava "Yoruba") kaji "guinea-fowl" 2. Bud. kaji "guinea-fowl" 5. ? Eg.(Bu)
ushnu "feathered fowl" 3. Mkl. 'uzu "poulet, coq" Lei. kor "chickens" toro
"chicken" 3a. Ban. iekka Lam. sekne 8. Mab. sek- 6. Gur. jara "hen, chick-
en" 4. P.EC *lukk- "chicken, hen"
kazaf false accusation cf. Ar. ki6ab "falsehood"
kee pick out and set aside
I. Tgl. kebi "name (vb.)" 3a. Lam. kee "choisif
kece, keta tear, be torn also "break through, contravene" cf. karya "break"
kashe "kill" katse "cut off" OS *-t-, *-ts-, *-tl- "cut, break" *qet- "tear"
1. Gj. kesi "tear" 2. FG kiti "break (rope)" 2. Mfg. kurt- "enlever (peau, vete-

ment, toit)" 3. Dgl. kirtye "ecraser" katye "fendre" Bid., Mgm., Mkl. key-
"hlesser, decoller, casser, couper" 3a. Mas., Ban. kus- "snap, break" 4. Or.
qirit'- "break off, cut to pieces" Ag. qeTeT- "tear" Bil. qantab "abreiften" 5.
Eg.(Bu) heta "break, tear up, be wrinkled" 6. Sem. k-tt- "cut, crush, demol-
ish" 7. Tur. garattat "se casser avec un bruit de craquement"
keji bird-cage < Eng.
keke bicycle, machine ? < Yor. keke "bicycle, cart"

keso old mat once used for packing cowries)

(plaited,
2. Bok. xisi "mat" FG ksidu "mat" Bat.gp., Mdr.gp. kaz- "mat" Mfg. guzer

"natte" 3. Kr. gisi "mat" Mkl. 'ese "panier en ronief 4. Or. gesso "basket"
kesa "sack" Bye. hayis "plait (fibre, palm leaf, cord)" Brj. asam- "braid,
plait" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) hesa "cord, rope, string" 6. Amh. kesa "straw, straw mat,
straw (hat), bag" Ar. qass "straw, rush" ? Sem. kls "bag" 7. Tur. eswuswu
"natte vieille et usee" ezz "etre tresse (autre que cheveux)" tassuwt "natte,
couverture"
kewa loneliness cf. kawai Ful. yew-, gew- "feel lonely"
 143

kewaya, gewaya go round wallo, waiwaya cf. juya,

makewaya "latrine" OS
*ur- "go round" *kor- "be round"
*kol-,

I. H. awanya "surrounding a place, making a circuit, metal ring" Bol. kolu

"return" Ang. kel "wander aimlessly" Ngz. kwarkwartu "turn around and
around" 2. Mfg. katwal- "entourer, faire le tour de qqch." ? Bac. kiwa + to
"year" 3. Dgl. kiwil kiwil, kikawal "en rond" 4. P.Cu.(E) *kal-, *kil-, *kwal-,
*xwal- "go (a)round" 6. Sem. k-l(-)l- "surround, encompass, crown" Amh.
tukul "round hut" 8. Ted., Dz. (tu)kul/r- ''rond" 5. Eg.(Bu) qet "circle, orbit
(n.)" kerker "to circle"
kibiya arrow ? < k + B-y- OS *gab- "weapon"
4. P.Bon. *kabu "a. shaft" bir "a., a. point" 9. Mnd. bye, biya
(pi. kabunya)
"fleche, pointe de fleche etc." Mandingo bunya "fleche" Landoma (WA)
kebalma (pi. tsebalma) CB *-cebe 8. Kan. kabi "bow" Ted. kapi "bow" i.
KK elu Tgl. fik Dr. pek Gwd.(N) mpa 2. Msg. barau 3. Bid. alla "fleche"
3a. Lam. e "piquer" be riya "decocher une fleche" 8. Sng. biri "tirer une fleche"
5. ? Eg.(Bu) bebut "a.s" 6. Gz. hyp, hepa "shoot with a." (see harba)
kicin kitchen < Eng.
kifa, kife overturn, invert OS *ka'up- "cover, close"
9. Gby. kifi "changer de cote, renverser" i. Ang. kirp "turn over, cover" Bol.
kur- 2. Ter. kurpa Mfg. ku- "renverser (un recipient), couvrir" 3a. Lam. ku
"couvercle, fermeture (d'un grenier)" 4. Ag. kembeb- "turn over" P.SC *kuf-
"close, shut" Bye. gwibi 5. Eg.(Bu) qebqebi + t "overthrow" qema "over-
turn, overthrow" qabu "overwhelmed, doubled over oneself" qef, kefa "un-
cover" (F) k3b "fold over, double over" 6. Ar. gafa'- "turn upside down" Gz.
gafa' "oppress, hurt, treat violently" S.Ar. gef- "turn" g-tf- "turn over" Ar.,
Amh., Gz. q-l-b "overturn"
kifi fish P.Cha.(N) karfi P.W.Cha. *kiraf- ? < K^-r + ? "meat of water" Cha.(W,
C, E) *kw-r- "skin, body" *mbi "water" cf. lri
I. NBJ, NBM kwariy- "meat" RK kiryet "Fleisch" kirif "Fisch" NBS arfi 2.

Log., Bud. ki'- "Fisch" 4. P.Cu. *kw-lt-'-m "fish" (*(N-)k-w- "race, tribe,
people" *y-m, *m-w- "water") 4a. Jnj. kurtumi "fish" Ham. kara "fish" 5.
Eg.(Bu) ha "flesh of body, joint of meat" hema "fish, hunt" (m- "water")
ham, heb + t "fish" heb "catch (birds, fish)" hat "to fish, fishing net" 8.

Knz. kare "Fisch" Turkana -klya "fish" -kirin "meat" P.E. Nilotic %i + rir)

"meat, flesh" 6. Soc. ? kuwerhor "espece de poisson"

klla see watakila
144

kilabo, kilago tanned ox-hide

8. Kan. kalago "female kid, tanned leather" 3. Lei. kilaba "peau (homme,
animal)" 4. Afr. galbo "hide, skin (of cattle)" arab "skin, wrinkle" Kmb.
galba 4a. Chara galba 6. Gur. galba "tanned hide to lie down on" Ar. qirba
"water skin" i. BN *r-v- "skin"

kilaki prostitute (Western dress, modern style) < Eng. clerk (for progression of
semantic shifts, see Bargery)
kill light grey horse cf. Kan. kali "fresh, green, white (horse)" (Benton) kirri

difu "light grey horse" H. bikili "bay horse"

kilif paper clip < Eng.
kilili green cf. kore Kan. kali "green, fresh, unripe" Bud. kali
kilisa horse riding for pleasure cf. Kan. kalis- "exercise (vb.)" kalisa "physical
training (generally on horse)"
kilishi wool rug also "official who carries emir's rug" cf. Kan. kalasa "carpet"
kiliya leaving roadway clear (by driver) < Eng. clear cf. Kri. klia di gengwe
"make room for free passage"
killa fence OS *kil- "fence"

kilo kilogram, kilometer < Fr.

kima moderate amount, fair assessment klmanin "about, approximately"

kimanta "to estimate, to value" ? < Ar. qima "value, price, stature of man,
size of an amount"
kimba pepper "a small pepper, tree and fruit of Xylopia aethiopic' cf. Ngz,
Kan. kamba C.Cha., Gby. kimba Shuwa Ar. kyimba, kumba Tur. kinba
kindirmo sour milk, yoghurt ? < Kan. cam kandarmu "buttermilk" (cam
"milk")
kindai, kindayi basket (small) see kwando
I. Ngz. kande "H. lefe'' 8. Kan. kande "H. kindar Knz. konte "Korb" 4. Sid.

kumude "small basket" 4a. Bnc. kant "basket" 9. Ful. (Volta Basin)
handere pi. kande- "panier a grain" i. Ngm. gadere
kira, kiraya call, name, summon also kira cf. kirari "praise shouting", kara
"cry out" gaya "tell" P.W.Cha. *qirawa/*q'^ara "cry, call"
I. Gra. kiri- "speak" Grn. kara + ya "say" RS hal "rufen" Ngw. kinkira
2.

"speak" FG xar "call" Gd. kura'i "praise" halim- "verbal noise" Mfg. halm-
"appeler qqun par un nom de louange" Mof. takaray "tell" Pad. hula "crier"

gala "louer" 3. Kr. kel "mots, Worten" Dgl., Mgm. kol- "appeler" 3a.Lam.
ka'a "crier fort" 4. P.Cu.(E) * hil-/*hul- "to cry" Bye. hil "to bark" P.HEC kul-
"tell" Ag. keley- "shout (vb.)" 5. Eg.(Bu) kai "cry out" henu "cries of joy.
 145

praises" 6. Hars. kelo^ "tell" Shr. kolo^ "tell" Gz. kalha "cry out" Gur.
(at)kalla, athalla "make noise by shouting" xana, hanna "call, invite" 7.

P.Ber. *yT
kira pound (something moist) cf. kwaa, raa
I. Bol. kiru- "pound (wet substance)" 2. Mfg. harp- "pietiner, ecraser
lourdement" 3. Dgl karpe ''piler (quelque chose deja imbibe d'eau)"
kiri peddling cf. Yor. kiri "roam, peddle" Bud. kurima "umherwandernder Hand-
ler" ? < Kan. ?

kirki good quality ? < kir + ki cf. gyara, kyau OS *x-war-/*x-yar- "be good"
I. NBJ kirru SB Wangday kar 2. Nkt. sekera (Bat.gp. *S-y "thing") 3. Lei.

kile "valeur" Dgl. kirir) "en bonne sante, joyeux" karar) "net, eclairci" 3a. kiler)

"fin, joli, regulier" Pv. kalier) "clean" 5. Eg.(Bu) khert "possessions, goods"
hes (vb.) "reward, recompense, show favor to" 6. Sem. K-yr "good, select,

noble, lucky" 7. Tur. ehare "Mens, betaiV (Foucauld) ehere "bien (materiel)"
kirtani string
6. Ar. xTtan "thread" 4. P.Cu. *(x)-y-t- "tie, sew, thread (n.)" HEC *kirr-

"thread" 3a. Ban. kiyedu "plait (vb.)" i. Tgl. kodgk "rope, string" Pr. keik,
keek "rope" 5. Eg.(Bu) hetru "cords" kartha "cord, lace, thong" 6. Heb.
hot "thread" Hars., Soc. kayd "rope" ? Sem. k-rr- "rope, thread, twist"

klshi jealousy (esp. between women) kishiya "co-wife, antithesis" cf. Zar.

kyense "etre jaloux (jalousie entre femmes)"

kishingia leaning on elbow also kishinkia ? < k + C-K-( ) cf. sunkuya,
tanwara "bend"
I. Gwd. kukusuruwa, kur)kuruwo "elbow" Tgl. kurgundum Bol. basungule

"elbow" 2. Muy. jahwid "elbow" 3. Krb. kocirjgiden "elbow" Dgl.

kotyingilo "coude" Bid. kucumpilo "coude" 4. REG *djikl- "elbow" Or. HEC
cikile "elbow"
kissa fraud, guile cf. Ar. 7iss
kitika pick-up truck < Eng. kit-car
kitse plait, braid (hair) cf. Mnd. kunsigi, kunsi "cheveux, chevelure" (ku "tete")

kitse fat (animal) (n.) P.W.Gha. *kic- OS *kucer- "fat, grease"

I. Gwd. kantsi, kyice Brm. kindi Gra. kusa "corpulence" KK kazo "corpu-
lence" NBJ gasama 8. Kan. kaisa Berta k'oSi "fat, butter, grease, oil" 2. Bur.

gp. *tuk(9)s- "fatness" MM *akwas Mfg. maza "graisse" 3. Sok. kaisi Kr.
kasaw "fettes Fleisch" son "Fett, 01" Gbr. ose 5. Eg.(Bu) at "fat, oil" antch,
ant, aatch- "fat, grease" usha "fatten (geese, cattle)" 4. P.EC *kils- (adj., vb.)
Sid. maqaisa "become fat" 4a. Shn. k'wots'a Dim. ku'^sto 6. Ar. kuzr "kid-
146

ney fat" Hrr. kassa "animal fat (not edible)" Heb. kasa' "be fat" Gz. m-gz-'
"fatten" tamagza'a "become fat" Gur. maze, manze "animal fat" 7. Tur.
eksu "etre gras (chameau)" tinzart yarcelle de graisse non fondue"
kiya-kiya mini-bus ? < Yor. kia-kia "quickly"
kiyama Resurrection (Day) < Ar. qiyama
kiyay- herd, graze, protect kiwo "tending, grazing" P.W.Cha. *ka(y)ar- "de-
fend, protect" cf. gark-, kara
8. Knz. kiye "fuhren, leiten" i. Plateau Cha. ky-r "tend, watch over, care for,

feed" Dr. karan "herding" 2. Gd. gara "watch over, keep guard, tend (ani-
mal)" garan9 "herd of cattle" Pad. gwaia "garder, attendre" ? Mfg. cakar-
"garder" mecakwer- "herger, pdturage" 3a. Lam. gol "surveiller, epier" 3. Mkl.
'else, 'ilse "accompagner, garder les troupeaux" Lei. gil- "garder, preserver" 4.

P.HEC *kalo "pasture, enclosure" Afr. kalale- "protect oneself" olole "graze,
eat" Bye. kwiri "graze, eat" kwirai "pasture" Sid. qerrisa "preserve (from
evil)" 6. Amh., Gz. k-U-l- "surround, guard, protect" 7. Tur. telilt "pdturage
d'une certaine grandeur"
ko, kau, kam particle (used enclitically to topicalize preceding word) cf. kuma,
kuwa Dgl. kaw "aussi"
ko or also sentence-final question marker (alternative unstated) cf. NBM, Gis.,

Gd. kwa sentence-final question marker Sem. 'aw "or"

Pdl,
ko- every- (before question words, e.g. ko + me "what?" = "everything") ? <
kw-1 cf. kaf "completely"
I. RS hwalar) "alle" Ang. ko- (e.g. we "who?" kowe "everyone") kis5k "all,

every" (sak "body") Sur. ko (before n. or question word) "jede(r)" SB kw-N

"all" 2. HB kupu "all" HF, HK kirpi "all" FG gwa'- "all" 3. Lei. koli "tout,

tous" Sok. kuldii) "alle(s)" 3a. Ban. halar) "all" Mus. hala "all" Lam. kulom
"demesurement" kuiom "sans mesure" 4. P.Cu. *w-l-, *-kk- "all, every" P.SC
*'akal"all" 4a. Jnj. kup' "gather, all" 6. Sem. kw-11- "all" 7. Tur., Tam akk-
"all, every" 8. Knz. kurri "sammeln (Schafe)" 9. Ful. kala "each, every"
koe fade (color) Gd. kuta
kofato, k(w)afa hoof cf. kufutai "slipper" afa "foot" OS *qaf- "hoof" *kab-
(1/r-) "shoe, sandal"
I. RD
kofot "Huf" 2. Msg. horbaq- "Huf" harbak "Schuh, Sandale" Log. kabe
"Huf" 'yalabe "Schuh" ? Mfg. patakwar "sabot, patte" 3. Dgl. korbito "sabot
(d'animal)" Lei. garba "chaussure" Turn, gaban "chaussure" 4. Sid. kope
"shoe" kotte "hoof" P.EC *kob + t- "foot, hoof, footprint, shoe" ? Bye.
 147

karfas "Schuh der Pflugschar aus Elefantenhaut" 5. Eg.(Bu) kap(u) "sole of

foot" kebu "sandals" 6. Hars. xef "paw, hoof, sole"
kofe copy (n.) < Eng.
kofi coffee < Eng.
kofur corporal (n.) < Eng.
kogi river ? < Mnd. ko "riviere, corns d'eau" + gyi, gi "water" cf. Bam. ko "ruis-

seau, marigot" ji "water" Cp. kor) "river"

kogo, kwarga hole, cavity (rock, tree, etc.)" cf. haa
I. Tgl. kurgo "den, hole, cave (tree, mountain)" Sur. goyot "Gruhe, Hbhle"
Gwd.(N) kye'kar "grave" 2. Mfg. gwagwam "trou profond" 3. Dgl. kurka
"creux" Mkl. gugile "creux (arbre), ruche" }g. g070t "Grube, Hbhle" 3a. Lam.
gugurak zu "raie des fesses" (zu "derriere, fondement") 4. Sah. gonga "cave,
pit" Or. gonga "hollow" Bil. gaqa "Hbhle" Sid. goggola "hollow in tree" 5.
Eg.(Bu) q-r (+t) "hole, hollow, cavern" hahatu "pits, caverns" 6. Gur.
gwangwa "hole in tree or stone" Amh. gudgwad "hole" Soc. hangigoh
"trou" ? Gz. daxaxa "hollow out, excavate" Ar. xarq "crack, hole" 7. Tur.
^y^xyni "petit vallon ayant une vegetation dense"
kokawa wrestling, struggling cf. kara "clash, collide"
I. Ang. kwok "dance, wrestling, strenuous game" Gra., Krf. kawa "fighting"
Ngz. kawa "game, playing" 2. Bac. kawate "war" Msg. gau "Krieg"
koko cocoa ? < Eng.
koli peddling cf. kiri Kan. kole "nickname for a small trader"
kolo I. drum (similar to jauje) cf. Kan. kolo "small drum" Ted. koUi "petit

tambour"
2. vulture cf. ungulu
I. Tgl. kooglok DZ kalo "kite hawk" NBB gyalu "kite hawk" 9- P-WN *-kwal
"kind of hawk" 2. Gd. kwaryat- "kite hawk" Zgv. guluwa "kite hawk" 3.

Mkl. killiwe "? epervier qui mange poussins ?" Turn, kuul "epervier siffleur" Lei.

gola "epervier" Dgl. gulo "oiseau de proie" Kr. agolomkuy "petit epervier" 3a.

Mas. kolo + na "vulture" Mus. kolokolora "vulture"4. Had. golunsa "vul-

ture" Abo. kore "kite" Bon. kor-, kod- "hawk" Sml. gorgor "large, black
vulture" Afr. gurumma "immature Egyptian vultures"
3. daughters OS *kal- "female in-law"

koma, kuma return "r., turn (in)to, repeat, *become"

I.Gwd.(Cancara) kuwa "return" RF hum "sich umdrehen" humar) "zuriick-

kehren" RB hum "wiederholen" RS hoh "eintreten" 2. Mba. hoy "retourner,
rentrer" Bud. koi, hohi "zuriickkehren" 3. Mkl. kime "tourner, changer, devenir"
148

Dgl. kome "etre rentre" 5. Eg.(Bu) hem(m) "retreat, withdraw" 6. ? Sem.

k-w-n "be, become, occur" 7. Siw. kim "entrer"

komi, kwami boat, trough ? < k + mb-1

I. Bui. kumbalim Gj, NBB koma 2. Ter. dambal Bat.gp. kwomb- 3. LeL,
Gbr. kob(o)ro 4. Brj. hobolo 9. kombon "pirogue, abreuvoir" E.Ful.
Gby.
kombo- Mbe e + komi Bafut ki + kom CB *-yombo 8. Knz. kub "Schiff,
Boot" 5. Eg.(Bu) heba "kind of boat" hep + t "boat" hesp + t "trough"
kora, kore drive off, drive away P.W.Cha. *qar- OS *ko*^ar- "drive away"
I. H. hari "raid" Gwd. kur-, kul- DZ, Bui. k-r- 2. Bur.gp. kut-, kit- Gd. kare
"escort away" karakara "driving animals away" Klb. giit- Mad. gara 3. Dgl.
ori "poursuivre" tore "chasser"]g. 'or- "schlagen" 3a. Lam. 'uei "chasser, eloig-

ner, expulser" 7. Tur. hurat "suivre a la trace" Tam. 7IU "follow discreetly"
4. Had. hoU- "chase, divorce" Abo., Sid. hor(r)- "raid, chase" Bye. galel
"drive away" 4a. Jnj. kala "drive cattle" 5. Eg. gera "drive away, reject" 6.

Ar. ^awwar "defeat, throw back" Gz. 'awd'a ( < w-d-' "go away") "drive out,
etc." RF ngwe "vertreiben" RD ngah "treiben"
I.

kora baldness also "bare spot" OS *golah- "be bald"

6. Sem. q-r-h "shave, make bald" Ar. qara^ "bald" qarah "land containing

neither water nor trees" 4. P.Cu. *g'^-l-H- "bald"

korame hoe (long-handled) cf. galma, kalme
I. Ngz. kuram "short-handled hoe" 4. Irk, kurumo Alg. kuromo 2. Hwn.

kura "hoe" Hid., Wmd. k'^ul- "hoe" 3a. Lam. kara-, karva "houe" Zim. kra
"hoe"
kore green (of foliage) also "gown dyed very dark with indigo" cf. akawal,
kwalli
I. Dr. kwara-kwara "blue" Tgl. kulkul- "light blue" NBT goran "black (n.)"
Plateau Cha. kwo "dark" RB kikyaw "schwarz, griin werden" 2. Bur.gp. *kw-i-
"dark" Wmd., Mg. *kwuri "green" Bac. kwuli- "dark" 3. Tum. kole "noir
(chevaiy Dgl. kullan "entierement noir (cheval)" 4. Or. kulle "dark blue,
brown (of cow)" Brj. kole "black" Sid. kol- "black, green vegetables, mead-
ow" Sml. magol "green trees and grass" 4a. Jnj. kara "black" 3a. Mas. wura'
"black" 5. Eg.(F) W3d "green" (Bu) ursh "become green"
mekerr "blue" 7. Tur. ikwal "etre noir, vert fonce" iyvjal "etre brun" 6. ES
taqwara "be black"
kos training course < Eng.
kotu law court < Eng.
 149

koya red earth (used for dye etc.)

I. Teshena (BN) goya "red" Dr. kuri "red earth" Tgl. kulji "red soft stone

(ground from a special mineral)" 2. Mfg. kulendendez- "rouge sang" 3. Dgl.

korindo "bande de cuir rouge, empldtre rouge" kurdum "entierement rouge clair
(cheval ou jument)" 6. Gur. 'agure "red color" 7. ? Tur. azgay "enduire avec
Vocre rouge" ? < s + K-y- 5. Eg.(Bu) khenti "red earth, red ochre, red paint"
koy- learn, imitate, teach cf. hora, kwaikwaya
8. Knz. kur "lernen, gewohnen" i. Gwd.(N) kwayo Dr. kuke "learn, teach" DZ
kwul- "1." Pic. kwalim- "1." Grn. kyal- "learn" NBW kum- "1." kumay-
"teach" Bol. ngoz- "1., imitate" Cp., RF kam "1." 2. Bur. kiiir "1." 3. Mkl.
doye "apprendre, enseigner" doze mimer"
go'i "imiter"
"imiter, 3a. Lam. guei' <
Lam. r)om "apprendre" 4. Sml. kori "educate, adopt" Afr. gaw "imitation"
angawe "1. by imitating speech" Bye. limid "get to know, become
accustomed to, 1." 6. Soc. gele "etre habitue" Sem. ^-1-m "know, 1., mark,
environment" Sem. 1-m-d "get accustomed" 7. Tur. almad "apprendre, sa-
voir, s'habituer a"
kubbi hearts (card suit) ? < Ar. kubba
kube sheath
I. Ang. kip "sheath" kup "cover" 2. Gd. cifa "sheath" kuvangila "sheath"
(kuva "hut, room" ngila "knife") 9. Gby. koo "gaine, fourreau" 3. Bid., Dgl.
Mkl., Tum. *c-B- "fourreau, gaine" 4. Afr. kiba, siba Or. c'ube "sheath knife"
P.HEC *cube'e "dagger" Bye. sikib "sheathe" Sah. kabab 6. Gz. qaqab Akk.
naxbatum
kububuwa viper
I. Ang. mpar) "snake, viper (?)" 2. Htk. bubu "Schlange" Gv. buba "snake"

Bur.gp. *p-bu "snake" 3. Lei. kumba "serpent" Kr. gafofo "serpent sp." 3a.

Lam. V9va "cobra" 9. CB *-bamba "snake" 6. Ar., Hrr. hubab "snake" Gur.,
Amh. abab "snake" 4. Afr. gubun "v. poisonous black snake" ? Bon., Or.,
Brj., Der. *(m)bof- "snake, python"
kuewa okra, gumbo (Hibiscus esculentus) < K+ B-( ) kabewa, kubewa "pump-
kin, Cucurbita sp." cf. bango, buta, kumbo OS *xab-/*xabi^- "vessel"
I. Gwd.(N) kambyogo "pumpkin" Pr., Ngm., KK, Ngz. K-mb-r-m "okra" BN
KaBiyau "pumpkin" DZ mburli "okra" 2. Pad. r)gue "gombo" Zgv. ggua

Mg. ngaoi "Hibiscus cannabinus" Dab. gibin "okra" Bac. mbwaley "okra"
3. Mkl. kambalta "gombo" Lei. tambulo "gombo" Bid. baywa "gombo vert" 8.
Kan. gabalto "Hibiscus esculentus" ngawai, ngabbai "Hibiscus cannabinus" 9.

Mnd. gba "Hibiscus esculentus" gbanya "champs de gombos" Np. ebe "pump-
I50

kin" I. NB *'p-y-m "pumpkin" 4. Brj. (h)abore "calabash" (Hudson, 1989)

Kwa. mbele "gourd plant" P.Cu.(E) *7wib- "calabash" 6. Gur. qwamat
"gourd" Soc. 'amal "courge" Jib. g-w-h "water melon"
kuut- escape, slip away from also suut- ? < but q.v.
kudaku potato also kugundaku cf. dukuma
9. Mnd. ku "tete, dugu "terre, sol" S.Mlk. kudu "houle,
boule, igname, etc."
etc." I. Gra. kukunduku Ank., DZ kuduku Cp. kugkur) 9. Yor. kukunduku
Np. kukun duku 2. C. Cha. kudaku, kunduku widespread Gv. budagwa r)kt.
butagwa HG watakwi 3a. Lam. kwaydaku
kudu south cf. gindi
I. Pr. ku "head" kuderir) "south" Bel., Krf. kunti- "head" Ank. mukwan

"south" 2. Maf. ge "tete" gie'e "sud" Klb. hudoma "face" Mg. gwudugwa
"face" Gd. kunwa- "front" Nkt., Glv., xuD-v- "face" Zgv. makunde "face"
Hid. xwalma "south" 5. Eg.(F) hnt "face" hnty "in front, south" 4. Sml.
xudub, gudub "south" Bye. gwadab "front part" 3a. Mas. kudu'u "east" 6.
Amh. gwann < gwadan "side" Akk. putum "front" 3. Dgl. widyane "visage"
7. P.Ber. *udm "face"
kui money, cowries also kuri cf. wuri "cowrie" Mnd. kolo de "une caurie"
(traditionally for use as ornaments, the first reference to use as currency is

by Al ^Umari in 14th century Mali. The Kano Chronicle speaks of the reign
of Muhammad Sharif, c. 1710, as the period when kui were first seen in
Hausaland) ? Tur. tamaggalot "cowries, money" P.SC *kwa'l- "beads" Sml.
kul "bead" Or. (Foot) celle "cowrie" Mfg. macatay "cauris" Poular cede
"cauris" Eg.(Bu) sura + t "white bead"
kufai ruins (of old house or town) also "scar" cf. fanko
I. NB k(w)af- "scar"Gd. ufina "old, vacant compound" 6. Hrr. kufai
2.

"used tea leaves or coffee beans, leftover" Gz. kwahila "sweepings, dregs"
kufutai slipper(s) (usually yellow) kufti "shoes, riding boots" cf. kofato "hoof"
9. Gby. kpufutu "sorte de chaussure ancienne" i. NBT karapatan "shoe" (? <
"protect foot") NBP kota "shoe" Ang. kap "sandals" 2. Mfg. patakwar "sa-

bot, patte" 4. Or., Sid., Der. kop'e "shoes, sandals" P.EC *kob- "sandal" 6.

Ar. xuff "boots in yellow leather" Gz., Amh. kuf "shoe"

kuge hand bell (tongueless, double, a royal instrument) see Vansina, J. Afric.

Hist. 10, 187-197 (1969) cf. Kan. kogi Gby. kurjge etc.

kujera chair, stool ? < k + jir/jer

for *z/j-r "remain, sit, be" see jira

 151

I. Gwd. kujara Ngz. kujere, gwajere 2. Mfg. jarjga "chaise, siege" Maf. jegele
"siege" Bud. jei "bleiben, sitzen" 3. Lei. jangla "banc, tabouret"
kuka cry (n.) (pi. kok-) (high-pitched, e.g. child, bird, hyena) cf. kuwwa, ugi
I. Gwd.(Gitata) kukwa RS kuk "weinen" Ang. kuk "bark (vb.)" 2. Bur.gp.
kug- "call (vb.)" HB
kuka "call (vb.)" Log. kwakwi "Geschrei" kokl "Stimme,
Schall" 3. Dgl. kokka "cry (n.)" kokke "pousser un grand cri" Mkl. kokil-,
gukil- "crier" 5. Eg.(Bu) qaq "cry out" gaga, geg "cry of bird" 4. Bye. kuk
"cluck, crow" kwinh "speak, call out, give voice (animals, birds)" Sid. kiikki
"bird cry" P.SC *'ok "call"
kiika baobab tree P.Cha.(N) *kuka
8. Sng. ko Kan. kuka, kuwa Bgr. kuka 7. Tur. akaku "esp. d'arbre" 9. Gb.
kwahi Wolof gui 3a. Mas. kona Ban. kwagguna 6. Gur.(Wol.) kuk "kind of
tree"
kuku cook (n.) < Eng.
kula pay attention P.W.Cha. *'^al- "hear, listen" OS *ol- "look, see"
8. Zar. kula "se soucier de" 1. Dr. kule "look after" 2. Hwn. kila "wait for"
Bat.gp. kul "wait for" Bac. kul- "hear, taste, wait" 3. Lei. gol "voir" 3a. Lam.
gol "guetter, surveiller" 4. P.Cu. *k^-ll- "see, look at" PCu.(E) *-mk^'-l-
"hear" Bye. "pay attention to" 7. Tur. ukkal "se soucier (de)" 6. Hars.
hili

hwol "understand" hefol "be careful, look after (oneself)" Gz. xallawa
"watch, guard" xallaya "watch, look after, keep in mind, perceive" Ar. x-w-1

"take care of" Heb. h-l-y "think, care for" 8. Kan. karan- "listen" i. Ngz.
karam- "listen attentively"
kulakula castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis)
4. Bil. gulkua 6. Amh. guPo
kule cat
I. H. kwara "genet" Tgl. kule "cat" kalta "wild cat" NBK muskule (cf. H.
mussa "cat") 2. Ter. galda "wild cat" Bac. koley + to "cat" 4. PHEC *gollo
"civet cat, genet" 4a. Jnj. ki'ro "civet cat" 6. Gur. qarijijia "civet cat"
kulki, kulka club, stick cf. H. gora "bamboo"
I. Tgl. kule "cl. (used in hunting)" 9. Gby. gule "massue casse-tete" 3. Bid.
koliny "grosse massue avec laquelle les Kodara, caste de chasseurs, abattent le

gibier" 4. Rnd. xoxom "cl." Bye. kolei "st." PCu.(D) *k-l(l)- "st., cl."

kullelock up see ulle

kullum always, regularly, every day cf. Ngz. kulum Kan. kullum ? < Ar. kull

yawm
kulma fish sp. OS *kulum- "fish"
152

kulob club (social, sports) < Eng. cf. Kri. klob

kuma also, too
I. Dr. kama 2. Pad. guma "aussi"
kumallo bile (gall) also "nausea, vomit" cf. Kan. kamolo "contents of stom-
ach, vomit" molimoli "frequent sickness" Tub. komelo "gall, bile" Gur.
kubro "bile" Sem., Cu. m-rr- "bile, bitterness" Knz. marara, mirri "Galle"Np.
kunmalo "vomiting" ? < H.

kumama weak cf. H. guma NB *Kw-(m) "lack" P.SC *k'um- "short"

kumbo calabash sp. (long, narrow) cf. kuewa, kurumbo, kabo
3. Mkl. 'umpo "calebasse"

kumbura swell for K + B-R see kauri

I. Gwd.(N) kyubu Sur. 79691 "anschwellen, sattwerden" Ngz. gubamt- 3. Kr.

hope "gonfler" Lei. hilbi "gonfler (nuages)" 3a. ? Lam. hulum "gonfler" 4. Sid.
garb- "swell" P.EC *G-b'- "be fat" 5. Eg.(Bu) khepen "be fat" 6. Ar. kabura
"be big" 7. Tur. akaf "se gonfler"
kumfa bubbles, froth, foam
I. Gwd. kumpa Bol. gogio NBK hwapun 2. Mad. gop (vb.) Gd. tsakufins,

hwafa "foam, froth" kurapa "ferment (vb.)" 3a. Lam. kuf "ecume"
cikufina,
4. P.Cu. *hump-/*himp- (n., vb.) Or. kofa'^a "rise (of dough, batter)" Bye.

kabbahe (n.) 5. Eg.(Bu) hebba "bubble up (vb.)" 6. Ar. xamar "leaven

(dough) (vb.)" xamr "fermented drink" 7. Tur. takaffe "mousse, ecume"
kumurci cobra also kwamarci cf. kwaki
3. Lei. kumlo "sorte de serpent"

kunama scorpion
5. Eg.(Bu) khun "to sting (of scorpion)" 9. P.Cent. Gur *-nam i. Gwd.(N)

kurami Ron g-ry-N 7. Tur. a7ardam "pseudo scorpion (venimeux)" 2. Gdu.

gurinja 8. Kan. kalanji 4. Dly. xonnor- Irk. xerar) Sid. kurra 3a. Ban.
hurura Amh. gint 4a. Bnc. k'om^
6.

kunci cheek pi. kumatu P.W.Cha. *h- + guN- "cheek"

I. Ngz. gumci "chin" NBT ooman 2. Gd. hwahwaga, xwoxwama Mdr.
'uma "cheek, chin" 3. Krb. gorgumei, gorkumkor) "Wange" Turn gura kam
"barbe" (gura "polls" kam "menton") Dgl. gargumo "/owe" tyolkumo "menton"
Mgm. game "joue" 3a. Lam. gin "joue" 4. Dhl. kunkumi "cheekbone" Ag.,
Bil. kumis "cheek" Sid. qice 4a. Jnj. kemsa "chin" 6. ES gunc- "cheek,
chin" 7. Tur. tagomast "joue, pommette de joue" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) khabsit "part
of the body, ? chin"
 153

kunfu, kunhu lung also kufu cf. huhu

I. NB *kuf- 2. Hrz. kukufa Muk. kuval 6. Hrr. kuf-
kuni quinine < Eng.
kunkuru tortoise cf. garkuwa see gark- P.W.Cha. *kur-
9. P.BC *i + kulu RWN *-kwulu Mnd. kunya "tortue" 8. Sng. nkura "tortue
de petite dimension" i. Tgl. kurdi, kunguli 2. Msg. kogkorar) "Schild der
Schildkrdte" Klb., Hid. kwakurum- Hg. x'^ul- FK, FM kwokur(u)m- Mdr.gp.
kwul(u)kw- MM *ku(lu)kay 3. Kr. kekre "tortiie sp." Sok. kokere "Schild" 3a.
Lam. gugurei "tortue" gurei "tortue sp." 4. Dly. konkolo "Schild"
kunna, kunne kindle, ignite P.Cha.(N) *aku "fire" P.Cu.(E) *'ek^- "fire" cf.
kawa/awa, one, tukunya OS *^ak- "be hot; fire" *kum- "be hot, burn"
I. H. kunkunniya "soot" 8. Kan. kannu "fire" 2. Bat.gp., FM, FB *xun-

"burn" Bud. hin "brennen Dgl. onne

"faire de la fumee" 7. Tur.
(intr.)" 3.

aku "s'allumer, etre allume" 8. Knz. ulle, ^uUi "anzUnden, brennen" i. RB hoi/
hwal ... man "anzUnden" (man "Feuer") 4. Afr. ure "be ignited" Dly. xam-
"anzUnden" 6. E.Sem. *-qwud- "kindle"

kunne ear
1. RW.Cha. *kw-m 2. Wmd., Hid., Klb. *ky-mi Glv. ximi Bud. homu 3.

Kuj.kumayo Ndm. ham Sok. on 3a. Lam. hum 4a. Kf., Mch. wamo 6.
RSem. *u6n 7. RBer. *udm "face" 8. Kordofanian *k + un 4. Sid. qontic-
"zone around the ear, meatus of the ear" qonta "earwax"
kuntigi lute (one string) ?< Mnd. koni + tigi "joueur de guitare" koni "doigt,

tout instrument a cordes dont on joue avec les doigts"

kunu gruel
9. Mnd. kini "mets farineux" Np. kugnu (? < H.) i. Pr. kwande "mush"
Plateau Cha. gwim, gwom "flour mixed with boiling water" ? BN akurna
2. Pdl. tukundi "gruel" 3. Sok. undu "Mehlbrei" Dgl., Bid., Mgm. 'ande
"boule" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) khun + t "drink offerings" 4. Irk. xwante "gruel" Or.
qinc'e "thick porridge" 6. Gur. anqacce "flour boiled in water"
kunya shame, modesty
9. Mlk. ku + nya "tout animal auquel il est interdit de faire du mal" ku "respect,
crainte, embarras etc." RWN *-yiku (*-kui) "taboo" Gwd. kumirjya 3. Dgl.
i.

sokany "honte, pudeur" (Lei. so "obeir, respecter") Mkl. konya "adresse,

specialite etc." i. NBS kuku "mother-in-law" 2. Gd. ayi "be ashamed" 4. Or.
qanl "shyness" Afr. ilko "taboo, unacceptable behavior according to
prevailing social custom" Irk. kumba "in-law (first degree)" Bye. sikw'- "be
ashamed"
154

kura hyena also kure cf. wurji

8. Kan. kura "big" (pi. wura) Sng. koro, kora Gdu. kulam i. Gj. uhuli 2.

Msg. (n)gurnai 3. Turn, korar) "chacal" Lei. kirwe "panthere" Mkl. golme
"panthere, guepard" 3a. Lam. guarai 7. Tur. tahuri "hyena sp." a7oray "male
hyena" 9. P.WN *-gwil- "leopard" 4. Afr. yangula Bye. karai, galab "hyena
spp." P.Cu. *gw-tt-, *warab- 6. ES tak'^la "jackal"

kuratandu hide container for antimony ? < Kan. kura "big" tandu "vessel
made of camel hide" cf. tandu
kura sip cf. raa, sura, shara
I. Tgl. kobe "sip" NBM wura- 2. Gd. huruaci "drinking a sip of liquid"

Bac. kulae "dew" Mdr.gp. xabu "drink" 4. Bye. gw' "drink" gibit "drink off
at a draught" 4a. Jnj. kup'- "sip" 5. Eg.(Bu) harp "plunge in water" 7. Tur.
7abbat "mettre dans sa bouche une gorgee de liquide/fumee"
kurciya dove P.W.Cha.*kur-
4a. Bnc. ker "pigeon" i. H. aguwa "dove sp." Gwd.(N) sgurfi BT *kurku NB
*luku RD ruguta 2. Bat.gp. *kurku- Hrz. kulkule "pigeon" Mfg. kurgwadakw
"tourterelle sp." (? dagwal- "court, petit" relevant) Mgm. guggii ''pigeon" 3a.

Lam. kuruk "tourterelle sp." 4. Afr. kukkurru, tukkurru, orro "dove"

kurrubahe "ring-necked dove" Or., Der. guge- 5. Eg.(Bu) germpi, genkha
"dove, pigeon" 6. ES argab, ragb "pigeon, dove" Jib. ^ekeb "pigeon" 9.

Bassa-Kaduna, Ebe, Np. *lukuku "pigeon" 7. Tur. adalbkum "pigeon do-

mestique"
kurege ground squirrel also narege ? < rega, lea "peek, peep out" (his kirari
comments on his cunning in having several burrows) hut see kusu for *ku
"rat, rodent"
I. Dw. wurangi "rat" 4. P.Rft *gwarar) "rat"
kurfo whip Cyan) kurfo "military police" P.Cha.(N) *ia9 "hit" see rafke OS
*qurap- "beat"
8. Kan. karfo "whip" Bgr. kaurfo "fouet" 2. Gd. kurapa "leather whip" 3.
Mkl. marpa "cravache, fouet" Lei. miraw "fouet pour jugement" Sok. mrau
"Peitsche" 3a. Lam. garwei "fouet en peau d'hippopotame" 4. Or. (EDG) galba
"long whip of fiber or leather" Sid. garafa (vb.) 6. Gz. qa^afa "flagellate"
garafa "whip (vb.)" gwarifa "chastisement" Ar. kirbaj < Turkish
kurkuku prison ? cf. kuUe "lock up" uum "sitting sulkily silent"
kurkunu guinea-worm Tur. karkanu
kurkure rinse (mouth) cf. Dgl. korkidye "se rincer la bouche" Sid. kurkura "emp-
ty (a gourd), clear (wax from ears)"
 155

kurma deaf ? < kul- + ma "hear + neg' cf. ba, kula Gwd. kumma "deaf"
kurmi forest kasuwar kurmi "Kano's principal market" AA *l/r-m "dark" cf.
lumshe
8. Kan. kulimi "forest" kalam "black" kaim- "spirit, shadow" i. NBJ, NBM,

NBB kwal- "forest, sacred place" Dr. takaram "dark" la tukurum "forest"
Ngz. kuiam-kuism "ghost" RB kwal "fetish" 2. Gd. hurama "large forest"
ulama "household fetish" iama "fetish shrine" Gab., Gan kwalamda "for-
est" Mg. kwuiu "forest" Gis. kule "Fetisch" 3. Turn. kQlam "feuillage" Dgl.
kelmo "ombre, dme, coeur" kulma "tamarind tree (as for Hausa, for Dgl. too
this tree is the home of spirits)" 4. Or. hurrum- "forest, jungle" Sid. ulma
"thick forest" Dly. hor(r)o "Wald" P.SC *kim- "thicket" Sml. kayn "forest"
5. Eg.(Bu) gemh "leaves of trees, foliage" gemhu "part of a shrine" qenuhi

"shrine, chapel" 6. Gz. ^om "tree, grove, forest, woodland" Sem. h-r-m
"make sacred, banish, forbid"
kurna Ziziphus spina Christi cf. aya "thorn", magarya "Ziziphus jujuba"
I. Ang. kor "type of thorny tree" NBT oye "H. kurna" Dr. kuli "thorny

mimosa" 8. Kan. kurna Ted. kurnu, kurru "Z. Mauritania" Knz. ^agul "Dom-
strauch" 6. Shuwa Ar. karno 3. Sok. kunnau "Z. s. c." gode "Z. lotus" Bid.
kuna "Z. s. c." Dgl. korno "arbre etc. aux fruits ronds, rouge clair, comestibles,
sucrees etc" Mkl. kunno "jujubier sp." gurnuku "boulette faite de farine de
jujube" Smr. gui "Z. lotus" 2. Log. kirna Bud. kurna Gd. kudana "tree sp.
(edible fruit, grows near water)" guravina "H. magarya" 4. Sml. gob, gob
"Z. s. c, Z. Mauritania (very large, grows in river beds, small thorns)" Bye.

gaba "Rhamnus nebeka oder Z. spina Christi" ? Abo. kor "tree" ? P.SC *k'or-
"tree, wood" 6. Gur. g-r-B- "tree sp." (Endegen g'aro "tree sp.") P.Sem.

*7inab- "fruit, grape" Ar. 41b "place of growth of spina Christi" ^unaba
"Rhamnus zizyphus" nabq "Z. spina Christi" 5. Eg.(Bu) nebs "Z. spina Christi"
anb "grape, vine" annu "kind of tree"
kurtu gourd sp. (water vessel) cf. gora i, kwacciya, ululu, warya
I. Ngz. kurtu 2. Mwl. gurati "large water pot" 3. Lei. gundu "gourde" Mkl.

'unde "calebasse sp." 5. ? Eg.(Bu) khett "water skin" 4. ? Afr. kudi "goatskin
water bag" P.SC *honto "calabash bowl" 6. Gur. kwarda "water bottle" 7.

Tur. te7ert "marmite en terre"

kurtu recruit < Eng. cf. Kri. krut
kurum silence, only cf. shiru
I. Ngz. ru- + bound pronoun "alone" 3. Jg. korom "Einbde" Dgl. ruse "faire
taire" 3a. ? Lam. 'urei "seulement" 6. Gz.('a)rmm "be silent" Gur. amm
156

"silence" ammat "only, alone" S.Ar. ^ar "seulement" Ar. x-lw "solitary,
lonely, alone" 7. Tur. elwa "chagrin, nostalgic" 5. Eg.(Bu) ger "be silent"
kher + ? pronoun "alone"
kurumbo gourd "two different types of gourd basin" kumbo
also (q.v.) "type
of g. basin similar to one of the above" cf. kurtu, warya
3. Bid. kurumbil ''gourde en calebasse" 4. Irk. qwara'amo "piece of calabash,
calabash dish"
kurumbo chain case (bicycle) ? < above (because of shape)
kururuwa shouting kururiita "exaggerate" cf. kira, kuwwa OS *qur- "voice,
noise"
I. H. riiri "roaring" rera "sing" Gwd. kuruwa "noise, shouting" Ngz. kuruwa
"shouting" rauru "call" riirau "garrulousness" ruruwa "grumbling, mumb-
ling" ruwa "singing, song" Ang. ruru "shouting" gilile "shout, scream"
NBM, NBK kwar- "shout" Tgl. lule "cry" 9. P.WN *-lul- "shouting" 8. Ted.
kululu "cris de deuil des femmes" Sng. kyilili "pousserdes you-yous" Kan. kalala
"noise, shout" 4. Dly. halil "schreien" Sid. liala "shout loudly" rara "shout"
Brj. liil- "bray" Afr. lulus "precentor, leader in speech/song" Bye. Ill "shrill
(women in joy or sorrow)" Bil. alal "schreien" 7. Tur. -rrawraw "cri d'a-

larme" iru, araw "braire (dne)" 5. Cop. lulai "shout" 6. ? Gz. lawlawa "move
the tongue"
kurwa soul,shadow, spirit, ghost cf. inuwa, rai
I. Gwd.(N) kurugo "wind" NBM arawan, arywan "soul" Ngm. kyelu
"shadow" 2. Mfg. kuley "esprit des ancetres, esprit sumaturel" Mat. kwolar
"wind" Maf. kwalar "vent" 8. Kan. karwa "wind" 3. Lei. kalo "wind" 5. Eg.
(F) k3 "soul, spirit" 4. Or. ekera "ghost of dead person" Kmb. arwa + ta 6.

Gur. arwa < Cu.

kurya silk-cotton tree ''Bombax buonopezense, red-flowered s.-c. tree" cf. gurjiya
I. Ang kyur, kur (?) "silk-cotton tree (H. rlmi)" Ngz. kararaw 2. Mfg.
mekerek "kapokier" 3. Kr. takarka "kapokier a fleurs rouges" 9. Lossi (?, not
in Mann and Dalby) kula Ful. kuluhi
kusa near, nearness kusata (vb.) P.W.Cha. *kwaca
OS *gos- "be small" i. RF, Sur. kus "nahe, Ndhe" Cp., Ang. kus "near" 2.

Bur.gp.(W) *kuzux- "near" Bur.gp.(E) * kus- "short" Hid. kurs- "short" Pdl.
kutun "short" Hg. *KuS- "short, near" F., Gd., Njn. gus(-) "short" Mdr.gp.
*xurza "near" Mfg. gwe gwe(e) "pres, proche" 3.Kr. ku (preposition) kose

(vb.) Gbr. usiu "nahe" 5. Eg.(Bu) (er) ges "near, by the side" 8. ? Knz. igitt-.
 157

egett- "nahe, Ndhe" 4. Brj. hoyt'- "be near, be short" Dly. it'- "nahe" 6. Sem.
x-s-r- "be short" 7. Tur. ihaz (vb.)
kushewa grave also kushanya pi. kusheyi cf. unsa "wrap"
I. Gwd. kunsa Sur. kacir NBS Yasingani NBK kusayi ? < H. Zks. vugunsu
9. Np. kosia 5. Eg.(Bu) qersu "coffin, sarcophagus" qeres "prepare for bur-
ial" (F) also kns "bury" Cop. kos "burial" kaise "preparation for burial" 7.
Siw. akacca "tombeau" 4. Bye. kanaja "corpse" genada "funeral" 6. W.Sem.

g-nz- "prepare for burial" 2. FM se' "bury"

kushin cushion < Eng.
kuskure, kure miss target, make mistake
7. Tur. axrsk "etre erronne, fautif, manque, non reussV tagule "erreur de mot"
4. Bye. kud ''sich verirren" 6. S.Ar. x-l-s "miss, mislead, guess wrong" Ar.
xati'a "commit an error" Akk. xatu "sin"
kusu rat, mouse P.W.Cha. *kisami, *qatlam- P.Cha.(N) *kusam ? < ku( ) + s-m
"*home, *farm" cf. CB *-kocue "rat sp." OS *husem- "mouse"
for ku(
I. Gwd. (N) ku' Dr. kom "rat" Bed. kuman "rat" 2. Hg. kwi, kwu "rat" Ter.
gp.*kwum "rat" R, Bat.gp. *xim- "rat" Mfg. ahwam "rat, souris" 3. Bid.
kumo "rat (terme generique)" (kuuum "rat des champs") Lei. guma "rat"
(kumra "rat sp." gumsu "sorte de rat qui vit Lam. dans les champs") 3a.

kueiom "ratde Gamble" (Mkl. dome "champ") 4. P.Bon. *ko|;u "rat, mouse"
Afr. ik4yo "mouse" P.Sam. *gir "rat" Dly koysaro "Ratte, Maus" Bye. gwib

"mouse" ? < gwi + b Kwa. gila- "fat-mouse" 4a. Jnj. ko'yu "rat" 9. Gby. koe
"ecureuil de terre, rat palmiste" Yor. eku "any bush-rat" (ekute "house-rat")
W.Ful. (Futa Jalon) giru "rat, souris" (Poular) gusiiru "agouti, cane rat" 8. Dz.
koro "rat" Ted. kor soyu "gerboise" 6. Akk. xunsir- "mouse" Ar., S.Ar. g-rD-
"rat" 5. Eg.(Bu) gert "kind of rat" 7. Ber. aGardi "rat, mouse" Tur. akutei
"petit rat, souris" ta7ulit, akunder "rat spp."
for s-m
OS *so'- "barn" 9. Mnd. so, su "home, domicile, habitation, maison, village''

RD, RK sam "Zimmer, Raum, Hutte" som "Leute" 3a. Mas.gp. *Sine "farm,
compound" Lam. 'uso "village, concession familiale" Zim. aso "compound"
I. NBM Sim "farm" SB *Zim "field, farm" RK 'ase "abgeemtetes Feld" RS 'asi
"das Bebauen" BN *-(a)saw "hut, house" 2. Hg. usa "farm" F. 'Sa' "com-
pound, farm" Gd. asl "at home" Vm. husag "village"
158

kusumburwa flute samara "section of corn stalk used as musical instrument"

OS *tlambar-/*tlambir- "flute"
4. P.Cu.(D) *"i-m-r "reed, cane" 6. ES samal "bamboo, haft of spear" Ar.

zamar "play on reed" 5. Eg.(Bu) sba "flute" seb + t "reed, flute" (F) sbiw
"flautist (?)" 2. Mfg. lambay "baton"
kusurwa corner "c, compass point" also surutu cf. Ar. kasra "nook of house"
kusur "windings, ravines" kasar "fold, inflect"
kutur(i) rump, bottom (usually of animal) P.W.Cha. *kitari "tail" P.Cha.(N)
katar "tail" cf. katara
I. Gwd. kutiri "bottom" 4. P.SC. kata "back (usually of animal)" P.HEC
*gate "area back of house" Brj. gund'ure "waist, spine, backbone" Afr. gera
"tail, base, origin, residue" gerale "area near tail" 6. Gur. qittajijia "but-
tocks, anus" 5. Eg.(Bu) khet "the hinder part"
kuturu leper ? < kutur "bottom, *stump" (because of lost fingers and toes) cf.

kututture "stump of tree or corn plant" Or. qurcT "leprosy" ES q-m-t-

"mutilate, leprosy"
kututture stump < kutur "bottom, *base"
kuwa particle - ko q.v.
kuwwa, kuwa shouting OS *kuw-/*kuy- "shout" *kuha'- "speak, shout"
I. Gwd.(N) kuwo "cry (n.)" Dr. kuwu "shouting" RB kawa "weinen" NBT

awu- "call (vb.)" 3a. Lam. kuto' "crz de detresse" 4. Bil. kua "schreien" Ag.
koy- "emit sound (non-human)" Afr. ku^to "cri" Bye. ankuw "schreien,
briillen" 6. Gur. ko, kot "shouting" Gz. naqawa "emit sound, scream,
shout" Akk. naqu "shout"
kuyanga slave (female) pi. kuyangi
6. Ar. qiyan "slave" 8. Sng. konga "esclave femme" (pi. kongey) Kan. kanji
"male or female slave" Dz. kinci "captif, esclave, richesses" 4. Bil. ganjina
"Sklave" Bye. kanjar "entlaufener Sklave" 9. Mnd. gyo "esclave" gyo kye
"esclave male" 5. ? Cop. *kawwani "serviteur, esclave"

kwabo kobo (smallest unit of coinage) eventually < Eng. copper (slang for
"penny") cf. Yor. kobo Kri. kopo Kpelle kapa "cent" Maori kapa
kwaa mix (with liquid) cf. kira, raa
I. Ngz. kala "plaster (mud)" NBP gubei "mix 2. Gd. gufa
(non-liquids)"
"make soft by applying water or oil" kua
"wash" Mfg. hale hale
"melanger (de la terre avec de Veau)" Maf. gwaal "toumer dans la bouche un
aliment qu'on n'arrive pas a avaler" 3. Mkl. koilcok "melange a beaucoup de
liquide" Lei. hob "mouiller, tremper" hobri "melanger" 4. Sid. kuf- "be wet"
 159

Sml. xo, xoy, qoy "moisten" 5. Eg.(Bu) kheb "steep in water" Cop. horp
"become wet"
kwacciya calabash (small) cf. kurtu, kwarya
Gwd. kociya "calabash for drinking
I. beer" Ang. kwas "calabash sp." (H.
urzunu) NBS Rati "calabash (gen.)" 2. Nkt., Zgv. kwata "calabash" 3a.

Ban. gw9t9 "calabash (gen.)"

kwao frog, toad OS *ir- "frog"
I.Gwd.(N) rjkwarak RD kodok NBM, NBJ tukud-y 2. Muy. gwodedik Maf.
kudaf Mat. kwadaf Bat. gp. (n)gw-nda Log. guduge 3. Lei. ginadi Sok., Dgl.,
Bid. gor- 3a. Lam. geo "grenouille" 5. Eg.(Bu) qarr, qerr, kar, kar 8. Knz.
golgodaya 9. P.WN *-kwale CB -kede 4. Brj. kon'-, kund'- Bil. qware^ 6.

Gur. qwaca, qwalaca Syriac 'urd^^o Ar. qirra, qarra Amh. qwarn-, anqwar-
7. Tur. agaru Tam. aqrqra "large f."

kwaf cup < Eng. cf. Kri. kop

kwaikwaya imitate < koya see koy-
kwaki cobra (black) ? < kwal + ki P.W.Cha. *(q)ur- "snake" P.WN *-7waka
"snake"
I. RK kiggyer "Schlange" Ang. kwol "cobra" NBD akuko "snake" Dr. kori
"black cobra" 2. Ter. gp. *xw-l/r- "snake" Msg. wala "Schlange" Pad. havala
"cobra" Mdr., Glv. 7/xaval- "snake, python" 3. Mub. kako "Schlange" Mgm.
koykoko "vipere grise" Sok. kogl "Schlange" Lei. kalo "serpent" Smr. kula
"Schlange" 3a. Lam. holimbi "serpent d'eau sp." (mbi "eau") 4. Bye kwakwar
"snake" Abo. korkessa "python" Afr. warru "serpent" gungay "a deadly
snake" Kmb. warra "snake" 6. Tge. kukat "snake sp." Gz. gayle "black
snake" qagast "viper, serpent, horned serpent" 5. Eg.(Bu) herr + t, kaka
"worm, serpent"
kwaki cassava flour ? < Yor paki "cassava" (same tones as H.)
kwakwa oil palm, coconut palm cf. Twi, Ashanti, Fan popa, papa "palm
branch midrib" Twi kokosi "coco palm" Nzema kukwe "coconut" Portu-
guese coco "coconut"
kwal coal < Eng. cf. Kri. kol

kwala collar < Eng. cf. Kri. kola

kwal aba glass bottle cf. gora i, warya OS *kolab- "container"
9. Yor. koloba "tin for storing food" 8. Kan. kalva Sng. kulba "grande cale-

hasse, bouteille" Knz. kebe "Flaschenkurbis" i. Ngz. garuwa "gourd bottle" 2.

Ter. kola Muk. kwalaba "bottle gourd" Gis. koloba "bottle gourd" 4. Or.

kolba "horn cup" P.Sam. *kob "cup" RCu.(E) *7wib- "calabash" Sah. qob
i6o

"wasserdicht geflochtener Korb" 6. Gz. garab "leather bottle, vessel of skin"

kalabo "woven basket, pouch" Soc. girib "basket" Akk. gurab 7. Tur.
akerebreb "petite bouteille en cuir"
kwalashat shirt with collar < Eng.
kwalbati culvert < Eng.
kwaleji college < Eng.
kwalekwale boat "small Kakanda canoe" cf. Mnd. kulu "arbre creuse, pirogue,
bateau etc."Kasem (Voltaic) kole "canoe"
kwali cardboard, carton cf. Yor. pali "cardboard"
kwalli antimony cf. Ar. kuhl Mnd. kale, kali
kwalta bitumen, tarred road < Eng. coal tar cf. Kri. kolta
kwamma old hen guinea-fowl OS *kom- "fowl"
kwana bend, road comer < Eng.
kwana pass night also "24 hour period" cf. kwanta, wuni
I. Gwd.(N) kwa "24 hour period" Ank. gor) "night" Bel. hom "sleep" RD

kon, kwan "sich niederlassen" RF ggwen "Nacht, Tag" makon "Tag (24 Stun-
den)" 2. Ter.gp. *kw-n- "lie down" Bur. xyeni "sleep" Wmd. gonyu "sleep"
Hg., F. *xw-ny- "sleep, lie down" Gd. gwurjyin, nwunyina "sleep" Gdu.
wiyenu "sleep" Maf. kem- "passer la nuit" MM *hin- "lie down" Zgv. xanaya
"lie down" Gv. xunig- "lie down" Dab. wan "sleep" wan "He down" 5.

Eg.(Bu) un, unn "be, exist" 3. Lei., Gbr. kun "sleep" Nan. kena "Nacht"
Mkl. kone, gune "s'asseoir" 4a. Jnj. kuna "lie & sleep" kewa "sit down" 3a.
Lam. gua'a "rester" 8. Knz. gii "Ganztag von 24 Stunden" ugu "Nacht, Tag,
Ganztag, Lebenzeit" 4. RCu.(E) *axaw "to be" *igw- "be, become, remain"
*haw/y "be, stay" 6. Sem. k-wn "be, be in place, stay" Gur. qana, qara, kara
"24 hour day" 7. Tur. agan "s'accroupir" sagan "descendre (aun lieu)" asagan
"place oil un troupeau passe la nuit" Tarn, guni "attendre"
kwance, kunce untie OS *ket- "tie"
I. RB hwet "losen, aufknopfen" NBD kanda "untie" 2. Ter.gp. *kwasant- Gd.
kusira "become unwoven, fall apart" 3. Dgl., Bid. kanye "se reldcher" Mgm.,
Mkl. 'utt- "reldcher, echapper"
kwando basket cf. kindai, kwlkwito, kwatashi "small b." kantalma "large b."
? < k + nd-1
3. Lei. kondor "panier avec poche en filet" Dgl girdo "type of b." i. Tgl.

kodop "basket sp." 4. Or. gundo "flat b. for bread" P.Bon. *kag'oda "b."
8. Sng. kokonda "panier en vannerie spiralee" 2. Dab. ndel "panier en osier"

Bur. ntsila "large reed b." kwatsala "small palm b." Klb., Mg. tsala "b." Msg.
 i6i

kunsa'^ "grofier Korb" 5. Eg.(B) karehta "measure (?), pannier, basket" (F) nds
"measure for loaves and dates" Ar. qintar "measure of 160 ratl's weight"
I. NBW, NBK, NBB lakutu "b." 4. Irk. lakwanti "b." 7. Tur. ta7ennat
"panier"
kwano metal bowl, roofing iron cf. Yor. panu Kri. pan Bam. pani(n) "measure
for small quantities of grain" Eng. pan
kwanta lie down kwanto "lying low, ambush" cf. kwana
I. Bol. gandu, ngunt- Mh. gand- Tgl. wandan 2. Mol. hinde HG xanze
"sleep" Gis. hinje "schlafen" 3a. Mas. henjeta "night" 3. Mkl. (t)ugide "(se)

coucher, dormir" Dgl. weye, wiye "efre couche" 4. P.Cu.(E) *kat- "lie down"
P.Cu. *kw-tt- "sit down, sit" *g-tt- "sleep, lie down" 6. Hars. hend- "be
sleepy" Gur. *gwaddala, *gatara "fall asleep, doze" 5. Eg.(Bu) qeti "sleep"
khentchem "? sleep"
kwanta rafi reedbuck (Redunca sp.) lit. "lie down by stream"
1. (Tgl. lilir) "reedbuck" lilim "lying down, because of fear or to escape
danger") Ngz. kwarakwanta "i?. sp." Krf. kwanta "reedbuck" NBB kwanta
"hartebeest" NB gal(a)fi "i?. sp., Kobus sp." Ngz. garafiya "hartebeest" 2.

Mfg. bagalaf "roan antelope" 3a. Masa lafna "roan antelope"

kwanya occiput, brain substance cf. wawalwa
9. Mnd. ku- "head" kunna, kulla "ligne de separation des os parietaux" kunne,

kuUe "cervelle" 2. Gan. xwan "brain" 4. Alb. qlpayara "brain" 5. Eg.(Bu)

hen "skull, brain pan"
kware bark, skin P.W.Cha. *k'^ar- cf. kwasfa
kware strip (outer cover) cf. kwasfa OS *kotla'- "peel, tear" Cha. (W, E, C.)
kw-r- "skin, body"
2. Mfg. kult- "enlever (ecorce, plume, croute), ecorcer, eplucher" 3. DgL kork-

"coquille d'oeuf, coque d'arachide" 4. Or. qola "peel, pod, shell"

kwari, kware valley, furrow cf. gurbi, orama OS *xar-, *kur- "river" *wur-
"hole, water"
I. H. kwararo "alley, narrow street" wuriya "stream" Ngz. wuriya "water-
course feeding river" RD golor) "enges Tal, Kluft, Felsspalte" 2. HP, HK, HG
xuli "river" 3. DgL, Bid., Jg., Lei., Smr. kw-r-y- "fleuve, marigot, etang, der

See, Flufi" 4. Bil. kura, kuri 'Tlufi" Afr. golo "gorge, valley" P.Cu. *('-)kw-l
*river, lake, valley" 6. ES qw-U- "valley, lowland, (Gz. also river)" Amh.
kure "pond" Gz. qalay "gulf, ravine, gully, pond xawr "gulf, mouth
etc." Ar.
of river, tract of land between two hills" Akk. xurr- "hole, mine" 5. Eg.(Bu)
l62

kheru "low-lying land, swamp" (F) hrw "low-lying land" 7. Tur. agalmam
"reservoir d'eau naturel (quelconque)" (aman pi. "water")
kwari quiver kwaroro "type of bag, penis sheath"
(n.) cf.

1. NBS hulti Tgl. kuluk fik (fik "arrow") 2. Mfg. gulam "carquois" Gis. gulum

Dab. gilam, glam 3a. Msm. kul 'bendyu ('bendyu "bow") 6. Shuwa Ar.
kurtu ? < Kan.
kwarjini charisma cf. jini "blood" ("white blood" = "popularity", "black
blood" = "unpopularity") Sid. gaccena
kwarkwaro spindle, bobbin cf. Kan. korokoro "spindle of shuttle"
kwarkwasa ant sp. cf. Bok. pweiuhwasa "spider"
kwarkwata louse also warwata cf. waro "insect"
05 *burgic- "insect sp." i. NBB kurtu Bui. korgudo Gj. kwalikoto Tgl. wode
"flea, louse" 2. FG kalukii Bac. kulate "louse" kurakurate "spider" Mwl.
kurakurati "spider" Mat. r)kuukuay 3. Bid., Dgl. gorgor "puce, punaise" Kr.
agidgidi Turn., Lei., Mkl. (n)girs-, (n)gers- 4. P.Cu. *k'^-r(')-d- "tick, scor-
pion" *p-rr-t "flea, bug" Afr. inka^ "lice" inka^tu "louse" Or. gergo "chicken-
louse" 6. Akk. pirxas- "louse" Gur. qarac, qanac "flea" Ar. bur7u^ "flea" 7.

Tarn, tabrrxot "louse" Tur. kukku, kukkuten "puceron qui s'attaque aux
cereales"
kwarto adulterer, paramour
2. Ter. xarta Bud. karte "penis" C.Cha. *kwal "penis" 4. RCu. *k'^-tl-l-

"penis" 8. Sng. korte, korta, korto "malefice, mechancete"

kwarwa goose "knob billed goose" cf. Dr. kuyok "goose" Mnd. buru koro "oie

du Soudan (lit. dine du canard)" Shuwa Ar. umm kur "hob-nosed {sic) goose"
kwasa, kwashe take out, take away (esp. food from pot) cf. wace
I. H. washe "strip contents from home" NBM gasa "take away" 2. Gd.
ngaza "bring out of pot" Pad. kasa "prendre, porter" Tei.gp. *kis- "hold, seize"
HK kusu "hold, seize" Mfg. kai- "enlever, deaocher" Bat.gp. kus- "hold, seize"
Muk. kas "hold" 3a. Lam. kulut "enlever" kulut mbarao "se deshabiller"
(mbarao "vetement") 4. P.Cu.(E) *gus- "take away, take out, take off" 7.

Tam. -k(k)s
Tur., Siw., "dter, enlever"
kwasfa shell, outer skin also kwafsa, k/wanso, kwalfa ? < kw-( ) + f- cf . P.W.
Cha. *^arap-, *k^aHab- "bark" Cha. (E, W, C) kw-r "skin" P.AA (Militarev
6 Stolbova) *q'^-i-f "scales, shell, scab" OS *orip-/*irop-, *olif- "bark"
5. Eg.(Bu) hesb "bark a tree, strip" i. H. ir- "hide, skin" kware "bark,
skin" NBT orope "bark" Dw. kur "skin" put "tree" ko put "bark" 2. FM
kwatipu "bark" Bur.gp., Hg., F., Bat.gp. -fu "tree" 3. Lei. kolmbo "ecorce
 163

d'arbuste sp." 4. REC *kolf- "bark" P.Cu. *k-r(')-(p)- "bark, skin" 4a. Bnc.
k'omp'ar "bark" ? pu "*tree" (e.g. |am "swamp, bushy highland vegetation"
^ampu "tree sp.") 6. S. Ar. keif- "bark" Gur. qalfi "bark of tree" Akk. qilpu
"skin" 7. Tur. akaraf "emballage"
kwastan customs, customs duties < Eng. cf. Kri. kostoms
kwat coat < Eng.
kwata quarter (of yard, hour) < Eng.
kwata I. quay cf. Np. kpata "harbor"
2. abattoir cf. Yor. pata "butchering" pa "cut"

kwatakwata completely cf. Yor. patapata

kwatangwalo hip joint for -ngwalo see ingwallo
2. Gd. tangala "side" 4. Afr. glonko "side part of waist above hip"

kwatanta compare, describe, copy cf. gwada

kwatashi basket "type of small b." also takwashi cf. kwando, kwas- "collect
and remove"
I. Ngz. takaci "basket or calabash used to lift dirt out of a well" RF kicci
"Korb" 2. Muy. hatoc "basket" Muk. takwasa "basket" 4. Or. giticca "bas-
ket" 6. ES q-rcat "basket"
kwazazzabo gully, ravine cf. Tur. azazzabo "lieu oil on descend" zabbat ''de-

scendre"
kwTi side of body between thorax and hips tumbi
? < k + Bil cf. clbiya,
1. Pr. ili "chest" Brm. ilimsl "chest" 2. Bur. xyimbil "ribs" Co.
Tyimbi
"ribs" FJ, Mwl., Zgv. *-mbil- "*area of ribs" 3. Tum. el "ribs" 3a. Lam.
mbalar) "cote, proftl" 8. Knz. berri "Seite, Rippe, Hufte" 5. Eg.(Bu) ben + t "a
portion of the body"
kwikwiyo puppy cf. kare
3. Bid. kurkido "chiot" 4. P.Cu. *kw-rkw-r- "puppy" 6. P.Sem. *gurw-

"puppy"
kyaftin captain < Eng. cf. Kri. kyapin
kyakkyara cackling of hen also kyarkyara cf. cara, cera "crowing (of cock)"
kyakkyewa "loud laughter"
2. Gd. kakara Log. kelkel "gackem" Mfg. kekerey "rire de joie" 3. Dgl. kerkire
"caqueter (poule)" 6. Ar. qa'qa'a "cackle" 7. Tur. hekiki "rire aux eclats"

kyandir candle also "fluorescent light bulb" < Eng. cf. Kri. kyandul
kyagwa cat ? < k + y-ngwa( ) cf. kule, tunku

9. (Cameroun) Kwakum, Mer)ka, Baba', Lamso' -nyango- "cat" i. Bol. sanwa

"cat, wild cat" H. gwangwaleta "wild cat sp." (Gra. leta "bush") Ngz. ngara
i64

"wild cat" H. tamungul- "genet" 2. FB, FM muggwur- "wild cat" Hwn.

'amr)wara "cat" 'amwaya "wild cat" 4. Awg. anguca P.SC *k'^-n- "civet cat"

4a. Jnj. arjaca 6. Gur. qarijijia "civet cat"

kyar (ideo.) with a rending sound da kyar (also da yar, da kyat) "with diffi-

culty" 2. Gd. ngah "doing s. thing with difficulty" 4. Sid. qarra "difficulty,
trouble, pain"
kyarkeci, kyalkeci wild dog also iriinju cf. kare
I. Gra. karkali "hyena" 2. Dab. kweykwaya "hyene" 3. Dgl. kulko "cynhyene"

kyau, kyawo goodness, beauty kyauta "gift, do a kindness" kyautata "im-

prove" kyautu "be suitable" ? < k + yaw- cf. gyara, kirki, yawa
I. Gwd. kyawu, cawu Tgl. kor) "good, kind, handsome" RD hyaw "gut, schon
sein" 2. Gis kuwi "good" kuko ''schon" 3a. ? Lam kautu "cleanness" 5. Eg.
"something of worth, benefit, be of value" 4. Sid. kayyo "good
(Bu) shau
luck" Or. ho"a "be kind" Bor. kayoma "grazia, fortuna, dono"
kyauro reed, shaft of arrow (Saccharum sp.) also kyamro, kyarmo cf. kara OS
*yara-/*yaraw- "reed"
I.Gwd. keregwa "arrow shaft" 2. Log. gem "Rohr, Halm" 3. Sok. kel "Rohr,
Halm" 7. ? Tur. akeyuwod "roseau" 6. Sem. qalam "reed, stalk, pen" 5.

Eg.(Bu) kenn, ganu, gen "reed"

a how ? cf. haka "thus", "how?" aa
I. Gwd. nka "how (relative)" anga "where?" 2. Laam. ga "oii" Glv. ngwen
"how many" FJ 'agye Maf. ke "comment?" 3. Jg. 'alga "wie?" Dgl. r)a mor-
pheme de subordination polyvalent (temporel, causal) 3a. Ban. ga "how many"
4. Afr. anke "where?" Dhl. meka "how many" 4a. Jnj. aka "how?" 5.

Eg.(Bu) akh "how? why? what? where?"

aba bodily pain P.W.Cha. *q-b- "swell"
abila tribe < Ar. qabila
adangare lizard ? > k + D + -r)gw-l- cf. hawainiya OS *dinkar- "lizard" (six of
the 13 roots for 1. or 1. sp. in Edgar (1991) have GR either initial or final)
8. Tub. kadunkuli Mab. endindiggere 3a. Mas. hodogola i. KK dagkara

Ngm. dakura 4. Bye. (a)dangalai 2. FK (w)njaxala Laam. digir "lezard"dmu

"lizard rose" igir "margouillat" Gd. tangua "chameleon" 3. Mkl. doggolo
"margouillat sp." Bid. erkel "femelle du lizard" Kr. asur)guli "gecko" 6. Gur.
angaraya i. Bol. gare Tgl. kilir) 4. Abo., Afr., Or., Kmb. garr- "lizard sp."
addara predestine < Ar. qaddara
afa foot cf. (w)afa "hoof" see kofato, kwauri
I. Ang. kwep "foot of all hooved animals except horse" 5. Eg.(Bu) kap(u)

"sole of foot" 2. Mdr.gp. rukuf- "thigh" 3. Kr. kampa "Fw^, Bein" Sok. often
''Fufi, Bein" 7. Tur. teffart "partie de la jambe an dessus de la cheville" 4. Sml.
kub "lower leg" 6. Hars. xef "foot, sole"
afe, yafe dry, grill by firecf. kawa "grill, roast"

I. Gwd. kyepe "roast on skewers" NBB 7apw- "roast" 2. Maf. kaf- "se

dessicher" Mfg. gupc- "griller superficiellement" 4. P.Cu.(D) *g(^)-p- "bonfire,

boil" P.Cu.(E) *guf-, *'oh- "burn" *kah- "dry (intr.)" P.HEC *gaf- "cook by
boiling" Afr. kafe "become dry" Or. kafafa "dry slightly"
aga invent cf. era "fabricate", arya "lie (n.)", age "false accusation"
6. Ar. xalaqa 2. Msg. argux "LUgner, lUgenhaft" 3. Bid., Mgm. kilg- "crier"

4. Afr. uklug-, ankallag- "create" 7. Ber. sk-rk-s "mentir"

i66

ahO; afo horn also "cupping, bloodletting"

4. Sid. qeho "shoulder blade" i. P.W.Cha. *apa 3. Dgl., Bid. gep- Mgm.
gapu Kr. gaw Mkl. 'opiso Lei. keben i. BN fuwa- NB *p-r 3. Dgl.
Tgl. bol
punna ''corne de chasse" 4a. Bnc. pel 5. Eg.(Bu) thupar "horn, trumpet" (F)

^b "horn, tusk" 6. Heb. sofar "horn, trumpet"

ka'ida regulation, rule < Ar. qa4da
aimi spur ? < aya "thorn, fishbone" cf. Ar. sawk "thorn" sawka "spur"
aiayi itching also "chaff from winnowing" cf. kankare
OS *hok- "scratch" i. Gwd. kekegyi 7. Nefusa kadkad "chatouiller" Semlal
galgad "chatouiller" Tur. karkar "etre gratte" 2. Gd. hwahwa "scratch" Mfg.
gaya "demangeaison (sur le corps)" 3. Mkl. 'akkine "se gratter, demanger" Bid.
r)eru-r)eru "chatouillement, frottement, demangeaison" 8. Knz. kilkil "jucken"

3a. Lam. kilek kilek "fagon de chatouiller" gilek "chatouiller" 4. P.EC *hek-
"scratch" P.HEC *hangar- "scratch" Brj. hokok- "scratch oneself" Or.
(h)anqoqa "scratch" Afr. hulahuUe "rash" Bye. hagun "kratzen, jucken" 6
Our. akaka, ankaka "scratch where it itches" Akk. ekeku 9. Ful. way-, gay-
"itch, scabies" 4a. Jnj. ka'ya "scratch, scrape"
aji reedbuck (Redunca sp.)
I. NBW garji + na 2. Log. Log. koase "Wasserbock" 3a. Lam. kes "cohe des
roseaux"
aa, a'a how ? cf. haka, a
I. Tgl. kukwa
gaka NBM 2. Hwn. kukun Zgv. kixa Htk. kcYkey 3a. Mas.,
Mus. gage "how many?" 4. Bye. kak "how, what ?" Abo. kako(h) "how
much ?"

kala word, speech ? < Ar. qala (vb.)

kalau, lau very (good health) cf. kyau
4. Der. elo "well, kind, suitable" P.Cu.(E) *lo "true"
allafa be eager about, accuse falsely ? < Ar. kalifa bi "be addicted to, be in
love with" kallafa "impose (difficult task) upon"
amshi, anshi pleasant smell cf. gum ideophone of strong smell
I. Tgl. kume "smell (vb.)" 4. Sml. unsi "perfuming" (< umi)
amus dictionary < Ar. qamus
ane younger brother < "small" see anane anuwa, anwa "younger sister"

cf. karami
8. Sng. keyne "y. b." Dz., Ted. kinni "small" Dz. gayi "y. b." Kan. gana
"small" Knz. kinna "klein" 9. P.WN (*-ken-) "small"
I. Tgl. kenuk "sister's child, mother's brother" Ang. gyin "small" NBB kiyin
 167

"small" Bog. kay "small" 2. Mwl. kyer) "small" Htk. gene "Junge" Bud. 13 ana,
gana, gana "klein" Laam. kiya "small" 3. Smr. ginay "small" 3a. Pv. ki
"small" 4. Bye. er'ikena "younger, youngest, last born" ('ar "children") Bil.

genay "Kleinheit, Kleinigkeit" 5. Eg.(Bu) khem "small" henu, hunu "boy,

young" Cop. kuin "small, few" 6. Soc. qeyhen "petit"
anane small pi. Ranana ? < ane ananta "smallness, humiliate"
I. Dr. kalkal Ngz. gangam 2. Pdl., Bok. xwankin Bac. kyenkyen FK qgyixun

Glv. gkikwax-, xa'Tkana 9. P.WN *-keke

ar- I. increase, do again, finish arko, aro "durability" arasa, arike
"finish" arshe "end (n.)" OS *ar-, *ayats- "finish" *oti^- "end, finish
(vb.)" Cha. (E, W, C.) -t- "finish" H. kat "completely (finished)"
for g-r- "bigness" see girma
I. KK gatt- "increase" Dr., Tgl. k-re "keep on doing" kwae "finish" 2. Gid.
grak "finish" Log. ga "zu Ende gehen" galega "beenden" 3. Dgl., Mgm. gay-
"augmenter" Dgl. karle "faire augmenter" gas- "finir, achevef Bid. 'ar "grandir,

croitre" guise "se repeter" Bid., Mkl. 'agila "augmenter" 4. Or. giira "do repeat-
edly" Or. gudda "big" guddi'sa "multiply" Bye. gwud "be much, many"
gudis "augment" Sid. gud-, gut + is- "finish" Had. gull- "finish" Afr. ^agite
"be repeated" Brj. kad- "repeat" kadad- "add" kar- "add to" Sml. korcj- "in-
crease" 6. Gz. x-t-m "end, close and seal etc." S.Ar. k-l-s "finish" Hars., Ar.

x-l-s "finish" ES c-rr-s- "finish" Gur. cTraqa "finish" 7. Tur. igat "etre
nomhreux, etre frequent, etre long (temps)"
2. crying out, noise, complaint cf. gaya, kira OS *ar-, *qor- "shout"
I. NBK kay "call" NBT kawu- "call" erun "shouting" Brm. gare "call" 2.

Ter. gara "call" FG xar "call" Bur. kuraku "noise" Pad. gala "louer" 3. Dgl.
kole "crier" Tum. gura "cri" Mkl. ge "cri d'alarme" 4. P.SC *k'^ala'- "shout"
Sml. gar "claim, plaint, suit" 6. Gz. qal "voice, speech, sound, noise" Sem.
q-wl 7. P.Ber. *yi "call"
karami small cf. rame karanta "diminish", aranci "shortage"
8. Kan. karami "younger sibling" 2. Bud. kerami "younger sibling" 3. Dgl.
geram "de petite taille" Mub. ram "klein" Kaj. kirami "small" 9. Mnd.
kuruma "petit de taille"

arau glass bracelet, glass phial Ar. qarura "glass bottle" Msg. karwa "Armring"
karf- strength, metal cf. kera "forge" kwari "strength, hardness" (for "strength/
iron" cf. Mdr.gp. uziDa/nziDa "iron, strength" Amh. bray "iron" bartat
"strength" Kan. su "iron" su hi "steel" (bi "male"))
I. P.W.Cha. *q^af- "forge" Gwd.(N) kurfi "money" RF kef "Eisen" Bol. guwa
i68

"forging" Plateau Cha. k'^-l-m "forge" 2. Gd. hwaia "iron bar used as mon-
ey" 3. Dgl. garpe "forger" Bid. garap "forger" 3a. Lam. geo "fer" 4. Irk. xelif
"strong" 6. Amh., Gur. gulbat "strength" ? Ar., S.Ar. q-ww- "strong" 8.

Ted. girbi "strong" 5. Eg.(Bu) khepesh "strength, any weapon"

ari sting (n.) cf. aya

arni i. century < Ar. qarn

2. smell (e.g. rancid, burnt) also asni, kauri, kari P.Cu. *q-(y)r- "smell
(vb.)

karya lie, falsehood kirye "slander" ? < kera "fabricate" kira "fabrication"
I. Gwd. yaruwa 3. Dgl. are "mentir, raconter" Lei. gur "decevoir, ne pas tenir
promesse, flatter" 5. Eg.(Bu) qera "a lie" 7. Tur. karras "duper, tromper" Ber.
akarkas "mensonge"
kasa earth, ground, land, down karkashi "underneath" kaskasta "lower, re-
duce status" OS *qats-/*qawats- "sand"
I. Gwd. kasa, kisi 5. Eg.(Bu) khast "district, a kind of land, desert (?),

foreign land (?)" 2. Mdr.gp. *k9s- "town, country" Bac. gasey "farm" Ngw.
hasu "sand" Bud. kesa "Sand" Log. uxse "unteres, unter" Gd. atsa "under"
4a. P.N. Om. *kats' "sand, earth" 4. Bil. qusa "Sand" Bye. has "Sand, Staub"
Or. kosi "dirt" i. Ang. gyls "sand" Ank. hes "sand" RF hos "Sand" 6. Gz.
xosa, hoda "sand, gravel" Hars. xoter "down, underneath" 3. Dgl., Mgm.,
Bid. ki- "terre" Bid. ti kii "en has"
kasaita be big, important cf. Tam. akkswat "big"
kashi bone ? < k + '-s- P.Cha.(N) *as9 "leg, foot" see sau OS *kats-, *kas-

"bone" ^atsem- "leg" *^acem- "bone"

1. W.Cha. 'i/us- Tgl. wos "bone" 3. E.Cha. '-s- 3a. Lam. 'uso 8. Knz. ossi
"Bein, Fufi" Berta kara "bone, horn of giraffe" 2. C.Cha. g-'-4 9. Ful. (d/

g)'i'al 4. P.SC *^o4- "cheekbone" Bye. miku'al "bone marrow" (AA *m-7y
"water, be wet") P.Cu.(E) *^al- "cheek" 5. Eg.(Bu) qa/es 7. P.Ber. *i7S 6.

P.Sem. *^asm 4. Ag. *r)ac "bone" 4a. Jnj. gaca "cheek"

kat completely (finished) OS *koti^- "end, finish (vb.)"
kaura migrate
2. Mdr. kat "auswandem" 3. Dgl. kamre, karme "se deplacer avec toute la case,

demenager" Bid. kamar "demenager" 4. P.Sam *gur "move house" Abo. gur-
"migrate" P.Boni *kiir "emigrate, change settlement" Dly. kiar "umziehen,
migrieren" 7. Tur. galat "demenager" 5. Eg.(Bu) her "move away from" herti
"caravan march"
 i69

aurara roast lightly cf. kawa, Rami 2, one OS *qar-/*qawar- "burn"

I. RB 'angor "verbrannte Reste in einem Topf" Ank. kur "burn" KK karu

"roast" 2. Dab. kwal "sec" Mfg. kakar- "bruler" takwar- "bniler, detruire par

le feu" 3a. Mas., Ban. r)gal- "burn" 4. Or. qorasa "burn to fumigate" P.Cu.
(E) *^or- "burn" 5. Eg.(F) krr "bake (pots)" 6. Gur. magg'ara "burn, kindle"
7. Tur. karurat "se bruler"
kauye village also "edge of anything, neighborhood" awanya "surrounding
a place, metal ring" cf. kewaya
8. Np. kawuye "unwalled" ? < H. i. NBW awayo "bush" NBK kuwaya

"bush" 2. Brm. wiye "bush" Njn. wiye "bush" wuye "farm" Mwl. wiyo
"farm" 3. ? Bid. 'ore "brousse" 3a. Ban. ggora "bush" 4. P.Cu. *k'^-l- "tribe,
clan" Afr. gawra "fields, cultivated land" Brn., Alg. kwera "bush, un-
cultivated land" Or. qoro "territory (owned by landlord), quarter" 6. Sem.
g-wr "be in vicinity"
kawa see kawa
kawa friend (female, of woman) cf. kawa, kanwa "desire, love (n.)" kauna
"love (vb.)"
I. Gwd.(N) ho "like (vb.) Gib. r)gu + na (n.) NBP hwo, ho "love, want" NBK,
NBM gyam- "friend" BN *m-nga "friend" 2. Gd. nga'a "want, desire, like"

guva "friend" gima "friend (H. kawa)" Dab. ngama "friend" Maf. gwaa
"amie d'une femme" Bac. huma "want" Log. (u)g9m, gem "wollen, lieben" Mg.
gu "want" Mad. qgov "like" Pad. r)gwa "aimer, vouloir" 3. Lei. qgwa "aimer,
vouloir" kuma "desirer" Dgl. gi- "compagnon de" ga- "compagne de" Bid. ga (f.)
ge (m.) "camarade" Tum., Mkl. gey- "aimer, vouloir, desirer" Mgm. 'anko "de-

sirer, vouloir" 4. P.Cu.(D) *k-(7)-n, *ky-Ml- "love, want" P.EC *ge^l- "love"
7. Tur. aggam "admirer, agreer" 6. Hars., Mhr. k-w-r "love" Sem. *ax'^- "bro-

ther" 4a. Bnc. koy "want, look for"

kaya thorn also "fishbone" cf. hakori "*canine tooth" kaimi "spur" kari
"sting" karaya "fish with sharp fins {Schilbe mystusY' OS *kar- "horn" *qar-
"fish sp."
I. Gwd. akagya Tgl. kerek "sharp" Ank. nken Sur. gir BT *(h)ar- NB *aBa +
kiya (aB- "thing") DZ, Brm., Bui. 'ir- Ron *gir- (Bol. har + i) 2. FK kiki
Dab. gidigid 4. P.Cu. *q-r(r)- "sharp point, tip" REC *k-dh- "thorn" Gaw.
qant 8. Kan. karere "thorn" Tub. kula "fishbone" Dz. elle, erre "thorn" Sng.
kardyi "epine" Knz. kaddi "Dom" 3a, Lam. qa'i "epine, aiguille" 3. Mub. 'inye
"Dorn" Sok. oyum "Dorn" Bid. 'awal "aiguiser" 9. P.WN *-ghwyu (*-ghwuni)
I70

5- Eg.(Bu) qah "tip (of a horn)" 6. Amh. qarrasa "sharpen (pencil)" Heb.
qots Gz. g'^at "point, pointed"
ayyade fix, lay down ? < a'ida q.v.

azami dirty, vile < Ar. qazamiy "of mean appearance, vile" azanta "dirti-
ness, filth"
azwa, aswa scabies cf. aiayi OS *-jor- "dirt, be dirty"
I. Ngz. kasatuwa "scabies" RS ngos "kratzen" RB sinzwe(h) "jucken" Ang.
kwas "H. aswa" 2. Gd. gadza "scabies" 4. P.Cu. *q-ts- "itch" Dly. qos-,
xos- "kratzen" 3a. Lam. haswa'a 3. Mkl. gozono "gale" 5. Eg.(Bu) skhen
"skin disease" 8. Sng. kasuma ''gale" 2. Dab. gorboy "gale" 6. Ar., S.Ar. garb
"mange" 4. Afr. ^agrite "have scabies" Or. hoqsis- "itch (vb., trans.)"

kera, klra forge, fabricate makera "forge (n.), anvil" makeri "blacksmith" cf.

kaga, karf-, karya OS *kura'^- "strike"

I. Plateau Cha. kw-1- "forge, falsehood" NBS, NBD kwai- "forge" Gj. gilla

"iron" BoL, Dr. gu'- "forge" Bed. kaki "smithing" 2. HK gula, gila "forge"
Bac. kala "blacksmith" FJ kura "forge" FB 'ilan "smithing" Maf. gala "forge"
ngwala "forgeron-fossoyeur" 4. RHEC *kal- "produce (by non-humans)" 4a.

Jnj. ke'ra "build a house" 9. Mnd. kula, kola "forger, enclume" 8. Kan., Dz.
(k)agel "enclume etc." Knz. gir, kir "machen" 3a. Zim. ge "creer" gew "fer,

toute sorte de metal" Lam. gada "travail de la forge" re "fabriquer" 5. Eg.(Bu)

ari "create" qema "create, work in metal" 6. Gur. qurqura "blacksmith"
Amh. q'^araq'^ara "work with metal" Sem. k-wr "blacksmith's furnace" 4.
kareramo "smith" Ma' kirane "forge" mkirane "blacksmith"
Irk.

keta cruelty, malice cf. kece, keta cf. Sng. korte "mechancete" Mnd. gyara
"toute chose amere ou mauvaise, mechancete" Bam. korot- "mettre sur une mau-
vaise voie, poison magique" 4. ? RSC *kad- "arrow poison" 6. ? Gz. qedar
"poison"
ketare cross over cf. kadarko, kece
5. Eg.(Bu) khet "ford, passage" 6. Ar, qata*^ "cut, cross" Amh., Gur.
*K(w)r-T- "cut, cross" Mhr. keta^ "cut" Jib. ktt "cut, go along an edge" 7.

Tur. 7ts "couper" 4. P.Cu. *k-(n)t- "cut" Sml. weidaro "cross, pass by" Bil.

kisir "hinuhersteigen" 2. Glv. 7ud, 'u7udara "cut" Nkt. -7-D- "cut, tear" 3a.

Mas. r)ata "cut" 3. Mgm. kassiyo "traverser un obstacle"

keya, kyeya occiput cf. kai "head" wuya "neck"

I. Gwd. kyiya "head" Grn. kaya "occiput" 8. Knz. eyye "Hals" 4. P.Cu.
*k-'l-, *'y-L(L)-w- "skull, occiput" Sid. qo'le "name, occiput" Or. qole "nape
 171

of neck" i. NB *kyar "back" 6. Gur. g'ir "hollow in the nape of the neck"
9. RWN *-7iu "head"
i, iya refuse, reject, dislike maiyi "enemy" iyayya "hatred, enmity"
iyama "aversion, loathing" hana cf.

1. NBW tay- "prevent" NBJ ina "prevent" Tgl. kweele "refuse, oppose,
disagree" 2. Mdr. gyena "refuse" Bur., Mg. rjgal- "hate, refuse" Bud. gen
"verweigem, zuriickhalten" 3. Tum. gar) "refuser" Bid., Dgl. ye "haif' Dgl.
mekrinye "refuser completement de travaillef 3a. Lam. yin "empecher" 7.
P.Ber. *ugi "refuse" 4. Sid. qirri "oppose" qah- "refuse, enemy" P.Cu.
*7'^-l(l)- "be at enmity with" Bye. girim "be inimical" Afr. giddi, gagihto

"contrariness, contradiction" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) ken "be angry" kenau "hatred"

4a. Jnj. gi'u "be angry" 6. Gur. q'anna "grudge, ill-feeling, spite" Sem. q-n'-
" jealousy, anger"
iba fatness see kauri, taia
Gd. kupa "animal fat" 4. Bay. kabi "fat" Yaaku ke'pey "become fat" Sid.
2.

ke'ma "be very fat"

idaya count, reckon also ididdige, irga ? < K-( ) + -y- cf aya, iga, kaai .

3. Dgl. kety, key "un (employe uniquement en debut de numeration)" i. Tgl.

made "count, enumerate" NBD, NBP uw- "count" RF kwat "zahlen,
bezahlen" 2. Pad. tagwa "compter" 4. Sid. kira, kl'da Abo. kod- "drip" PEC
*dik- "count" Bye. digwi "count, reckon" 7. Tur. uddan, iddan "etre compte"
sidan "compter" 6. ES q'^-t-r-, q'^-s-r- "count" Ar. ^adda "count, reckon"
ififiya turtle also fifiya
I. NB *fyanfyan
lirii crowing of cock
1. Ngz. kwakuriyakwak 2. Mfg. kwakulak "cocorico"
il very small, very few see ure llu "firefly" cf. Ang. kiliwus "firefly" (wus
"fire")

ila perhaps ? < Ar. qila "it is said"

ira cut off, sever irare "(cut) sticks, twigs" P.W.Cha. *ar- "divide" *q-r-

"cut" cf. karya, etare OS *ara^- "cut"

2. HB r)gulo "break" FM r)gii "break" Njn. (m)giladi "cut, break" Gdu. ngiita
"break" Zgv. xaraya "cut" Hwn. kyaiur) "chop" 3a. Lam. r)gar "dechirer" 4.

P.Cu. *k-l- "slaughter" P.SC *ker- "cut (meat)" Sid. qiri "cut to pieces" Bil.

qara^, qarac "schneiden, ahschneiden" 4a. Jnj. ka'ra "cut" 6. Gz. galaya "cut
off, break off, separate" Amh. gallala "cut" 3. Dgl., Bid. 'ere "dechirer" 7.

Tur. alay "couper avec quelque chose de tranchant"

172

iri hide rope irgi "untanned ox-hide" Cha.(E, W, C) K'^-r-"skin" cf. kilabo
OS *ur-, *gar- "skin"
1. Gwd. kyiri "ox-hide, rope made of leather" KK 'irgi "skin" 2. Bud. cirgu,
curgu, curgo "Haut, Vorhaut" 4. P.Cu. *k-r(')- "skin" RCu.(E) *xa4- "skin gar-
ment" Afr. ^arum "strap, thong" Irk. qaway "strip of hide" Ma' kikekelo
"small piece or strip of hide" Sml. yel "strap" 7. Tur. akker "peau non
tannee" Ber. (g)l-m "skin" 5. Eg.(Bu) khara "thong, strap" khar "skin, hide"
khau(+)t "skins, hides" 8. Zar. kiiru "peau" 3a. Lam. kar) "laniere" 6. Amh.,
Hrr. qalad "strip of leather" Ar. gild "skin, hide, leather"

iriiri Cynodon sp. "Dub grass" cf. tsambiya Sid. qirqirt- "long grass sp."

irin very black, very dark cf. bai, tilim OS *kalem-/*kulem- "charcoal"
4. P.Cu. *k-r(r)- "dark, night, black" 8. Kan. kalum "noir de la nuit" Dz. kula
"noir brillant" Zaghawa gilli "night" Bgr. ili, kil(i) "black" (also suffixed to
two horse colors) Knz. urumma "schwarz" 9. Gby. gir-gir (ideo.) "tres noire,

obscurite totale" i. Dr. taksram "dark" KK galo "green, blue" Tgl. kalme
"blue, dark" 3. Sokoro kilmio "schwarz" Dgl. kelmo "ombre, dme" Bid.coeur,

kilmo "charbon" 2. Bur.gp. *k'^ui- "darkness" Hg., F. 3a. Lam.

nKuri "black"
r)gui "tres noir" 4a. Jnj. kara "black" 5. Eg.(Bu) qerhu, kenem, kehna "dark-
ness, night" 7. Tur. ungal "avoir des paupieres noires" sangal "noircir les pan-
pieres" ikwal "etre noir" 6. ES *t-q'^-r- "be black" Akk. guxlu "antimony"
irji chest pi. iraza ? < K-r + -z- cf. majina "phlegm" P.Cha. *'ai- "cough,
lung, chest" P.Cu. *7-l(l) "stomach, heart" ? P.Ber. ul "heart" P.Sem. *'ir (+)
t "petto"
2. W.Bur.gp. kar + aiu "chest" (kir "head") FB 7ura} E.Bur.gp. xaiu "chest"
1. Gwd. giriji RB, RD (a)jin "Brust, Brustkorb" Tgl. kuld- "womb, cough" Cp.
zur) Ank. pizur) (pi "mouth") DZ, Gj. ng(y)ei- "chest" NBJ mulu "chest" NB
*m-s- "chest" 3. Mkl., Bid., Mgm. *g-rg-(r) "poitrine" Mkl. 'eze "tousser" 4.

Sid. koccima "stomach man)" Dly. ero "Brust" 6. Gz. kari "stomach,
(of
abdomen" Heb. karets "belly, paunch" Akk. karsu "stomach (?)"
ishi, ishirwa thirst, craving (? rwa redundantly < ruwa "water") yashi "cov-
eting" RCha.(N) kazam "thirst" (*am "water") RW.Cha. *qudzi
2. Log. 70zam "Hunger" 4. P.Cu. *(g)-('-)tl- "be hungry" Sml. gajo "hunger"

Ma' kasu "thirst" Sid. hude "hunger" 6. Gur. gaja, gacca "hunger, famine"
Ar. gasi^ "thirst for" 7. Tur. e7si "mourir de faim" 4a. Jnj. ikto "be thirsty"
kito "die"
issa story, anecdote < Ar. qissa "narration, story"
iyasi considered estimate, analogy < Ar. qiyas
 173

iyasta consider carefully, estimate < iyasi

oda kidney ? < w-1 + d- cf. wallo "ball" wara "grain, nut" NB, BN, C.
Cha., Ban. K^-r/ls OS *kul- "kidney"
I. Bol. wolu, 'odo'odo Dr. 'ond- Bui. waldi ? RB ggwaral 2. Pdl. wadawada
Mat. kwadu a a "back") Laam. gguduf
(? dme" 3. Dgl. godiya "rein,
"coeur,

estomac de mouton" 4. P.Cu. *(m)-k'^-l(l)- P.SC *(n)kw-l- Bye. ankwel'a,

tunkwila 6. P.Sem. *kulyat 5. Eg.(Bu) qet "circle, go round" (Cerny) grt
"kidney" 9. P.WN *-kwol- "heart" Ful. gedu ernde "coeur organe assimile a
un noyau" (er- "heart, stomach") 7. ? Ber. -G-z(z)-l-

ofa doorway also ofa, ohwa cf. kafa "small hole"

OS *ko'af- "door, gate" i. Gwd. kopa RB fukwap (fo "mouth") NBP, NBS

Hw-w- "doorway" NBD agwabu "doorway" 2. Bac. kwa- "mouth, doorway"

3. Kr. ku "mouth" 6. S.Ar. x/h-h "mouth, entrance" Gz. xoxat Ar. xawxa

Jib. xoh "mouth" 4. P.Rft. ka'afu "gateway" Sid. kurfo "hole in the ground"
(P.Cu. *ap- "mouth") REG kaw- "hole" Brj. hombo "entrance of house" 5.
Eg.(Bu) khebai "cave, hole etc."
oo, ouwa small calabash cf. gwangwani, urzunu, warya
OS *ko+ko- "vessel" i. H. owan kai "skull" Zks. kwolkin "calabash" 2.

W.Bur.gp., FG, Mat. *kw-kwa "calabash" Maf. kwokway 3. Mgm. kukuwa

"courge" Kr. gurgum "gourde" 4. Sid. kokki- "skull, vessel" qonco "pumpkin,
gourd, skull" 6. Gz. kokam "gourd, potsherd, scoop etc." Ar. qumqum
"long-necked bottle" Amh. qorqorro "tin can" 4. Afr. korkoro "tin can"
8. Kan. (Benton) kogar "tin" 7. Tur. takarkort "crane"
ouwa top, summit cf. koli
I. Bol. ? kokiyok "tuft of hair" Ngz. guguyak "rock, mountain" RK gugwat
"Felsenhugel, Berg (pi.)" Krf. gikkini "mountain" 2. Bok. xanngwiya "stone"
FG xakwu "mountain, stone" Gd. gyigwa "mountain" 3. Jg. kokode "kleiner
Steinhiigel, Pels" 3a. Lam. guguei' "pierre, montagne" 4. Sid. konka "point"

Bil. kirkirta "Schddel, Scheitel" 7. Tam. akrkr, acrcr "pile of stones"

oli top, summit also ololuwa cf. kai "head", ouwa, wawalwa OS *ol-
"head"
I. H. walluwa "cranium, "mountain" RK got "Felsenhugel,
skull" Pr. kulle
Berg" 2. Gab. r)gwele "mountain" Mg. gwu "mountain" Mdr.gp. 7W-
"mountain" Glv. 'akwura, gila "stone" Zgv., Gv., Nkt. kur- "stone" Gv. gila
"stone" 3a. guei', go'i "pierre, montagne" 3. Mkl. mokkolo, mokkulsu "pierre,
montagne, colline, rocher" 4. Sid. qal- "top, roof" P.Cu. *k'^-r- "climb, top,
hill" Had. qorita "summit" Or. ko(o)ra "go up, climb, mount" 6. Gur. qurit
174

"summit, top" Amh. rasa q'^arr "helmet" (ras "head") Gz. q'^ar'^ "helmet"
Akk. xurs- "rock, mountain" 5. Eg.(Bu) har "head" her "upper part, sky,
ascend, upon"
Rone burn, dry up kiina "burning heat" cf. kawa/awa "grill, roast" kunna
"kindle"
I. Bui. konu "burn" 2. Bat.gp., FM, FB xun- "burn" 3. Dgl. onne "faire de
la fumee, se secher a la fumee" Lei. kuny "cuire sans eau" 4. Ag. ank'^int- "be
hot" Bye. kwimi "bake (meat)" 5. Eg.(Bu) qenu "heat, fire, burn"
korama river "big stream flowing through fertile plain" ? < K'^-r + ma cf. AA
*ma/*am "water" H. kwari, kware "valley" Kwara "River Niger"
I. Ang. kuram "lake" RK haram "river" BN anku (? < am + kur) "river" 2.

FB 7aran "lake" 4. Or. galana "sea, big river" haro "lake, pool" Bye. magwal
"water hole" Afr. geru "origin of a river" 6. Gur., Gz. qor(i)ro(n) "river" 7.

Tur. egaraw "fleuve" agarew "vaste etendue d'eau" agalmam "reservoir d'eau

naturel"
kos-, OS- suffice, be satisfied, ripen ? < -wl- + s-

3. Kr.dose "rempUr" Sok. osn- "genug werden" Mkl. 'olle "murir" 'onne
"suffisant" 'one "remplir" 3a. Lam. kus "plein" 4. Or. qasso "ripe" Brj. hu'-,
hum- "be full" bus- "fill" RSC *xul- "be sated, be satiated" Sml., Afr., Or.
**^uls- "be heavy" i. Ngz. gawayak "sated with food, well fed" Ang. gil "be
satisfied" Dr. koi "ripen" 2. Log. 'uia, 'oia "fiillen, sich fullen" Bud. koho
"satt werden" Cb. 7uya "fill" Pdl. hyerra "fill" 6. RSem. *kaii' "full of food"
Akk. kasu "crescere molto" 7. ? Tur. esia "etre rempli d'eau" maswad "etre soul"

5. ? Eg.(Bu) sa "be full, satisfied" sesa(a) "repletion, sufficiency" s + sa "fill

with food"
kota handle (of tool) ? < kwat- see kwace
koto pecking cf. kwankwasa
I. Gwd. kpoto 3. Dgl. kokidye "grignoter" 4. RCu.(E) *xwat- "rub, scrape
(with hands, paws etc.)" Bil. qwatqwat "picken, hauen (vogel mit dem
schnabel)"
kuble, kuble tie knot cf. kulla
I. H. kuba "door lock" Tgl. koble "lock (vb.)" NBP kurmbai- "knot (vb.)"

3. Mfg. kalw- "nouer, attacher (pattes d'un animal)" 4. R.Cu.(E) *gib-/*gub-

"close" 4a. Jnj. kulfu "close (vb.), stick for closing door" kulfto "locked, be
closed" 8. Sng. kufal "serrure, mettre sous clef" 6. Ar. qufl "lock (n.)" Sem.
q-f-1, q-l-f 7. Tur. elkubbet "serrure"
 175

uda, uje fly (n.) cf. waro "insect" OS *diway- "fly" *ji'-/*juw- "insect sp."
6. Ar. qaduh "fly" i. Gwd. gkunda Ngz, juwa + k 3. Bid. 'uduwo Lel. kelje
"grosse mouche, taon" 2. E.Bur.gp. *kw-njafu "mosquito" (Bur.gp. fu "tree")
Hwn. kikaa- "mosquito" Gd. kukua "sandfly" kadzar)a "mosquito" Mdr.
gp. gu(n)ja "mosquito" 8. Knz. kulti 4. RCu. (D,E) *(H)int- "louse" P.SC
*hinto/*hinto "fly" *t(y)u "mosquito" Kns. xaja Das. klSin 4a. Jnj. kura
Om. wuts- I. RB kungwish ? < ku + ngwish 6. Gur. qisa "kind of fly" 5.

? Eg.(Bu) hat, hura "fly (vb.)" 7. P.Ber. *izi

udura tie knot, decide cf. hada, kaddara

6. ES q(w)atara "tie up, knot" i. Sey. ndur "arrange" Tgl. kwadle, kwalle
"tie up, knot" 2. Gdu. hadaran "arrange" Bur.gp. H-rt- "close" 3. Mgm.
aro "ligoter" 4. P.HEC *gurda 7. Tur. akrad "Her, ligoter" edrer "se coller"
5. Eg.(Bu) heter "join together, unite etc."
kugi roar, bellow, rumbling also gunji cf. kiaka, kuwwa
I. Dr. kui < *kuhi "cry" 2. Maf. gwoguv- "grander d'une voix grave" 8. Kan.

kogo "sound, voice, noise" 3. Bid. kogom "crier (singe), grommeler" 4. Or.
koqa "sound of a leopard" 6. Gur. g'^agg'^ara, g'^arra "roar, bellow, low"
Sem. g-^-r 7. Tur. angaw "rugir, meugler (lion, taureau)"
kugiya hook
I. Gwd. kurigyiya 3a. Lam. klleke 4. Or. hokko Sid. honkolo Bye. 'agwir
Sml. hangol
ugu lower back "sacro-lumbar region" cf. goya, kungurmi
1. Kof. guk "upper back" Ang. kaguk "back, especially lower back" NBS
r)g9r)gi "back" 2. Bud. kagu "Hinterteil" Mad. malakugum "back" 3. Dgl.

gogo "partie superieure du dos" ]g. kok (pi. 'oge) "RUcken" 4. P.Sam. *girgir
"back" 8. Kan. kawu "area above small of back" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) haa "behind"
uliuli groundnut balls cf. kwallo "ball" kulu
2. Pad. will wile "tourteau d'arachide"
kull- tie knot, join together cf. igiya, kuble OS *x-l- "close, lock"
1. H. kuUe "lock up" Gwd. kirisa "knot (n.)" Ang. kiil "knot, tie a knot" Tgl.
keri "tie, imprison" Bol. r)gor "tie (up)" Gib., Krf. r)gar- "tie" Kof. kugul "tie"
2. Gd. gwala "tie onto" gurata "tie tightly" takuia "tie a knot" Dab. kir "tie"
3. Dgl. kerse "faire un noeud" 4. P.Cu. *k^-tl-r- "tie, etc." Afr. kir^e "bind, tie
tightly" Or. koronji- "tie firmly" P.SC *^or "bind, tie" 3a. Lam. 'uium
"nouer, faire un noeud" 7. Tur. aglay "faire un noeud a" 6. Ar. ^aqal "bind
(legs of camel)" Gz. ^aq'^ara "bind up, knot etc." 4. Bye. hakwir "zubinden,
176

schliefien" 3. ? Lei. tegre "attacher avec plusieurs noeucis" (? < t + g-r) 5. Eg.
(Bu) kara + t, her + t, hat "prison, place of restraint"
ulu beans cf. goro, gujiya "Voandzeia"; wallo "ball"; ulliatu, ululu "swel-
ling" ulu-ulu "large and round"
9. Dyl. kuru "Voandzeia" 8. Kan. ggalo "beans" ggaloggalo "swollen glands"
kolji "groundnut" (cidi "ground") Knz. ugud "Bohnen" N.Sem. *pul-
6.

"fava" 5. Eg.(Bu) pur, pura "beans" aurit "beans, Syrian beans" i. RF kerem

"Bohnen" Dr. worom "beans" NET waran 2. Pdl. worom- Bac. warey Gdu.
kere "groundnuts" Mdr.gp. *g'ire/*r)gire 3. Lei. tongu "haricot" guna

"arachide" Mgm. buggul "pois de terre" Kr. Bid., Mkl. -k-r- "Bohnen, pois de
terre sp."

kuliilu big gourd water pot OS *qul- "vessel"

uma flea also "fowl-lice, sandflies" Cha. (E, C) '(k)-m "eat (hard things), bite"
OS *omal- "insect sp."
8. Sng. ngumba "tiques des chiens, poux des poules" 6. Amh., Gz. q(w)-m-l
"louse" 7. Tur. agarmal "tique" 1. Gwd. (Gitata) gkuma Ang. ngum "insect
sp." Sur. r)gum "eine fliegende Kdferart" NBD agurm- (Tgl. wode "flea, louse,

bite") 3. Dgl. ume "mordre" Bid. 'om "mordre" Smr. wome "essen" 3a. Lam.
gua'a "insecte sp.; provoque des demangeaisons" 4. P.HEC *gam'- "bite" Bye.

g'am "tick" hem *nko "flea" *keh- "bite, sting" 4a. Dizoid
"tick sp." P.SC
umE "eat" 7. Tur. kukku "puceron" Tam. axxu "insect" 5. Eg.(Bu) khun(n)
"bite, sting (of scorpion)" unkh "bite, gnaw"
umba, ambor- fingernail, claw also "mussel shell" cf. akaifa P.W. Cha.
*uban "nail" Cha. (E, W, C) *kw-r "skin, shell"
I. NBD agalambau NB -wi, kw-r)gwi Tgl. "skin + edge + hand, arm" Dr.

kwalir) Gib. ngirba Ngz. gurbak "finger, fingernail" 3a. Lam. qgiie a
"ongle" {"griffe + main") 4. P.EC *kuba "finger, toe"
unci, kumji narrowness, smallness untata (vb.) cf. guntu, ure
I. Gwd.(N) kintin "short" Tgl. kwandal "shortness" 3. Kr. koce, konce

"petit" Bid. gete' "petit" 3a. Lam. kwetete "etroit" 4. P.Cu. *k'^-tty- "small,

thin" P.Cu.(E) *k^'- "thin" P.HEC *kat- "thin" Sid. quta "short, dwarf 6.
Gur. qumtal "short" Sem q-t-n "be small, thin" 8. Knz. urtunna "kurz,
klein" 7. ? Tur. ikraz "etre etroit, court"
ungiya group of people, collection, quantity also umjiya, umniya cf.

goma
4. Or. qomo "people, relatives, kind, sort" 6. S.Ar. qawm, gom "raiding
 177

party" 5. Eg.(Bu) qeb(u) "company, group, multitude, companies of sol-

diers" (F) km3w "class of soldiers"
ungurmi cranium cf. ouwa
2.Gd. kunguranyina "skull" 7. Tur. takarkort "crane" 5. Eg.(Bu) qemhu,
gemh + t "crown of head" 6. P.Sem. *gulgul + at "cranio" Soc. gemgemoh
kunsa wrap, envelope cf. kushewa, uU-
1. Gwd. kumusa Ngz. kaisu "wrap (turban), tie"
5. Cop. kaise "prepare for

burial" Lam. ku'u "envelopper, emballer"

3a.

kura urine also "water not mixed with anything"

2. Mfg., Mdr.gp., Bud. *kuray 5. Eg.(Bu) khaa "make water, diuretic, aper-

ient, ekbolic" (F) hs^ "urination" 6. ? Heb. sexur Jib. kerof "animal urine"
kura, ura dust cf. habra
I. Ang. orr) RF 'oror) NBT kure (? < H.) Ngm. 'ura 2. Pdl. kolo Ngw. kilaw FK

k'alo "ashes" Gdu. ggura- "ashes" 3. Lei. kubra "farine" 4. P.SC *^ora
"ashes" P.Rft. *gubar- "flour" Or., Der. awara "dust" Afr. ^ana, ^ona "dust
storm, sand storm" 6. Amh. awwara Ar. ^afr Heb. ^apar, 'ep^r Hars. 7ebar
7. ? Tur. godrar "poussiere"
kure be small, be narrow cf. karami, kunci, kuru OS *kal-/*kil- "be small"
I. H. kil, kiris (ideo.) "very small, very few" Gwd. cukuri "small" ? < cu +
kuri NB *r)g8r "near" DZ xyeli "small" 2. Gd. kurinya "youngest child" Bur.
nkyar "small" Gdu. kul "short" Mfg. degwele('e) "court, petit, nain" (da "de
(provenance)") Mad. akla "little" Msg. guile, gulai "kurz, klein" Log. galiya,
galea "kurz" 3. Mkl. goror) "pres, proche" ? Dgl. togoroty, sokoroty "etroit
(pour un lieu)" 3a. Mas., Ban goro "small" 9. Mnd. kuru "petite taille etc."

Yor. kuru "short" 8. Ted., Dz. koro, korei "court" Kan. kori "short (man)"
4. P.Cu. *k-ll- "be small" 5. Eg.(F) h3 "be little, young" h3 "near" (Bu) qaa
"by, near" 4a. Jnj. garo "small in number" 6. Sem. q-11- "be light, small"
7. ? Tur. ighal "etre de petite taille" (Cortade)
kuri'a casting lots, balloting < Ar. qur^a cf. Sng. kurra "tirer au sort" Tur.
kelyu "jeter un sort" Tam. ixrrya "sortilege"

kurji pimple, boil pi. kuraje

6. Ar. xuraj "pimples, boils, abscess" i. Gwd. kuriji "eruption, boil" Ngz.
gabarzai "boil" SB 'is-, 'us- "boil, pimple" Ank. sil "ulcer" 2. Mfg. gurier)
"plaie etendue, plaie ouverte" (Rossing) gurier) "ulcer" Mad. gurdzoh "ulcer"
Muk. gorodzo "ulcer" F., Hg. zi "pimple, ulcer" 4. Brj. aysi "abscess boil
(sic)" Bye. asul "Wunde, GeschwUr" 6. Gz. Amh. q'^-sl "wound, sore, abscess.
178

pain" 5. Eg.(Bu) khest "boil, ulcer etc." kherit "wounds, gashes" gent "slit,

wound"
uru pony also "breed of small horse, short person or donkey" cf. aguru, ure
Kan., Bgr, koro "donkey" P.Cu.(D) *d-( )k'^-r "donkey"
kuruciya youthfulness cf. kure cf. Bud. kurucei "weich, feucht, lose" Log.
kaluxsi "Weiche, Taille"
kusa nail (metal) also tsuga
4a. Dim., Ari, Ham. gus- "fingernail, toenail" 6. ? Ar. qaws "bow, carding
bow"
kwace take by force cf. kwasa OS *qot- "take by force" P.W.Cha. *qaf-"seize,
hold tightly"
4. P.Sam *q'ab + (}a "catch, seize, hold" Or. kaba (+ da) "seize, catch, have"
Brj. kaf- "have" Sid. qoca, qonca "catch, seize" i. Tgl. kote "hold" Pic.

guptu "seize" 2. FB rjgaft "seize" Cb. guzi "hold" guti "seize" Gd. kuci "pull
out (handful of hair or grass)" gutss "seize and pull away forcefully" Mfg.
karz-, garz- "attraper, saisir" Klb. agiiziy- "hold" Bur. kata "take" katsa "take
a little" Gv. xutan- "hold" 3. Mub. huwuta 'fangen" 7. Tur. kabattet ''pren-
dre a pleine main" 5. Eg.(Bu) kep, gap, kefa "seize" kef + t "seizure" 6. Sem.
q-t-f "pluck"
kwafa fill up gaps cf. gwaa "insert"
kwai egg cf. golo, gwaiwa, gwaiduwa, kwallo, kwaya ? P.Cha. *Kw-L- OS
*kol-, *kay- "egg" *qol- "testicles"
I. H. kwalatai "testicles" waiwaya "scrotal infection" Gwd. kwoyi (N)
kwar) NBD akin Ngz. agwai Bed. gwiyan Sey., Bol. w-1- "egg, testicles" 4. P.

Cu.(E) *k^anh- "egg" (D) *k'^-l(l)- "testicles" Bye. kuhi, kwahi 4a. Jnj. kewa
"egg" 9. Gby. kui "oeuf" P.WN *-gila "egg" 8. Dz. kwili "oeuf" Kan. ngawul
"egg" 6. Soc. qehelihen ''oeuf' kere^el "testicule" Gur. anqula, anqura "egg"
anqulu "testicles" 2. Njn. kuro'i Mwl. ug'ulo' Gab., Gan. (n)ge'ila 3. Tum.
nga, r)a "oeuf" 3a. Lam. gel, gye'e "testicule" Msm. gwel "testicle" 7. Shi.
taglayt 5. Eg.(Bu) kherui "testicles" (kheri "scrotum")
kwakwalwa brain "brain substance, part of skull containing brain" also kwalwa
cf. kwanya, koli
I. H. kwalluwa "cranium, skull" Gwd. kugkuwa Gj. kulaga (ga "head") Tgl.

wulewule 2. Pdl. hwanhwana Bok. xur + "head" Hwn. xuxunana Mdr.

makxyekye 7. Tur. akalkal "cervelle" takarkort "crane" 4. Sid. angole "brain"
P.Cu.(D) *k-'l- "cranium, head, self" 3. Lei. gelngese- "cervelle" 5. Eg.(Bu)
herit "skull, top of head" 3a. ? Lam. wa "head"
 179

wallo ball, stone of any fruit also "ball game" cf. gululu, kewaya, wai,
wara, waya OS *kor- "(be) round"
8. Knz. guUu ''Kern der Dumnuft" i. Ang. gwar "round, spiral, patterns" 2.

Log. r)golo "rund" Mfg. r)galr)gal- "mettre en boule" Gd. takurak "round" 3.

Mkl. kirra "tourner la boule" Dgl. kiwil kiwil, kikawal "en rond" 4. Sid. qoUe
Or. kolle "field hockey" P.Cu.(E) *xir- "be round" P.SC *k^aia "beads" 4a.

Jnj. kar "be round" 9. P.WN *kul- "to roll" Mnd. kolo, kulu etc. "boule" 3a.
Lam. ? hula "balle (des grains)" 6. Ar. ku(r)ra "ball" Tge. korit "ball" Akk.
gullat- "ball, etc." 5. Eg.(Bu) ququ "kind of fruit, palm nuts (?)" qur + t "a
fruit" kar kar "anything round" 8. Knz. gurgur "aufein Knduel wickeln, rund"
Kan. korkor "circle" kari "bracelet" 7. Tur. takarikara "balle (pour jouer)"
kwama beans cf. kulu
I. Sur., Cp. kom "groundnuts" Ang. girm "groundnuts"
kwangwara shield "white, oblong shield" cf. gark-
I. Ang. kan + girp "shield made of skin" ("buffalo" + "covering, protection")

wanwasa knock on, tap on cf. koto OS *kos- "strike"

I. Ngz. kwankori "rapping child's head with knuckles" 4. Or. qosaqqosa

"rap repeatedly, knock" Sid. qunke "knuckles" 6. ES (9n)q-sq-s- "rouse, stir,

shake" Gz. q^asq^asa "stir (fire)" 3. Mgm. kokko "frapper a la porte"
wanso shell, pod, boll see kwasfa
4. Sml. gu^unso "ball, any round body"
wanso locusts cf. waro "insect"
I. KK kwancar DZ kuza 3. Mkl. wesso, wessu "sauterelle sp., criquet" 4. Kmb
koncafara Sid. kancafare (cf. H. fara "grasshopper, locust" AA *p-r- "jump,
fly")

kwara kernel, grain, nut (esp. "shea-nut") (= kwaya q.v.) cf. goro, gululu, iri,

wallo
I. Tgl. koorok "grains" kwalak "shea tree and fruit" NBM akur "shea nut"
NBS (7)wuryi "seed" Krf. kira "seed" SB ngul-(f) "seed" 2. Bur.gp. *kw-l
"seed" Gd. hula "shea-nut" Log. 7wala "Korn (im Allgemeinen)" Laam., ? Pad.
h^-1- "grain pour semer" 3. Dgl. era "noyau du fruit du palmier-doum" Bid.
wero "noyau de jonc" Turn, guu "noyau" Mkl. 'ulo "grain, enfant" 4. Brj. karo
"children" Or. qaro "pupil of eye" Sml. il guruh "eyeball" 6. Hars. gele^
"date-stone" hegelot "eyeball" Mhr. galat "date stone" galhot "eyeball" 7.

Siw.agram "noyau de datte" 5. Eg.(Bu) khann + t "core, kernel"

kware be expert, good kwarai "very (good)" cf. kokari "striving hard"
5. Eg.(Bu) aqer "be excellent, perfect" 4. Bil. gar "konnen, vermbgen"
i8o

ware choke wara "exceed capacity" cf. maura, shaara "throttle, seize by
throat" mawarwa "throat" RCha. *7w-r- "neck, throat" cf. maogwaro,
wuya
I. Gwd. mokori "choke one's neck" Tgl kwari "choke"

wari strength, power, soundness, hardness cf. arfi, tsauri

OS *-r- "dry (vb.)" 7- P-Ber. *yym "be dry hard" 9. P.WN *-gw-l-
"strength" *kwua- "be hard" 2. Gd., FB ng-r- "strength" Hwn. ka7urak
"hardness" Dab. kwal "sec" i. H. oari "hard effort" KK 'yakara "strength"
Bui. qget "strength" 3. Turn, nga "etre fort" Bid. bakirok "dur, fort" 3a. Lam.
okorok "dm" Ban karar) "strength" 4. Sid. qora "dry up" Bil. gar "stark,
krdftigsein" Bye. akir "strong, hard" Kmb. kar- "stiff, hard, strong" Or. ango
"force" Abo. goga "dry" goga + "finger" = "hard, strong" P.SC *xal-, *xal-
"be dry hard" *karah "dry, hard" *^ur-, *^uD- "strength" 5. Eg.(Bu) qen "to
be strong"
waro i. insect cf. kwarkwata, uma
I. Tala kuryi "mosquito" 3. Lel.kore "mouche" Tum. harir) "mouche sp." 3a.
Lam (Kraft) kwareo "fly" 4a. Jnj. kura "fly" 4.P.HEC *kora "flea" 8. Kan.
kuli "beetle, insect" kari "tick" Berta ho'oror) "fly" 2. Bud. kari "Kamel- und
Pferde-Laus" Bac. ggularje, qgulagto "mosquito" i. SB *vur- "mosquito" NBD
avultu "mosquito" 2. Dab. virrut "mosquito" 5. Eg.(Bu) hura "fly (vb.)"
6. Gur. woro "kind of insect that lives in the house" Gz. 'aqaron "fly" 7.

Ber. kurd-, gurd- "puce"

waro 2. thief, wizard also "hyena, crocodile etc." cf. arawo P.Cha.(N) *xar9
"steal" P.Ber. *ak9r, ak'^ar, ukar "steal" OS *xuru^-, *kir- "steal" (for the
polysemy cf. Eg.(Bu) seshtu "crocodiles, secret powers of evil" hun + t

"crocodile, evil")
3. Dgl. gallo "mauvais, desagreable, mechant" Bid. kurus "homme mechant"
(duskul "vilain") 5. Eg.(Bu) huri "fraud, wrong" kher "evil, wickedness" 4.

Afr. gar^a "theft" Dly. kere^- "stehlen" Abo. ger(i)' "steal" korsa "medicine"
Or. qolo "evil spirit" qallu "sorcerer" qoricca "medicine, poison" Bye.
gwihar, guhar "steal" P.HEC *kn- "do magic" P.SC *'ag^iy- "steal" *k^aiar-
" doctor-diviner" 7. ? Tur. emekkeleyu "sorcier" 9. P.WN *7iu- "steal" 6.

Soc. di + qaien "voleur, mauvais esprit" Amh. tanq'^ay "wizard" tanaqq^ala

"engage in sorcery" 8. Knz. dogir "Zauherer, Hydne" Kan. karama "wizard,
witch" 2. Bud. kararam "Zauherer, Hexe"
kwarya (fem.) calabash, gourd (pi. ore) also "shell of tortoise" < Kw-r +
 i8i

(fern.) cf. gora i. (masc), kurtu OS *kol- "calabash" *gal-, *kal-y-, *od-
"vessel" *kol- "jug, jar"
I. H. kullu, kuUumi "jug" kololo "bottle gourd sp." urzunu "gourd sp."
NBW galiy + ai (fern.) 2. Njn. ggwure 3. Bid. koriyo "gourde a eau" 4. Brj.
kore "wooden pot" P.SC *kwad- Bye. gar'a "Kurbis" Or. wille, hulle "gourd
sp." 6. Gur ulle, walle "gourd, bowl" Ar. qar^a "pumpkin, squash" P.Sem.
*gull- (+at) "ciotola" 5. Eg.(F) krht "vessel" (Bu) khait 8. Bgr. gare
wauri shinbone also wabri, wamri, ori
I. Gwd. gorogoro "shin of the leg" Tgl. r)ur)ur "tibia" NBD akwala "calf of
leg" 3. Jg. korbo "Schienbein" 3a. Lam. hulahur sem "mollet" (sem "pied")
4. Abo. kerker "shin" Sml. kub "lower leg"
waya grain, pill cf. iri, wai, wallo, wara wayar ido "eyeball, pupil of eye"
1. Tgl. (h)ai "millet" 9. "sorghum" 2. Ter.gp. *wiy- "seed" Gdu.
Juk. ayi
xay, hi'wa "seed" gawa "sorghum" Laam. (ndulma) hiya "grain" hiya ta Iwa
"mil (gros)" (Iwa "village, quartier etc.") Mwl. gwoyo "sorghum" Bac. zumwey
"sorghum" (zum- "eat") Mdr.gp. xiya "sorghum" Dab. viyi "millet" Mfg.
magaya "petit mil" 3. Kr. kokoy "arachide, pois chiche" Mkl. gelgile "graine
sp., coque d'arachide" 3a. Msm. kaya "millet" Pv. ikwa "seed" 9. Gby. gbaa
"noyau, pepin, grain" Twi (K) gbe "sorghum" 5. Eg.(Bu) khukha "seeds" 7.
Tam. qawqaw "groundnuts" Tur. akoka "fruit de palmier doum" 6. P.Sem.
*-'kul- "mangiare (avidamente)" ES *'ekel "cibo, cereale"

kyale ignore ? < i "refuse" + ? cf. RCu. *'-r- "see, know" Afr. ma41e "ignore"
(ma- neg. marker)
yalyata laugh loudly cf. Gby. kekei "rire aux eclats" Sid. qecciqecci (n.)

yara grass sp. ''Hyparrhenia sp."

2. Gd. kura "grass sp. (used for mats)" 3. Dgl. tyoro ''Hyparrhenia sp." 4. ?

Afr. gorrob "tall pasture grass" ? Or. migira "kind of tough grass"
yashi sandfly, midge
I. NBT as "bite" 6. Shr. qies "small bug" Gz. q^ans "flea"
yasta kindle by striking yastu "flint"
I. H. yas, iris "the sound of severing rope" 2. Gd. kyas "striking a match"
7. Tur. kersat "allumettes"
yaure, yamre door cover ? < kyamare "reeds" cf. gambu
yaya louse, lice
I. NB *iy- "bite" 5. Eg.(Bu) pai "louse, lice" pi "flea" puiu "fleas"
yifta, yibta blink ? < k + 1-p- "close" cf. rufe, makaho
I. Ang. cap yat (yat "eye") Tgl. kilip "describing movement of eyes, light-
l82

ning" 4. Sid. qippis "wink at" lippo "twinkling of eye" Bil. cilib + s- "blinz-
eln, blinzen" 6. Mhr., Jib. 7-m-t
yuya laziness < i wuya "refuse difficulty"
 1

la'ada commission, mark-up < Ar. 'al + ^ada "custom, fees, charges"
ia'akari care, consideration cf. hankali, ankara ? < Ar. 'al + ^aql
la'alla perhaps < Ar. la^alla

la'ana curse (n.) la'anta (vb.) < Ar. la^ana

la'asar evening < Ar. 'al + ^asr cf. Tam. Fasr Bam lansara Sng. alasar
laba pound (weight) < Eng. lb. (H. la ba)
labari news, information, story < Ar. 'al + axbar cf. Kan. lajSar Ngz. labar
labi cattle track < Ful. labi "roads"
labta load, overload cf. Kan. lapta "loading" Bol. lapt- Ngz. bpta (n.) "load"
labudda definitely, certainly < Ar. la + budda
la-, ra- hide behind, cling to cf. rufe, lullua Cha.(W, C.) 1-- "close, cover"
I. H. laaa "approach stealthily" ya- "smear, plaster" 2. Gd. 4a (ideo.)

"close against something larger" lara- "smoothe (mud or clay suface),

plaster" 3a. Lam. lu "couvrir, proteger" 4. P.Cu.(E) *dlab-/*dlib- "cover" Or.
rip'a "hide, lie in wait" 6. S. Ar. rf "safeguard, protect" (other Sem. "sew,
heal") 7. Tur. araf "s'accrocher (a)"
lauu child also "young of animal" P.W.Cha. *ia' "child, give birth"

I. Ngz. kulai "baby" 4. Or. gurba "small boy" durba "small girl" 6. Hars.
ieb "youth" Ar. sabab "youth"
lacca lecture (n.) < Eng.
lada wages, reward ? < la'ada q.v.

ladabi politeness < Ar. 'al + 'adab

ladan muezzin cf. Kan. ladan Ar. 'al + 'a6an "call to prayer (n.)"
lafa die down cf. rue OS *ra'up- "finish (vb.)"
I. KK luba "be tired" Tgl. reee "pacify, make calm" 2. Pad. rawa "etre fa-
tigue, mourir" HF, HK lib-, lu- "be tired" Gdu. ru "die" Gd. rip "get lost" FM
rip "get tired" 3a. Ban. lob-, lop- "get tired" 3. Dgl. rome "deperir (animal)"
Lei. labu "famine, extreme soif" Mgm. rawo "se fatiguer" 4. Kmb., Had. lapp'-
"lie down" P.Cu. *r-p- "sleep, finish" *r-h- "die" REG *raf- "sleep" 6. Amh.
laffa "tire, work hard" Gz. 'a^rafa "rest, find relief, cease, die etc."
i84

lafiya health, well < Ar. al + ^afiya

lahani blemish, flaw ? < Ar. lahan "speak Arabic incorrectly"
lahira the next world < Ar. 'al + axira
lahuru hair in nostrils cf. sura "head hair' OS *tla^ar- "hair"

I. P.W.Cha. *i-H-r- "hair" H. shari, shiro "long hair on chest of ram" RK

sukul "Haar" sewey "hair" sewo "beard" Njn, so'o "hair" Mwl.
2. Bac.
syowo "hair" Gdu. zievO "hair" Gd. sinkin- "hair" Mfg. lara "plume" 3. Dgl.,
Bid. law- "cheveux, poils, duvet (oiseaux)" 4. P.Cu. *t-g^-r- "hair, wool etc."
P.SC *^ara "body hair" 4a. ? W.Om. ts-w-r "hair" 8. Knz. sir "Haar" 6.
P.Sem. *i-^-r "hair, barley" 5. Eg.(Bu) shu + t "feather, hair, foliage" 7.
Tarn, azzar "hair" Tur. ezer "depilation" Ghd., Zen. az-w "hair" ? P.Ber.
*z-w-r "body hair"
laifi crime, fault cf. H. aibi Ar. 'al + ^ayb Sng lebu Mnd. lebu Tarn. 14b
la'ifi impotent man < Ar. da^f
laima i. dampness also rima, ruma cf. AA *m-' "water"
1. H. raa "dew" Ang. lorn "soak Gra. halmi "moisten" 2. Gd. yilam "soak"
Bud. lamgo "Tau" Bur., Ngw. kilagku "dew" 8. Kan. kalango "dew" 9. CB
*-mi,*-me "dew" 3. Lei. londi "etre mouille" 4. P.SC *lem" "be damp" Ma'
kilemetu "dew" Sid., Kmb. loja "dew" Bye. mi' "become damp" 7. P.Ber.
*talamut "dew" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) nema "lake"
2. parasol, umbrella (a symbol of royalty) also "parachute" cf. Kan. laima
Tub. lema Log. leima Ngz. layima Ar. 'al + xayma "tent, awning"
laka spinal cord cf. Abo. reka "backbone"
laka mud OS *laha-/*lahi- "clay"
4. Bye. luk "Lehm, Ton" Afr. ruga, turuS turuq Or. laqa "play in mud" P.SC
*tleg- "clay" 6. ES ragrag "marsh, swamp" c-m-laqa "dirty with mud (vb.)"
Amh. aronqa "mud" 7. Tur. elakam "bourbe, bourbier, boue" talaq "argile,
boue" I. NBK turku "dirt" 3a. ? Dgl. tingo "salete" 2. Msg. toloq "schmut-
zig" Bud. naka "schwarzer Morastboden" Mad. lilek "marshland"
laabi nickname < Ar. laqab
lake eat small quantity greedily OS *l-- "lick"
lawas weakness, slackness also liyas, ligis
I. H. rago, lakwato "lazy, cowardly" raki "cowardice" laai "very soft" laui,
laushi "softness" 2. Gd. rakwata "working slowly" 3. Dgl. lakuwas "Idche"
Lei. ligji, lugji "attache de maniere Idche" 4. Sid. lecci "be indolent, hang
loose" leqe leqe "loose" Or. lugna "fearful, cowardly" Bye. n'akw- "soft" 5.
 i85

Eg.(Bu) negeh "be weak" 6. Ar. laxi^a "be soft, be lax" 7. Tur. el7an "etre

lache (sans courage), paresseux"

lalata spoil, degenerate, immorality
I. H. lala "laziness" 8. Sng. lala "mauvais, etre mauvais" Bgr. r)gelali "bad"
Knz. milli "schlecht" 4. Sid. lele "wickedness"
lale welcome! ? < Kan. lale "greeting between two persons of same rank"
lallasa, rarrasa persuade, coax ? < lasa "lick" q.v.

4. Bil. lans "schmeicheln" 6. Tge. lahsa "schmeicheln"

lalle henna
9. Np., Yor. lali ? < H. 8. Kan., Dz. n-lle 7. Tur. analla 4. Or. (Foot) insolila
"henna"
lalle certainly, for sure
4. Or. lule "straight" P.Cu.(E) *lo "true"
lalub-grope cf. Gd. raram-
lamba sign, trade mark also "vaccination, medal etc." < Eng. number cf. Yor.
namba, naunba "vaccination" Kri. nonba "number" H. lambawan "im-
ported poison (e.g. for locusts)" lambatu "road culvert, drain"
lambu irrigated plot cf. Sng. lombu lombu "etre impregne d'eau, imbibe"
lami tastelessness
I. Tgl. lumjum "tasteless" 8. Kan. kalam "tasteless, stupid" 2. Mfg. lem lem

"pen sale" 3. Dgl. lem lem "ideophone (evoque saveur salee)" 9. Ful. lamm-
"etre sale (acre, acide, aigre)"

lamTri attitude, outlook, pronoun < Ar. damir

lamsa fish sp. OS *letlum "fish"
lamuni credit, surety < Ar. damin
lamya, lanya frog spawn
I. Ang. lamwat "frog" Sur. lumwat "frog" NBB leti "frog" 3a. Mus. luna
"frog" 4. P.Rft. *tlac "frog" P.Sam. *rah "frog"
langalanga long and slender
9. Gby. lar)ga-ler)ge (ideo.) "designe quelque chose de tres long" 3. Kr. ler)a

"diinn, mince" 4. Sid. lellenq- "slender"

lanwasa bend also malwasa, tanwasa
4. Alg. rankus- 5. Eg.(Bu) rek "incline towards" (F) rq "incline, turn aside"
6. Ar. r-k-*^ "bow down, be bent"
lantarki electric light, electricity < Eng. via ?
lardi district, province cf. Kan. larda "earth, globe country" < Ar. 'al + 'ard
larura necessity < Ar. dariara
i86

lasa lick ? < lah + s cf. harshe OS *lahas- "lick"

I. Gwd. lihye, riyar, rise 4. Bye. lihas, lehas Bil. lans-, lanz- 6. Sem. lah-s/k
"lick" 5. Eg.(Bu) nes "devour, consume" 8. Sng. halassa Berta hala
"tongue" ra^a "lick" 2. Muk. alah "tongue" Maf. le'en "tongue" 3. Dgl. lele
"gouter du bout de la langue" 7. P.Ber. *ll7

lasafta calculate, reckon < lissafi q.v.

laso, lasso twenty cf. Ful. (Niger, upper Volta) laso

latsa squeeze, press OS *'alac- "press"

latti lateness < Eng. late

lauje sickle ? < L-G-D cf. ruwa 2., sok-
I. Gwd. rije, bwje NBD luja NBJ lldu NBB ledi NBT leden KK, Ngm. bwdi
Bed. lawurj- Tgl. lond- "cutlass, sickle" 2. Mfg. iuwe "couteau" Bok. iaxta
"knife" Pdl. iugdi "knife" Bur.gp. *iaKw- "sickle" Gd. iakwa, raganwa
"sickle" 3a. Lam. iukwei "faucille" 3. Mgm. jugidi "couteau" Jg. leqgero
"Messer" ? Kr. yakorde "couteau a deux tranchants" 7. Tur. tebq, telghen
"petit couteau" 5. Eg.(Bu) nakiu "cutting weapons" nekha + t "knife" 4. Or.
gorade "sword (curved)" Bye. guradi "Schwert" Bil. galuda "Taschenmesser"
6. Gur. golodo, galod "kind of knife" gwarade "sword" garje "knife used for
cutting dsdt" Gz. galado "knife with curved point" 8. Knz. kandi "Messer,
Dolch" Sng. kyendi "faucille" i. Gj. kwiltir) "sickle"
laui, labi softness ? < la'b + ki cf. lafa, lawas, laushi, raa OS *lam- "be
soft" *naw- "be tired"
I. NB, SB *1-B- BN 1-m- 2. Bur. la "weak" Mfg. la- "mou" 8. Kan. lap
(ideo.) "soft" 3. Lei. law "mouiller" Bid. law "se ramollir" Mgm. lamati
"mollesse, faiblesse" 3a. Lam. lulum "mou, doux" 4. Or., Brj., Kmb. laf- "soft,

weak" 6. ES 1-H-m "soft" Gz. lahum, lamlam, "soft" Akk rabb- "light, soft"
5. Eg.(Bu) refref "soft bread" (F) nw "weak" 6. Ar. d-^-f "be weak" 4. P.SC
*da^- "be weak"
launi color, tune, pattern cf. Ar. lawn "color, kind, sort" lahn "tune"
laushi, raushi softness also luus (ideo.) cf. laui, ruus OS *lic- "be weak,
soft"
I. Tgl. lubaz Ngz. labad, lamis "soft" 3. ? Bid. laus "ideo. evoquant qc. ou
qn. qui ne vaut rien" 4. Bil. libbi + si "weich" Sid. lessa "tender" Bye. limsa
"weich, fein, zart, glatt" 6. Gz. lamus "soft" 7. P.Ber. (Rossler) *l-m-d 3. Lei.

lomdi "mou" Dgl. lapat "doucement"

lausur garden cress ''Lepidium sp." also labsur, lafsur cf. Kan. lapsur
lauya lawyer < Eng.
 i87

lawali cattle path < Ful. lawol cf. labi

lawur potato also "millet sp. cf. Sur., RF, NB, SB lawur "potato" ? < H.
laya charm Kan. laya "charm, amulet" Poular aye "eau avec laquelle on a efface
des versets ou formules magiques etc. " Ar. al + 'aya "verse from the Koran"
layi line "aligned housing development etc." < Eng.
lazimi incumbent < Ar. lazim cf. H. lazimta "persevere at, do continually,
frequent"
lebur levelness < Eng. level
lebura workman < Eng. labourer
lee lip ? < *\- "flesh, skin" + B- "mouth" cf. baki OS *tlup- "lip"

9. lee "langue" i.
Gby. Pr. lovok "lip" fok "mouth" Pic. walbi "lip" bi
"mouth" 4. P.Cu. *L-'p-n Bye. ambaloi, ambaroi "lip" ? < "mouth + flesh"
6. P.Sem. *iap + at 5. Eg.(F) sp(+)t
leda plastic (pliable) ? < Eng. leather
lefe basket (made from palm fronds)
1. H. malafa "hat, mat (made from palm leaves)" 9. Mnd. lefe, lefa, defe
etc. "plateau en paille tressee, servant de dessous de plat etc." Ful. lefere "basket
with rimmed, narrow mouth" 8. Sng. lefa "paillasson pour couvrir un vase"
2. Log. lefi "Palmblatt" Bud. lebi "Dumpalmbldtter" Bur. iibu "bag" 3. Dgl.
lapa "lamelle interieure de la foliole de doume" Bid. lapa "jonc doux pour les

nattes douces" 4. Bye. alafi, alafe, lafe, nafe "Korb, wasserdicht geflochtener
Korb" Or. lemata "basket, cover of pan" 6. Gur. lemat "low, wicker
injera

basket used for eating" 5. Eg.(Bu) nubut "baskets" neb (+ t) "basket, (cup,
basin)" 8. ? Kan. nemu "large basket for carrying loads" (Benton)
lea, rega peep, peek "take quick look"
9. Gby. lek "regarder, viser" i. RK riyan "sehen" BN Tka- "see, look" Ngz.
launu, ikau "see, look" 2. Gd. ringaa "peek at, spy on" 4. Sid. lu'u "peep-
ing out" RCu.(E) *'ark'-, *he7 "see" RCu. *'-r(-)[K] "see, know, look" 6.

Sem. r-'-y "see, look"

lemo lime, orange cf. Ful. lemu "lime" Kan. lemun "lime, lemon" Ar. laymun
"lemon"
libarba handgun, pistol, revolver < Eng. revolver
lifi leave, furlough < Eng.
lifidi quilted armor for horses ? < Kan. labda < Ar. libd "pad, saddle felt, felt"

cf. Dgl. lubine "armure en coton (pour hommes

et pour chevaux)" Bil. libid

likita doctor < Eng. ? via e.g. Ashanti lokita (perhaps borrowed by H. soldiers
during the 1873 war) cf. Kan. ligita (? < H.) Niger H. lakwataro Tur. lakataro
i88

Sng. lotokor (? < Fr. le docteur) Mnd. dokotoro contrast Kri. dokta Yor.
dokita
likkafa stirrup cf. Tur. elakef "selle a cheval" At. ar + rikab "stirrup of horse
saddle" Sng. alkyebo "etriers"

shroud
likkafani also lifafa cf. Ar. al + kafan Kan. lagavan, bgavan
ITa adhere
3. Dgl. lukku "gluant" 2. Gd. ta'uiiiik "sticky" 6. Gz. lak'a "adhere to" Ar.
laki^a "stick to" lasiq "stick, glue to" 4. Irk. hlik- "smear, apply plaster" 8.

Kan. ligeri "adhesive substance" Tub. leger-

lilo swinging cf. ragaya, rawa
I. Bol. lilo Ang. le "wander" 8. Kan. lolo- "tremble" 3. Mkl. erile "errer"

Bid. zirar "se balancer" 2. Mfg. lawar- "se balancer, errer" 6. Gz. iaiia'-
"dance, make bodily movement" Gur. culull, culull "swinging" 4. Had.
lello "spielen" Sid. lellenq- "be loose, hanging" Sml. lal- "hang, swing" Bil.

lablab y "wanken" Or., Brj. *rar- "hang, swing" P.HEC *rarras- "hang (swing-
ing)" 7. Tur. waliwal "se balancer" alii "pendre plus bas"
ITman imiam cf. Kan., Tur. liman Ar. al + 'imam
linzami bit, bridle Kan. lizam (for z > ] see jari) Tub. lizam, ligam Ar. lijam,
ligam Sng. aldyam Dgl. layumne Mkl. 'aljima Gd. ridzama
lisha time of last prayer "dusk to midnight" cf. Ar. 'al + 4sha cf. Kan. lasha
lissafi reckoning, arithmetic cf. hisabi, lasafta cf. Kan. isavu Sng. alasabu
Mnd. kasabi Ar. al + hisab
ITta liter < Fr. litre

littafi book ? < N.African Ar. bktab cf. Tam. litub Ar. al + kitab(u) Kan. kitavu,
citavu Mnd. kitabu
liyafa hospitality < Ar. diyafa
lodi loading < Eng.
loa foreskin cf. AA *4uw- "flesh, meat, skin" cf. biira, jema
I. BN *rav- "skin" 2. Bur. zumbulum 3. Mkl. lopo "prepuce" ? Dgl. lotyumo
"prepuce" 4. P.SC *lob- "leather sack" 6. Gur. lumbut 4. Had., Kmb.
lumbut- 7. Tur. tlenbetuk 8. ? Knz. gilba, jilba

loga true meaning < ? lugga "philology" q.v.

lokaci time also wakati, wokati cf. Kan. loktu Tam. luqqt Ar. al + waqt Bam.
wagati, wati Sng. wate Mlk. watu
loko, lungu recess, nook, comer cf. Mnd. nongo, nunku noko "coude, coin,
angle interieur du coude plie" Ar.(Eg.) rugu^ "recess"
 i89

loma, lauma mouthful cf. Kan. loguma "bolus for a horse" Ar. luqma
"mouthful" Mnd. lo7oma Sng. loma
loto = lokaci q.v. < *lwaktu
lotsa weaken ? < laf + s cf. lata "die down"
lubayya trading ? < Kan. lavaya ? < al Obeid (trading center in the Sudan en
route to Pilgrimage)
ludayi gourd ladle also luddai
I. Bol. lagde, liggide "spoon" Ngz. lunkuu "dip into liquid" Bed. bgdu
"gourd (? sp.)" Tgl. kulak "gourd ladle" 6. Ar. lu^qa "spoonful" la4q "lick"
mil^^aqa "spoon" ES manka "spoon" 4. Bye. malaga, manka "Lbffel" 7. Tur.
ella7 "lecher"
luU; luwai sodomy Ar. liitiy "sodomite" ? < the sin of the Prophet Lot
41m al lu77a cf.
lugga philology < Ar. loga
lugude many pounding in one mortar
I. H. lugwigwita "rub pounded contents of mortar with pestle" 2. Gd.
lagaan "grind into liquid"
lullua cover body, wrap < 1/ruB- see rufa "close, cover", la- "hide behind"
I. Dr. ITpe "cover oneself with cloth"
lumana friendship Mnd. lamana "securite, conftance" Ar. al 'aman cf. amana
lumshe, lubcebecome overcast, darkened cf. dare, kurmi, tilim Cha.(E, W,
C.) *L-m "black, darkness, night"
1. H. lume "disappear" lublub (ideo.) "shady" Tgl. rim "darkness" 2. Gd.
mabnwa "mist, fog, cloud" Lam. li "nourrir, salir" 4.
3a. Sid. limit- "twi-
light, half-darkness" less- "become twilight, become dark" 8. Kan. bmlam
"cool and shady" kalum "noir de la nuit" Knz. urumme "finster"

lungu see loko

lunsayi testicle < Ar. al + xusya
lura, nura notice, pay attention also nigira cf. ankara, hanga
2. Mdr.gp. nu7a- "see" Hg., F. n-K- "see"
luru, nuru striped cloth OS *luhur- "cloth"
lu'ulu'u pearl < Ar.
 m
ma'aikaci worker, employee < aikata see aik-
ma'aikata place of work, factory < aikata see aik-
ma'aiki messenger (esp. the Prophet) < aik-
ma'aji title of treasurer < aza "put aside, save"
ma'amala business, transaction < Ar. mu^amala
ma'ana meaning < Ar. ma^na cf. Kan. mana "speech, language, intention"
ma'asi adultery ? < Ar. ma^siya "disobedience"
ma'auni scales for weighing < auna see awo
mabarci creditor ? < ba, baya "give"
mabari mouth cf. baki OS *mabar- "mouth"
mabiyi follower mabiyiya "placenta" < bi, biya
mabunusa asa root crop < bunuso see bunu
maalli button, fastener < ball-
mace, mata woman, wife ? < mar + t cf. matuci "femininity"
OS *mar-/*mara'- "man" i. Ngz. amatin pL (ama s.) Plateau Cha. *mat
NBW am + ai Ron m-( )t Tgl. mee "husband" SB *man- "man" Dr. tamno
"woman" 2. Bac, Mwl. mur- "man" m-y + t- "woman" 3. Nan., Lei,
ta(a)ma "Fran, femme, femelle" (Lei. kamda pi.) Kr. mar "Ehefrau, epouse" 3a.
ma "femme, epouse, femelle" 4. P.Cu. *m-n(n) + t-"person + fem. suffix'' 4a.
Bnc. mayn "woman" 5. Eg.(Bu) met, mut "mother, wife" hem +
t "woman,

wife" 6. Akk. amtum "slave girl, woman worker" mar'at- "daughter, girl"

(mar'- "son, boy") Ar. mar'at "woman" (mar' "human being") 7. Tur. met
"femme sans aucune valeur" tamtat (? also tamat) "femme" Tam. tamttutt
8. Kan. am "persons" Dz. amma "persons" Ted. amo "person"
mace, made die also mutu q.v.
I. Ngm. matin NBD matu 3a. Lam. mata
maci marching < Eng.
macTji snake < "biter" see ci
madadi substitute (n.) cf. Ar. madad "succour, supply (replacement)"
madafa cannon (obsolete) cf. Ar. midfa^ Sng., Bam. marfa
 191

madaki title of senior official also madawaki ? < "cavalry leader" see doki
madalla good! thank-you! cf. hamdala eroded form of At. al + hamdu li llah

"thank God"
madangale calf of leg
8. Kan. darjgal "calf of leg" i. KK gadaggali "thigh" 2. Mdr. gp. *7-r +
d-ng--!- "thigh" (*7-r "head") 3. Turn, degal "jambe, pied" Lei. donglo
"cuisse" Smr. degel "Bein" 4. Brj. tangil "heel" Brn. dagara "foot" Irk. digir

"footprint" 4a. Jnj. hank'ala "calf of leg" 9. P.WN *-gwul- "lower leg" CB
*-denge "foot" 6. ES '-g-r "foot" 8. Berta k'olo "foot, leg"
madara fresh milk ? < m- + dar-
7. Tur. imatras "eau de lait coagule" 4. Bye. tilay "frisch, gemolkene, Kuh-
warme milch" RHEC *tur- "milk (vb.)" Sml. ^ararrnal "one who milks dur-
ing the day" (malin "day") Brj. tuww- "fresh" tuwwa ada "fresh milk" 6.

Sem. tar-y "fresh, raw" 2. Gd. kata'wa "raw" 3. Dgl. dare "se gonfler de lait"
5. Eg.(Bu) tenem "milk (?)" thenem "milk (?), colostrum"
madiibi glass, mirror < duba "look"
madugu caravan leader cf. Tur. amadug "guerrier de rezzou" adag "aller en

rezzou"
maaba'a printing press < Ar. mitba^a cf. ab'i
maaci mahogany tree < aci "bitterness" ("the bark is very bitter ... taken
remedy" Dalziel, p. 325)
as a fever
madi sweet drink (made from inya) cf. dai
3. Mkl. maiak "suae" Dgl. yirim "doux, sucre" 1. Bol. mau "H. inya"
Tgl., Pr. Diyk- "sweet" 2. Gd. myaa "syrup made from boiled inya fruit"
4. P.SC *tanka "honey water" P.HEC *te'- "taste good, be sweet" 6. ES
t-'^(-)ma "be sweet"
mainki tailor < inka "sew"
mafici, mafifici fan < fifita

mafifici superior < ft "exceed, surpass"

mafitsara bladder cf. fitsari

magabci enemy < gaba

magaji heir < gada
magana speech, talking, matter pi. maganganu cf. gana "have private talk
with" (but see gani), ma'ana
7. Tur. ganna (habit.) "dire" annu "dire" maghanghan "nasiller" 6. Gur.
mayna "matter, affair" Ar. ^ana "mean, intend, hint" 7anna "recite" 5. Eg.
(Bu) qena "bewail, lament" 4. Bye. ginh "receive news, gain tidings" Afr.
192

wane "chat, clause, phrase" 9. P.WN *gwan- "tell a tale" *gwam- "speak"
magani remedy "good or bad magic, medicine" magance "bewitch" P.Cha.(N)
*k9n9 "cure" P.W.Cha. *^ani "medicament (slabodye)" (Mischlich says < ma
gani "we'll see (whetherit works or not)")

I. Gwd. (Cancara) magar) BN magan- "witch" 2. Gd. mangana "poison (in

food)" Bat.gp. r)gum Log. mogun, mu7un "Mittel, Heilmittel, Pfeilgift" Bud.
rugun "HeilmitteV 8. Ted. suru mogene "qui connait les remedes" (suru "re-
mede") Kan. kurgun i. Ngz. dungun Tgl. digne "poison, charm (vb.)" RB
kuna "Zauber" 3a. Mas. guna "medicine" 9. Yor. magun "magic drug with
ill effects on adulterer" Yor.,Igala, Gb. ogun "medicine" Mumuye gnan CB

*-ganga "medicine, medicine-man" 4. Kmb. magan + ancu "wizard" Brj.

muganga (< Sw. mganga) "magician" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) khui "protect" khu + t
"protection, charm, talisman"
magaram male cat cf. mage "cat"
9. Boritsu (Jukunoid) geram "wild cat" Twi (K) agiramoa "cat" Ewe/Fon
eglramuo 4. Brj. gira'w- "cat" i. Ngz. ngara "African wild cat (?)" 3. Dgl.
gayam "chat sauvage"
magariba evening < Ar. ma7rib "west" also mangarlba
magarya Ziziphus jujuba ? < *K-r "thorn" see kurna, aya
7. Tam., Tur. azaggar "jujube" Siw. azaggar "nom d'une variete de datte"

mahalli context < Ar. mahall

mahaukaci madman < haukata < hauka
mahawara debate, formal discussion < Ar. muhawara
mai I. one with (regularly precedes qualifying noun, e.g. kyau "goodness", mai
kyau "good") ? < *mar "person" see mace or 1 < *mayi < yi "do, make,
etc. etc." OS *man-/*mayan- "man"

1. Tgl. ma "belonging to, that of" mai "chief, king, head, leader, owner"

Mup. me "one of" 8. ? Kan. mai "chief, king" 2. Maf. man "celui de (intro-
duit un syntagme nominal)" 3. Sok. mala "one with" 5. Eg.(Bu) mer- "over-
seer, head, superintendent, foreman etc." 4. P.Cu. *m-n- "person"

2. oil, fat maio "greasiness" OS *mori'-/*morih- "fat, oil" P.Cha.(N) *mar

"oil" (E, W, C.) *m(b)-r "oil, fat"

I. Gwd.(N) mar) 3. Dgl. moro "petits morceaux de viande restes apres le rasage

d'une peau" 2. Bud. maiga "Fett" 4. Or. mora "animal fat" Brj. mori "ab-
dominal or kidney fat" Sml. barur "fat, suet, tallow" Had. mara "meat" biiro
"Butter, Salbe" 6. Gur., Amh. mora "fat" Heb. mr' "fatten" Akk. maru "fat"
 193

5. Eg.(Bu, F) m-rh + t "oil, grease, fat of any kind" 8. Berta marsi "fat,
thick"
maimaita repeat < maimai see maya
maimako substitute, replacement ? < maimai + ko see maya
maitso cat "wild feline sp." cf. mussa
2. Wmd. mutsa "wild cat" 4. Irk. maytsi "cat" maytsi r hla'a "wild cat"

maiwa, mauya millet sp. (ripens early) ? < mar-

8. Knz. mare "Durra" i. Cp. mar Kof. mar "early millet" BT, NB, BN mar-

H. mallen + ... several sorghum spp. 2. Ter. mere Mad. marda "late millet"
Bud. miau, mio "Sorghum, Durra" 3. Dgl. meriya "sorgho (nom generique)"
Bid., Dgl. malo "sorgho" Jg. marge "Hirse {?), das erste Getreide" Smr. mai
"Sorghum" maja "Negerhirse" Mgm. mariyo "mil sp." i. H. mori "sorghum
sp." 8. Kan. moro "red millet" 4. Dly. moro "sorghum sp." 9. Sw. mawele
"bulrush millet" 4. P.SC *magwale "sorghum" 2. FB muxurin "millet" Gis.
magaya "Hirse" 9. Np. mai Gb. mawi Yor. emeye, mayi
majalisa council, legislative assembly < Ar. majlis
majami'a church ? < m- + Ar. jami*^a "religious community, etc."
majanuni madman < Ar. majnun
majiari sausage fly OS *jibar- "bee, fly"
majigi open air movie show < Eng. magic (lantern)
majina phlegm, mucus cf. irji
2. Gd. manjivina "nasal mucus" i. Ngz. tbn "mucus, catarrh, blow nose"

3. Lei. sire "morve" 7. Tur. inser + an "mucosites du nez" 4. Sml. sin "mucus

from the nose"

majinaciya artery, vein < jini

majistare magistrate < Eng.

maka knock down with stick OS *makay- "stick"
3. Dgl. make "piler, darner, damage"

makai drummer, spindle < kaa

makaho, makafo blind man ? < m + k-rp makanta "blindness"
2. Ter. gp. *k^9m +ta R *mug-r-pu Mdr. gp. -g'^-lf- Mfg. hul(-)f (vb., n.)

Mwl. urufo E.Bur. gp. *(w)-lf-w 4. Bil. ^arab Or. kalabsu "cross-eyed" 6. ?
Sem. ^-r-b "set (sun)"
makama handle < kama "take hold of"
makamashi kindling, fuel ? < kama "seize, catch, burn well"
makanike mechanic < Eng.

I
194

makara bier (usually made of raffia) also mankara cf. Mnd. gara "echelle, rayon
de placard" gara-gara "civiere"
makara be late < m + kar- cf. kula
3. Dgl. tagkile "tarder" 2. Gd. takura "spend a lot of time in" 3a. Lam.

magwalo "wait for" 7. Ber. akkl "attendre" 4. P.HEC *egar "wait (for)" Or.
galal- "delay, prolong" eganna "waiting" 6. Sem. 'axar, ah-r "delay, tarry,
after" 5. Eg.(Bu) herr "linger, delay" m'heh "delay, hesitate"
makari antidote < karya "break, etc."
makaru evil spell ? < Ar. makrun "artifice, craft, stratagem" cf. makiri
makasa vital place in body ? < kas- "kill"

makassari disabled person < Ar. mukassar "broken, shattered"

makawa evading < kau, kawa "move away"
maki marks (school grade points) < Eng.
makiri cunning, crafty maki, makirci (n.) < Ar. makir
mako week ? < Kan. maga, kavu maga cf. Kan. kavu "day" megu, mewu
"ten". Earth (1862) says that magd is either a seven or an eight day week. ?
A former ten-day market cycle involved? Cf. Ngz. magi "week" Lei. makaka
"semaine"
makoki mourning period ? < kuka (pi. koke-koke) "crying"
makulli key, lock < ull-, kull- (vb.)

makwarwa francolin, bushfowl cf. kwarwa "goose/duck sp."

I. Bed. makwarkwar- 3. Sok. moger "Rebhuhn" 9. Np. kparo "grouse, par-

tridge" CB 4. Dly gurre, g'urre "Rebhuhn"
-kuad-, -guad- "partridge sp."
Abo. gororri "francolin" Bil. koya "Francolinhuhn" 8. Kan. kwiye, kwiyek
"partridge" Bgr. koya "partridge" 3. Smr. gwi "Rebhuhn" 2. Bac. kwakoyi +
to 4. Or. gugori "francolin" (Foot) gogorri "guinea fowl" (Gragg)
maka, make fix into, tuck under maale "become lodged, fixed, stuck"
maar- "fill up, secure tightly" cf. P.Cu. *m-g- "fill" Eg.(Bu) meh "fill up,
be inlaid with"
maami, muami position, status < Ar. muqam, maqam
maarrabai cronies, retinue < Ar. muqarrab + pi.
makasudi aim, purpose < Ar. maqsud
makogwaro throat, gullet also makwarwa ? < m- + ko + gwaro ? ko( ) "door-
way" {see kofa) cf. AA *7'^-r "neck, throat, voice" H. wuya "neck" OS
*gora^- "throat, neck" *qoq- "throat"
I. H. makoko "goitre (wen) on throat" Gwd. makongoro Kof. gagarak NBP
gurgwa-i'a 2. Bur. gwargwar Ter. guywar Hin. mangurlam Zlg. mongurt
 195

Bud. ggorokulo "Kehlkopf, Schlund"' 8. Kan. ngogul- "throat, gullet" 3a.

Lam. gugulok darei "base de cou" (darei "cou") 4. P.Cu. *(h)-nK'^-r- P.HEC
*konke "throat" P.Sam. *hanguri Bil., Bye. g-rguma "Kehle, Rachen" Ma'
mkokera, mxoxera 6. Sem. g-rg-r 5. Eg.(Bu) khaaqe + t, khakha "throat,
neck"
maoo goitre ? < oo "small calabash"
maoshi oesophagus ? < oshi "be full up" cf. Rosa
maura strangle, choke ? < '^-r- cf. ware "choke" mawarwa "throat, gulp
of water" ? AA *7'^-r~ "throat, neck"
mawabci neighbor also mawafci (Mischlich, who says < ma + ofa "door-
way") or < *gab- "front, near" see gaba cf. Bil. gab! + ux "Nachbar"
makwarna = bakurna q.v.
malafa see lefe

mala'ika angel < ? Ar. pi.

malala pour large quantity, flood cf. Sem. m-1-'

malam(i) teacher, scholar (also courtesy title of adult male) malanta "learn-
ing, teaching" cf. Kan. malam < Ar. mu^allim
malam bue littafi butterfly "scholar open book" cf. Kan. kuli malam (kuli
"insect") Tub. malubrommi
maleji speedometer < Eng. mileage
mallaka possess, own Ar. malaka "possess" mallaka (caus.)
mama breast (m.), mother (f.) cf. mama "mother" in various C.Cha. languages
P.WN *-ma, *-mama "mother" Tur. rna (s.) rnatt (pi.) ''mere" As. (S.Cu.)
'amama "grandmother"
The commoner AA form for "mother" seems to be 'am(m) + t-, e.g. Gwd.
ama NBP amati P.HEC *ama Had. ama, amati Kwa. ama "mother" Irk. ama
"grandmother" Sem. '-m(m)- OS *'am- "woman" *ma'in- "woman, wife".
for "breast" cf. Jnj. tama P.Om. *t'(i)am-
mamaya, mama take by surprise mamaki (n.) cf. Sid. mamama "wonder at"
manaja manager < Eng.
manda dark salt from Bomu < Kan. manda "salt"
The word is common for "salt" in areas neighboring the Kanuri, but not,
it seems, in the Bata group (e.g. Bacama fiyto Kwana "ash of Jukun"), nor

in the Mandara group. Only one NB language (Siri) has it for the generic.
Masa alone in the Masa group seems to have it. ? Not in E. Chadic.
196

mangala rectangular bag (of plaited strips of palm leaves, used as a double
panier on pack animals) cf. Dz. mogala "sac spp." Dgl. mokilne Mnd. gbara
"panier long fait de lattes raphia et employe ... pour transporter marchandises"
mangul kind of salt from Bornu Kan. manda mangul "Manga salt in cones,
varieties of salt from the Geidam area"
mangwaro mango cf. Yor, Bam. mangoro, Wolof mangaro Kri. mangro Portu-
guese manga Tamil mango
manhaja syllabus < Ar. manhaj
manjo major < Eng.
manna cause to adhere also "give a present" cf. matsa
OS *man-^- "hold, take" 3. Dgl. mine "attacher solidement" 6. Ar. manna
"bestow (favor) upon" 5. Eg. mn "be fixed, attached, stick fast"
manta forget "know + not" OS *man-, *'aman- "know" *mam- "forget"
? <
P.W.Cha. *mant- "forget" *mban- "know" P.WN *-man, *-min "know"
1. Bol. mon- "know" montu "forget" KK mentesi "know" mentanusu "for-

get" Gwd. mwontsi, lamosi, yaru man "forget" ? NB *man + w-/b- "forget"
2. Bac. myento ggura "forget" (rjgura "take") 9. Ful. manda "bear in mind"

3. Dgl. ibin, iban "apprendre, savoir" 5. Eg.(Bu) m'h + t "forgetting" 4. Bye.

baden "vergessen"
manya big, adult (pi.) also maiya
I. Gwd. mangya "big man" KK mayuwa "big (s.)" 8. Kan. maiya "kings,
chiefs"
manzo messenger cf. Tam. amazan "messenger"
mara beat, slap
I. Bol. mar- "box ears" H. mautare "give heavy blow" 3. Sok. mrau "Peit-

sche" 4. P.Cu.(E) *m-h- "attack, assail" Bil. maht "schlagen" 6. Gur. mat-
"hit, beat, strike, drive cattle (usually by whipping)" 5. Eg.(Bu) m'aa "beat,
strike" mana (m'na) "strike, beat"
mara lower stomach
I. NB *mar-n "side of body"
3. Dgl. marar "estomac (des betes)" marara

"tripes"
4. P.HEC *marar- "feel pity" Bye. marara "internal organ" mar-
"side" Had. mara "Leib, Fleisch" 6. Gur. meya "side of the body" ES m-Hr
"pity" Akk. remu "have mercy" rhm "womb"
maraba welcome also marhabin < Ar. marhab-
!

maraice evening ? < m + r-c-

I. NBB, NBT riz- "evening" NBP firci "evening" (fei "sun") Dw., Pic. liyem

"west" 2. Bur. ramta "west" Gab., Gan. farwita "evening" (far + ta "sun")
 197

3a. Lam., Zim. (fata) + riya "soir" (futa "sun") Mas. fulati "evening" 4. Or.
lita "enter, set (of sun)" Had. maress- "den Abend verbringen"
marai ? < m + ra- cf. rago
calf (bovine)
I. young" Plateau Cha. *la "give birth" 2. Pad. vibke "calf"
Tgl. la- "small,
3a. ? Lam. marak "bouc castre" (Sachnine seems to have no words for bo-

vines in Lame) 4. P.Cu.(E) *leg'-/*le'g- "calf" 6. Mhr. 'elTk "camel calf" P.

Sem. *'arx- "giovenca" 7. Tur. aluki "veau sevre" alokay "veau maigre" 5. Eg.
(Bu) renn "heifer, calf, any young creature" renna "young ox"
marawwa respectfulness < Ar. mura^a
maraya orphan ? < mara iya "lacking parent" for iyaye "parents" see iya
(Mischlich has a less likely explanation deriving the word from rai "life")
maraya antelope "western kob (? Kobus sp.)" cf. mariri
I. Bol. mayaya "tiang, topi (Damaliscusy Ngz. maraya < H. NEW marai NET

marayi- 6. Shuwa Ar. hamray "kob" 2. Eac. liye "antelope" 9. Ful. luy-
"hartebeest" 4. Ma' malo "greater kudu" Ern. mane^o "greater kudu"
mare recover OS *mar- "recover, be healthy"
mari shackle, fetter (n.) also malwa cf. Eg. mann (m'nen) (vb.)
marlli disabled person < Ar. marld "ill, sick"
mariri oryx
I. Dw. marere "rhinoceros" (for the semantics cf. unicorn) 5. Eg.(F) m3 (+ hd
"white") "oryx" 7. Tur. amallal "antilope addax" (imlal "etre blanc") 6. Eg.
Ar. aryal "oryx" Shuwa Ar. ariyel "gazelle sp." 4. Sid. rerre "antelope sp.,

gazelle" Eye. ra "ariel antelope" 3a. Zim. lali "Elan de Derby (Tragelaphina
sp.)" 9. Ful. lei- "gazelle sp." Sw., Sukuma etc. -lala "gazelle"
marka, malka wettest part of wet season OS *maq- "pour"
marke Anogeissus sp.
3. 4. Afr. marka "tree sp."
Dgl. mirgiti "tree sp."
marmari longing ? < *mar- "love, like" see aur-
desire,
marmasa crush by rubbing marmashi "crumbs" cf. matsa, matsa Gd.
muramura "crumb"
masaba blacksmith's hammer cf. P.Cha.(N) *iaa "hit"
I. Gwd. masaba, masapa Earm. sibbi Gra. subb 2. Gd. dzaa "pound until

soft" ? Mfg. lav- "gauler (des fruits)" 3. Dgl. zabbide "frapper tres fort" ? Eid.
zolba "battue (chasse)" 4. P.Cu.(E) *sab- "strike" Bye. sab "Schmieden" 6. Gz.
(ma)zrab "hammer" Amh. zarb "anvil" Ar. sab "hit (target)" 5. Eg.(Eu)
shabu "strike, smite, hew stones"
masai cesspit ? < saye "cover, conceal" (Eargery)
198

masaki large calabash ? < saka "hineintun, hineinpacken" cf. sa, saka
I. NBT bu'suke "calabash" Ngm. soko "calabash" Bed. zakkan "calabash"
masakuwa sorghum sp. (grown in dry season) also mazakuwa
8. Kan. masakwa "dry season guinea corn" 2. Mfg. masakwa "mil de la sai-

son seche" 3. Lei. masakwa "mil de saison seche" 4. Kwa. musanko "millet"
Or. bisinga, misinga "sorghum" P.HEC *basinka "sorghum" Sml. meseggo,
maseggo "grain" 6. Gur. masa'na, m'^asan'a "millet sp." 3a. Lam. mataqgao
"mil sp." 9. CB *-caka "sorghum, kaffir corn" 2. Gd. sakunwa "sorghum
sp." Ter.gp. sek-t- "millet" 4a. Jnj. zokoro "millet sp."
masallaci mosque < salla "prayer
masara maize < dawar Masar "sorghum of Egypt" cf. Kan. masar, masarmi
Tub. masara Bgr. masar(a) Bil. masela Ar. misr "Egypt" Poular makkari <
Makka "Mecca"
masha'a profligacy ? < Ar.ma sa'a "what he wants" (Abraham)
mashahuri famous < Ar. mashur
mashao bronchitis ? < sha- "choke"
mashasshara fever, smallpox also masassara
I. Kof. sal "lukewarm" 2. Hrz. madzaiay "fever" Mfg. sar- "faire cuire" 4.

Or. maccT "drunkenness" Sid., Had. maccar- "go mad" Der. macco'a
"drunk" 6. Gur. sar- "mad, crazy" Sem. s-^-1 "cold, cough" 3. Bid. zilanya
"chaleur" Dgl. zewre "bruler superftciellement" 3a. Mas. sala "heat, sweat" 7.

? Tur. uzar "gener physiquement"

mashi spear pi. masu OS *mos- "weapon"
I. Gwd.(Gitata) mwansu 2. Bur.gp. mw-s- E. Bur.gp. masu Mol. muze
W.
4. Or., Kmb. mas- "knife with wooden handle" Bil massa "Lanzenschaft" Afr.
mussa "small knife" Sml. mus (+ki) "razor" As. musuk 6. Ar. mas "shave"
musa "razor" 3. Dgl. amsak "type de lance" 4a. Kch., Wei. mas- "knife with
wooden handle" 5. Eg.(Bu) mensub "spear, javelin, weapon" m'shu "sword,
dagger"
mashin motorcycle, machine < Eng.
masTfa misfortune, calamity < Ar. musTba
masoro whole black pepper (Piper guineense) cf. Asante soro wisa "sky pepper"

i.e. "climbing pepper" < -soro "sky" + yisa "Guinea grain" (Dalziel), cf. E.
Ful. citta masoro "Benin pepper" Kan. ngoUo masoro
matsa pinch, squeeze together matsa "squeeze, press liquid out" ? < m +
'-ts-( ) cf. tatsa "milk" [see tat-) murtsuke "crush" tsafa "squeeze" OS
*mats- "press, cut" *metsit-/*metsut- "squeeze" *tam-s- "squeeze, pound"
 199

1. H. gwamuts- "press, mix with hand" Mgs. masiya Ngz. ma- "compress"
ma- "squeeze (out)" Ang. mwes "squeeze" 3. Bid. Dgl., Mgm. miy-
"presser pour faire sortir liquide" 3a. Mas. cem "squeeze" 2. Mfg. m + 'ac-

"presser, extraire en pressant" Bud. cei "driicken" Zgv. itsa- "squeeze" Gd.
atsa'u "strainer" matsa'wa "strainer" 4. Or., Der., Brj., Sid. ml/uc'- "wring,
squeeze, twist" muccur- "wring, squeeze" mire- "squeeze, crush" Or. Had.
ci/un- "press, squeeze" micira "twist, wring" Sid. hianc'- "squeeze, twist" Afr.
ummuse "crush, press" mammasa "pressing down" Bye. tii' "zwicken, knei-
fen" 6. Akk. maza'u "press out" 7. Tur. azmu "presser pour exprimer un li-

quide" 9zzg "traire" 5. Eg.(Bu) m'tchet "squeeze, press"

matsala problem, affair, matter < Ar. mas'ala

matsarmama gall bladder cf. tsami "acidity" Sem. m-r-r- "gall bladder, bitter-
ness"
matsattsaku leech ? < tsots- "suck"
matua end, limit (n.) matuar "so long as" Cha. *t-k- "finish" see cika
2. Mfg. madakw- "extremite" 4. Dhl. tuka "end (n.)"
maya return (intr.) mai da, maishe (tr.) maimai "repetition" cf. amsa P.

Cha.(N) *ma "return" P.HEC *mar- "go" *am- "come!" P.Cu.(E) *mar-/*mir-/
*mur- "pass along" OS *may- "come"
9. Gby. mir "sortir de I'interieur d I'exterieur, retoumer" 7. Tur. mablby "se

retoumer" 6. Amh. mallasa "return, bring back" Tna. malasa "return, give
back" Ar. marra "pass by, pass along, pass across" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) mas "pass on
or into, etc."
replace, succeed ? < maya "return"
maye i. intoxication OS *mac- "be drunk"
2. Mfg. mewe "(s')enivrer" 3. Bid. miyaw "s'enivrer"

2. sorcerer, witch ? < m + r-m "eater (of men)" cf. Cha. *r8m/*l9m "eat
(hard things)" OS *lum- "eat"
I. H. maita "witchcraft" NB *r9m "eat (hard food)" NBD malim "sorcerer"
NBM, NBT marin- "sorcerer" NBS mara "sorcerer" NBB "sorcerer" = "eater
of person"NBK, NBW, NBP "one of" + lim Ngz. malam "sorcerer" (ndalam
"meat hunger" zalama "craving for food") RS maram "Zauberpriester" Tng.
korom "witchcraft" rumbe "eat without having to chew" 8. Kan., Ted., Dz.
karama Kan. ram- "crush" 2. Msg. luma, lema, lama "essen (feste Speise)"
3. Bid., Mgm., Dgl. *melem "sorcier, sorcellerie" '-y-m "manger" Mkl. marmi
"sorcier" -dim- "manger quelque chose de dur" 3a. Ban. malu "native doctor"
200

4- Brj. murumi "wizard, sorcerer" Sid. bita "sorcery" Rnd. moro "witch-
doctor" 6. ? Ar. lamma "evil eye"
mazarwaila sugar (locally made, brown) < zarwai(la) (ideo.) emphasising zaki
"sweetness"
mazo antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus) also maji
I. NBB mazu ? < H. RS masom "Antilopenart" ? Ang. zur) "hartebeest (H.

kanki)" 2. Log. maza "Kan. kamasano, H. maraya" Bud. komoseno "Anti-

lope" 4. Bye. masoki "gazelle, Steinbock" Bil. saukan "gazelle" RRft *tsa' "sp.
large antelope" *cek- "reedbuck" 5. Eg.(Bu) seshau, shesau "antelope"
me what ? also ml, meye, mene, mme ? < m + ay (pron. + interrog.) P.Cha.

*mi, *me
I. KK miya "what ?" Ngm. -iya interrog. suffix
Plateau Cha. -e interrog. suffix
Dw. 'ayo "where ?" Pic. -i interrog. suffix Ngz. -nge interrog. enclitic 2. Ter.gp.
*ayi "where ?" Bur.gp. (Hg., R) -ri interrog. suffix Mdr.gp. -ra interrog. suffix
3a. Lam. 'iya "oil?" Ban. ara "where?" Ban., Mas. -ge interrog. suffix 4. P.Cu.

*m- indefinite 3rd person pronoun *-'ayyu interrog. suffix Or. -re interrog. suffix
4a. Jnj. ay "where?" Bnc. es "how?" 6. P.Sem. *'ay "which?" Akk. minu
"what?" 7. Tur. mi "who?" iy, ayy "quiconque" Tam. ay "who (relative)" 5.
Eg.(Bu) ma, ? mi "who?, what? etc." 8. Sng. may "qui?" Knz. sai, se "wo?
welcher?" Kan. -aye "-ever (whoever, whatever, etc.)" Berta -e ends "when?",
"where?", "which?" 9. Mnd. me "quoi?" Ful um "it" ume "what?" mo
"him" moi, moye "who?" to(n) "there" toye "where?"
mena antelope (Dama gazelle) OS *mi'- "antelope"
1. NBW munamun- "gazelle sp." Tgl. lamina "antelope sp." (la- diminutive)

2. Mfg. meweney "Gazella rufifrons" Dab. miwini, meveni Gid. mune Mat.

menet "duiker" Bur. mina "antelope sp." FK kiminu "gazelle" 9. Mnd.

mina "Tragelaphus scriptus" 3a. Zim. myewu "gazelle" 4. Bye. ewu "klip-
springer, steenbok" 9. ? Sw. minde "duiker"
mel mail delivery < Eng.
mesa python also "rubber hose" OS *mehas- "big snake"
9. Mnd. sa "snake" S.Mnd. *mesa ? "snake" or "python" i. Gwd. mese,

mehe "royal python" Tgl. mizo "python" 5. Eg.(Bu) mes "serpent"

mesin mason, bricklayer < Eng. cf. Kri. mesin
metan two hundred < Ar. mi'atayn
midil middle school < Eng.
miji, maji husband pi. maza ? < m + Z-( ) OS *dza- "man" H. maza "quickly"
? < "vigorously < like a man" (Gouffe, 1981) mazakuta "masculinity, penis"
 20I

I.BT *midzi "male" NBP nju "mari; male" Plateau Cha. miS "man" RK
njom "Penis" Sey. zar "man" 2. C.Cha. m + Z-l/r "man, male" Muk. dza
"person" Gis zel "Mann" mijiler) "mdnnlich" 3. Jg. ja "Mensch" Mub. njo
"Mensch" Dgl. zerle "avoir atteint I'dge de puberte (seiilement pour les gargons)"
Tum jin "penis" 3a. Lam. ndzi "mari, male" 4. Rnd. mejel "male persons"
P.Cu. *t-y-l- "beget" REG *d^u- "male" Or. mundo "penis" Afr. (Jale "beget,
engender" bucj^eli "price of the murder of a man" bu^cje "penis" Bye. mid
"penis" Eg.(Bu) tha(i) "man, male, masculine" (F) t3y "man, male" 6.
5.

Akk. "man, male" Gur. mis, mas "husband, *man, male" Ar. 6ayl "tail"
'-t-1

? < "penis" 6al "become lean (woman)" 6ayyal "wild bull" 7. Siw. zilan n

+ issiwan "les gens de Siwa" Tam. amazi7 "Berber" Tur. mujay "etre Touareg,
etre brave/courageux/noble" 8. Berta -idele "male"
miki I. griffon {Gyps ruppellii) also maiki ? < m-r + ki

I. ? Ang. mabp "type of bird" 3. Lei. mal "vulture" Bid. marlar) "aigle" Dgl.
mawa "oiseau de proie (? vautour gabar)" 2. Mfg. malaw "oiseau rapace sp."
Gis mulu Muk. malavur "eagle" (Gha. mb-r "big, lion" cf. babba)
"vulture"
malawer hawk" 4. P.SG *me'al "bird of prey" Had. ammara, ammacco
"kite
"Raubvogel, ? Adler, ? Geier" Afr. milliko "bird of prey (? osprey)" Bye. moyta
"Adler sp." Or. guramala "kind of bird" (the sentence given by Gragg seems
to imply that it is large cf. P.Gu.(E) *gud- "big") 6. ES *amara "bird of
prey" 5. Eg.(Bu) merurit "kind of bird"
2. ulcer, wound ? < m + r-k-
I. Gwd. mirjkyi NBW, NBT ria- NBD aligim BT m9r(-)k- Ngz. maia "wound
(n.)" taya "ulcer" lara "internal bodily pain" 2. Ter.gp. *m(b)iriya "ulcer,
pimple" W.Bur.gp. *mbilku "ulcer, pimple" E.Bur.gp. *mbilgu "ulcer, pim-
ple" 3a. Mas. mila "plaie, abces" Mus. mbilna 4. Bil. lagan "Wunde" P.SG
ruk- "be sick" Dhl. ruko "pain" P.Gu. *l-k(k)- "wound (vb., n.), cause sick-
ness, sickness" 5. Eg.(Bu) mer + t "sickness, pain" men + t "pain, sickness,
wounds" 6. ? Gz. iaqaya "inflict suffering, torment, plague"
mr- OS *mit- "pull"
stretch out, straighten
I. Gwd. minka, mikye NBB nii "straight" 2. Mfg. me +r)gey, me + ggar-
"tendre" 3. Mkl. 'ekke "tendre, aligner" ? Lei. sugi "s'etirer" 3a. Lam. gun "ten-

dre" 4. Afr. me^e "be good, right" Sid. qina "be straight, upright" 5. ? Eg.

(Bu) menkh + 1 "something correct, perfect" 6. ES q-nn-, q-n^- "be straight,

right" Ar. 'iqta'anna "stand upright"
mil mile < Eng.
minista minister (politician) < Eng.
202

minshari snoring ? < m + nsari cf. hansari, kakari OS *tlaxur- "snore" RW.
Cha. *s-H-r- "snore (vb.)"
6. Ar, saxar (vb.) 4. Bye. sehwar (vb.)
minti i. minute (time) < Eng.
2. candy, sweet < Eng. (pepper)mint
misaliexample, instance < Ar. mi^al misalta "compare"
mishan Christian mission < Eng.
miski musk perfume < Ar. misk (Persian musk)
miskini destitute person < Ar. miskin
mita meter (in various senses) < Eng.
I.

grumbling "being unwilling to let something alone, going on and on

2.

about something" ? < may- "repeat" see maya

miya stew, sauce (liquid part of the main meal) ? < mbi + r-( ) cf. Cha. (E, W,
C.) mbi "water" P.Cha.(N) *i3w "meat" OS *ma'-, *bay- "water"
I. Bol. iye "sauce" Dr. Tgl. ara "stew" (Dr. also "meat") NED ambila'a
"sauce" (NB *(a)mbi "water") SB mii- "sauce" Ngz. higwen "sauce" 2. C.
Cha. m-r-Kw- "gruel" ? MM *'-l-k/r "sauce, Gemiise " 3a. Ban., Mus.
(m)bal-ra "sauce" Lam., Zim. mbar "sauce" mbi "water" Bac, Mwl. ur-w/y
"gruel" 9. P.Juk. *mbyed "water" 3. Mkl. similagi "bouillon" (sey "viande")

Mub. loge "dickflussige Suppe" Bid. ruway "faire le bouillon" Dgl. rugumey
"cuire a I'eau" Smr. bera "Gemiise, Suppe" 4. Abo. bice so' "broth, meat stew"

(bice "water" so' "meat") P.Bon. *bi(y)i (pi.) "water" Afr. borodo "broth"
Sml. murud + ki "sauce remaining in the plate" (biyo "water") P.HEC *mala
"meat" (P.HEC *wa'a "water" wat'e "sauce") Brn., Gor. iaiak'^'a "gruel"
P.Rft. Mak'^'a "body" 6. Sem. maraq "broth" (P.Sem. *may "acqua") ES iaga

"meat, body"
miyau saliva ? < mbi + yau (q.v.)
for mbi "water" cf . miya
I. Grn. mi "saliva" 2. Hrz. menya "saliva" 9. P.WN *-mila "nasal mucus"
molo lute (three-stringed) cf. Sng.molo "violon a une corde" Kan. molo "native
banjo" Mnd. folo, polo "sorte de violoncelle"
mora use, enjoy "anwenden, benutzen, gebrauchen" moro (n.) "using, exploiting
(destroying)" cf. bawa "slave" murima "servant accompanying horseman"
4. P.SC *muruk'- "gain mastery, overcome, overpower" Afr. moroke "be
used up" Or. mo'a "conquer, win" Dly. moh + ad "herrschen" Sid. moga
"take undue advantage, avail oneself (as a servant of job to get opportunity
to steal)" moha "rule" P.HEC *mor- "steal" i. RD, RS, RK *mahor "slave"
 203

NB *mar- "slave" 2. FK mara "slave"

FJ mugula "slave" 3. Dgl. muguse,
mukse "(s')habituer" 6.mo^a "conquer, subdue" ES mar(r)aka
Gz. mo'a,
"take in war" Hrr. mahawa "goods, utensil" Ar. amwal "flocks, wealth,
personal property" 8. Knz. morro "halten, gehunden sein" 9. Ful. mar- "pos-
sess, have, capture, elever, entretenir" 5. Eg.(Bu) marqaht "booty" maraau

"servant, groom, herd" 7. Tur. emali "possesseur"

mota, mato car,auto < Eng. motor
motsa move (vb.) motsi (n.) motsu "be mentally disturbed" ? < m + w-ts- cf.

watsa OS *n-m-s- "move" *himis- "go"

I. Gwd. mwasi, mumursi "mix" Tgl. mese "journey, travel, walking" Ang.
mwen + cet "travelling" RB mwen(at) "dngstlich sein" 3. Dgl. awe, awtye
"remuer avec le baton de cuisine" wayte "remuer" Bid. wis "remuer, bouger"
wiser) "mouvement" Mkl. awiza "remuer" 2. Mfg. wus- "bouger, remuer" Pad.
usa "remuer, toumer" 7. Tur. mussu "remuer (intr.)" amsay "melanger" 5. Eg.
(Bu) metcher, metchet "press, urge, be strenuous"
mowa favorite (especially wife) moyi (m.) ? < m-w/y-1 cf. aur- "marry"
I. Ang.mwol "brother" RF *mwan "Freund" Dr. mol "brother" molo, mura
"sister" Tgl. molem "elder sister" 2. Mg. mwala "friend" 3. Dgl. mila + 1

"soeur de femme" (apparently a joking relationship) Bid. mono "preference"

3a. Lam. mun "le/la plus aime(e)" 4. Or., Bil. mil- "comrade, companion"
Irk. mulkumo "friend" 6. Amh. bala + m'^al "favorite" (bala "one who, one
with") Ar. mayl "inclination, propensity, sympathy"
mubaya'a homage to a nev^ ruler < Ar. mubaya^a
mubazzari spendthrift < Ar. muba66ir cf. baza
muciya stirring stick also "canoe pole" ? < m + w-ts- cf. motsa, watsa
1. Tgl. wunji 4. P.SC *mu(u)s- "pestle" Kwa. mucito "stirring stick" Or.
bojito "porridge stick (for stirring)"
muddin so long as ? < Ar. mudda "length of time" (Mischlich and Bargery do
not have. Abraham prefers muddar)
mudu measure for corn cf. Ar.muddu Sng. muddi
muuwa python P.Cha.(N) mada RW.Cha *mura + k'^a "python" *-l-
" swallow" cf. hadiya
2. Bac. miydu(k) "swallow" miyoto "python" 9. Ful. moa "swallow"
moari "python"
mugu bad, evil OS *mag- "be bad" cf . Mnd. ku, gu "mal (sert de suffixe pejor-
atif)" maku, magu "mauvais etat etc." Bid. mugu "elephant"
204

mugunya pus
1. Gwd. r)yur)wa 3. Dgl. golany (pi.) (golnyo s.) i. Bol. moroki 4. P.HEC
*mala REG *malh- 6. Sem. m-g-1 "suppurate, be blistered, pus"
muhimmi important < Ar. muhimm
muhuti, mufuti judicial assessor < Ar. muftiy
mujaza fiat, beneficial influence cf. Ar. ijaza
mujiya owl f. of du\i q.v. ? < m + w-z-
2. mbizima Dab. -mbizim Mfg. hwezem Mf. wezem Gd. vTzana 3. Bid.
Pad.
wozol "hibou sp." i. Dr. wurak 4. Sid. awulco Or., Der. urung- 7. ? Tarn
twuyt 5. ? Eg.(Bu) mesha (begins with owl symbol) "a bird"
muaddas deputy "d., one appointed temporarily to a vacant office" also
muaddam ? < Ar. muqaddam "overseer, supervisor" (? interference from
Ar. muqaddas "dedicated") for the unlikely -s cf. halal/halas)

mulki rule, government < Ar. mulk

mulwa short, thick snake OS *mulu'^- "lizard"
mumini faithful Muslim < Ar. mu'min
munafuki hypocrite < Ar. munafaqa "hypocrisy"
munduwa bracelet, anklet (metal) ? < m + nd-(g)w- cf. dawaya, juya
I. Kof. awal "anklet" Ang. jok, jwak "bracelet" 2. Mfg. jewe, manjay "bra-
celet" Gis. njerew "ring, bracelet" 3. Dgl., Bid., Mgm., Mkl. *-g'^-r- "perles,
collier" Lei. njerem "anklet" jerem "anneau de cheville a eperons" 4. Afr., Or.
malda(y)ya "bracelet" Brj. micira "copper bracelet worn by men" 7. Tur.

dengela "bracelet de perle" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) hatcher + t "anklet or bracelet (of

gold)" (tcher "tie up, envelop" tcheru "circuit wall of a building")
muni ugliness, evil ? < mugu + ni cf. Tub. meni "wicked"
mura cold (illness of nose or throat)
1. Gj. mura "fever" 9. Mnd. mura "rhume" 3a. Lam. mbor "morve, rhume"
2. Gd. babra "chest cold" 6. Gur. amba', ambaq, sabara "cold combined
with coughing" 7. Tur. agebar "esp. de maladie pulmonaire, bronchite chron-
ique" ekmer "avoir en grippe" 5. ? Eg.(Bu.) ubr "a kind of disease"
murabus retirement from office cf. Ar. rabit "monk, ascetic, religious" rabat
"suspend (a clergyman)" r-b-^ "separate" r-b-s "wait for"
mur-, murgu- twist, wring, distort cf. gure
I. Sur. muyer Tgl. morugyi Ang. mar Ank. miyor Tgl. mure Bol., KK muru-

Ngm. mar- Pr. meru + 70 Bed. maratu Ngz. martaku 2. Mfg. margwa-
"tordre, luxer, froisser" Gd. taraa 3. Lei. wirgidi "tordre" Mgm. ridiny-
"tordre"
 205

murhU; murfu fireplace (three stones) ? < m + r-(

2. Mfg. luwec Maf. ruwec Gis. luwes, liwis Pad. luce Mg. lanti i. Tgl., Bol.
r-B- 3. E. Cha. *rug'^- ''cuire"

murjani, murzani coral beads cf. Kan. marzan Ar. murjan Sw. marijani
murmushi smile (n.) P.Cha.(N) *gamsa "laugh (? vb.)" P.W.Cha. *hamts

"laugh"
1. NBD mes- "laugh" 2. Ter. masi "laugh (n.)" Hrz. mused- "laugh" Dab.,
Mol. mb-s "laugh (vb.)" Gd. nwusa "laugh (vb.)" Pad. uasa "rire" 3a. Lam.
mas(a) "rire" 9. P.Plateau (BC) *mas "laugh" 4. P.HEC *musik "smile (n.)"
Afr. musuyto "smile (n.)" 8. Knz. usu "lachen" 7. Tur. ets "rire" 6. ES k-m-s
"smile (n.)" Gur. musaq, busaq "smile (n.)" Ar. basam "smile (vb.)" 5. Eg.
(Bu) meskha "rejoice, joy, gladness"
murna joy, happiness ? < *m-s + n "laugh, smile" cf. murmushi
5. Eg.(Bu) mar "be happy"
murtsuke crumple, crush cf. matsa, matsa, mur-
murtuke stir up, confuse cf. motsa, mur-
murya voice ? < m + w-r- ? P.Cha. *7w-r "neck, voice" see wuya "neck"
2. Dab. wul "cou, voix" murjgurlum "gorge" mungurun "voice" 3a. Lam.
mbora, hor "voix" Pv. wor "voice" 8. Berta gelu "voice" galu + bolo "throat"
(bolo "neck")
murza twist, rub cf. mure
musa contradict, deny musu (n.)

I. ? Tgl. misi "jealousy" "se disputer" 3. Dgl. mis "mais (agres-

2. ? Maf. biz-
sif)" Bid. moron mork- "dispute" Afr. meysi "uncertainty"
"disputer" 4. Or.
mide "adopt pose of disagreement" 6. Gz. mesa "turn aside" Sem. m-yt-
"turn away, repel, refute" 5. Eg.(Bu) mes "turn round from, avoid" meseh
"turn away"
musafaha shaking hands in greeting < Ar. musafaha
musamman especial(ly) ? < Ar. mu^amman "valued, prized"
musaya, musanya exchange, barter ? < m + s-y- cf. sauya, saya P.Cha. (N)
*masa "buy"
I. NB *m-s'- "sell" Ngz. masa "trading" mast- "change" 2. Mfg. m + samk-
"acheter" 6. Gur. mezara, messara "exchange" Hrr. meca "sell" 7. Tur.
maskal "etre echange, troque"
mushe carrion cf. mutu "die"
I. NBT mosen "die" 8. Berta musa, muse "die, be dead" mose "death" 4.
2o6

Bye. misiS; mesis "die natural death (animal), become carrion" 7. Tur.
me7soi "charogne" 5. Eg.(Bu) khensh "to stink, putridity"
mushiriki fetish worshipper < Ar. musrik "polytheist"
mussa cat cf. fatu, maitso
I. Gwd.(N) musa 7. Tur. rnuss, rnass "chat" Tam. muss 9. P.Plateau *mus

"cat" Nalu (WA) mpus Np. musur) i. Plateau Cha. (m)mus "(wild) cat"
Brm.; Dw. mus NBK muskule (cf. H. kule) 2. Wmd. mutsa "wild cat" 3.
Bid. 'ambis "chat" Mgm. blsu "chat" 4. Sid. basu "cat" P.SC *pos-/*pots-
"wild feline sp." 6. Ar. bass "cat" Hrr. bas "sound used to chase away a cat"
mutagadi mudguard, fenders < Eng. cf. Kri. modgad
mutu die cf. mace OS *mawut- "die" P.Cha.(N) *m9ta "die" *maya "hunger"
I. H. mayata "become very poor" NB *miy- "die" *may- "hunger" 3. Lei. ma

"mort" time "faim" Kr. mer) "la mort" me "mourir" 9. Ful. may- 7. ? P.Ber.
*m-y/w + t (Bynon, 1984, p. 253) 6. Soc. ml "mort" P.Sem. *mawt "morte"
(Akk. miitu) 4. P.Cu. *mut- Rnd. yumuy 5. Eg.(Bu) mit, men-, mer (mut),
meth
mutum person mutane (pi.) ? < m + ntu + m mutunci "self-respect, dignity"
mutuntaka "human nature" mutum-mutumi "effigy, doll"
I. Gwd.(Gitata) ntsa Bed. mdan "person" BT m-ndu "woman" Ngz. ndiwa

"people" Sur. (di)mis "man" (i)mat "woman" RB (a)er) "Person" RD yar)

"Person" 2. E.Bur. *mdu W.Bur. *mda Wmd. ndaw Njn. mide Gdu. mandu
Mwl. ndoh Gd. nda Mfg. ndaw "homme" (ndah(w)ay pi.) Mdr.gp. *uda/ude
3. Lei. induwa "humain" Bid. mido "homme" 3a. Lam. hundo (pi. sundo)

"gens" nda "Us, elks" ndu "tu" ndam "il" ndi "vous" 9. ? P.NC *-ntu Ful -o
human class suffix 8. Knz. ondi "mdnnlich" Berta nde, nda- 4. P.Cu. *^-nd-
Bye. ndiwa "people" enda, da "Menschen, Leute" Abo. modo "people" 4a.
N.Om. ad(d)e, as Jnj. ad-, asu Dizoid aints Mao ondu Aroid (e)ed 7. Ber.

mddn, indan "people, men" 6. ? Sem. '-d-m "human, mankind" Akk., Gz.,
Heb. *mat "husband" Gz. matana "it is seemly" ( + 'akal = "manhood") 5.

? Eg.(Bu) unnu "human being" met "man, male"

muzakkari energetic < Ar. mu6akkar "masculine"
muzuru male cat ? < m-z- + r-w cf. miji
I. NBP loni "wild cat" SB 1-w + n "(wild) cat" 9. Poular 'ullu- "cat" Man-
dyak (WA) uleou Tv. alau 3a. (m-)r/l-w- "(wild) cat" 2. Glv. aravara "lion"
5. Eg.(F) rw, m3- "lion" (Bu) mau "lion, cat" 8. Berta meru "cat" mariu +

abense "wild cat" 4. Brj. gra'we "cat" As. merok "lion" Alg. mariyamo "wild
cat" Bye. lolis "Katze" E.Cu. libaH "lion" 6. P.Sem. *lub- "lion" Soc. girbag
"chat"
 n
na'am yes answer to a call) < Ar. na^^am
(in
nadama regret also ladama < Ar. nadama
na-; nanna- roll up, wind, fold also kananna- nai "turban"
I. Gwd. nand-, lend-, rind- "envelop" Tgl. yari "roll up" Ngz. yai- "roll up"

Bol. dilu "wrap on (turban), fold" 3. Dgl. lade "envelopper" lldye "entourer"
Mkl. libia "enrouler" Bid. malady "plier une natte" hayde "enrouler" 2.
Kr.

Mfg. iuwdey "entourer, enrouler" 4. Brj. bin + d'- "wrap on (e.g. turban)"

Had. kint- "fold" Bye. 'adid "divide, fold, secure sitting camel by tying its
knee" P.Sam. *lab- "fold" 6. Gz. maleto "turban" (Leslau suggests < Greek)
nagari good "of good quality or character" ? < na + gari see gari, (i.e. "urbane,
civilized" as opposed to "wild, bush dweller")
nahawu grammar < Ar. nahwu
na'ibi deputy < Ar. na'ib

naira Nigerian currency unit (introduced 1973) ? < Nigeria

najasa feces (human) < Ar. najas "unclean"
naasa reduce in value, disable < Ar. naqasa
nama meat, flesh, (wild) animal
I. Gwd. nama Ang. nam Tgl. nam, (Ip) 2. Pad. namanama "tasty" 9. P.BC

*-nama P.WN *-nam- "animal" P.Plateau *-nam "meat" *-niam "animal"

8. Mab. ny- "eat, meat" 4. Bye. na' "sheep, goat" P.SC *na^ "small carni-
vore" *nah "wild swine sp." Bil. na^wa "Jagdbeute" i. NBW na'i, na'ai "ani-
mal" (iu- "meat") NBP na "antelope (general)" NBM na'a "duiker" 3a. Lam.
nao "cow, bull" ( + "cultiver" = "esclave") 9. Ful na'i "cattle"
namiji male, man < miji
nan here, there
I. Dr. nene Tgl. nege 4. Bil. nan "now"
nark- melt, dissolve ? < ny-r + k- OS *no- "water"
I. Gwd. yereka, yanska 2. Muk. ranuk- i. Ang. let 3. Mgm. relel- "fondre"

Dgl. nyoe "fondre dans Veau" Mkl. nyolil- "fondre" Turn, yul- Kr, yor- 4.
208

Afr. ele "melt" 7. Tur. alysm "se dissoudre, fondre" 5. Eg.(Bu) nut "melt"
6. ES n-t-r "melt"
nas nurse < Eng. cf. Kri. nos
nasaba relationship < Ar. nasab
nasara victory, success < Ar. nasi
nasara Christians < Ar. nasara
nashe pierce (with spear) OS *naxas- "pierce"
nasTha good advice < Ar. nasiha
nawa slowness, slackness cf. nuna 2., sannu OS *naw- "be tired"
I. H. nauyi, yauni "heaviness" Ang., Ank. n-yn "be tired" NBW, NBK nuwu
"fatigue" Tgl., Ang. *l-y "slowly" 3a. Lam. riya "etre lent" 5. Eg.(Bu) nen "be
sluggish; be lazy, indolence" 8. Knz. nore "langsam" 9. P.WN *lem-
"heavy" Mnd. neme-neme "lentement" Poular ne- ''etre lent" 3. Lei. lo "etre

lent" loydo "lente" talele "lenteur" Kr. lirjlir) "lent" 4. Der., Sid. Ian- "slow"
P.SC *le'-, *lo'- "be heavy"
nawa how much, how many ?
I. BN nawan Gj. nigwe "how?" "how many?" nda "how?"
8. Kan. nda(g)u
I. Ank. ndar) "how?" "how many?" Glv. ngwen "how
2. Bur.gp. id-(g)w-
many?" 9. Poular nawai "comment?" 2. Dab. nu "comhien?" Mwl. nowono
"how much?" Htk. nuwene "what?" 3. Mgm. minaw "combien" Bid. nug
"comment?" Lei. na "comment?" 6. ES -nu interrog. suffix

nazari research, study ? < Ar. na6ariy "speculative (science)"

nema seek immoral purposes)
(esp. for

3. Lei. nom lam "fait de recherche" i. RF not "suchen" Ang. nag

"courtiser"
"enquire" ? Grn. nimi "get" 2. Gd. luma "steal" Bud. nera "suchen" 6. ES
n-^-(w) "hunt" (cf. nama)
nesa far nisa "distance" cf. ? Sng. nesa "etre mesure"
ni'ima prosperity, fertility < Ar. ni^ma
nia grind OS *ni- "grind"
also "vex"
I. Ron ni/uK "mahlen" NBP, NBS n-u "stir" 9. Mnd. nugu "ecraser" Poular
nirku- "moudre (entre deux pierres)" 6. Sem. naq^- "split, crack" 5. Eg.(Bu)
nag, nequ "crush, reduce to powder" 4. Bye. nik'- "crack" P.HEC *nak'-
"hit" Sid. ITq + s "pulverize" Bil. laqa-, laq- "gut mahlen" P.Cu.(E) *hl/uk'-
"grind (grain)" Rnd. rix 3. Dgl., Bid. *eyg- "moudre" Turn, ig "moudre (en

pilant)" 2. Bud. haga, ga "mahlen" Gis., Mad., Klb. h-'- "grind"

nim neem tree (Azadirachta indica) < Eng.
 209

ninka, linka fold (several times) also rinka

I. Gwd. nunkye "roll up" Tgl. riye "multiply" 9. Ful. rim- "produce young,
multiply" lim- "count" 4. P.Cu. *l-m'- "two" Afr. limo "trade (vb.)" 8. Kan.
rer)- "divide"
ninaya, linay- swimming see yanaya
nlsa sigh (vb.) cf. mshi "breathing heavily" ? < n-f-s cf. numfasa
3. Dgl. nizze "soupirer"
nishai enjoyment, pleasure < Ar. nasat

nits-, nuts- abate, sink, vanish < nu'- ?

4. P.Cu.(E) *no^- "sink" Sid. hanukki "withdrawing oneself" i. H. noe

"withdraw from view" Ang. lam "sink, disappear, hide" 2. Mfg. nas- "abi-
mer, (se) perdre etc." 3a. Lam. no'o "plonger dans quelque chose" 3. Bid. nody-
"enfouir" Mgm. nudyo "enfoncer, plonger" Dgl. nedye "respirer avec peine, suf-
foquer" Mk\. ledde "(s')etoigner etc." Ki. lente "perdre" 7. Tur. allaz "s'enfoncer
profondement (dans un corps quelconque)" 4. Sid. lit- (+ s) "sink in water" Or.
lita "sink" Afr. we4 + s- "cause to flood" 6. Gz. lath "take mouthful of
liquid" Our. wata "swallow, drown" we'a "sink"
niyya intention, zeal < Ar. niyya
nji see inji
nom- cultivate, farm, weed, hoe ? < lom-
1. Gwd.(N) nuwa Ngz. ruw- "cultivate, hoe, weed" RK ruk "bebauen, Feld,

Farm" RB ro "Arbeit" Bol. rutta "work" 3. Mkl. lime "desherber" Mkl. nab-
"travailler"Ugm. lubb- "travailler" ]g. lod "Feld" 8. Dz., Ted. lo/le "dig" Kan.
kulo "farm (n.)" (? < k- + lo) Ian- "dig" 3a. Lam. kura "cultiver" 9. Poular
rem-, ndem- "labourer, cw/ftVer" demal "labour, culture" ndemn "terre labouree,
terre cultivee" P.Plateau *dum "dig" *tyam "hoe, axe" CB *dim "cultivate"
*-temo "hoe (n.)" Mumuye Ian Tv. tom "work" 6. Gur. anam-, aram-

"weed" Amh. doma "digging stick" 4. Bil., Ag., Or., Dly. ar-m "weed" Bil.
nuw "Ackergerdte" S. Cu. kurum- "cultivate" Sid. los- "work (esp. in the
fields)" 2. Bur., W.Mg. lam- "dig" Dab. la "creuser" Gd. ra "field, farm, plot"

7. Tur. ellem "creuser (sous une chose)" 5. Eg.(Bu) meni "culti-

ra(n) "dig"
ploughman"
vate,
nono breast, milk OS *^anon- "breast" *ni-/*nu- "lick" cf. H. lake
9. Mnd., Bam., P.Mandekan nono "milk" Poular nene "mother" P.WN

*-ninu "mother" 8. Zar. nanu "teter" i. BT non-, nan-, nuwan "mother"

2. Bac. nuwo "mother" Bud., Log. num "melken" 4. P.SC *nunu' "suck
breast" P.HEC *anuna "breast" REG *nug- "suck" RCu.(D) *n-gw-, *r)gw-
2IO

"nipple, breast, suck(le)" Bye nai(y) "milk (vb.)" nugw "nipple" 5. Eg.(Bu)
s + neq "suckle" 6.N.Sem. *-ynaq- "suck" Gur. annawa "milk (vb.)" 7. Tur.
ankas "teter" 3. Smr. nae "Enter" Lei. uny "sucer" i. SB, BN *(a)ny- "breast,
milk"
nufa will, incline, intend, make for nufi "intention, will" cf. niyya, rub da
ciki C.Cha. n/r-b/v- "heart, liver, strong emotion" OS *nib- "heart" *n-f-^-
"go" cf. rowa
I. Ang., Kof. lap "spleen, marry, accept" Ang. lab "care for" 3. Bid. rop "ac-

cueillir" lap "avoir des relations sexuelles" Mkl. 'ulbe "coeur" Lei. libe "en colere"
4. Or. nafa "eagerness" Ag. nafek- "long for" Afr. niya "seat of affections"
Bye. nehaw "set about (task)" BiL niyat "Laune" (? < Ar.) P.Cu. *l-b- "heart,
chest, soul, mind, etc." Sml. rab- "wish" 6. Ar. nawa "intend" P.Sem. *libb-
"cuore" I. Tgl. rop + t "agree, support" rub- "liver, lung" (Bol. ru-. Dr.
ruw-) Bed. anav- "liver" 5. Eg.(Bu) ab "heart, will, intention, lust etc." (F)

ib "heart, etc." ibi "thirst after" 7. ? Tur. arwas "etre en rut"

numfasa breathe also lumfasa numfashi (n.) cf. fii, nufa, sufe OS *nif-

"breathe" *naf-, *nafus- "breath" *fos(i)'-, *nufas- "breathe"

I. Gwd.(N) ampusi Ron nafos, lafos "atmen" Bol. nes- "breathe" niati

"resting" Dr. nowe "resting" 2. Dab. nap "rest" Ter. nifi "life" 6, Sem. n-f-s-

aed ath(e), wind, spirit, self" ? ES, Ar. 'anf "nose" 4. P.EC *nass- < nafs-
"breathe, rest" P.Cu. *n-p- "breath, life, soul, self, etc." 5. Eg.(Bu) nifa, nefi
"breathe, blow, set free" 7. Tur. infas "respiration, vie"
nuna show, indicate ? < P.Cha.(N) *na "see" + causative
i.

I. Ang. ne, ni "see" nyin "show" Gra. nimi "see" nawmi "show" Bui. nawu

"show" 4. As. nu'us "show" nu'uset "see" Bye. reh "show" erh "see" 7. Tur.
anay, hannay "voir" sa + knu "show" 5. Eg.(Bu) nau, ni, nu "see" 6. S.Ar.
\ny "see" inu "show" Sem. r-'y- "see" Gz. 'ar'aya "show" Gur. ari, atere
"show" Ar. ara, raww "show" 3. Lei. gol "voir" gil "montrer" Tum. ka "voir"
kal "montrer" 4. Or. agera "see" agars- "show" Bil. qwal "sehen" qwal + s
"zeigen"
2. ripen, be cooked also nina, nana cf. nuka "ripen fruit by storing"
P.Cha.(N) *na "ripen" *n-(y) "fill"

I. H. nauyi "heaviness" work" 2. Hid., Klb., Wmd.

nawa "slowness in
*ny-n- "fill" Bud. nano "reif naw mana' "cooked (by boil-
"reifwerden" Gd.
ing)" 3a. Lam. jien "plein, etre plein" ne "mur" 3. Kr. nane "reif Bid. nen +
duk "mur" Lei. ne, negle "mur" 7. Tam., Zen. nw "be cooked" Tur. ar)r)u "etre
mur, etre cuit" 4. P.Cu.(E) *1-'- "be fat" P.HEC *ra' "be ripe, be cooked" Sid.
 211

le'a "become ripe" ra'a "be cooked" Afr. ale, alay- "ripen, cook, bake" Bye.
I'a "be satiated" 5. Eg.(Bu) nukh, nut "cook, roast, etc." 6. Heb. na' "half-
cooked, raw" Gz. ny' "ready to be cooked" Ar., S.Ar. n-y/w' "uncooked,
raw"
nyamnyam cannibal P. NC *-n(i)am "animal, meat" cf. H. nama OS *^en- +
*^en- "monkey"
Ful nyam- "eat" Poular nyamne +jo "sorcier (de ceux qui sont censes "manger"
les gens)" Sudanese Ar. nyamnyam "tribes of S. Sudan" Or. jiamijiami "can-
nibalism" (also the traditional ogre's "fee-fo-fi-fum")
 r

ra'ayi opinion < Ar. ra'y

raba divide, separate rabi "half" rabo "share, lot, destiny" mararraba "cross-
roads" rarrabe "differentiate"
1. H. ria "multiply" P.W.Cha. *rab- Ngz. tara NB, SB, Tgl., Dr. *rap- "two"
2. Gd. raba "fold over" FJ, FM lab- "cut" 4. Bye. tirib, terib Sml. lab- "two,
fold, double" 6. Sem. r-b^ "quadruple" Shr. raba^ "lot" 5. Eg.(F) rmn "half"
raa dew rao "diarrheic excrement" cf. kira, rue OS *ra'aob- "rain"
*lubah-, *lawap- "be wet" *hulub- "be wet"
I. P.W. Cha. *ru- "wet" H. yara "splash (vb.)" luuluu "sogginess" Tgl.
raba "immature, unfired" 2. Tr.gp. -i-- Gd. raa "become wet" maniaa
"dew" FJ maiai Dab. lub "moisten" Nkt. tirba Pad. nzaraa "tres mouillee"
3. Lei. laa "mouiller, tremper" Bar. lubte "nafi" 3a. Msm., Lam. la- "moist-
en" 4. Afr. aru^ Brn., Alg. ra'u Bil. sirib "versinken im Wasser" 5. Eg.(Bu)
herp "make wet" 6. P.Sem. *-rbuk- "intridere" Sem. r-t-b "be wet" (? -T-

afftxal) 7. Tur. albu "etre trop humide (terrain)" alaba "pluie fine"

ra-, see la-

raa whisper
4. Afr. arada^ "mutter" 6. Gz. lattata "be mute"
raai severe pain
1. NB *r-(cO "cold" 2. Pad. laa "souffrance" 3. Mkl. roi- "faihle" Mgm.
rao "faire mal" Dgl. raa "difficile, penible" Bid. raakak "ideo. evoquant

une morsure"
rafali referee < Eng. cf. Kri. refri

rafa, rafanyi maternal uncle cf. Kan. rava "m. u." rava + nyi "my m. u."
rafi, rahi stream, source of water cf. rijiya, ruwa
2. Gd. lahwa "small stream" (laha "hippopotamus") 3. Dgl. lape "retirer de

Veau" 4. P.Cu.(D) *lya'- "river, water" (E) *la-/*li- "be moist" Sid. lawo "riv-
er" Irk., Alg. iawi "river" 6. Soc. riho "eau" 7. Tur. elahe "air humide"
rafka, rabka beat hard rafke "be worn out, old" ? < rab +k- Cha.(E, W, C.)
*4-B-(d) "hit, beat" OS *lubax- "strike"
 213

I. H. rafta "something old or spoiled" Ngz. rabgu "destroy, collapse" 3. Dgl.

zabbide "frapper tres fort" zae "etre vieux" Bid. zolba "battue (chasse)" Mkl.
zapiye, rapiye "jeter" 4. P.Cu.(D) *z-b-h "beat, slaughter" (E) *sab-, *reb/
p- "strike" Or. reba "beat" rebadd'a "beat for self" 6. Sem. 6-b-d- "slaughter"
Gz. zabata "beat, whip, cast" Hars., Jib. 1-b-d "hit, shoot, strike, kill" s-b-t

"beat, hit" 5. Eg. shabt + t "stick, rod"

rag- reduce, be left over cf. rame "become thin"
I. H. raki "overlapping" ragga "rags" Tgl. ragi "searching for leftovers, glean-
ing" Kof. leget "single item left over" RS, RD luK-y "(ver)lassen" NBS luku
"grow thin" 2. C.Cha. *\-x- "thin" 4. P.Cu.(D) *r-'- "remain behind" *tl-g^-
"be small, be few" RHEC *rag + ad- "inherit" 3. Dgl. are "rester en arriere"
Dgl., Bid. r-k- "devenir maigre" Mgm. mare, maraw "tester en arriere" MkL
lekke "rester" 6. Ar. raqq- "be thin, weakened, poor" 7. Tur. alkay "etre di-
minue en nombre" laqqaw "etre pauvre"
raga net also "hammock, suspension bridge made of creepers" ragaya "any-
thing suspended from a rafter" cf. lawas, rataya OS *lunak- "net"
I. P.W. Cha. *iank- "hang, suspend" Dr. lowe (< *lohe) "hang over
shoulder" liuwa "net" 2. Ter. loki "hang" Mdr. larjgal "aufhdngen" 3. Lei.
lenge "filet a calebasse" lagra "toile d'araignee" Mgm. 'alligo "suspendre" Mkl.
lukuyu "toile d'araignee" 4. E. Cu. (rar)ra'- "hang" Or. sollaga "hang down"
Dhl. "hang" Afr. laga'^ "droop" Bil. lalaq "aufhdngen" Sid. lenqe "hang-
ra'^-

ing down" lunqu "leaning down, becoming flabby" Bye. asnigw "hang" 5.
Eg.(Bu) nekhai "hang" 7. Tur. alak "etre suspendu" 6. Soc. iinoq "etre sus-
pendu" Ar. ^aliq "be suspended, be caught in a net" "^alq "bag"
ragama halter cf. linzami
7. Tur. alagom "rene attachee a un mors" 6. Ar. 1-g-m "bit, bridle" ES l-g'^-m

"bridle, rein, restrain" 4. Or., Afr., Sid. *lugam- "bridle, bit" 2. Pad. tagama
"mur de pierres"
ragga rags also raki cf. rag- "be left over"
7. Tur. irakkan (pi.) "etoffe(s) en lambeaux" ark "tout a fait mauvais" 4. Or.
lago "work clothes" Bye. darik "Lumpen etc." 6. Ar. xalaq "shabby garment"
Gz. darq "rag, tatter"
rago see lawas
rago ram ? < *La( ) "sheep, goat, cow" + *Gw- "male" cf. ango P.Cha. *i- "an-
imal, meat, cow"
OS *lax- "sheep, goat" i. H. marai "calf" 6. P.Sem. *la' "ovino" *rahl-
"ewe" 4. RCu.(D) *l-h- "sheep, goat" *r-h-' "goat" (E) Ho "cow" *org- "he-
214

goat, ram" 7. Tur. elahey "mouton a laine" 5. Eg.(Bu) aau + t "sheep, cattle,
goats" au(f) "flesh, meat"
rahogo, rufogo granary cf. ruf- "close" kogo "hole, cave"
I. Gwd. rukogo 4. Or. dogogo
rahoto report (n.) < Eng. cf. Kri. ripot
rahusa cheapness also ruhusa < Ar. ruxs cf. arha
rai, rayi life, spirit, mind cf. inuwa, kurwa OS *lo'-, *ruh- "breath, soul"
*ruwun- "wind"
I. NB *r-w-n "wind" arawan "soul" NBW layi + na "life" (? < H.) Tgl.
NBM
riwin, rigin "shade, shadow" Krf., Gib., Gra. r-w/y-n "shade" Grn. yari
"spirit, wind" 2. Ter.gp. *rin- "wind" 3. Jg. layo (pi. layi) "Geist, Damon"

Dgl. riny- "cerveau" 3a. Lam. rao "ventre" 8. Kan., Tub. ro "breath, life" 6.
P.Sem. *ruh "wind, spirit" 4. P.Cu.(D) *ruh- "breath, soul, mind" Bye. leu
"pylorus" 5. Eg.(Bu) aakhu "spirit-soul" aikha "demon, spirit"

raina, rena despise

8. Kan. run- 3. Dgl. raynaw "malice, habilite"
rairay- sift rairai "fine sand" rariya "sieve"
I. H. rege "shake (to remove sand)" 8. Kan. re- "separate" 3. Dgl., Bid. ley-
"separer" 6. ES 1-yl-y- "separate"
raka escort, accompany raraka "drive away"
for *ark- see aik- "work, send" OS *ri^- "drive, chase, friend" *(h-)lak- "go,
drive"
I. BT, Ngz., NB r-k- "drive away" RD rut "schicken, senden, begleiten" RB roh
"senden, schicken" 2. Ter.gp. ri/uk- "drive away" Njn., Gd. away"
lak- "drive
Gd. lag a "surround and drive animals" Mfg. lag- "accompagner" Muk. lakir)
"accompany" 3. Bid. 'arak "pourchasser, aller aux trousses" 'araw "chasser,
renvoyer" Dgl. roya "ami" 6. ES ^arak "associate, be a companion" Hars.
rekot "follow" P.Sem *-r4y- "tend, care for" Akk ru^um "companion" 4.

P.Cu.(D) * r-^(^)- "accompany, follow, drove (herd)" Or. ari'a "pursue,

chase" 7. Tur. arak "etre pres de" Tam. srh "tend (sheep)"
rake sugar cane also arakke cf. Yor. ireke Gwd. rekye' Kan. leke "s.c. imported
from S.W."
raumi camel originally ? < Ar. dialect laYamal (OS *loum- seems anachron-
istic.Wherever AA was spoken, as long ago as that camels were presumably
wild animals somewhere in C. Asia)
9. Mlk. nyagame 2. Bud. logume Maf. tugumay 3. E.Cha. loKum- 2. Pad.

tagwama 8. Bgr. lugma 7. Ber. al7um

 215

rama hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus) cf. Cha.(E; W, C.) 1-m- "spin (thread), plait,
twist"
I. Ang. jalam 8. Kan. bm- "thread (vb.)" 2. Gd. rama "spin (thread)" 4.

P.Cu.(D) *l-m- "two, iterate" (E) *iam- "two" 7. Tur., Tarn. (9)lbm ''filer"

9.P.WN *Iu(k)- "plait, weave" 5. Eg.(Bu) nu "rope"

ram- become thin cf. laushi "soft" rag- "reduce"
1. Ang. lorn "thin, soft" 3. Sok. orim "diinn" 6. Ar. ra^ma "be lean and

glandered (ewe)" ramma "be decayed (bone)" 5. Cop. 16m "wither, fade"
2. Gd. iyanwa' "emaciated"
rama retahate, reciprocate, restore ranko "compensation, quid pro quo" cf.
Kan. rambu- "retaliate" Sid. rabba "revenge, vengeance" P.Cu. *l-m- "two,
iterate"
rami hole (in the ground) cf. nom- "cultivate"

I.Gwd. remi, rom, rami 2. Bud. oliim "Grube, Loch" 3. Sok., Mkl., Mgm.,
Bid. *urum "caveme, Loch" Lei. kulma "trou, (puits)" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) nem "lake"
7. ? Tur. anu ''trou dans le sol, puits, gite (d'animal)"

rana, ran sun, day OS *ra^- "sun, god" *le'- "shine" *4am- "sun, lightning"
*i-w- "lightning"
I. P.W. Cha. *l-m- "sun, sky" Gwd.(N) rara "sun, god" other dialects nana
"sun" RD ren "day, midday" Ngz. ianu "become light" Sey. ia "light" 9.

P.WN *lan- "shine" Mumuye la "sun" 3. Bid. raya "Dieu (nom poetique)"
Mkl. ra "del, Dieu" Dgl. eriyo "midi, jour" (opp. "nuit") er- "bruler" elo
"joumee" Sok. ile ''die Tageshitze zubringen" 2. ramta "west" (mta "die")
Bur.
ra7i "east" (Mad., HB La- prefixes "east, west") Gd. usara "day, sun" (BT *usi
"fire" Sem. *'is- "fuoco, febbre") Bud. law, law "Mittagshitze verbringen" Dab.
ataw "light" 3a. Lam. lao "griller, chauffer, secher" ia "frire" ie "fondre" Ban.,
Msm. *l-w "god" 4- P.Cu.(D) *1-^-, "sun, day, god" Or. adu "sun" harra
"today" 5. Eg.(Bu) ra "sun, day" aah "moon, moon-god" aten "disk of the
sun" (F) r^ 6. Ar. daw "light" ilah "god" lat "goddess of the ancient Arabs"
Hars. law "light" Hrr. la'u "time of greatest heat" 7. Tur. tarut "journee,
midi" 8. Knz. art! "Gott" (cf. Eg.(F) r4 "sun goddess") Berta alo "god"
randa large water pot
I. NBW, NBD -landa- ? < H. 9. Poular londe 3. Mgm. 'ondo "marmite de
poterie"
rangadi touring, safari ? < Eng. round guard (according to Abraham; ? mili-

tary term for guard-duty. But Mischlich has rangaji "herumstolzieren etc." Cf.
rangwaa)
2l6

rangwaa swaying cf. aradu "thunder" rawa "dancing" rege "sift by shaking"
I. NB *l-k- "dance" 3. Mkl. lekie "secouer" Lei. langi "balancer, osciller" i.

Pr. yangudo "shake" Tgl. regde "shake violently" Dr. yahje "shake" 2. Bud.
algai "Spiel Tanz, Gesang" 3. Kr. hargi "danse, danser" 4. Sid. raq-, roq-
"shake" Bye. lag "dance (vb.)" Or. dalaga "dance" Ag. tara7ur) "tremble"
Der. rok'on + s "tremble" 6. P.Sem. *ra'^d "tremito" Gz. r-g-d "perform ritual
dance" Sem. r-g-d "stamp, kick" Ar. r-q-s "dance" ragg- "tremble" 7. Tur.
arakad "danse" g^l^gg^d "se balancer doucement en marchant" 5. Eg.(Bu) aqa
"to dance (?)"
rangwame reduction (e.g. of price or pain) cf. rag- "reduce" ram- "become
thin"
1. KK, Bol. r-ngom- "better (from sickness)" Ngz. rama "feeling better, re-

covery"
rani dry season ? < rana "sun" (in Cha. and Cu., forms for "dry season" and
"sun" are commonly Lam. fata "soleil, lumiere"
related, e.g. fata "saison
seche". Cf. Or. adu "sun" adolesu "dry season")
2. Njn., Gd., FB, FM *ran- Bud. lyani "kaltes Jahreszeit" 4. Sid. arro "dry sea-
3. Tum. paranT 5. ? Eg.(Bu) renp + t "year"
son" P.HEC *arre "sun"
ranta, ramta borrow, lend (especially money) cf. ara "borrow, lend"
rantse swear cf. Mnd. al'kuran "Koran" se, sye "frapper avec les mains en ma-
niere de serment, faire serment" P.Cu.(D) *c-r- "swear, oath, keep, preserve"
rara surplus cf. Or. lolloq- "protrude"
raraka hollow out also rur- cf. Gd. lalanwu
rarrafa crawl, creep
2. Mfg. lab- "glisser" 3. Mkl. limi-/lomi- "ramper (plante)" Tum. lugar)
"ramper" 7. Siw. lafa^ "vipere" 5. Eg.(Bu) nefa (i.e. n-f^) "to glide (?), to slide
(?)"

rasa lack rasu "be lacking, die" OS *ras-w- "death, sleep"

3. Dgl. rase "laisser" 4. Sid. resa "corpse" 6. ES ras'- "forget" Gur. nesa, resa
"corpse" Ar., Heb., S.Ar. naS- "forget" Ar. laysa "there is not" Sem. la- neg.

particle 7. Ber. ur neg. particle 4. Bye. ne "err" nes "cause to err" nau "er-

mangeln" lis "leave in the lurch"

rashawa, rishwa bribe < Ar. raswa
rasTt(i) receipt < Eng.
rataya hang ? < rak + t- reto (n.) cf. raga
I. Gwd. ret-, let- Tgl., Pr. lut- "bag" Dr. 1-w/y- "hang, net" 3. Sok. ile
 217

"hdngen" Dgl. littiya "toile d'araignee" 2. Gd. iaa "net" 5. Eg.(Bu) nekha

+ "pendent"
t

rats- pass through, turn off from also "ford (river)" ratsi "stripe" OS *rats-

"go, run"
4. Brj. lat-/lat- "turn, change (intr.)" 6. Sem. i-wt- "turn aside, travel by
roundabout way" 3. Dgl., Bid., Mgm. raw(a)t "s'egarer, errer, outlier" i. Dr.
lai "turn aside" Bol. laduru "cross" 3a. Lam. lei "ecarter, s'ecarter" 5. Eg.(Bu)
aau "turn aside, deflect from course"
rattaba arrange in order < Ar. rattaba
rauni weakness, wound cf. nawa "slowness"
I. Gwd. rawoni "wound, heaviness" (cf. H. nauyi) 3. Dgl., Mgm. rawo "fa-

tigue" Dgl.arwo "maladie" Mkl. rakke "blesser" 2. Maf. lay- "avoir des regrets"
layid- "faire souffrir" 4. Bil. lagan "Wunde" P.Cu.(D) *l-k(k)- "wound, pain"
Or., HEC rakk- "famine, trouble, suffer" i. Kof. logom "tired" 2. Mfg.

lakud- "faible" 5. Eg.(Bu) ahu "weakness" aua "be wearied, annoyed"

rawa dancing, shaking pi. raye-raye cf. lllo "swinging" rangwaa, rausaya
"sway"; rera "sing" rau da "sway, swing" OS *riw-*riy- "play" *wa'ar-
"dance (vb.)" *rag-/*rug- "tremble"
I. H. raurawa "quiver" rlriya "childrens' game" RB ro "zittem, schiitteln" Dr.
rereu "thunder" BN *r9- "shake, dance" 5. Eg.(F) rwi "dance, palpitate,
clap" rwt (n.) 2. Pad. raha (vb.) 3. Dgl. riye "chant, chanter, air de danse"]g.
reye "Gesang, Lied" Mgm. re "chanson" nyavj "chanter" seivwo "balancer" Bid.
ra "chanter" Mgm. nayo "s'amuser, jouer" 4. P.EC *kirib "dance and sing"
P.SC *ra' "dance, sing" Ma' tara'a "shake (tr.)" Or. rom'a "tremble" rasa
"shake, stir" Sid. rasa "shake" ribbis- "tremble, shiver" sirba "dance and
song" Der. le'm "shake (intr.)" 3a. Lam. la'a "danser, danse" Zim. rlw

"dance, play" 6. Gz., Ar. laha(y) "amuse oneself" 1-^-b "play" Heb. la^av
"mock at" Amh. targab Tge., Tna. t + 1-h- "dance, play, sing" 8. Berta Tla
"dance, play" ha(a)ra "sing"
rawani turban cf. Mnd. noro "adherence" Dyl. norowi "(lit. rencontre de I'adher-
ence) lien, cordon ou turban"
rawaya yellow also "Cochlospermaceae tinctorium (source of yellow dye)" cf.

orawa
7. Tur. irwa7 Gwd.(N) tarawada (ruruwa "locust-bean tree")
"etre jaune" i.

Ngz. awaya "yellow earth, yellow" RD reaw "gelb (Tiere)" 2. Wmd.

luwaluwaru Gd. ranran HK, FG r/l-Kw- 3a. *i/t-w- "red" ("red" and "yellow"
2l8

are the same in some Cha. languages) 3. Sok. rayo "rot" Mkl. olile "jaune"
bololo, yororo "rouge"
rawul roundabout (traffic circle at intersections) < Eng.
raya give life, vitalize < rai

razana frighten cf. rawa "shaking"

3. Bid. ras "s'effrayer" Dgl. rase "sursauterde frayeur" 4. Or. raja "be amazed"
6. Ar. ra^asa "be startled" Gz. razama "be dizzy" 5. Eg.(Bu) res "wake up"
reda grind OS *ri^- "break"
I. Gwd. reda NED rata 3. Dgl. riinye "ecraser" Bid. reteny "s'ecraser" 2.

Mfg. ieie- "ecraser" Had. lit- 6. Gz. latama "grind, pound, crush" Ar.
latama "strike"
rediyo radio < Eng. rediyo mai hoto "television"
rege shake (to remove sand) cf. rairay- "sift", rangwaa
rera, raira sing loudly (tr.) cf. kururuwa, rawa OS *ra'- "sing"
1. Ngz. raur- "call" 4. P.HEC *rar- "shout, scream" P.SC *ra' "sing, dance"
5. Eg.(Bu) rirara "merry noise" 7. Tam. urar "jouer"
reshe branch ? < 1-s- "tongue" cf. harshe (Ngz. has the same metaphor, using
marnyi)
3. Dgl. lege "branche" lese "langue" Mkl. layisa "tranche" 'ilze "langue" Mgm.
linye "branche" lit "langue" i. Ang. res "bamboo" lis "tongue" 4. Sid.

arrawo "tongue" arrawis "to bud, put out new leaves"

reza razor blade < Eng.
riba profit cf. Kan. rijSa Tub. riba Tur. riba ? all < Ar. ribh cf. H. ria "multi-
ply"
ribas reverse (car) < Eng.
ribii fine ash, flour cf. hadi OS rubud- "ashes"
2. Pad. labaa "poussiere" 3a. Lam. rii-rii "salete" 6. Sem. r-m-d/s- "hot
ashes"
ria multiply rianya "repeat" cf. raba, rama, riba
I. NBD rau "two" Tgl., Dr. rap "two" SB r-w-p "two" 2. Pdl. rap "two"
Dab. lap "additionner" Mfg. lap- "plier, retrousser" 3. Dgl. rope "prendre deux
choses a la fois" 4. Bye. ma'lob "two" Sml. lab- "double, fold, two" 6. Gur.
raba "be better" arabba "multiply" Ar. raba^ "make a four-stranded rope"
Sem. r-b^ "four"
riga gown, robe (Mischlich) riga ? < 1-g-t for phonology cf. rakumi
3a. Mas. iigar "pagne, vetement" i. Gra. luggura Sur. lir, lar "Mantel, Um-
hang" NBJ araki 3. Bid. 'arragi "boubou" 7. Tur. argag "pagne" 8. Kan.
 219

kulgU; kalugu Tub. abgi 2. Msg. alkut, algut C.Cha. lukut- Bac. rukut- 9.
Jarawa lugod Duala loki 6. Ar. al + 7ita' "wrapping, covering, tunic" Amh.,
Gur. kuta "sp. of toga" 4. Or. kitta "shirt"
rigaya precede, do first cf. Mnd. gale "premier" la gale "deja" Bam. lagare
"last-born child" Gwd. rigye ... wo "already" (wo perfect marker)
rijiya well pi. riyoji, rigoji cf. rafi, ruwa
4. Or, Afr.. laga "river 6. ? Ar. arjaya "put a side to (a well)" 8. Ted., Dz.
yige "puits"
riki-, rikit- confuse cf. birkita "confuse" birki- "roll on ground" riki-
"change into" rikici "intrigue"
3. Dgl. rikiyi "insistence importune a demander" ? < H. Bid. liwat "entremeler,

toumoyer" 7. Tur. laggan, lekket "changer de direction" lagwat "etre inflechi"

6. ES 1-ww-t- "change" 5. Eg.(Bu) aiu (?) "change, transformation" 4. Dly.
lak + am "sich umdrehen" Afr. milag- "change" Brj. lat- "turn, change (intr.)"

I. Bol. 1-k-t "verstreuen, sich zerstreuen"

rik- hold, keep
I. Pr. yuk- "seize" Ang., Cp., Ank. *y-( ) "hold, seize, keep" Sur. ya (pi. yak)
"halten, fangen, ergreifen, einholen" 2. Dab. yak "accepter, recevoir" ydk duwa
"emprunter" (duwa "dette, credit") Mfg. 1-y- "prendre, tenir" Bur., Ngw. nk-y
"seize" 4. P.HEC *lik + es "lend (money)" Brj. nakk- "grasp" 3. Mkl. 'alle

Henir" Tum. lag, yaw "prendre" 6. Hars. lekef "get hold of" melox "seize" ES
1-q-h- "lend" (Akk. lequ) Sem. m-l-k "own, possess" 7. Siw. ili "posseder, de-
voir une dette (posseder une creance)" Tur. ilu "posseder, avoir" 5. Eg.(Bu) akhit,

nekt, neqt "property, possessions"

rim (ideo.) bang (report of gun or dropped object) also dim cf. Gby. dim (id.)
"exprime le bruit d'un objet lourd ... qui tombe a terre" Gd. dim "sound or
impact of thunder"
rlmi, rini i. silk-cotton tree (Eriodendron orientate)
1. Ang. rum "silk-cotton flowers" Bol., Ngz., NB ri(i)mi 3. Mkl., Dgl. rum
2. Mba. rum ay "Balanites aegyptica" 6. Shuwa Ar. rum
2. standing-up, rearing OS *rim- "rise"
rin- dye with indigo
I. Ngz. arin "dyeing, dyepit" 2. Msg. birni "farben" 8. Kan., Ted. alin "in-
digo" 3. Mkl. 'arindo "indigo" Dgl. alii "plante en boule ... sert a teindre en
bleu marine" Sok. alini "indigo" 8. Bgr. alTni 4. Afr. lin "blue rinse" 6. Ar.

an + nil "indigo" 5. Eg.(Bu) an "purple linen (?)" cf. Persian, Sanskrit nil-
220

rinjaya overcome, predominate, tilt cf. Ar. raj aha "weigh down, outweigh,
predominate"
roba plastic (stiff) also "rubber, eraser" < Eng. rubber
rogo cassava, manioc (Manihot esculenta) cf. Tv., Gwd., Np., Gb., Sng. rogo
9. Nde (Ekoid) aroganti Yor. ege Mbete (Congo) rekuo (s.) bekuo (pi.) Twi.

-bankye ? < C. American -yuca

ro- ask for, beg maroi "beggar, praise-singer"

8. Kan. logo- 2. Mfg. rak- "mendier, quemander" Gd. lagwa "ask" 3. Dgl.
roke "avoir besoin" lege "quemander, mendier a I'aventure" Mgm. lollik-,

lollok- "demander avec beaucoup d'insistance" Som. urge "fragen" 4. Bye.

remig von Haus zu Haus Visiten machen" Sid. lenq
"betteln, als Schmarotzer,

+ is "praise, show off" Der. lak- "ask, listen" P.SC *leh- "listen for, be on
the lookout for" (Irk. Ma' -hlawi "ask for, beg for" 6. Soc. noqe^
"seek")
"chercher" 5. Eg.(Bu) neg(a) "want" 7. Tur. alyad "solliciter, insister avec dou-
ceur pour obtenir"
romo broth, meat stock cf. AA *iu "meat" *m-(') "water"
I. Ngm. luma "sauce" (lu "meat") Ngz. tugwan "sauce" (iuwai "meat") NBS
luwa "gruel" (iuyi "meat") 2. E.Bur.gp. *miru'u "gruel" FM mwalu "gruel"
4. Afr. talima "broth, bouillon" Dhl. luno "relish: anything added to
porridge or other main dish" Sml. murud (-t/-d fem. suffix) "sauce remain-
ing in dish"
ror- gather, glean, harvest (esp. groundnuts or beans) roro (n.)
9. Mnd. noro "tige ... qui est demeure sur le sol apres la recolte" 3. Dgl. rore
"(aire le dernier sarclage" Mkl. losso "glanage des arachides" 8. Kan. lau-
"pluck; collect" kalau "gleanings" 3a. Lam. ra'a "ramasser" 4. Sid. roa, ro'ira

"pluck (vegetables)" P.SC *law- "pick, pluck" Bye. lakkat "harvest (vb.)" lekit
"Kbmer vom Boden auflesen" 6. ES 1-q-t "pick, pluck, glean" 5. Eg.(Bu) rennu
"harvest, provision"
rots- injure (head)
1. Tgl. roozp "neck" Tala (SB) rosi "head" 6. P.Sem. *ra's- "testa" 4. Bil.

rasana "starke Kopfschmerzen, Migrdne" (3. Dgl., Mgm. kay- "head, injure
head")
rowa miserliness cf. nufa

2.Gd. ia'wa "refusal to share, selfishness" Mfg. meieie "gourmande" 3a.

Lam. kuiom "gloutonnement" i. Tgl. rggrpg "greedy" Dr. lombor) "miser-
liness" 4. Sid. rowat- "want (vb.)" 3. Lei. losinya "avare, avarice" 6. Gz.
 221

iaiiu*^ "greedy, covetous" 7. Tur. aram "s'attacher passionement a" 5. ? Eg.

(Bu) rib "madness, lust"
rub da ciki lying face down cf. ciki "stomach" nufa "intend" OS *lib-/*lub-
"heart" *lap- "spleen"
rubu'i one fourth, quarter < Ar. rubu^
rubutu writing
2. Bud. rebode Log. barata "schreiben" 8. Kan. ravo + ta Tub. arbu "dessiner"
7. Tur. tirawt "lettre (missive), amulette ecrite" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) nub "mould,
model, plate, inlay"
ru-, ri- decay, rot, ferment cf. lafa OS *rum- "be rotten"
I. Gwd.(N) rufu KK luba "tire" Ngz. tarau "rot, decay" 2. Hg., F. *ru-/*ri-
"tire" 9. Poular lu- yuer" 3a. Lam. ruo "etre infirme" Ban. lop/b- "tire"
4. P.Cu.(D) *r-p- "be finished, die" Afr. aru^ "rot" Der. alo' "rot" P.SC *po'-
"rot" 3. Dgl. robe "s'affaiser" rome "se deteriorer Mk\. rume "pourrir" 7. Tur.
rummet "se gdter" 5. Eg.(Bu) anep "decay, stink" arp "rot, decay, ferment"
ruti "decay, ruin"
ru- confuse, mix (flour with water)
I. RB, RD 1/r-w- "umriihren, bewegen" NBS lawi "mix" 2. Gd. taraa "stir

(something thick), twist, be upset" 3. Mkl. lote "melanger (p. ex. farine et
eau)" lutte "melanger, remuer" Mgm. rawlo "melanger (un liquide)" rawwo
"melanger (nourriture solide)" Dgl. rawte "errer" 4. Brj. lad- "mix" lad + is

"tangle" Bay. leled- "mix" Kmb. lus- "be mistaken" Or. ratawa "be con-
fused" Ag. lus- "knead" RSC *iu "mixing and stirring of food" 6. Sem.
1-w-S "mix, knead" Ar. lawwa^ "make (water) turbid" 7. Tur. arway "meler
(liquide) en la remnant etc."

ruf- close, cover rufi "roof" murfi "lid" rufewa "granary" cf. luUua, lumshe,
rumfa OS *lew- "put on clothes" *lihap- "cover" *raf- "dwelling"
I. P.W.Cha. *lub- Ang. karp Ngz. rapu "close, cover" raptu "open" 3a. Lam.

tub "proteger, couvrir" 3. Dgl. lubiye "mettre un vetement en double" 2. Gd.

rup "covered (water container)" Pdl. raf "house, compound" Mfg. kul- "se

couvrir de quelque chose" Maf. lep- "poser les tiges sur un abri" ruf "finir,

achever" 4. P.SC *lefim "cover" *iuw- "enclose" Or. rip- "hide (intr.)" 5. Eg.
(F) k3p "cover, hide oneself" 8. Kan. rap-, ram- "bury" Dz. romp- "bury"
rug- move away (in haste) OS *xorug- "move"
I. Ngz. ragu 5. Eg.(Bu) rua "drive away" 9. Ful. rugg- ''piller, drive back in
disorder"
ruhu spirit, soul < Ar. ruh cf. rai
222

rumbu granary cf. ruf- "cover" for -mu "mud; clay" see jimu
I. Plateau Cha, lu "house, hut" 3a. Lam. hurbu "grenier fixe en torchis" 8.

Sng. bua "grenier en terre" 9. Mnd. bundu "grenier en terre" 4. ? Or. gumbl
"granary (made of mud)" P. HEC *gamba "clay pot, jar" 6. ? Gz. gam^e
"pitcher, jar" 9. ? FuL, Poular lumb- "mettre (dans un grand recipient)"
rumfa shelter (hut of cornstalks) cf. ruf- "cover"
9. Np. rufa "shelter" ? < H. i. Plateau Cha. lu "house, hut" Tgl. lubo "straw

hut (on farm)" NBW raba "room" Gj. lupi "house" SB *rup- "place" 2. Maf.
lep- "poser les tiges sur un abri" 3. Lei. lubu yetit case dans les champs"
rur- inflame maruru "boil, ulcer" cf. Or., Sid. rurr- "internal pain or ailment
(e.g. pus)"
rus- collapse, destroy also rush-, ris- ? < r- + s cf. ru- "decay, rot"
I. Gib. lus- "break into pieces" Krf. los- "break into pieces" Bol. roguzu "de-
stroy" Ngz. rugu, ruu "break up (in pieces)" 3. Bid. rozoz "s'ebranler"
Mkl. ruzize "disparaitre, faner, s'abaisser" 4. P.HEC resa "corpse" 7. Tur.
(and other Berber) arzu "casser, briser, vaincre, battre (en combat)" 5. ? Eg.
(Bu) ness "destroy"
rusuna bow
(in obeisance) cf. Ang. rus "bend double, bend down"
ruwa water also "interest, concern"
I.

1. H. ruwa + n sama "rain" Gib. rwa "river" Gra. lawmi "sweat" Gj. lowani

"sweat" NBS luwa "gruel" 2. Bac. ruwa + te "sweat" Gd. iawa "melt, per-
spire" labata "light rain" Ter. roma "rain" Mfg. iey "verser de I'eau" ceiey
"arroser" 3. Lei. talwa "mare permanente" luwa "etre preoccupe" 6. Ar. riwa
"abundant water" Sem. r-w-y "water (vb.), drink" 4. P. Cu. (D) *r-p- "rain"

(E) *tl-b- "to rain" *rob- "sky" Ag. airir) "to rain" 3a. Mas.gp. *l-w- "God"
7. Tur. aliwa "bouillie liquide" i. Gwd. ribgi 8. Berta (r)ro "rain" Knz. arre
"Wasserfall, Katarakt" 5. Eg.(Bu) nu "water, primeval water (source of all
things), sky-god"
2. knife blade cf. lauje "sickle"
2. Ter.gp. l-w- "knife" FM, FB ruwa(n) "sword, knife" 8. Ted. lowi "couteau"
7. ? Tur. alay "couper avec quelque chose de tranchant" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) nu "any
cutting tool or instrument"
ruwaita spread news, relate < ruwaya
ruwaya story, news < Ar. riwaya "play, drama, novel"
 s

sa bull saniya "cow" shanu "cattle" P.Cha.(N) Ha "cow" *i9w- "meat, animal"
OS *la'-/*law- "cattle" *^a^-, *lab- "cow, bull"

4. Bye. s'a "cow" reu "cattle" sa' '%uh, Fleisch" P.Cu.(E) *sa^-, *io7*o "cow"
E.Cu. *lo' "cattle" Or. sa'a "cow" Ion "cattle" 7. Tur. asu "bull" (pi. eswan)
6. Akk. senu "gregge di ovini (pi.)" P.Sem. *ia' "ovino" *lay' "toro" 5. Eg.(Bu)
sa "ram, sheep" sua "sheep" 8. Berta dav), la(a)i] "cow, ox"
sa, sanya, saye put, put on (clothes), cause cf. aza, saka P.Cha.(N) *S9 "put"
P.Cu.(D, E) make" (D) -s(s) causative P.Sem. *iyim "pone" (Akk.
**^-S- "do,
sTmtu "destino") Sem. s- causative OS *sa^- "do, make"
I. Gwd. sa, hya Bol. sawwu "increase" Ngz. sanu "lay down" 4. Bye. saw(w)

"increase" 3. Dgl. ise ''mettre, porter un vetement" siye "arranger" Mgm. 'iss-,

'esek- "mettre dedans, s'habiller" Mkl. 'osse "(s')habiller, insister pour obtenir
quelque chose" 7. Tur. s- causative Tam. ssa "put on (clothes)" 5. Eg.(F) s-
causative (Bu) sha(i) "fix, destine, authorize" set, seha "dress (vb.)"
sa'a, sa'i luck, hour, time also sa'ili < Ar. sa^-

sa'a agemate, peer (Mischlich: sa'a) ? < Ar. su'a "equal"

saba be used to, familiar with sabo (n.) cf. s- causative, *abo "friendship" see
aboki
8. Kan. sava- "become friendly" sava, sova "friend" 6. Ar. suhba "inter-
course, friendly relations" 9. E.Ful. soba- "be friendly" 2. Pad. ziba "ami"
5. Eg.(Bu) s + ab "show graciousness or affection" 7. Tur. asab "etre en-
chante/ravi de"
sabo new ? < S + mb-( ) cf. Cha.(E, W, C) *mb-r "new" OS *mo^- "be new"

3a. Lam. mbireo "nouveau" i. H. ful "very new" fari "white, *good" Gwd.
sabuwa, hyabuwa RD sambuwa "be white" Pr. cimvoa (cin pronoun preceding
modifier) 4. Sml. ^usub- 2. Hwn. cilibura "clean" (Pdl. mbari "clean") Bat.
gp. sa- "thing of ..." Gd. pul (ideo.) "very new" 8. Kan. balin "new, fresh"
bul "white" 6. Akk. sa pronoun preceding modifier Sem. brh, bhr "be clear,
be light" ? Gz. sahbo, sabo "fresh dung" 5. Eg.(Bu) mau + t "new" s + maui
"renew" ub- "white" 7. Ber. -ml-1 "be white, be clear"
224

saboda because of cf. Sng. sabbu se Bam. sabu Poular sabu "a cause de, parce
que" Kan. saavu nar)karo Ar. sabab "cause, occasion, means"
sabulu soap cf. Kan. saval Ar. sabun Sng.safun (Latin sapo, -onis)
sa- strip off, fail to meet, deviate sao "sin" saule "strip off" OS *sab-'-/
*sab-y- "sin"
1. RB suet "hduten" 2. Gis. sewta "skin (vb.)" Gd. iaraa "strip leaves from
stalk" 3. Bid. saat "devenir chauve, s'ecailler"

sae cut off hair OS *sa^ab- "cut"

sada cause to meet sadu "meet (intr.)" ? < s + haDa see haa
7. Tur. sidaw, sedu "reunir" 6. Jib. sa^ed "arrange a meeting" Hars. sdy
"join" sewad "arrange a meeting" 3. Mgm., Bid. saD- "coaguler" 5. Eg.(Bu)
s + hetep "unite with (tr.)"

sadaka alms < Ar. sadaqa

sadaki marriage payment < Ar. sadaq
sadauka give as alms sadauki "brave warrior" (i.e. one who offers up his life)

cf. H. sadaka Sid. sadaqa "offer to God"

sadrdan sure remedy also "unadulterated, reliable" ? < Ar. sadidan "strong
(advb.)"
saara line of writing ? < Ar. satr "hemistich of a verse"
safa bus cf. safa da marwa "to and fro" < Ar. safa wa marwa (places of the
Pilgrimage, where Hagar ran to and fro in search of water)
safa I. glove, sock, soft riding boot cf. safi "thimble, cover for head of tool"
saface "withdraw, hide"
2. fool OS *safih- "fool"
safara itinerant trading < Ar. safar "journey"
safaya spare parts (auto) < Eng. spare
safiya morning P.Cha.(N) *fati "sun, day" OS *saf- "morning"

6. Ar. sahiya "become clear, serene (day), wake up" Gz. sahwa "be bright
(sky), awake" Amh. sahay "sun" Sem. sa*^- "hour, time, season" i. H. safe
"in the morning" Gwd. sape, sape, hwape NB *fai "sun" NBT 'sarfe "sun,
day" 3. Mkl. so'e "matin, matinee" 4. Sml. sa "a portion of time" Bon. sa'a
"morning" P.EC *sa' "morning"Or. safa "hot time of day"
sagagi uncultivated land cf. Bol. sagaga "forest"
sagau bangle cf. P.HEC *sagayo "bracelet, armband"
sago dust-devil (wind) cf. Sml. sago "whirlwind"
sahani kettle cf. Ar. sahn "basin, plate, dish"
sahibi friend < Ar. sahib
 225

sahlhi real, authentic < Ar. sahih

sahu, safu i. row, line (of people) < Ar. saffu

2. snare OS *sa'af- "snare"

sai except, until cf. Ar. siya "except, save" Sml. se "but"
sai, sanyi urine cf. fitsari OS *sax- "bile, urine" *tlax- (n., vb.)
I. RB sa RS zoh 6. P. Sem. *0ayn- (+ at-) (n.) 4. R Cu. (D, E) Ms- (n., vb.)

RHEC *suma (n.)

saiwa root (for tuber see bunkus) cf. jijiya R.Cha.(N) *ar-
4. Bil. zir "Wurzer Sml. jirid Bye. ^ai RCu.(D) *z-^-r 6. Gz. iarw "root,
origin, nerve, tendon etc." Soc. ierah "origin, source" 7. Tur. azar "nerf, ten-
don, veine" 8. Kan. zar Ted. surwi 5. Eg.(Bu) shaaa "source" (F) S3*^ "spring
from, originate"
saja sergeant < Eng.
saje side whiskers, sideburns cf. Lam. sajim "beard"
saje make level, make equal ? < sada q.v.

sak-, shik- lay (eggs), put down, keep on (doing) also "let go, release, divorce"
sakaci "slackness" sako-sako "loosely" cf. sa "put"
I. Tgl. sak- "go down, lend" Ngz. sakanu "increase" NBW sika- "put away"
3. Dgl. sike "terrasser, abattre" ? Sok. sik geram "aufden Boden stellen, abneh-
men" 2. Mfg. sak- "(s') augmenter" 6. Akk. sakan- "place, impose" esek-
"assign, allot" 7. Tur. asam, asat "separer" asar "etre Men depose" 4. Dly.
sik- "loslassen" Sid. seke seke "slackening" Bye. sikw- "sever, hurl, emit"
sakw- "turn loose" Afr. sakuye "throw" Ag. cak- "throw, fall" 9. Roular
sakk- "mettre en dessous" E. Ful. sakkin- (-in- causative) "deposit, lay (eggs),
throw (missile)" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + khet, s + khet, s + kher "throw down"
sak- do again, repay, change cf. sauya
1. H. sakamako (n.) "return, result" Gwd. sakyi, sagyi 3. Mkl. sikke "reclamer
remboursement" 6. Gz. mzgn "repay, recompense" S.Ar. seei- "exact re-
venge" (ei- "revenge (n.)") 7. Tur. su7al 'faire retourner" SU7U "faire razzier
etc." (e7a "vengeance")
sakaina fragment of calabash cf. Bil. sakena "Wasserkrug, Kalebasse"
sakan second (of time) < Eng.
sakankance know for certain ? < kankan "securely"
sakaya close partially OS *cuk- "close"
2. Rad. tsaka "fermer a moitie" Bud. cagali "schlieften" Ngw. siginta "bury"
I. Sur. sa7at "schliefien" 3. Bid. zig "(se) couvrir" Dgl. zuga "toit de case" 6.

Amh., Gz. *zag- "close, shut" Ar. sakar "shut (door), dam (stream)" Mhr.,
226

Jib. *S-k(k)- "close, shut, sew" Soc. iigor "fermer" 4. Sid. saqama "be half-
open" Or., Brj. cuk-(l) "cover, stop up" P.SC *t'eg- "close, stop up" 5. Eg.
(Bu) sshek, suh "cover over" 7. Tur. esku "enterrer"
sakayau light (in weight) also shakalaf
4. Brj. sakan- "light (of weight)" Afr. sissik- "be quick"
saa weave sai "cloth with check pattern" cf. sara "interweave" OS *sa-
"plait, weave" *cak- "plait"
I. Gwd. sak- "weave, plait" Ngz. cakau Pic. tso7n "weave, plait" Bol. sa'yy-,
sa'yy- "weave, plait" 2. Ter. caka Hid. tsagu Glv., Gv. -tsuga "plait" Gis.
tsaka Bud. caga- 8. Kan. saga- Ted. caga- 3. Dgl. tyaka "metier a tisser" 4.

P.Cu.(D) *ts-- "weave, join, plait" (E) *sa'7-/*sa7'- "weave" 6. Gz. ^asaqa,
*^aiaqa, 'asaqa "weave, embroider, twist" ( > Amh. asq "multicolored") 5.

Eg.(Bu) skhet "weave, twist, interweave leaves and branches" skhati "plaited
thing" (F) sht "weave, mould bricks" 7. Tur. seeyey "tresser Idche" 9.

Mnd. sagi "tresser, coudre, faufiler" Poular sany-/cany- "tisser"

sao I. errand, verbal message cf. Mnd. sa + ko "ordre, volonte, bon plaisir" Sid.
sokka "duty on which somebody is sent" soqqama- "envoy, messenger"
2. niche, nook cf. Ar. miska "niche"
salak salad, lettuce < Eng.
salansa silencer, muffler < Eng.
salati Muslim invocations < Ar. salat-

salfa chemical fertilizer (takin salfa) < Eng. sulphur

saiga cesspit, latrine also sarga, salanga
I. Gwd. serega 8. Kan., Tub. saiga Sng. salanga "cabinets" 9. Mnd. sunko
"cabinets d'aisance, feuillees" (su "excrements, mauvaise odeur") 6. Ar. sulaqa
"dirty water"
salka, sarka waterskin cf. sale, salue "peel off" sulkumi, surkumi "leather bag
made from complete skin"
6. Ar. salx "skin of slaughtered animal" 3. Dgl. sale "degarnir de sa chair"
4. P.Cu.(D) *s-(k)k^-b "skin for liquids" Bye. sekwa "Wasserschlauch" sara
"skin (in situ after removal from animal)" 6. Gz. zahq "skin bottle" 7. Ber.

(t)-s-rk- "peau" Tur. asshakwa "sac en peau"

salla set prayer also "Muslim festival" < Ar. sala

sallama agree, take leave, dismiss etc. (tones vary) "*be at peace with" cf.

Kan. salam- similar range of meaning < Ar. sallama

 227

salo smartness, chic cf. salam "elegance, shapeliness" lau, alau "very (well,
cool, fine etc.)"
I. Tgl. salamm "clean, bright, proper"
salte dirt < Fr. salete
sam cf. Gd. sar)
(not) at all
sam- get samu "wealth" Cha. ? S + '-m- "eat (gen. and hard things)"
I. Gwd. sa', som Ang. sam "eat" zum "prosperity, peace" DZ zam- "obtain"

Bui. sag- "obtain" NBW zimw- "eat" 3. Dgl. same "aller chercher (nourriture)"
erne "manger" Mkl. 'omi "manger, gagner" Mgm. 'aymo, 'asimo "manger" 2.

Dab. jar) "trouver, obtenir" Mfg. zam- "manger, heriter" samk- "acheter" 3a.

Lam. za'- "trouver" 4. Or. sama "grab, take by force, exploit" Sid. sam-
"struggle to obtain, snatch; prey (n.)" Bye. 'am "eat" 5. Eg.(Bu) am, am-
"eat, devour, seize" s + am "seize, grasp"

sama sky, above samaniya "sky" sama-sama "superficially" OS *sam- "be

high" *sama'- "sky"
6. Ar. sama' Mhr. sutum, haytam Soc. 'Itin ? < 'im-t 4. P.HEC *Tma "top"
(Had. im- "rise, top, sky") 8. Kan., Dz. sami "heaven, top" Knz. sime "Him-
mel" 9. Mnd. sa "del, le haut etc." 2. Mfg. iam "del, horizon" E.Bur.gp. -lim-

Dw. lem- Mgs. ley am

I.

samanja sergeant-major < Eng.

sambatu idle talk ? < sa "cause" + batu "chat"
samfo basket sp. OS *samf- "basket"
samfur sample < Eng.
sammaci summons (from court) < Eng.
sammako early start also sabko, safko < saf- "morning" + ko
sarnmu bewitching (n.) sammace (vb.) ? cf. Ar. ^azama "make a spell" summ,
samm "poison" Eg.(Bu) sen "speak, curse, work magic"
sana'a trade, occupation < Ar. san^a
sanadi cause ? < Ar. sanad "stay, support, basis, chain of authorities for a Tra-
dition" cf. Ar. mustanad "reason, cause"
sanda staff, stick

7. Tam. imssnda (pi.) "sticks for churning" 3. Lei. sumda "chicotte, baguette"

Dgl. saltine "lance sp." i. Bol. sinji "stirring stick" 8. Dz. sindi "piquets sur
lesquels repose I'armature du toit" 2. Bac. sudey "spear" Mdr.gp. *zada "stick"
4. Afr. sananiyta "stirring stick" Sml. sallado "spear sp." Bil. sarTt "Rute,

Gerte" 8. Knz. selet- "Lanze, Spieft" 6. Ar., S. Ar. zand- "bone of forearm,
upper stick of flint, bolt of rifle" Ar. sanad "prop, stay" 3a. Ban. sugulda
228

"stick" 5. Eg.(Bu) sagartha "wooden weapons, spears (?)" shabt- "staff,

stick; rod, baton" 7. ? Tur. -settit- "petit piquet de tente"
s(w)ane picking pockets cf. Kan. sanye + ma, suwane + ma "pickpocket"
sangali lower leg cf. kasangali, sau OS *suul- "foot, leg" *cael- "thigh"
8. Kan. sigal "lower leg" 2. Bud. cakel "Schienhein" 3. Bid., Dgl., Mgm.
s-r(-)g-l- Sok. sugul "Oberschenkel" 7. Tur. az7ul "pied laid et mal conforme"
I. RD sakur "Bein" BN zagar "foot" RS saka^a "Fufl, Bein" Ngm. seke "foot"
NBJ sarjkwa "foot, leg" NBM aqgar "foot, leg" 4. P.Cu.(D) *z-k^-C-n "foot,
heel" Bil. sikarat "Ferse" 6. Gur. sanxara "lower leg" ES '-g-r "foot" 9. RWN
*-gwul "lower leg" 8. Berta k'olo "foot, leg"
sani, shina know P.Cha.(N) *s9n9 OS *sun-, *sunah-, *saniH-/*siniH- "know,
etc."

7. P.Ber. *-ss-n 4. Ag. sisar) "recognize" Bye. sa'(a) "remember, think of" Or.
se'a "think (mistakenly)" 6. S.Ar. i-ny "see, consider" Gur. asyana "rec-
ognize" 5. Eg.(Bu) sun "know, recognize" s, sa, saa, saaa "know" (F) si3

"know, recognize"
sanare, saname stiffen sanarau "meningitis" cf. wari "hardness"
1. H. kangare "stiffen" 2. Pdl. sokurok "hardness, strength" Dab. zegiller)

"strength" 5. Eg.(F) snhtw "stiffening" (nht "strong, hard") 7. Tur. sa7ar

"secher" {iyai "etre dur")
sano baldness cf. kora "baldness"
sannu hello, slowness, sorry! sannu sannu "little by little" cf. nawa "slow-
ness"
4. Bor. sona- "timidita, rispetto, riguardo, timore" Or. sonan "carefully" Sid.
sunO "slowly, gently" sunu sunia "little by little" Afr. sonni "reconciliation"
2. Gd. samam- "carefully, sorry !" 9. Ful. (W. Niger) sann- "saluer" (E. Ni-
ger) usn- "saluer" 7. Tur. soUan "doucement, lentement" 6. Gz. sn'w "be at
peace with, be in accord" Gur. sajijiat "peace" 5. Eg.(Bu) snib, senb
"health" senbeb "say 'good health' to anyone" i. Ngz. nawau "ripen, be-
come well" (cf. nuna 2.)

sansan-, sunsun- smell, sniff OS *san + sun- "smell (vb.)" P.Cha.(N) *suna cf.

hanci, ji

I. Gwd. susuna NB *s-s-n 2. Mdr.gp. *TSinaTSina "smell, hear" 3. Kr. sTsi

"sentir" 3a. Msm. sisi 4. Sid. su'na "smell (intr.)" su'nissa "smell (tr.), sniff"
REG *su^s- "smell" 6. Gur. suncac- "sniff" 7. Tur. sansag "flairer" 8. Knz.
sunne "schmecken" 5. Eg.(Bu) shersher "sniffings of air" sensen "breathe,
have bad smell" sens "to smell" ses "smell, breathe"
 229

sansani war camp ? < Mnd. sasane "endroit cloture, zeriba, camp retranche" cf.

Sng. sasa "cloture"

santsi slipperiness also sam'ci; sami cf. Cha. -m(b)-- "wind, cold"
I. Gwd. semuta "slip (vb.)" 4- P-Cu. *mutl- "slip, slide" 6. Hrr. suhmudud
"sliding" ES (h)amaday "frost, cold, ?*ice" 7. RBer. *s-m-d "cold, wind"
Tarn, ssed "glisser" 3. Dgl. sete "glisser le long de" 2. Gd. sota "sliding down
a slope" 5. Eg.(Bu) nut "move out of, slip"

sanyi coldness (usually damp)

I. Gwd. kaseyl 9. P.Mandekan *san + ji "rain" ("sky" + "water") Mnd. sa +
ggyi "rain" 4. Afr. saniyya "cold dampness"
sar- chop, bite (by snake) cf. sha "circumcise" OS *tlar- "cut, saw"
8.Kan. sal- "cut, chop" i. Gwd. sara, sara, sala, "cut" NB *S3r "circumcise"
NBS zilu NBP sila "axe" Tgl. siire "tear, rip" RK zyel "toten" 2. Gd. ci^a
"chop" cibga "axe" Njn. cele Bac. sere, surey "axe" sawar- "chop (in small
R *ts-'y- "axe" Bud. eel "fallen, schlagen,
pieces)" Ter. cai- Hg. *ts-i- Hg.,
treffen" Mfg. carh- "tailler, couperd'un coup sec" 3. Lei. sir "couper (bois)" Mkl.
sire "battre (mil)" sara (n.) sele "backer" Bid. zar "couper des branches ou des
tiges" Dgl. tyire, sere "couper etc." selnyo "circoncis" 3a. Lam. ndzer "couper
en lamelles" tse- "hache" 4. RSC *sar "cut with repeated knife strokes" Bil.

sar- "stutzen, hacken" Sml. sar "cut, incise" Brj. c'ir- "chop, gnaw" RBon.
*c'ar- "cut smoothly, carve" Bye. silil "cut into strips" Sid. sula "cut in
pieces" Afr. salot "circumcise" 7. Tam. srm "chop, peel" 6. Sem. S-r-t

"split, cut, incise"

sarara cold wind OS *sar-"wind"

sarbu excuse me (for being less competent than you)
7. Tur. s + arbu "faire perdre son temps (pourrien)" 4. Afr. sarbo "poor quality
meat"
sarewa flute (of cornstalk or bamboo) cf. sTrli
9. Poular ser- "jouer de la flute" 3. Dgl., Mkl. *sirar- Dgl. ziiri 2. Mfg. zaler)

"roseau, flute" ialam "flute" Gd. sala "flute" Pad. zule "flute" i. NBM nzal
6. ES ^-nz-r "flute, lyre" 4. RHEC *sulle Irk. iari "reed" 5. Eg.(Bu) sha, shui
+ t "reed(s)"
sarki king, chief ? < tsar + ki cf. suruki sarauniya "queen" saraki "courtier,
king's relative" sarauta "kingship" zara "surpassing" OS *tsar(am)- "chief"
I. NBW tsara RD saram 5. Eg.(Bu) ser "prince, chief, nobleman, elder; to
exalt" 6. Akk. sarrum Ar. sarafa "surpass in rank" Heb. saran + Tm "Phil-
istine princes" 2. Gd. ansara "chiefs son" 7. Tur. izar "preceder, etre chef"
230

4- Bye. sur "be in front" surkena "elder, first born" Sml. sarrai "be first, go
at the head of" sarraisi "appoint (chief)" Afr. hisarr- "first born"
sara, sala interweave, chain sarafa "get entangled" saraiya "thicket"
cf. saa "weave"
I. Gwd. sereka "chain" Ngz. iargi- "interlace" 5. Cop. solk "coudre, tisser"
6. Gz. i-rq "plait, rope, snare" Ar. sariqa "neck fetters" Heb. sorag "be in-
tertwined" 8. Kan. saiga "ankle fetters" Ted., Dz. salka "chaine metallique"
3. Dgl. zirg- "chaine"
sarrafa manage, control, process < Ar. sarrafa

sassabe clear (farm)

for *mb-r "new, clean" see sabo
I. Ngz. zabiyu Bed. saviyu 2. Mfg. sa-( ) "niveler, desenfler" 3. Mgm. sapid
"nettoyer (une surface dure)" Mkl. sappa, zippe "essuyer, balayer" Dgl. salpe
"nettoyer a neuf" Bid. saw- "ramasser, nettoyer" 7. Tur. esfed "nettoyer a sec"

5. Eg.(Bu) s + (u)ab "cleanse"

sassaa carpenter (vb.), work with adze cf. haa
5. Eg.(Bu) sqeh "to hew, to cut" aqhu "carpenter (n.), carpenter's adze" i.

Ngz. sasku "hollow out" NB *tS9- "dig" NBT so- "hollow out" NBW sakw-
"hollow out" Ang. sak "cut down (trees)" 2. Gd. tsahu "fashion from wood
by carving or chopping" Pad. tsaha "creuser" FB segun "chop" Msg. sag
"schneiden" 3. Mkl. sissida, zissia "tailler du bois avec un couteau pour en
faire une brochette" Lei. sTgi "morceau de bois pointu" 4. P.SC *sax- "shape to
a point" Or. soqa "dig up, chip" 6. Gz. sahala "carve, chisel, engrave"
Amh. sanqa "lumber, board (of wood), plank"
sassaro gazelle "male, red-fronted g."
5. Eg.(F) SS3W "bubalis antelope" (Bu) shes(au) "antelope" i. RF sis "g. sp."
RK sasa "g." 6. Amh. sasa "g. sp." (C) 9. Snd., Nyt. s-s-r)ga "g." 8. Tatoga
(Nilotic) sesura, sasuda, sesur) "g." 4. Gor. sasodi "g."
sata steal, theft ? < s + ( )-ta

7. Tur. awat "voter, s'emparer de" (sawat causative) i. RF swet Sur. wat
"Diebstahl, Dieb" 5. Eg.(F) t3W "seize, steal" t3Wt "theft" 4. Bil. suw "stehl-

en" P.Sam *hat Or. hata

sati week ran sati "Saturday" cf. Yor., Kri. satide "Saturday"
sau, sawu i. foot, sole, footprint idon sawu "ankle" P.Cha.(N) *asa "leg, foot"
cf. sangali
i.Gwd.(N) sar) BT *sa'u Ron *s-y- NB *'S-m SB 'aS-m 3. Dgl., Mub., Bid.,
Mgm *'-se(n) "foot, leg" 2. Bud. cu "Bein" Log. asa "Fuf^, Bein" 8. Ted. sae
 231

"jambe, pied" Kan. si, Knz. ossi "Bein, Fuft" 3a. Mas.gp. *s-y-mu
yi "foot, leg"

4. P.EC *sa'n "footprint, heel" P.SC *ya'e "foot, leg" 4a. Jnj. oco "leg, foot"
6. ES *'asar "footprint, trace" Gz. 'aiar, 'asar "sole of foot, footprint, trace"
Akk. as(a)ru 7. Tur. ess "jarret" 2. C. Cha. S-r/1 "foot, leg"
2. times (x) ? < sau "foot" (Sng., Ngz., Pad. all have the same met-
aphor)
I. Ang. sT "foot, times" 2. Gis. sar "foot, times" 4. Bil. sTba "Mai, vices" sanf,
zanf- "sole" 5. Eg.(Bu) sep "a sign of multiplication" Cop. cop "sole, foot"
sop "times" 6. Gur. jaf, zof "sole, sole of foot used as measure"
sauka, sabka descend, alight, lodge + s- "lift down"
I. Gwd. sor)k- Ngz. zadap- "lodge, alight" 2. Mdr. tsukw- "abladen" 4. Or.
cokko "downhill" 8. Kan. zap-, zsm- "dismount, land, light, perch" 3. Mkl.
zabb- "descendre" 7. Tur. zabbat "descendre" 5. Eg.(Bu) shabu, shebu "to furl
a sail" (? by letting down the yard of the lateen) 6. Amh. zabbata "slope
downward, dip (intr.)"
saura, shaura be left over, remain over ? < s + w-r- cf. bari "leave"
1. H. saura, sabra, samra "disused farm" 7. Tur. isswar "surplus" 3a. Lam.
v(i)ri "abandonne (pour un village), heritage, etc." 4. Brj. wor + '-
"inherit" Or.
core "remains (n.)" Sid. sharra "the little that is left" cora "to hoard" Bil.

cabbar "bleiben" 6. Gur. wala, wara "remain behind" Ar. wara' "beyond, be-
hind" Sem. waraS "heir, inheritance" i. NBM sala "remain, be left over"
5. Eg.(Bu) sepi, sepp "remain over" sepit, sep "remainder"
saurara listen, wait for also shaurara
2. C. Cha. H-m "hear, ear" 6. Gur. sam-, tam-, cam- "wait, listen" Sem.
S-m^- "listen" Ar., S. Ar. S-br- 7. Tur. azmar "endurer"
"wait, be patient"
Ghd. isem "ear" 5. Eg. smt "hear, listen"
saurayi youth (man aged 12 thru 40) also samrayi, sarmayi pi. samari ? < S +
*mb-r "big, adult" see babba
I. Gwd. s-mb-r 2. Mfg. saar "etre adolescent, grandir" saara "jeune fille" 3.

Dgl., Mgm. -bil- "jeune homme" Mkl. 'obul + su "jeune homme" 6. Gur.
zarma "young man in his prime" Hrr. darma "young man" Ar. sabiyy-
"boy" 4. Bye. dabaro "klein, zart" 8. Kan. zairo "male aged 15 thru 30" 7.

Tur. abarad "jeune homme" 5. Eg.(F) d3mw "young men"

sauri quickness also alternative pi. of saurayi (Gouffe suggests a semantic
connection between "youth" and "vigor, quickness" on the analogy of
maza and maza maza. See miji)
232

sauro mosquito also sabro, samro ? < s + B-r-

for *B-R "night, darkness" cf. barci "sleep" Kan. bune "night" P.WN *-bune
"mosquito"
i. Gwd. somboro, haburo
8. S.Sng. soboro "moustique" Sahara, "moustiquaire"

sombo "house-fly" siblar) "large fly (bites horses)" RD masawar- RF

Tgl.
wern- Pr. cuppo, cupwo Gra. bursi 3a. Msm. vursu
sauti voice, sound < Ar. sawt
sauya change, exchange cf. juya, waiwaya
I. Gwd. sewoye NBM tsawar 7. Tur. awal "toumer, changer de direction" sawal
"faire tourner" 3. Mgm. sawiyo "se toumer" Bid. sawar "troquer, echanger" 2.

Pdl., Bac, Mdr.gp. S-Gw- "buy, sell" 3a. Lam., Pv. *tso- "buy, sell" 4. Sid.

sorr- 4a. Jnj. solo "change" i. NBS, NBD, NBP *sil "change, turn" 5. Eg.
(Bu) sheb "change" sheb + t "exchange"
sawa, sayau ease, relief also saui sassauta, sauwae, sauae (vb.) cf. sakayau
I. Gwd. sawkyi Cop. asiwu "be light, relieved" som
5. "leger" 3. Tum. hul-
(< s-w-1) "etre leger" Dgl., Bid. *caway "light, healthy" 4. P.HEC *soll- "be
easy" Bye. safli "leicht, wertlos" Or. salp'- "light, easy" 6. Gz. ihl "be gra-
cious, be lenient etc." Ar. s-h-1 "be smooth, be easy, be forbearing" 7. Tur.
inhal "etre facile"

sawaba relief, cheapness ? < Ar. sawab "that which is correct"

saya buy cf. musaya, sauya
I. H. sayas, sayar "sell" Gwd. (N) hyuwe "buy" sar "sell" (other dialects) Se'
"buying" Plateau Cha. s-yt "buy, (sell)" Kof. set, serep (repeated action)

"buy, sell" RS syen "wechseln" 4. Sml. siy "give, pay, sell" 6. Gur. saya + m
"buy" S9ra + m "sell" Ar. sara "buy, sell" Akk. s-'-m "buy, sell" Gz. 4-y-t
"sell" 5. Eg.(Bu) sun, sunnu "sell" sun + t "buying and selling" shu "to
trade, to haggle" shui + t "business" 7. Ghd. ese', esa' "buy" Zen. -ss "buy"
Tur. nz- Ta. cal- "buy (grain)" 9. Mnd. sa "acheter, echanger, vendre" Man-
dingo sara "marche, paiement" Soso sarare "buy" sarama "sell"

sh- entries follow su-

siffa, sifa likeness, description, shape < Ar. sifa

sifili gears (of bicycle) ? < Eng. speed
sifiri zero, nought < Ar. sifr

sifirin spring (metal) < Eng.

sigari cigarette < Eng.
 233

sihiri magic, sorcery < Ar. sihr

sikeli scales (for weighing) < Eng.
siliki silk ? < Eng.
siliman movie (theatre) < Eng. cinema
silin ceiling < Eng.
silli, sulli foreskin, uncircumcised penis
I. H. cilli "boy's uncircumcised penis" sille "top part of corn stalk" Gib. cala
"penis" RF sulu "penis" Ang. s(w)or "foreskin" sur "top joint of guinea-corn
stalk" 3a. Lam sile 'iu "prepuce" (sile "graine" 'iu "sexe masculin") 7. Tur. -yy-
"male, masculin" 3. Bid. sTci ''penis" 4. Or. seru "penis" Had. sello "penis"
Kmb. surta "foreskin" 6. Amh. wasala "uncircumcised" 5. Eg.(F) t3m "fore-

skin, cloak, veil" (Bu) tham "male, masculine" thami "cover over, enclose"
9. Mnd. solo + n "tout ce qui recouvre ou protege, prepuce" Poular sol- (pi. col-)
"penis"
siminti, sumunti cement < Eng.
sinadari solder (n.)
8. Kan. sanadar- "weld (vb.)" cf. E. Cha. *sindal- "enclume" Shuwa Ar.
sindala "anvil" Ar. sandan "anvil"
singileti undershirt < Eng. singlet
sintali, shantali kettle also "courtier who carries sarkVs water jug" cf. Kan.
santal "kettle" santalma "jug carrier"
sirdi saddle cf. Kan. sarda Tub., Sok. sirdi Mkl. sirde Mgm., Dgl., Bid. *sird-ne
< Ar. sarj

slrii flute also shirli, jirli cf. sarewa

3. Tum. hig < *sig 4. Sid. siisulle "flute, reed-pipe" Irk. hlarhit- "reed"
sirinji syringe < Eng.
sirlri thin, slender ? < S + rir-

I. NBT rede- (? vb.) BoL, Gra. lile- (? vb.) 2. Pad. serare "mince, long" selele
"etroit" Mfg. cakrerek "svelte, mince" (cek "chose de") Gd. iyar "long & thin"
Gdu. perira "thin" 3. Mkl. rldye "maigrir" 3a. Pv. ririer) "thin" Ban. iriya,

idiya "thin" 4. Or. arera "thin out" Rnd. yeryer "narrow" 5. Eg.(Bu) sherr
"be diminished, be small" 6. Amh., Hrr. s(a)lasala "become thin, meager"
7. Tur. serensera "mince et elance" ? ayelel- "homme tres maigre"
sTsi 5 kobo coin "*sixpence" cf. Yor. sisi Dgl. sisi "petite piece de monnaie" Gby.
si(i)si "piece de monnaie d'autrefois, cinquante centimes" ? < Eng. six
sista nursing sister < Eng.
sitati starch, neatness of dress ? < Eng.
234

sitira, sutura clothing, shroud < Ar. sutra "covering; screen"

sito store(room) < Eng.
sittin sixty < Ar. sittin
siyaki striped hyena also saki cf. sai "cloth of two colors" {see saa)
siyasa poUtics also "showing clemency or accommodation" < Ar. siyasa

SO; soy- hke, love, wish OS *ia'-/*iaw-; *tlah- "wish"

I. Gwd. so (N) ho NBP hwa NBT com 3. Lei. so "obeir, respecter" Dgl. sawne
"volonte propre, bon vouloir" 2. Zlg. ser) "vouloir" Ter. cim- "wish; want" Dab.
cam "choisir" 4. Brj. so' "choose" Or. fo'a (< *so'a) "choose" P.Bon. *se'el-

"love, like" Bil. sam "Liebe, Zuneigung" Sid. sumu "sonsent, agree" Afr.
sumut "desire (n.)" Dhl. iaw- 4a. Bnc, Jnj. sun- "love" 5. Eg.(Bu) sham',
shaam "to desire" 6. Ar. s-h-w "covet, long for" s-y-' "to will (God)" sawq
"yearning" 7. Tur. ? zawat "etre aime de tons"
soci jersey etc. ? < Eng. cf. Kri. jazi

soda soda, solder < Eng.

soja soldier < Eng.
sok-; suk- pierce, stab also "slaughter (camel)" cf. aska, tsokana, shuka OS
*tluk- "cut, pierce, sharp weapon" *s-k-r- "strike, pierce" *h-cuk-; *tlakin-;

*saqam- "knife" *suk- "spear; slaughter"

I. H. siikU; surku "barbless arrow" P.W.Cha. *TLak- "strike with knife" 3.

Lei. sugo "lance" 8. Kan. suk-, sur)- "pierce" Sng. suka "enfoncer" 9. Mlk.
soko "percer, percement, egorger etc." P.WN *cok- "prick with point" *co(t)-
"pierce" Mumuye su 4. P.Cu.(D) *'l-(')-kk^- "slaughter" (E) *4ax- "sharp
point" Or. suq- "stick in; plant" Sid. sikk- "penetrate (splinter into skin),
pierce" 2. Gis. tag- "stechen, stoften (mit den Hornem)" Mfg. iak- "percer,

piquer, tuer a coup de couteau" Bur.gp. S-k-d- "thorn" 7. Tur. esa "corne" 6.

Gz. sag'^^a, sag'^ara "perforate; pierce" sak'^a "pierce" ioka "sting; become
thorny" Ar. sakka "pierce" Akk. sakaku "be pointed" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + kher
"cut; pierce" sqer "break open a door"
soma begin cf. sa "cause"
I. BT; < H. Kof. se "teach; learn; begin" RS, RK *sum "fangen,
SB som- ?

halten" 2. Mfg. l-y "commencer, recommencer, entamer" 4. Rnd. umah 6.

Amh. soma "appoint to an office" Hars. nesob 3. Mkl. sawke, zuke "com-
mencer brusquement a faire qqch.'' 3a. Lam. 4e "apparaitre" 5. Eg.(Bu) shua,
shaa, shaaa (sha) "begin"
soro mud-roofed building for provenance cf garu .

9. Mnd. so "home" Bidyogo (WA) udsoro "house" 7. Tur. (1952) suro "etage"
 235

(1980) asaraw "com d'une maison" 8. Sng. soro "terrasse ou etage d'une mai-
son" Kan. soro "room of rectangular house" Dz. soro "mm en pierres ou terre"
Knz. suru "gemauerte Bank" Berta suli "house" 5. Eg.(Bu) sunu "wall,
fortress"
SOS-, sus- scratch soso "loofah gourd {Luffa sp.)"
3. Mgm. *sos-m- "demanger" Sok. sosumsosum "kratzen" Dg\. soso
Dgl., Bid.,
"fruit oblongue et sec (utilise pour se laver)" 9. Gby. soso "liane de galerie ...la

fibre sert de crin a recurer)" Igbo asesa "loofah fiber" Kono (Manding) sasa
"loofah gourd" Mnd. susa, sosa "essuyer, frotter, bouchonner" (bara susa la
"eponge vegetale servant a recurer les calebasses") 5. Eg.(Bu) sash "grind, rub
down" 8. Knz. susu "beschmieren, beschmutzen" 6. Amh. assasa "rub off
Gur. asasa "rub, massage" 4. Bil. hasas "wischen, streichen, reiben" Bye. yisis
"wipe, rub"
sosai properly, correctly, straight cf. Ar. sawiy "straight, correct, proper"
sawasiya "equal"
sowa shouting (by many people) cf. ce, kuwwa OS *suh(ay)-, *tsawah- "shout"
3. Bid., Dgl. soy- "dire, crier, pleurer" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + au "call, cry out" au "cry
out, outcry" 2. Log. suwe "weinen, schreien" 7. Tur. sawwsyyat "crier"
tasawit "poeme" 6. ES, Heb. swy "speak, call up, narrate" 8. Kan. so "weep-
ing, crying" Knz. oi "weinen" Berta s'oli "call" 4. P.Cu.(E) *so "speak to, tell,

name" Bye. soy- "erzdhlen" 4a. Jnj. u "say" i. Dw., Pic. wul "speak" 3a.

Lam. wor "crier"

soya, suya fry (cook with oil) cf. toya, tuya cf. H. nuna "ripen, be cooked"
P.Cha. *Sura "roast, fry" OS *tlur- "make warm" *so"^ar- "set fire, burn"
4. P.SC *sir "roast, cook" P.HEC *sal- "fry, roast" Bye. asal "fry" 8. Knz. asil

"rbsten" 6. P.Sem. *iwiy- "arrostire" 7. Tur. sagwu "cuire, rotir" agwu "etre

cuit" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + nukh "cook, heat, boil" (Budge compares Cop. selho)
su fishing P.Cha.(N) Maw- "meat, animal" Poular liu- "prendre ... proie avec
force" lid- "fish (n.)"
9. Tiv. isu "fish (n.)" CB *-cu, -cui "fish (n.)" Igbo azu "fish (n.)" Gb. sTowo
Borgu soa
"fish (n.)" "fish (n.)" Mumuye -zun "fish (n.) i. NB *ciw- NBJ ju
"hunting" Ngz. siyu "fish, fishing" Tgl. sa "net for hunting or fishing" 3.

Mgm., Bid. su- "viande" Mkl. sawwe "pecker" sey "animal, viande" Kr. ce
aska "pecker (avec les nasses)" (aska "poisson") 4. P.Cu.(E) *si'- "meat, flesh"
REG *so'- "meat" Bye. s'i "hunt, fish" aso "Fisck" tiyo "groften gefdkrlicken
UngetUme der WUste und des Meeres" Rnd. eiso "hunt" Bil. suw- "hunt" Irk.
siyo "fish (n.)" 4a. Bnc. ac- "meat" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) sun "a fish" 7. Tur. isan
236

(pi.) "viande" 6. P.Sem. *swud- "andare in cerca di preda" Soc. sode "poisson"
Jib. sud "fish (n.)"

su- wipe up, wipe out (bowl) sui "crumbs left over" cf. shaf-"wipe"
I. Mgs. sude "sweep" Tala sirpadi "sweep" RK sut "fegen, reinigen, reiben" 2.

Maf. samba- "caresser" 3. Dgl. sud- "essuyer" Bid. sewel "essuyer le fond
d'une cuvette" 7. Tur., Tarn, esfed "wipe, essuyer" 3a. Lam. ied "racier avec
le doigt ce qui reste ... dans un plat" 4. P.SC *iad- "clean up" 6. Soc. nit "se
moucher" Hars. mesod "rub" 3. Lei. "emietter" 8. Kan. sudu "inedible part of
food that is spat out"
siifa premium grade of petrol also "chemical fertilizer" < Eng. super(phos-
phate)
sufana wrench, spanner < Eng.
sufe lung cf. numfasa OS *suf- "smell (vb.)" *sip- "blow"
4. P.Cu.(E) *sonP- 2. Pad. sefe ''respirer" Mfg. safn- "respirer" Muy. suf-
"breathe" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + nefi "produce air, fan" 7. Tur. sanfas "respirer, sou-
spirer"
sufeto police inspector < Eng.
sufuri transportation (cost), hire, rent ? < Ar. sufar (pi.) "travelling provis-

ions"
sukari sugar cf. Sng. sukar Ar. sukkar Soso, Sw. sukari
sukuni opportunity, leisure < Ar. sukun "rest"
sukw(an-) gallop also "pillage"

4. Bye. siwir "gallop" i. Plateau Cha. suk- "run" 2. Kot. muskw-n, buskw-n
"horse" 3. ? Dgl. sugiye "conduire par la force" 6. Ar. s-w-r "try (horse) be-
fore buying it" Amh. cak'^ala "hasten, hurry" Mhr. sagol (s + ^-g-1) "hasten,
hurry" Gur. sak^a "run away" 5. Eg.(Bu) skhas, skhes "hasten, run"
sulai smooth, slippery (ideo.) cf. sumul
I. H. sille, sulle "slip" sunn- "tuck out of sight, give secretly, etc." surare
"slip away, escape" sululu "moving quietly" sulmiya "slip into" sumumu
"silently and stealthily" 3. Mkl. suldo "glissant, //sse"Mgm. sordido "glisser"

4. Afr. soloh- "slide, slip" Or. sololola'a "slide" Sid. misilikki "slippery" 7.

Tur. selelet "glisser" eslel "etre glisse" 2. Dab. sur "ecouler, glisser" Gd. iara'i

"slip, be slippery" 6. Gur. sulul- "walk stealthily" ES z-l-t "slide, slip" Amh.
sullak-, soUak- "slip, sneak, creep"
sul(lu)e slip away, escape cf. sulai

7. Ghd. aseleb "echapper des mains" 4. Afr. sosobe "slide, slip"

 237

sule, sulai lo kobo coin "*shilling" < Eng. cf. Yor. sile Dgl. sile "piece d'argent"
Gby. sule
sulhu reconciliation, peace treaty < Ar. sulh
sulke chain armor cf. Kan. suluge Ar. silah "armor"
sulusi third part < Ar. ^ul^
suma I. hair of head (first growth, crew cut) also sura OS *so(m)b- "pubic
hair" *su'im- "hair"
4a. Jnj. soma "hair of head" 4. P.SC *sumba "top of head, bird's crest" i.

Bol. soww- "hair" Ger. soyi "hair" 5. Eg.(Bu) shen "hair, foliage
2. faint, become speechless OS *siwam-, *wisan- "sleep"
I. Tgl. ume "become silent" 3. Dgl. sime "rester immobile et silencieux, ne pas
dormer signe de vie" 6. Gz. s-mm
"be silent, not listen, not answer" Ar.
s-wm "abate (wind)"Gd. samuh- "refusing to speak, sneaking away
2.

quietly" 8. Kan. mu- "faint, pass out, be silent" Knz. samm "still sein, miifiig
sein" 7. Tur. susarn "se taire" 4. Bye. simis "be quiet, patient" semak

"schweigen" Sml. suh- "faint, become unconscious"

sumba kiss, embrace (n.) cf. P.Cha.(N) *s99 "suck" cf. ? AA *mp- "mouth"
OS *sim- "suck" Dz. ci cur)-, ci cuk- "embrasser (lit. bouche sucer)"
8. Sng. summu, sumbu "baiser" Kan. yimbu-, samb- "suck, kiss" 7. Tur.
sumam "sucer" samallat "faire dormer baiser" mallat "dormer un baiser mullet
"embrasser" 3. Dgl. sope "couvrir, entourer (des bras)" 6. ES sa'am-, sa^am-
"kiss" s-b- "milk" Gz. 'ammax- "kiss, embrace" Ar. (Yemen) sa^am "kiss"
4. P.HEC *sun- "kiss (vb.)" 4a. Bnc. sum "kiss (n.)"
sumul very smooth, clean cf. sulai
sumuni eighth part < Ar. ^umn
suna name OS *sum- "name" *sim- "call" P.Cha. *Sam
4. P.Cu.(E) *sim-/*sum- 4a. P.Om. *sum- 6. RSem. *sim- "nome" 8. Kan.

su, tsu, cu Berta susul "calling, name" 5. Eg.(Bu) shenn "cry out, invoke,

entreat" shnu "speak, ask, cast a spell, adjure, curse, etc."

sunkuya bend down, stoop, bow ? < S + nk'^-l/r- cf. lanwasa, tsuguna
3. Dgl. sugulgul- "bosse pres de cou" zaggile, zalkiye, ziwiye "(s')incliner" Mkl.
zogine "(se) comber, (se) pencher" i. RB cik + ngir "biegen" 2. Msg. zigi, zaga
"se pencher" Gd. zankut- "nod head" Mfg. jagw- "(se) pencher, (s')incliner"
jegwar "boiteux" Meif. zang-, zingi- "pencher, comber" 4. Bye. sunkui "hump
(of cattle)" Ag. zakkir) "stoop"Kmb. sokk- "bend" Brj. suk- "be
Sid., in-

dented" 7. Tur. sakkaranb- "se comber" 6. Akk. suka'un- "bow down" 5. Eg.

(Bu) s + kh-p(-r) "form, fashion"

238

for nk^-l/r-
3. Mkl. gu- "(se) comber" i. Kof. nugul "bend" Ang. gurr) "bend, etc." 4.

Dhl. ^ankwij- "bend (intr.)" Bil., Dly. **^agal "biegen, kriimmen" Bye. 'agwir,
'agwar "bend, stoop" kuram "bow the head" 7. Tur. karanb- "se comber"
8. Kan. ngu- "bow down, bend down" Knz. koroyy- "krumm, kraus" 9. Mlk.
kuru "etre combe" 5. Eg.(Bu) kh-b/m/f "bend, bow down"
sura I. swoop down (on) OS *tloh-r- "fall" *tsura'^- "throw"
3. Lei. sura "mmcher precipitamment" sululi "se precipiter vers quelque chose"
Kr. suri "tomber (fruits, poussiere)" Dgl. sure "s'approcher de" Mkl. sumi
"plongeon" i. Bol. sor- "fall"
2. chapter (of Koran) < Ar. sura

3. image, picture < Ar. sura

sura sip cf. kura, raa, sha OS *tso'ab- "drink"
I. H. shara "suck in noisily mushy food" Bol. zuru- "sip" 3. Lei. si surub
"boire un pen" (si "boire, titer") Mkl. seri- "siroter" Kr. soe "sucer" 3a. Lam.
soo "sucer" 2. Gis. so "aussaugen" Pad. tsaa "eat (soft food)" Klb., Bat.gp.
*S-(-)- "drink, suck" 4. Brj. sub- "sip" Gdo. subb'- "sip" Bil. sarab "hinab-
schlingen, verschlucken" P.SC *4uf- "sip" Bye. sifi "drink at a draught" 6. Gz.
sarapa "sip, etc." iaraba "drink, sip" P.W.Sem. *irub- "sorseggiare" 7. Tur.
zenbub- "sucer" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) S3b (z3b) "drip"
surfa pound remove bran)
(to
I. Ngz. sapu "pound (grain to remove bran)" Dr. supa "second pounding

of corn" Bol. suwwu "pound (to remove bran)" Ang. rip "chaff, husks" 2.
Ter. sopa "? pound" Bac. suw- "pound" Gd. sap- "separate cotton from

seed" iara- "strip leaves off stalk" iap- remove shell (from groundnuts
etc.)" Mfg. carhw- "piler pour sepmer la balle de la graine" 3. Dgl. serpe
"erafler" saruwe "defeuiller" Lei. sorb- "arracher (feuilles), raser" Mgm. sepp-
"cueillir des feuilles" 6. Ar. sarafa "gnaw leaves or bark of tree" 4. Bil. saraf
"kleines StUck abbrechen vom Ganzen"
sun large termite hill also shuri cf. cinnaka
I. Gwd. curi Kof. mazaler) Ngz. kasar 2. Gd. ciraga "termite sp. (builds large
hills), large termite hill" Mfg. manzar-, manjar- "ant hill sp."

suruki, suruka in-law, affine also < S + H-r + k-

siriki ?

OS i. Gwd. sorokyi, hurugyi Ngz. saurak "mother-in-law,

*tsihar- "in-law"
father-in-law" Dr., Tgl. *w-r-k 7. Tur, as +9hh9rakki caus. of "respecter, etre
timide avec, avoir pem de" (vb. n.) 2. Ter. sarvaki (? < H.) Klb. salku Bac.
sewuye (pi.) Gd. sarahwa 4. Sml. hil + ki "that which causes one to feel
 239

shame" Dly. harac- "sich schdmen" RSC *sarax- "show respect, act with de-
corum" Afr. waharriye "shyness, timidity, modesty"
for -S-( )R-
I. Ang. s5r Sur. sagar "Schwiegerleute" Bol. suru 2. Bur. sali "modesty, in-law"
9. Ful. esir- 3a. Lam., Zim. Sur "honte" 8. Sng. anzur- Kan. kasai (< ka + sai)

"family or individual in-law" 3. Lei. kasiya "honte" siwu "honteusement"

Tum., Dgl. sawn- "honte, volonte propre" 4. Bil. ansin 5. Eg. (Cerny, 1976)
S3m "designation for an in-law" 6. Jib. s + herim "think something is

forbidden" Sem. h-r-m "prohibit, declare sacred, etc."

sussuka thresh also sissika OS *sua^- "beat"
I. NBM zaka Bed. zak- "pound" Tgl. serget "spindle" 2. Gd. tsarak "thresh"
tsakw- "pack full by pounding" 3. Lei. sugi "piler pour separer le grain des
epis" Dgl. soge "racier (le fil (operation du filage)), effeuiller" Mkl., Bid. *suk-
"grenier" 3a. Lam. zu'u "piler" 4. P.EC *sok'- "beat, hit" Sid. soq- "pound,
crush, cut grass on threshing floor" suqq- "spin, card" 6. ES, Ar. w-q*^ "beat,
thresh" Amh. sakassaka "pound" 5. Eg.(Bu) seki "grind (grain), pound
(grain)" seh "rub, pound, crush"
susuwa moth cf. hasu, tsutsa cf. Ar. siasa Akk. sasat- Gz. sansanya "moth, fly,

etc."
siitai dreams (in the cold season) also sukana P.Cha.(N) *sawna dream"
sono "dream" 6. P.Sem.
4. Afr. *-s-n "sleep, dream" 9. P.Mandekan *su
"night" Mnd. suko "reve"
sutura covering, screen, clothing < Ar. sutra cf. Kan. sitara "burial" Dgl., Mkl.
sotor "tissu europeen, habit fait a la machine"
 sh

sha I. drink also "eat (e.g. fruit), undergo (something unpleasant)" shany-
"drink up, dry up" P.Cha.(N) *sa OS *h-saw-/*h-say- "drink" *sataw-/
*satay- "drink" *se- "drink, give a drink", *sew-/*iew- "be dry"
9. Mumuye sha "eat" 7. P.Ber *sw 4a. Jnj. usa i. H. shea "pour into ves-
sel" Pr. zeg- Tgl. yek- Bed. sa'g- 2. Hg., F. *s-kw- 4. P.Cu.(D) *za'ug- "drink"
"water, drink" (cf. IE akwa) 6. P.Sem. *-sqiy- "dare Vacqua" 5. Eg.
(Bu) su, sur- (vb., n.) "drink" sha + t, shaau "wine, drink"
2. copula used for teens e.g. goma sha biyu "twelve" ? < *Sa "put (down),
add" (Gwd. sa) see sa

I. Gwd. sa', hya' RK sa ? Ang. si "with" SB ci- 4. Bye. asa- prefixes i, 2, 3 etc.

for 6 thru 9 6. Gur. s-d-st "6" (at, ad "i") s-b'-t "7" s-m'^-t "8" z/z-t-n "9" 7.

Tur. sadis "6"

3. circumcise shasshaw(ta) "cutting, esp. tribal marks" cf. sar- "chop, cut"
P.Cha.(N) *4a "cut" OS nia^- "cut"
5. Eg.(Bu) sha(i) "cut, cut down, hollow out, slay" sa "cut, carve" (F) s^ "cut
(off, up, down), hew (ship)" i. Gwd. sa, sa' "cut, chop" Sur. can (pi. sa)
"schneiden, beschneiden, fallen" Ang. can, cen "cut" Tgl. see "cut, chop, fell"
SB *i-w- "cut" NB *iaw 'bal markings" 2. Dab. za "couper" Maf. la "cou-

per (des herbes, de la pai, Mfg. i- "couper, circoncire" Ter. ta(r) "cut (with
knife)" Gd. la "cut" Pad. tsa "couper" Bac. sat "cut, circumcise" 3. Tum. sa
5 jan "circoncire (couper Det. penis)" 3a. Lam. iired "tailler, peler" 4. P.SC
*ie'- "slice, slit" *iaha^- "remove piece of skin" Afr. salot- "circumcise" Sid.
sula "cut in pieces" sa "kill" P.Cu.(D) *i-(')-kk'^- "slaughter" 7. Tur. aby
"couper avec quelque chose de tranchant, circoncire" 6. Mhr., Jib. 4-ry "skin
with knife" Heb. iarat "make incisions" ? Akk. salaq-, sarat- "cut off"
sha'ani business, affair < Ar. sa'an
shadda cesspit OS *tlad- "pit"
shaf- wipe, smear, stroke cf. sud- "wipe" shar- "sweep" tsab, tsaf "clean" tsef-
"comb"
I. NB *s-p- "wipe, sweep, rub" 3. Mkl. sipp-, sapp- "essuyer, balayer" Bid.
 241

Sep- "caresser, tdter" Mgm. sapi- "nettoyer" saww- "balayer" simm- "essuyer"
2. Gd., F. i-b- "sweep" Mfg. isiap- "caresser" 4. P.Cu.(E) *sof- "scrape" P.SC
*sifuk "smear" Abo. sTb "smear" Bye. sim- "rub, smear" 4a. Bnc. syah
"sweep" 6. Gz. sfsf "coat a wall with mud" Ar. saff- "skim along the
ground" 5. Eg.(Bu) seshep "polish"
shafi lining, thin surface coat, page ? < shaf- cf. Kan. saffi "book cover,
lining of gown" Mlk., Serer safe "page of book" Ar. safih- "surface"
shagala be occupied, preoccupied shagali "big party, celebration" < Ar.

sa7ala
shahada creed, martyrdom, etc. < Ar. sahada
shahara be famous < Ar. Sahara
shaho, shafo hawk cf. shirwa "kite hawk" Ar. sahin "gerfalcon" suha "kite
hawk, vulture" Soc. silhi "nom d'oiseau" OS *saf- "bird sp."
shaida witness, inform < Ar. sahida cf. Kan. shada (Benton seda) Sng. sede
Mnd. sere, sede
shakka doubt (n.) ? < Ar. sakka (vb.)
shake throttle, choke ? < shakara "throttle, choke" see kware
shaklki full brother shakTkiya (f.) < Ar. saqiq
shakiyi shameless rogue < Ar. saqiyy
shalli fear cf. tsoro
4. P.HEC *sall+is "embarrass" Sid. sala "shame" soli- "be shy"
shamuwa stork (Abdim's or white-bellied)
I. Ang. cimir NB *car)gu NBT saggwe 2. Bur. saduwar "stork" Gd. zirjwna
"Marabou stork" 6. Ar. sunbala "white-bellied stork" 4. ? Or.(Foot) jobira
"stork, marabout" (Gragg) jobira "large bird of prey"
shantu gourd (long and narrow)
I. H. jan ore "several shantus joined as a musical instrument" 3. Bid. jentu
"calehasse servant d'instrument de musique" jenu "cuiller, en calebasse" Mgm.
jenda "louche en calebasse" Mkl. jenu jenani) "louche en calebasse" 8. (pi.

Kan. jenyi "calabash spoon" Ted. geni "cuillere" Aiki (Maba) njen- "cooking
calabash" njanto "large oblong calabash" 9. Ful. jand- "put sour milk in a
calabash"
shanye dry up see sha "drink"
shar (ideo.) very green cf. ciyawa, tsari, tsanwa OS *xatlar- "be green"
I. KK, Bol. *sar- "grass" Dr. swari Ngm. santa "grass" 2. Bur.gp. *sar "grass"
W. Mg. sere gere "green" 3. Jg. sera mogmod "griin" Gbr. serandu "g^run"

4a. Jnj. ciro "green" 4. P.SC *tsar- "grass" Sml. sarer "forest, thick under-
242

growth" 6. Gur. sa'ar "grass" sarimasar "green (grass + like)" ES Sa'-r "grass"
Ar. sa'^ar "vegetation" 5. Eg.(Bu) shen(ta) "grass, foliage"
shar- sweep cf. su- "wipe out" shaf- "wipe"
I. H. "comb out" tsarki "purity" Gwd.(N) sari Tgl. sar- "clean,
sart-, sart-

comb" Dr. jar- "comb" Grm., DZ sir- Manga sar Bog. sar- "rub" DZ selum-
"rub" 2. Bur. sar- "comb out" Mfg. iar- "racier, se moucher" 3a. Lam. ior
"enduire, crepir" 3. *s-(y)r- "se moucher" Kr. coroki "peigne" Dgl. soye "ba-
layer" 4. P.SC *ia' "clean (vb.)" Bye. selih "streicheln" Ag. cereg "sweep" Brj.

sil + '-
"comb" 5. Eg.(Bu) sesher "clean out, sweep out" 6. Amh. sara
"abolish, cancel, nullify" sarassara "erode, wear away" Hrr. sallah
"smoothe" S.Ar. *"i-r-k- "comb" Gur. sarakata "comb in a disorderly way"
Gz., Tna., Tge s-r-ga "sweep" 7. Tur. saramsaram "rendre net" ? asar "an-
nuler, abolir"

sharaa < sha + raa "drink + dew"

calf of leg ?

4. "lower leg" 6. ES saraba 3. Mkl. zobo

P.Cu.(D) *Sj-rp'- Lei. tolmbo
sharai condition, proviso < Ar. sarat
sharhi written commentary < Ar. sarh
sharholiya hedonist life ? < shan + hole
shari'a law, justice < Ar. sarl^a
sharindo skink (lizard) (Foulkes has sharun duma)
cf. tsari "monitor" 3. Jg. siledo "Eidechse" Lei. siling "sorte de lizard, scinque"
I. Bol. selem piem "skink" Ang. ndu "skink sp." Tgl. kilir) "lizard" 2. Mfg.
mesawee "lezard sp. (bleute, a peau lisse)" Pad. dusilee "lezard" 4. Afr.

suttuha "lezard a peau lisse, scinque" 9. Tv. isondo "lizard (edible)" 5. ?

Eg.(Bu) shet "large reptile"

sharo manhood test (of nomad Fulani) cf. Ful. soro (sor- "train, discipline")
Mnd. soro "devenir adulte" H. hor- "train"
sharri evil, wickedness < Ar. sarr
shat- I. comb out also shart-, sart- cf. shaf-, shar-
I. Pr. coat "sweep" Bed. cint- "rub" 2. Ter. je-, jet- "sweep" Pad. sat
"peigner" ia- "smoothe, comb" 4. P.SC *ia(}- "clean up"
Gd. Ag. sukat- Afr.
musut "comb (n.)" 7. Tam. ssita "brush (n.)"
2. mark out, outline cf. sha "circumcise"

4. Bye. sirit "to mark (esp. on ground as guide)" Bil. sarat "einzeichnen" (?
< Tna.) 6. Gur. sarrata "make decorative incisions on pot, brand cattle"
Heb. i-r-t- "make incisions" Tna. sarata "lay a foundation"
 243

shawara i. advice, consultation < Ar. sawar "consult" cf. Kan. sogori, sowori
Dgl. some
2. jaundice cf. Pad., Gby. sawara H. shar "very green" (Afr. seems to
have a connection between "green" and "jaundice")
shayi tea < Ar. say
shedi shed (railway yard) < Eng.
shefe shave off, pare OS *sihaf- "shave"
shege bastard, rascal cf. shaiyi
shehu title for learned man cf. Ar. sayx
shekara year also "spend rainy season" shekaranjiya "day before yesterday"
shekarangobe "day after tomorrow" wanshekare "next day"
I. NBJ Z9g9r "pass by" Ngz. sakok- "pass time, allow time to go by" 2. Gd.

kirs "pass time without doing" 3. Dgl. kare "faire le tour" Lei. kal "passer"
3a. Lam. kal "passer" 4. Bil. siq "rainy season" siq "spend rainy season" Ag.

C97- "pass rainy season" Brj. arar- "rainy season" Had. kar "die Regenzeit

verbringen" P.Cu.(E) *ar- "period of time" P.SC *kor- "year" Sml. gor "time"
Afr. karma "year, autumn rainy season, age" Bye. kerinte "Regenzeit" 5.

Eg.(F) ski "pass time" 7. Tur. zagrat "durer longtemps" azgar "traverser, passer,
omettre, etre trop tard pour" 6. ES K-r-m "spend rainy season, spend year"
she-, sha- inhale, winnow shia (vb. n.) tarin shla "whooping cough" OS
*tle-, *s-k- "smell"
I. H. shakata "rest" shauwa "hiccup" haki "panting" (q.v.) NBW sa7w-
"breathe" NBT "drink" + sukan "breathe" 3. Dgl. sikime "respirer" 2. Maf.
nzik- "odeur" sak + "body" "se reposer" Mfg. mask- "se reposer" Gis. musok
"ruhen, rasten" Gd. tyakwa "coughing disease of children" 4. P.SC *se-
"suck in air" Bye. suk "breath, soul" hamsuk "breathe" Afr. sinki^- "hiccup"
P.HEC *hir- "have hiccups" 7. Tur. hanaqqat "avoir le hoquet" 5. Eg.(Bu)
serq "breathe, inhale, be refreshed" 8. Kan. higgar)- "hiccup" Sng. heku
"avoir le hoquet" 9. Mnd. siko-siko, sege-sege "avoir le hoquet" 6. ES Haq-
"hiccups" Ar. nasiq "inhale" sahqa "hiccup"
shela proclamation ? < s + y/w-1- cf. yekuwa, wakurwa
9. Mnd. wele-wele "appel publique" 7. Tur. siwal "parler, rendre un son,
sonner" 5. + au "proclaim, cry out" au "cry out" shen, shnu "pro-
Eg.(Bu) s

claim, tell, relate" i. Ang.,Kof. wal "cry out" Pr. yena "call" 2. Njn. miyela
"call" Bac. wari "call" 4. Bye. walik "call" P.Cu.(E) *war- "call out, news,
report"
sheme reed (used for arrow shafts)
244

4- P.Cu.(D) *i-m-r "reed, bamboo" P.HEC *lemma "bamboo" 6. ES s-m-l/r

"bamboo, cane" 5. Eg.(Bu) sha "reeds"
shewa loud laughter Cha. (E, W, C.) *S-w-l/r "laugh"
4. Bye. si' "bleat, guffaw" Der., Sid. oso'l "laugh" Afr. usule "laugh" 7. Ber.
ts- "laugh" 5. Eg.(Bu) sbai, sba, sebt "laugh (vb.)"
shibta, shifta dictation cf. Mnd. seb-, sef- "ecrire" Ar. 'a^bata "put down in
writing"
shida, shidda six ? < sh- + Da "+ i" cf. sha daya "eleven" (lit. "plus one")
1. H.wusda "the third finger" BT has "5 + i" (si/ci "+") NBT sTca BN *zidu
2. FM yidaw 7. Tur. sadis 6. Sem. S-d-s 8. Mab. *S-D- (*D- "i") 3. Mkl. zot
4. Or. ja'a Abo. jih 5. Eg.(Bu) sas "six-weave linen"
(F) sis

I. SB prefixes teens with *ci- 3. Kr. seda "7" 3a. Mas. sidia "7" Lam. seda'a
"7" 4. Bye. aS- prefixes 6 thru 9 Afr. sidoh
"3" Or. sadT "3" saddet "8" Sid.

sase "3" sette "8" P. Sam. *sizzah "3" sizy'et "8" 6. Sem. S- prefixes 6,7,^ ?

Gur. zi'a "9"

shig- enter, pass mashigi "entrance, ford" shigege "intrusion" OS *gal- "go,
enter"
I. Gwd. sugu "cross" NBD 'cagu- Bui. cegu "go out" Tala teg- "go out" Dr.
gai "enter" 2. Log. sa + r)gul "hineingehen" (sa "steigen, treten") Hg., F.

*dz-gw- Gd. gahu "go in, go out" 3. Bid. sigig- "se frayer un chemin" Dgl.
sukkiy- ''passer au dela de" 4. Sid. siqa "approach, come near" P. HEC *hig-
"pass" *ag "enter" P. Cu.(D) *gal- "enter, go home" Bil. sak (vb.)
"hineinsteigen" sik (n.) 7. Tur. agah "entrer" 5. Eg.(Bu) skha "enter among"
s + aq "make to enter"
shigifa building, rectangular
cf. Np. sigifa "sealed house" (? < H.) Zar. sigyiha "wall of house" Ar. saqTfa
"portico, covered passage" Sng. sifa "case d'entree" Ful. sifaka- Tur. asaggaffar
"cachette servant de magasin" ES s-q-1- "rectangular house"
shila young pigeon cf. Sid. sTla "little, small"
shinge, shingi fence cf. sansani
8. Sng. singyi "enfoncer" 9. Bam. sange "palissade, entourer d'une palissade"
Gby. sengi "construire un barrage ou piege" 3a. Lam. saggl "lieu choisi pour
passer la nuit" 3. Kr. segge "moustiquaire" 6. Shuwa Ar. sange "mosquito
net"
shingi remainder cf. Ang. sag
shinkafa rice cf. Temne tsoe + yaka (pi.) koe + yaka (sg.) Daane sunkafa Igbo
osikapa Kan., Tub., Tv. seem to borrow from H.
 245

shirka partnership, polytheism < Ar. sirka, sirk

shim silence also tsit, c'ir, shu cf. sulai

OS *tsit- "be silent" *sol- "be quiet" 8. Kan. sarin "silently" 3a. Lam.
sulom, tsar ''silencieusement" 2. Bur. siri Pad. siya "calme et silencieux" i.

Gwd. jayu Ang. set 3. Bid. cirit "silence" Sok. sole "schweigen" Lei. soy "silen-

cieusement, en secret" 8. Knz. satt-, sant- "schweigen" 4. Sid. cirri Bil. sat Or.
cal Ma' -sari "make Amh., Gur. C9r(r) Tge. zat
quiet" 6.

shirwa kite hawk cf. shaho "hawk" siira "swoop" OS *tsilul- "kite, hawk" *sir-

"kite"
I. Tgl. sele "hawk, kite hawk" Ngm. suli Pic. sura Bol. sarwur- 2. Ter.gp.
s-w-r/1- Gd. zira "hawk" salawa "bird sp. (griffon)" sara "any large bird" FM
saru 3. Bid. sara "epervier" Dgl. sarsiro "oiseau de proie" Bid., Mgm.
selelu(wa) "epervier sp." 4a. Koy, Zys. ts'ilo 4. Sml. duryo Sid. till- "bird of
prey hawk, eagle" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcher(t) "vulture, kite" (F) dryt "kite" 6. Gz.
^ofa silat "kite hawk" (^ofa "bird") Amh. calat "kite" 7. Tam. -siwan-

shirya prepare, arrange shiri "preparation" cf. jera "line up" tsara "arrange,
compose"
7. Tur. sari "fait de se preparer" saryat "se preparer" 6. Ar. sara^a "prescribe,
begin" 8. Kan. sare- "put in order" Sng. sol-, sol- "se preparer, ranger" 5. Eg.
(Bu) ser "arrange, order, decree" skher "to plan, to design, arrangement,
etc." I. Ngz. sarm- 3. Dgl. siriye "convenir, ressembler" siye "reparer, arranger"
Mgm. siraw "soigner (des guerisseurs), esquiver" 4. Or. siriti "orderly" sirna
"ceremony, system" sirrT "correct, straight" Sid. sekk- "arrange" sekkira "do
well for oneself" 2. Gd. tsa'u "keep in good repair" Log. saralg- "in Ordnung
bringen"
shiwaka Vernonia amygdalina (has root used as toothbrush) cf. asawaki
6. Ar. siwak "toothstick made from Caparis sodata" tasawwak "cleanse

teeth" Shuwa Ar. siwak, miswak "toothstick made from Salvadora sp." 7.
Tur. tasekkesan "toothstick" sassaknu, sawaknu "faire arranger, faire reparer"

shiyya direction, place, Hdlfte ? < Ar. sT^a "separate party"

shuci grass for thatching also shibci, cipci Cha. (E, W, C.) *L-p- "leaf, grass"
OS *tlap- "leaf
I. Bed. siba "leaf" NB *sup- "Imperata sp". (Dalziel "leaves used for thatch")
3a. Lam. laai + tu "herbe sp. utilisee pour nattes ou seccos" 4. P. SC *iab- "fo-
Uage, vegetation" Or. suta "grass sp. for mats and basketry" 6. Gz. iabiaba
"granary made of leaves or rush" Gur. sabsab "extension of roof" Amh.
sabsab "floor protected by the edge of an overhanging roof" 7. ? Tur. esabb
246

"plante rampante (quelconque)" 5. Eg.(Bu) s-b- "hay, grass, reed, marsh flow-
er" saab "reeds" shebb + t "kind of reed" shui + t "reeds, herbage in
general"
shui dyeing blue also "blue color" cf. shuni "indigo"
4. Bye, so + dif cans, of dif "farben" 7. Tur. esu "etre indigo tres fonce" 9.

Poular suw- "tremper, teindre"

shuka sow "place seed in ground and cover with soil" cf. sok-, siak- "pierce"
OS *suk- "sow" IE *seg- "sow (seed)"
I. Mup. siwa "plant (vb.)" Tgl. soo(y)- "plant, sow" Ngz. zagam- NBJ lawa-

"plant, sow" Ron l-y(h) "sden" su' "pflanzen, umpflanzen" Gwd. rur)k^- 2.
Mfg. iak- "piquer, percer, semer avec un baton a fouir" Bur. iaka Bat.gp. lag-
"plant, sow" MM
*}ig- "plant, sow" 7. P. Ber. *zz(u) "plant, sow" 3. Mgm.,

Bid., Dgl. luw- "semer" 4. Der. rok- "sow" P. SC *rak'^- "plant, cover with
earth" 9. Poular luw "faire les trous pour la sememe" Mnd. la "semer (et
specialement grain a grain)" Tv. loo "s. (by pressing seed into soil)" tsoghor
by hoeing in" 8. Mab. ask- "sow" Dz. cok-,
"s. cor)- "planter" Kan. (Benton)
tsor)- "sow" 3a. Lam. dzo'o "semer en poquets"

shuni indigo dye cf. shiii

5. Eg.(Bu) skhenuiu "dyers (?)" 8. Kan. sagani Sng. sini, slni 7. Tur. sagni

9. Gb. usni "indigo"

 t

ta'adi damage (n.) < Ar. ta'aSiyy "suffer damage"

ta'ammali trading, business dealings ? < Ar. ta^amul
ta'aziyyacondolences < Ar. ta^ziya
taba tobacco cf Kan., Sng., Yor. taba Shuwa Ar.
. taba, tunbaq Kri. tabaka, taba
Tur. taba Mnd.
taba "tabac sur pied ou en feuilles" tabaka "tabac a fumer"
Portuguese tabaco
tabarma mat (plaited)
I. Gwd.(N) taburuma Sur. tabarna RD kabalar) 2. Gd. bai:9 "plait" Bud.

kambara 3. Dgl., Bid., Mgm. *par-w/y "tresser (natte, corde)" 4. Abo.

parranta "bands of plaited grass worn round forehead or shin" Or. barmeta
"straw hat" Brj. fala "straw" 6. Ar. baram "weave, plait" Our. tabar "mat,
door, plate made from bamboo" 7. Tur. tabbaramt v.n. of ibram "etre jaune
paille" 5. Eg.(Bu) bairi, bra "basket"
tabbata make sure, be certain < Ar. ^abata, ^abbata
tablaka stone used in rope-making OS *balak- "stone"
tabo, tambo scar, weakness cf. gyambo
3. Dgl. tobila yetites scarifications" 6. Gur. tabus Amh. tabasa 7. Tur. tabas
"rougeole" 4. Sid. bassa 5. Eg.(Bu) tchab "weakness"
taa touch also "do a little, have done once before" tabu "be mentally de-
ficient" ? < t + B-( ) cf. anana, ima OS *tab- "catch, seize" H. tae
"catch, sieze"
8. Kan. tamb- "do a little, try, taste" Knz. tabbe "beriihren" i. Gwd. kpa'
"touch, taste" (N) taba "touch, taste" Ngz. tama "taste" Ngm. ambit Grn.
oi "taste" Dw. tupt DZ tae "touch" omi "taste" Kof. bum "touch,
sample" RF mbwe "beriihren" 2. Pdl. sib- Gab., Bok. tipt- "hit" Hwn. tsaw-
"touch, taste" HG, FK tsav- FJ ta'aft- Gd. ta-(t) "taste, test" Log. tabu
"wenig, klein" 3. Kr. dote Lei. tab "deranger" 4. P. Cu.(D) *S-p(p)- "touch,
feel" (for H. /t/ = P. Cu. /s/, see tufka) R HEC *dib- "push" Smi. taban Bon,
(Kill) tab- R SC *tem- "try, test" Bye. t'(a) "strike (a single blow)" 5. Eg.(Bu)
tep, tep "taste, sniff" 7. Tur. anbay "gouter" tanbay "acte sexuel"
248

taarya pestle
I. H. tambari "drum" turmi "mortar" Gwd.(N) tirimbiya
tae rip, tear OS *tab- "cut, tear"
tao mud also cao q.v. P. W.Cha. *taaki cf. turaya "sandy soil" tubali
"mud brick"
I. BT, NB *T-- 2. C. Cha. *T-(x)- 4. P. Cu.(D) *t-R-K(K)"'- "dust, day" 6.

Gur. ta/5a "mud" taba "clay plate" Ar. taba^ "dirt, rust" 7. Tam. uttub
"lump of earth" 9. CB -tope "mud" 5. Eg.(Bu) temti "mud of a stream"
tadawa, tawada ink Tur. taddawat "encrier, encre" Bed. taddawan Sng. dawa
Ar. dawa "inkstand" Kan. addaga, adduwa
ta- go aside, slip, trip up cf. fai "fall"
I. Dr. ta- "break" KK t-d- "lie down, sleep" 2. Mfg. tad- "tomber" Hg. tude

"fall" 3. Bid. ta- "s'evaporer" 7. Tur. tudut "chute, coucher soleil/d'astre"

tai conversation cf. Sid. tad- "meet, come together"

taf- palm of hand, clap tafin afa "sole" cf. taa "touch" OS *taf- "hand,

clap" *tup- "clap, grasp, take"

I. Gwd. hands" Bed. tab a zgaran "sole of foot" 2. C. Cha.
tapi "clapping
tuf "5" Bac. tafey "hand" Gd. taba'a "press flat hand against something"
Njn. tivi "arm, ? hand" Zlg. tapa har (C. Cha. har "arm") Mbo. tapak s alay
"palm" Mg. mandaa, tandaa "palm of hand" 3. Sok. tafa fida ? "open
hand" 4. Bye. dambe "palm, sole, clap" P. Cu.(D) *(d)-b-' "hand, palm" Bil.
caff + y "patschen, klatschen" Awg. taf "hand" Or. t'aft'afa "mould (clay)"
6. Gz. tafha "clap" ba^ "palm of hand" Amh. madaf "palm of hand" Akk.

tepu "lay on, apply (color)" 5. Eg.(Bu) teb, teb, thub, thebet "sole of foot"
7. attaff "tenir"
tafarki path, way ? < tafar + ki cf. turba
7. Tur. abaraqq- "chemin, loi" i. SB TaB- Kof. war 2. Mfg. caved "route, che-

min" Bac. tufey Pad. tive 8. Kan. di/?al, tsajSal "way, street" 3a. Lam. vari
"chemin" 4. Brj. dawa 5. Eg.(Bu) ua + t, baa "way, road, path"
tafannuwa garlic cf. Gz. tumma Akk. siam "onion, garlic" Eg.(Bu) taam
tafasa i. boil (intr. vb.) also "be angry" ? < t + p-s OS *fots- "roast, cook"
I. H. fushi "anger" q.v. Ron *fus "cook, roast" Plateau Cha. *wus "roast" 2.

Hg., P., Mdr. p-S- "roast" Dab. bas "boil" 4. Kmb. fa(a)r Ag. barar) "be hot"
Bye. fiar "get warm (from sun or fire)" bisakw "be well cooked" 6. ES tabasa
"fry, roast" Heb. b-sal "boil" 5. Eg.(Bu) pesi, pess "boil, roast, cook" 7. Tur.
awas "houillir, bouillonner" tewest "mets ... bouilli dans Veau"
2. Caesalpinacia tora cf. Tur. tafastawt "esp. de plante"
 249

tafi, tahi go, travel ? < ta'-/'at- cf. dawaya, taka OS *taf- "go" *ta'-, *taw-,
*tay- "gO; run"
I. H. taho "come" Gwd. te' "go" ta "go to" (N) ti "go" KK taw "return" NB
*t-' "go" *tiv- "walk" NBW tau Gj. tewi "go in" Sey., Grn. (m9)-( ) "go"
Ngz. tafu "go in" RF ton "eintreten, uberqueren" 3a. Lam. ta "aller, marcher"
Ban. tuwwa "go" 2. Mfg. (ma)daw- "aller, partir, marcher" Glv. da- "go,
walk, enter" Mdr.gp. (a)da (+)1- 4. Or. duf "come" {imperative kottu) Bye.
dif "go, pass" Sml. daf "pass" daf "go down" SC *d/<Jah "come, walk,
P.

enter" Sid. ta'a "come off, come out" da, daa "come" Ag. ant- "come" 3.
Mgm. 'ad- "aller" {imperative kato) Mkl. 'ette "aller, venir, partir" (t)aa'- "aller

a la maison" Bid. 'ad- "aller, passer" awan "aller, partir" Dgl. dyaawe "mar-
cher" doye "arriver" 6. Soc. taher "aller" 'ete "passer" Gz. 'atawa "go home,
come home" S. Ar. 'tw Ar. ata "come (to a house)" (ta^al "come!") 4a. Jnj.
kutu "walk" 9. P. WN *khwot- "return home"
tafinta interpreter, translating < Eng.
tafireta typewriter < Eng.
tafki, tabki pond, large, water-filled hole OS *tlaf- "lake"
I. Gwd. tabkyi 5. Eg.(Bu) teph- "hole in the ground" 4. Brj., Had., Gaw.
ti/uP- "pond, lake" Dly. tamp-, tip- "See, Wasserloch" 8. P. Turkana- Teso-
Lotuko- Maa- -tapar- "pool"
taftaf plant used by Kanuri women for hair oil Kan. taptap "hair powder"
Ngz. taftaf "shrub used as dye and in cooking" OS *taf-taf- "henna"
taga window Kan. taga Ar. taqa
tagambas spear carried for show Tur. taganbat "javelot a tige de fer" (aganba
"crocodile")
tagiya cap ? < Ar. taqiya cf. Gwd. tengiya Bol. tagia Dgl. tagiye Shuwa Ar.

tagiye
taguUa copper
7. Tur. te7ert "assiette metallique" ^yei, eymi "cuivre rouge" 8. Kan. kullo
"copper, brass" Ted. gurey (Delafosse) 9. Mnd. kura, kuta "cuivre" Poular
kire "cuivre" 6. Ar. (Egypt) xurda "copper, brass" 5. Eg. hmt
tagumi resting head on hand or knee cf. Tur. teYamert "position accoudee"

ta7mart "coude" ta7imit "maniere de s'asseoir"

taguwa, taggo shirt cf. turkudi
9. Ful. toggore "tunique, robe" Poular turki "vetement leger, court et sans
manches" Mnd. doroge, doroki "chemise, boubou etc." 7. Tur. tak takerbast
"tunique sans manches" Ber. -Gbr- "chemise, pantalon, tunique"
250

taguwa female camel ? < Ber. cf. Siw. tal7amt

tagwaye, tawaye twins ? < t + gw-( )-
8. Sng. tau (s.) tawey (pi.) 7. Tur. ekne (s.) tekne (f.) (pi. teknewen) 6. Ar.,

S. Ar. t-7w-m 4. P. Cu.(D) *t-qq- "be like, similar" Bye. tita "twin" i. NB

*r)giw- 2. Msg. dayek 3. Sok. ogem "Zwillinge" 4. Irk. daggi

taia corpulence, fat cf. H. iba AA *mb-r "big"
2. Mfg. taar) "gros (homme)" 4. Brj. turp-, turb- "corpulent" Sid. du'ma (vb.,

adj.) I. NBT 'toba- Sey. dup "thick"

taimak- help (vb.) ? < tahi "go" + M-K- cf. taya
1.H. taimako (n.) 3. Bid. makaw Mgm. mogo "secourir" "secourir" 6. Gz.
'asmaka "support, prop up" 4. Had. makkat- "defend"
tak (ideo.) (only) one cf. daya
2. C. Cha. -t-k- "one" toki "meme" Mkl. tor) "meme"
3. Kr. 4. P. Cu.(D) *t-k-
"palm & fingers" Kns., Gaw. t-k- "one" Or. tokko "one" Brj. d + kki (m.)
"one" 9, 8. NS, NC D-K- "one" (Gregersen, No. 55)
taka, tattaka tread, step taki (n.) "pace" cf. tafi OS *takots- "trample, pound"

1. ? H. taki manure" (< cattle treading over farm after harvest)

"fertilizing,

Ngz. tak- "step on, press on" Bed. tagad- 3. Dgl. dyige "marcher pas a pas"
5. Eg.(Bu) tegas "tread, walk upon" 4. P. Cu.(D) *t-Ht-H- "tread, step,

trample" Bye 'at "treten, stamp fen, trampeln"

takala poke stick in hole, provoke cf. sok- "pierce"
6. Gz. takala "drive stake into ground" 'atakkala "hurry someone" i. H.
tsokana "poke, provoke" zungura, zanala "poke stick in" Gwd. cokore
"peck" 3. Dgl. tyogire "provoquer" 3a. Lam. dzokno'o "pousser (quelqu'un)"
takalmi shoe ? < t + k-l-m
7. Tur. ikumellTten (pi.) "sandale de luxe" 3. Kr. kalmasi "chaussure" 8. Sng.
kyerambu "sandale" 9. Igbirra (K) tekerem
takana sugar cane sp. cf. Ar. qand "honey of the sugar cane" Sanskrit
khanda "sugar in pieces"
takarda paper ? < Tur. takarde < Latin charta
takarkari pack ox cf. Tur. tekarkart "poulie" akarkur "chameau de deux a trois
ans" tarkat "lier en fagots (des bagages, pour les charger)"
takobi sword pi. takuba cf. Sng. takuba Tur. takoba Eg.(Bu) khepesh "sword,
any weapon" Greek kopis, kopid- "two-edged sw."
takwara namesake cf. Poular tokora Mlk. toko "nom"
takwas eight ? < t- + *uk'^-s cf. uku "three"
2. Gd., Gv., Nkt. Zgv., Hg., F. t979S- Muk. mitigis Msg. matuis Log. di'isen.
 251

disxien "neun" i. BN (Auyo, Teshena) S-t-kw- BuL arj'us Grn. gesau P.

W.Cha. *kuca "nine" 7. Siw. (fus) d + okkoz "(hand) and four" 6. Sem. t-s^
? < t-^-s "nine"
tai measure of spread hand cf. tak P. Cu(D) *t-k(k)- "palm and fingers"
takai, takkai (ideo.) very difficult cf. taaita "reduce" takaita "vex"
taama prancing, swaggering cf. taka "tread"
talaka commoner, poor man, subject talauci "poverty" cf. Kan. talaga Tur.
talsqqe "membre d'une famille pauvre, client, sujet" tarakne "pauvre type,

homme miserable" laqqat "etre pauvre" alkey "etre diminue en nombre" Tub.,
Dz. talak(k)a Sng. talka "pauvre" ? Ar. ta^alluq "dependence" < ^-1-q "hang
from"
see also H. rag- "reduce"
talatin thirty < Ar. ^ala^n
talibambam globe fish (Tetraodon fahaka) also "tadpoles" cf. Sng. talibombon
Busa kpombata
talTfi literary composition < Ar. ta'lTf
taliki creature, human being cf. Tur. taxbk "ensemble des etres crees" axlak
"creer" Ar. xalaq "create"
taliya macaroni cf. Tur. talya "vermicelle" Italya "Italy" but Mischlich (1906) al-
so has talia "Hochzeitmahl"
talla hawking wares, advertising cf. dillali

I. H. tallata "expose wares for sale" Ngz. zalam- "roaming from house to
house" 4. Bil. adlal "ausbieten zum Verkauf" Afr. tele "transport goods to a
center of population" tellemmo "trade" P. HEC *dzaldzalo "trade (n.)" 6.

Ar. dalla "show" dallala "put up for auction"

talotalo turkey cf. Yor., Np. tolotolo
tama ore (usually iron)
9. P. Plateau *tuam "iron" CB *-tade "iron ore" 2. Mwl., Bac. *ta "iron"
Nkt.; HN tagtar) "hardness" Mangas, Brm. cam "iron" Dw. dzum "iron"
i.

Sey. dwam "iron" Tgl. toom "hard, strong" Jimi tanga "iron" NBS tarjga
"iron" 3a. Lam. ndza "minerai de fer"
tamani high price, value < Ar. ^aman
tambari royal drum cf. Kan. tsmbal Sng. tubal Mnd. tabal-, tubal- Tur. attbsl

Ar. tabl origin said to be Persian; widespread in Europe e.g. Eng. tabo(u)r,
tambour etc. Eg.(Bu) teb, teben
tambaya ask (question) (Mischlich & Arabic script have tanbaya) ? < Ar.

istanba'a "seek information"

252

tamfal, tanhol tarpaulin < Eng. cf. Kri. tapol

tana earthwomi also "part of foreskin" cf. tsila OS *tan- "snake, worm"
5. Eg.(Bu) tenem "worms, serpents" 3. Lei. tana "penis"

tanaka small tin box cf. Kan. tanaga Ar. tanaka Tur. tanik "oxyde metallique"
tanda, tanderu earthenware oven
Kan. denderu "baked meat" Turkish tandir Ar. tannur Akk. atunu Gz. 'aton
Eg.(Bu) terr, tehar, teher + t

tandu small hide container (stores oil etc.) Kan. tandu "camel hide vessel for
keeping fat" Log. tandu "Ledertasche" Shuwa Ar. tandu Tur. andu ''former
son heurre"
tanda lick ? < t + nada cf. lasa
I. NBD tana'a NET na'an- NBS nada NBW naa- 3a. Lam. tana "lecher (avec
toute la langue)" ied "(avec le doigt)" led "(du bout de la langue)" 2. Gd. na'a
Pad. -taa 4. Sid. lat- 3. Lei. tal- Mkl. dalda 7. Tur. -Ila7, lekk- 6. Ar. Ia7a
"speak" lu7a "language"
tangadi staggering, rolling
I. Ngm., KK r)gat- "fall" Kof. tar)yil "fall down" 2. Ter. rjgsdi "fall" Hrz. tar)a
"fall" Gd. taggubr), sangad "falling" 3. Mgm., Bid., Dgl. gal- "tomber"
tangaran very clear(ly) also garai, garau
i.

crockery cf. Yor. tongoro

2.

tanka support for roof or fence cf. Sid. tanqa "supports for sliding door"
tankad- sift (flour) (either by winnowing or sieve) cf. kada "shake, etc."
I. Gwd. tengeri "tray used for winnowing" 2. Gd. tangwa'a "shake grain in

calabash to remove chaff" katssda "sift" kaca'a "winnow" 7. Tur. takantakat

"vanner" 6. Gur. (a)naqata "winnow by throwing it into
grain in a basket
the wind" 5. Eg.(Bu) neqr "sift" 4. Kmb. dagudi + t "winnowing basket"
Had. dagude'e "winnowing basket"
tankwa, twankwa small, red peppers (W. Hausa) ? < Sng. tonko, tonka "pi-

menV
tanwara bend, bow also tanwasa cf. lanwasa
I. Gwd. tunkushi "sprain" NB *r)gul- Bol. ggold- RS cik + rjglr "biegen" (RS,

RK *zik "Korper") 2. Gd. tangudaha "bend, bow" gwar)a "bend over, bend
down" Pad. cigwa "incliner" Bur. qgwad- 3. Mkl. gud- "comber" 4. Sid.
dugun- Brj. (Hudson) tungun-, gungul- Bye. 'agwir, agwar 6. Gur. gudad-,
angudad- Gz. taqas^a "stoop, bow down"
tantabara pigeon also tattabara cf. baru
7. Ber. t-Tb-rt (f.) "dove, pigeon" 4. R Cu.(D) *d-bb-r- "rojiyb" 8. Kan.
 253

katajSar 2. Pad. tapaia "pigeon" 3. Turn, dor "tourterelle" Mkl. dere "pigeon
(tourterelle)" Dgl. tone "colombe, tourterelle" 9. Mnd. tuba "pigeon"
tanti tent < Eng.
tar-, tary- go to meet, intercept also tarb- tarad da "overtake, come upon" for
ta- "go" see tafi

I. H. tarko "trap, snare" {contrast hao) Ngz. tar- "approach, go up to" tarnu
"set out for" Ang. ta "stop at a place on the road" Mon. t'al "find" 2. Gd.
tara "break up a fight" 3. Dgl. tare "retarder, empecher" Sok. teyo "finden"
4. Bye. tarot "meet, encounter" (tari "forehead") Sid. darawo- "approach,
catch up with"
Tam. hattr "go to meet"
7.

tara nine ? < *tahar- cf. Ron *hara "hand" see hannu
I. Grn. dar Sey. nandar 2. Hwn. wutare Msg. dakala 3a. Msm. tarfi

tar- collect, meet together, join in taro (n.) tara)7ya "partnership, federation"
"meet" /5 common element in tar- above
H. tare "(collect goods and) move house" tara "discrimination (? < putting
together and rejecting some), monetary fine (< collecting cowries to pay
tax)" matari "Kollekteur, Einnehmer" (1906) (most of Mischlich's examples of
the verb use involve cowries)
OS *tar- "collect, mix"
I. P. W.Cha. * tar- "coHpaTb" 2. Gd. tara "do together, share use of" tara
"discriminate" Dab. tara "punition" tax "travail cooperatif" Mba. tar "collecter
I'impdt" 3. Kr. tare "versammeln, einsammeln" Lei. tar "rassembler (argent)"

Dgl. tale "reprendre des forces" Bid. tal "s'associer" tay- "rassembler" 4. P. Cu.
(E) *dar- "add" (D) *t-l(l)- "sew" Sid. tada "meet, come together" darawon
+ sa "compare" 4a. Jnj. ta'ra "tie, join" 5. Eg.(F) t3Wt "a gathering up of
things" 6. Gz. darga "be joined, be united" Amh. darg "committee" 7. Tur.
adraw "mettre en association"
tarafis traffic policeman < Eng. cf. Sid. trafike
taragu, tarago freight car ? < Eng. (rail) truck
tarakta tractor < Eng.
tarbiyya character training < Ar. tarbiya
targae sprain, dislocation < gur- q.v.
2. Gd. taraa "twist" 3. LeL tarada "tordre"

tarho telephone < Eng.

tari cough (n.) also twari ? < t + ari cf. irji OS *ser- "cough (n.)"

I. Gwd. tare' Ang. tur "chest" Sur. tu7ur "chest" Ngz. ala "cough, chest" NB

'-1- (v. n.) DZ gwotura'ye "lungs" 2. Log. tulwei "Husten" 7. Ber. *t-r-(t)
254

"lung" Tur. tarut, tasut "cough" 3. Dgl. tore "tousser (pour un cheval)" E.
Cha. 'ec- (vb.) 3a. Lam. 'o4o (vb., n.) 6. ES darat "chest" 4. Dly. tull
"husten" ero "Brust" Irk. da'awa "chest" Afr. dero kida "whooping cough"
(kida "cough" ? folk etymology < dero "alarm") dano "cough" 4a. Zys., Koy.
doro "chest"
tarihi history < Ar. ta'arlx

taro threepence (old currency) cf. Yor. torp Kri. trg, tropens < Eng.
tartse break in pieces OS *tar-ts- "break, tear"

tas-, tash- raise, rise, set out, etc. ? < t + n-s matashi "adolescent" matashin
kai "pillow (lifter + head)" cf. tsaya
6. Sem. n-i-' "lift, raise" Gz. tania'ot "rising up (n.)" Soc. miii'oh "pail" 3.
? E.Cha *'-S- ''se lever" 4. Sml. tosi "awake, rise" Bil. tar(s) "anfangen, auf-
brechen" Brj. ases "lift" Bye. mis' "wake up, get up" P. Cu(E) *tar- "start up"
2. Ter.gp. tirS- "mount" ii- "stand up" Mdr. tsatse "stand up" i. SB, NB *i-

"stand up" NBP ai- "lift" Ngz. iau "stand up, set out" 4aiau "lift" Tgl. ile
"stand up, start, depart" ture "rise, wake up, awaken" 3a. Lam. ie "se lever
(lune)"
tasa metal bowl Sng. tasa Kan. tasa Tub. tasu Ar. tas Sid. tasa
tasha station < Eng.
tasTri influence < Ar. ta'a^r

tasku cruelty cf. Tur. azzangu "cruaute" aksan "hair" ? Bil. taskal "Ekel emp-
finden"
tasubala large needle ? < Tur. tasobla < Latin subula "awl" (Gouffe, 1971-2)
taswlra map < Ar. tasira

tat-, tac- filter, strain cf. mats- "squeeze" tats- "squeeze out, milk" tsots- "suck"
OS *dahic- "press, squeeze"
I. Gwd. tac- "squeeze, milk" NBM tataha Gj. ceti "squeeze" 2. Pad. tasa
"tamiser" Log. tede "durchseihen" Gd. katsaa "sift" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchar- "sift,

sieve" 6. Amh. atal/r- Gur. mcacaqa "milk cow completey dry" Gz. da^- "be
squeezed, pressed" 7. Tam. sty (vb.) tasttayt (n.) 3. Mgm. Bid. *'asa(p)
''tamiser"
tatsianiya tale, riddle also tassuniya cf. cita, zanta
3. Bid. tas "raconter" sussuna "conte, formule introductive du conte" Dgl.
susinay (formula) "je vais vous poser un conte" Mgm. susuna "conte, histoire"
Lei. suma "adage" 4. Sid. duduwo "gossip, news" Bye. soma "carry tales
(esp. false and exaggerated) Afr. suma^- "bear witness" i. NBT cTcine 2.
Bur. simana "story" (Anon, 1962) 6. Gz. tazenawa "be told, receive news"
 255

< zenawa "narrate, relate etc." 7. ? Tur. tyazmit "medisance" 5. Eg.(Bu)

tchet "narrate, tell news, tell a lie"

tattasai, tasshi large peppers

2. Pad. titeshiya "gros piment"
tauhldi doctrine of the unity of God < Ar. tauhid
tauna, tamna chew < t + ? m
+ na cf. kamama cf. OS *^am-, *ham- "eat"
3. Dgl. erne "manger (quelque chose qui n'est pas compact)" tame "mdcher"
Mgm. 'aymo "manger" Smr. wome "essen" 4. Irk. aima "eat" Bye. am
"essen, fressen" tam "eat, bite" P.HEC *inc'- "chew" Afr. okme "eat" 6. Gur.
enke "chew, *crunch" 4a. Jnj., Bnc. m- "eat" 3a. Ban. t3mu "eat" 2. Dab.
ham "manger (dur), croquer, mdcher" Mfg., Gis. -h-mb-- "eat (hard things)"
7. Ber. imi "mouth" cf. Sasse (1982) pp. 121-2
tauraro star ? t + w-r P. Cha.(N) *tara "moon" cf. wata "moon"
3a. Ban., Mus. ciwra "star" Lam. Teshena (BN) tirai "moon,
ter "lune" i.

star" Sey. car "star" 2. Gan. ndira "moon" wandira "star" (wa "son") 3. Kuj.
tire "moon" derere "star" Lei. gidire "lune" gidire tamay "etoile du soir"

(tama "femme, femelle") 6. P. Sem. *warH "moon" 4. Or. urji "star" ji'a

"moon" Der. urje "star" Bye. terig, tirig "moon" 5. Eg.(Bu) tuau "star of the
morning" tua neter "star of the god" 7. Ber. itri, iri, adari "star" tallit, tilil

"nouvelle lune"
tauri, tsauri toughness, hardness, niggardhness ? < t + w-r- cf. kwari OS
*tlor- "become dry"
I. H. tsauri "steel" Gwd. tsori, tari, cori NBT wurme "strength" NB mir-
"iron" 8. Dz. wor "dur" 9. Poular wor- "male" 2. Ter.gp. vir "iron" Mfg.
arey "fer, metal" Gis. irey "Risen" Mdr. 'ire "iron" Bat.gp. *ta( ) "iron,
hardness" (cf. tama) Gd., Gdu. t-b-s "iron, metal" Gv., Zgv. tus- "iron" 3.

Smr. biri "Risen" 3a. ? Lam. ier "anneaux de fer" 4. Afr. birta "metal" 6.

Gz. tab^- "be male, strong" for b-rt see Leslau (1987) p. 108
taus- press down gently cf. tausasa "soften" taushi "softness" (cf. laushi)
tausayi "sympathy, pity"
tautau spider sp.
8. Kan. tautau Ted. totou Sng. tataru 9. Tv. tetan Mnd.(Koelle) talantelo,
toitoimba Bam. talantalan Tikari, Kwakum lamlaN 2. Bud. laulau i. Pr.,

Tgl., Dr. lala Bol.(Koelle) lana 3. Bid. rawarawar)

for nen/nan "spider, god" in Plateau Cha. see Gizo

tawada see tadawa
tawai see tagwaye
256

tawul towel(ling) < Eng.

tay- assist, make offer cf. tar- "go to meet"
7. Tur. talalt "aide" attar "proposer un prix pour" i. Ang. tala "relieve (man
carrying a load)" Dr. aye "help" 2. Pad. la, mala "aider" 3. Bid. 'al "aider"
Mkl. (t)ele "offrir" 4. Sml. tar- "render a service, benefit"
taya tyre < Eng.
tayar da raise < tas- "rise" tawaye "rebellion"
tazge split OS *tayadz- "pierce, break"
tebur I. table < Eng. (Niger H. tabur, tabili < Fr.) cf. Yor. tabili, teburu, tebulu
2. shovel < shebur < Eng. cf. Kri. shobur
teku sea cf. Sng. teko "la mer" Mnd. ko "piece d'eau" (cf. kogi)

tela tailor < Eng.

tr tea < Eng.
tib inner tube < Eng.
XVoi tuberculosis < Eng. T.B.
tiallaro made from corn stalk) also tiloro, tiroro ? < t +
flute sp. (long,
Balaro cf. kusumburwa
9. Ful. mbulamru 3. Lei. tebre "corne d'appel, sifflet, petite flute" mbala "flute

en corne ou en bois plus grande que tebre" 2. Gis. boloro Gd. mbalawa "fl.

made from guinea corn stalk" Mfg. tewere "petite flute sp." mbalay "quatri-
eme flute" Log. mbaia "Pfeife" 6. ES 'aNbilt- "flute" bar^ "reed, stalk" 4. Or.
bilole "flute sp." Sml. bibile
tifa dump truck < Eng. tipper (lorry) Kri. tipa

tijara i. trading < Ar. tijara

2. humiliation, bad temper ? < Ar. jara "act wrongly towards" cf. Sid.

tagara "ill-treat, behave with malice towards"

tik (ideo.) naked utuk, futuk
cf.

tikis (ideo.) very tired cf. Lam. tik "etre fatigue"

ti- beat, hit cf. daka, duka, tima, tuka OS *taq-/*tiq-, *tuk- "strike"
I. NB *t-k- "beat (drum)" Ang. cak "beat, pound, thrash" cak (n.) RB, RD
tuk "stofien" Mgs. tuk, tug Tgl. tuge "pound, thrash" tuge "kill" Ngz. taku
"kill" 3. Kr. ceke "pilerune deuxieme fois" 2. Gd. tsakwa "pound, butt, stub,

bump" Mat. tsiya'a 3a. Lam. dzoko "piler a petits coups" 8. Knz. tukki
"schlagen" 5. Eg.(Bu) tekh(en) "beat, strike, beat (drum)" 9. R WN *tu-
"pound" 4. P. EC *tak-/*tuk- "touch, push, strike" R Cu.(D) *t-k(k)^- "xpo-
raTb" R SC *tu'- "pound (grain)" 4a. Bnc. tut "pestle"
 257

til-, tul- heap up tuli "heap, large quantity" cf. tudu "hill" tuUuwa "summit
of rock or house" OS *tul- "hill"

I. 2. Dab. tala "tas" Gd. dzala "pile of

Tgl. diule "pile (vb.)" tilin "ant-hill"
boulders" 3. dyoye Dgl.
"empiler" 7. Tur. deyudeyu "entasser" 3a. Lam. dzul
"tas" 4. Sml. tul "heap, accumulate" P. HEC *tul- "pile up, stack (grain)"
Sid. tullo "hill, heap" Or. tullu "hill" 4a. Janj. tulo "heap up" Bnc. t'ul
"mountain, hill" 6. P. Sem. *till- "altura" 5. Eg.(Bu) tua "mountain, hill"
Cop. talo "faire monter" talatil "colline"
trias necessity, perforce tilas(t)a "compel" cf. Sng. tilasu "etre necessaire" Yor.
tulasi "trouble"
I. Gwd. tiri "be forced to do" H. tura "push" DZ, Gj. ndil/r- "strength" 9.

Np. tile "force" 3. Dgl. ture "pousser avec force" 2. ? Gd. kuras "necessarily"
4. Bye. tir "compel, force" Sml. ital "strength" 5. Eg.(Bu) taar (tar) "use
force, constrain"
tilim, tilik (ideo.) very black cf. irin, lumshe OS * cilam- "be dark"
1. Pr. till "darkness" Bol. petila "black, darkness" 2. Gan. tilik - "blue" Bud.
tsilim "schwarz, dunkel" 8. Kan. salam "black" 3. Kr. tilma "Dunkelheit" 7.

P. Ber. *tili "shade, shadow" 4. Der. tillo "black" Kwa. tsalam "green" Bil.

calam "finster, dunkel werden" Bye. dili, diri "blackish" 4a. Bnc. tum "dark,
night, evening" 6. Gz. tlm "to color, to dye" P. Sem. *zalim "scuro"
tilo just one < Kan. tilo "one"
tim- beat, flog cf. ima, ti- OS *tihim- "strike"
Gd. tsama "pound" matsama "rock used to beat grinding stone to
2.

roughen it" 3a. Lam. tum ''abattre, couper" Zim. tum "hit" 3. Mgm. tammo
"battre, frapper" Lei. tom "frapper" 4. P. EC *tum- "pound, beat, forge"

tireda trading (esp. for tourists) < Eng. trader

tirela trailer < Eng.

trti I. street ? < Yor. titi < Eng.

2. little girl ? < Yor. titi for Kri. see Fyle and Jones (1980), p. 369

trtisi teacher training college < Eng. TTC

tiyata operating theater < Eng.

tiyati public humiliation ? < *tihyat- cf. Ar. istaha "be ashamed" < h-y-w

tiya I. bowl to measure grain < Eng. tare (weight of container, in calculating
net from gross)
2. twenty-one (in card game) ? < Fr. (ving)t-et-un

to OK, noted, very well etc. cf. Mnd. to, tyo "oui, tres bien, parfaitement" tou,

tyou "tout a fait, entierement"

258

tocilan flashlight, torch < torchlamp cf. Kri. tpchlayt

tof- spit P.Cha.(N) *t9fa/*tufa OS *tuf- "spit"

4. P. Cu.(E) *tuf- 7. Tur. sutaf "cracker" 6. ES t-f-', t-ff- Sem. t-B- 9. P. WN

*tuph- 5. Eg.(Bu) tef, tefen 8. Kan. tafa Sng. tufa Dz. tofay-
tofa, toha spear grass (Imperata sp.)

1. NB *sup- "spear grass" NBT tohoi "grass" 4. Or., Kmb., defa, deffa, duffa
"grass sp." Sid. caffe "grass sp."
toge exclude, withdraw
3. Mkl. toge "interdire" 2. Mfg. tak- "empecher, interdire" Gd. tar) a "refuse to
give, prevent" i. NBW tay- "prevent" 4. Or. dork- "prevent" Sid. tiqqi
"prevention" P. EC *dawr- "prevent" i. H. tsar- "protect"

toho sprouting cf. tof- (? "sprout" < "spit, spurt") or tofa, toha "spear grass"
(of which the saUent factor is the first white sprout which pierces the foot
or hoof)
toka ashes P. Cha. *ak'^- "fire" see kunne OS *tuka'- "burn; ash" *ta'-/*taw-
"ash"
4. P. Cu.(D) *t-x- "extinguish" Gdo. tard'- "ashes" 7. Tur. tahokka, tabokka
"poussiere" i. Tgl. duka "ashes, potash, salt" RS mauk "Asche" Dr. dua
"ashes" *tahat "salt sp." P. W.Cha *duk^- "kill, ? extinguish" 2. FM
mutaduk- Gd. antaaka Njn, tidak- 3. Dgl. dende "cendre noire tres salee"
Bid. dende "seV 6. ? Akk. tikmenu (P. Sem. *qitm-) "cenere"
tokar- prop up, support cf. dogara
2. Gd. takurina "supporting, propping" 3. Lei. tagli "soutenir" Mgm. tigiso
"appuyer" 4. Sid. tuq- "support, hold up" Or. tugga'a "put support against"
6. ? Akk. takal-, tukkul- "trust" Ar. tawakal- "rely upon"
ton- dig up, provoke, uncover
I.KK tono "hole" Plateau Cha. tuyun "hole" Ngz. tanyi "impression in the
ground" RF war) "offhen" 3. Mkl. (t)one, k + ono! "trouver, decouvrir" Dgl.
tone "foncer" Mub. wen "offnen" 2. Gd. wuna "uncover" Gis. wun, won
"bffnen" Bat.gp., F. (w)un- "open" Hg. *7wun- "open" Ter. gan- "open" 4.
? P. HEC *wannan- "digging stick" 6. ? Gz. tag^ahn- "be revealed (mys-

tery)" (g'^ahan- "cover, conceal")

toro male (elephant, buffalo) OS *caw-r-/*c-r- "bull"
I. H. tauri "toughness" R Sem. *^awr- "bull" 5. Eg.(F) t3y "male, bull
6.

calf" 7. Tur. esaw "taureau" 9. Mnd. tora "taureau" ? Greek ravpoQ, Latin
taurus relevant
 259

toshe, taushe stop up, plug up cf. P. Cha. *D-'b- "close"

I. H. tuf- "close" tsumbura "hinder, prevent" 4. Or. ducc- Sid. tu'- P. Cu.(E)
*t'a'b- "stuff, cram" Ngz. das- Ang. dur 2. Bac. tun- 3. Bid. tuy- "boucher,
sceller" 3a. Lam. ndu "toucher, colmater" 5. Eg.(Bu) teb, tcheb
toya, tuya heat, bum, bake (pots) cf. dafa, soya
3a. Lam. tsu "griller sur les braises" i. Ron o,
di "brennen, rosten, kochen"
Tgl. tele "fry roast, bake pot" Dr. "burn" Mgs., Sey. tu(u)r "cook" Pic.
tile

tsuru "cook" NBM, NBK tsiy- "burn" NBS, NBT uw- "cook" Ang. toriir)
"cooking place" tal "burn" 2. HB tayo "cook" ptseyo "roast" HF tiran-
"burn" Cb., Ngw. ts-t- "roast" Hid. tsag- "roast, cook" Gd. atsa "burn, roast"
(us9 "cook") FK tilun- "burn" Zgv. mtsak- "roast" 6. ? Ar. tahw- "cook,
roast" 5. Eg.(Bu) ta "burn" tau, taau "fire, heated" 4. Sid. duw- "bake in
embers" duris- "roast (meat)"
tozali antimony Tur. tazult Medieval Latin azol- ? "blue" (Eng. azure) cf. Np.
tanzari
tozo hump (of animal) cf. Tur. tuw- "bosse de chameau" esaw "taureau"

ts- entries follow tu-

tuba repent Mnd., Sng., Poular tu(u)b- Kan. *tub- Sw. tub- Ar. t-wb-

tubali adobe, brick cf. tao "mud" (adobe < Sp. < Ar. at + tub)
Poular tufe + re Ted. tumole Sw. tofali Ar. tub- Eg.(Bu) tab + t, teb + t, teb
+ t, tcheb + t

tube take off (clothes), depose tumuke "depose, uproot" ? < tuf- "clothe"

+ ?

for clothe/unclothe; cover, close/uncover, open relationship cf. BT lan-

guages, also Ngz. rap- "cover" rapt- "open" rant- "take off clothes" Ang. pe
"close" bet "open" Bye kwibis "cover" kwibir "take off clothes" Poular 'om-
"couvrir" 'omt- "decouvrir"
tudu hill cf. til-, tul- "heap"
9. P. WN *-tunda "hill" 8. Sng.(B) tondi Bgr.(B) tode, toto Ted. tu "mon-
tagne, pierre"
tua pour out P. W.Cha. *-d-H
tuf- cover, clothe, close tufa, tufuwa "clothes" tufaniya "door covering" OS
*tsub- "cloth" *caw-b-/*cay-b- "clothes" *caw-b- "close (vb.)" *taw- "roof"
*tub- "cover"
I. NB 'tab- "cover, close" H. tobi "loincloth sp." 4- P- EC *d'ib- "cover,
26o

bury" M'^uf- "close, shut" P. HEC *tuf- "close" Bye. tibik "shield oneself,
take cover" Abo. dafar "clothes" Bil. tawTna "Kleid" 2. Pdl. dapa- "close"
Gis. dop-, dup- "schlief!^en, bedecken" Mad. daf- "bury" Mfg. dap- "couvrir
(une case)" 3. Dgl., Bid. *dibir "fermer" 3a. Lam. ndu "houcher, colmater"

Msm. ndub- "close" 6. Sem. d-f-n "hide, cover, bury" Ar. ^awb "clothed,
garment" 7. Tur. seddufer "etre enveloppe d'un vetement" 5. Eg.(Bu) teba,
tcheb, thami "clothe, dress, cover over"
tufka, tubka plait, braid, twist also tuba, tuka cf. dinka "sew"
I. Gwd.(N) tuho "plait (mat)" Ngz. taku "kill, weave (mat)" Cp. tepka

"plait" Pic. tso7- "weave, plait" NBP takwi- "plait (hair)" NBS Tafu "plait
(rope)" 2. Gd. tabad-, tsavad- "twist ropes together, make string" 3a. Lam.
si "tuer, tisser, tresser" 3. Mkl. sibir- "filer" Mgm. sip- "tordre" 4. P.Cu.(D)
*t-(')-w- 6. Sem. d-f-r- , s-f-r- "braid, plait, twist, spin" t-w-y- "twist, spin"
Akk, sipirtu "sack woven in a special technique"
tuhuma suspicion, interrogation < Ar. tuhma
tukun(a) (not) yet also dugun contrast kana q.v. cf. Mnd., Bam. tugun Kan
dugo (Lei. tagana "d'ahord") Ful. tawon, tahon "d'abord, at first, not yet"
? all < Ar. takun "it will be"
tukunya cooking pot cf. tulu OS *cak- "vessel" P. Cha.(N) *aku "fire" see
kunna
I. NBW 'cakwan + na "small pot" 7. Tam. taqqunu^t "pot" i. Bed. -dakwan
"cooking pot, large pot" 3. Dgl. tukina "foyer" tyokkiyo "recipient pourfaire
grilleretc." (ogiye "griller") 4. Bye. tikwi "cook" P. Cu.(E) *tak^-/*tik'^- "heat
(vb.)" 2. Cb., Bur. tu7um "cooking pot" Gd. takwar "burn" Msg. tokona
"Topf" 3a. Msm. dingwi "cooking pot, small pot" 9. Np. dukun ? < H.
tukurwa bamboo palm (Raphia vinifera) (its branches are used in construction)
OS *takar- "stick, pole" *tawar-/*tayar- "pole, stick" cf. gora 2
1. Ngz. takarwa "long bamboo pole" Cp. tukul "stick" Kof. dugul "stick" 3a.
Ban -tokolora "stick" 7. Ntifa ta7orit "pilon du mortier" Tam. tagerit "baton"
2.Mfg., Zgv. takw-m "gourdin, stick"
tukwTci small present (given by recipient of gift to bringer) Tur. takuti "au-
mone" akat "donner en aumdne"
tuk- stir (liquid), twist, propel (boat) also "drive car" OS *(^-)tuk- "go, run"
1. RK tuk- "umrUhren" ? H. tia "chew cud" Ngz. tunkud- "stir with stick"
2. Gd. takana "shake, rinse" 3. Lei. kudig- "remuer avec un baton" ? Mkl. tule
"tordre, guider (vehicle)" Dgl., Bid., Mkl. Ti\e\oK- "secouer" 4. P. EC *tak-/
*tuk" "touch, push, strike" Sid. tenqe "shaking, stirring" Ag. tatu7- "rub.
 26l

screw" Alg. tinq- "squeeze out" Or. moq- "make gruel, paddle small boat"
6. Gur. waqa "*stir liquid (with spatula)" ? Sem. w-q*^- "strike, beat" 5.

Eg.(Bu) thekhthekh "mix a drink"

tulu small water pot ? < T + K-L cf. warya OS *wul- "vessel" *tuxal- "con-
tainer" *dawxal- "vessel" *dawal- "big vessel"
I. KK tuli "water pot" Ang. tul Cp. dilar) NB ndul Gj. dula Brm. ur Sur.
tugul "Topf (allg.)" Dr. tuggut "small pot" NBS tugwiyi "small pot" 2. Pad.
tula Hwn. tsuli Log. oli "Wassertopf" Gis. tir)gile "Gefaft, Topfdigei "grofier
irdener Wasserkrug" Bac. teke "small beer pot" 3. Mkl. tolo "pot a eau, jarre"
Lei. ura deux ouvertures" degla "poterie" Nan. degele "Efttopf" Dgl.
"poterie a

ekire "grande jarre" 5. Eg.(Bu) teru "vases, pots" 4. Sid. tilte "drinking ves-
sel made of clay" Or. tuww- "bowl" Afr. duww- "clay pot spp." Abo. dere
"cooking pot" 4a. Zys., Koy. tikkal- "cooking pot" 7. Tur. tekkelilt "cruche
en terre"
for K-L
I. Dr. kile "pot" 2. HB, HG kul- "small pot" Gis. kukulum "Wassertopf" Gd.,
FB gar- "large pot" 3. Bid. kuyo "petite jarre" Smr. kelum "Wassertopf" 8.

Kan. kullo "small pot" 4. Or. killa "small bowl" P. HEC *kur'e "jar, pot:
small to medium" Bye. enkaliw "Topf zum kochen" 6. Gz. gaF "clay pot"
7. Tam. aqellal "cruche" Tur. a7lal "grande vase pour abreuver le hetail" 5.

Eg.(Bu) her, henu "pot, vessel" 3a. Lam. ganai "poterie, marmite, canari,
jarre"
tum-, tim- jump OS *tup- "jump"
I. Gwd. tim- Ang. dam- Sey. dTm 3a. Lam. dam- "sauter" 4. Kmb., Had.
*top- Bye. tabbuk 5. Eg.(Bu) tefi "hop, skip, spring into the air" 2. Pad.
tsahwa "sauter" Zlg. ndaba Glv. dzav 3. Mkl. (t)obiye, tubiye "voler"
tumakasa crocheted cover < Eng. antimacassar (which itself is of interesting
provenance!) cf. Kri. antimakasa
tumatir tomato < Eng. cf. Yor. tomati/o Kri. tamatis
tumbi stomach of ruminant cf. cTbiya "navel" kwii "ribs"

9. P. WN *-tumb- abdomen" Np. tumbi 8. Kan. timbi "stomach,

"belly,
belly" I. Gwd. timbi "abdomen" 2. Ter. mbu, mbi "belly" Bur.gp. *mbal
"liver"
tumfafiya Calotropis procera "Sodom apple"
4. Bil. tanfiya, tamfiya 8. Kunama tamfa
tumfaye fill up OS *tu(m)f- "fill, be full"
262

tumu first ripe heads of millet

3. Mkl. tubbu "mil emprunte en periode de soudure Centre la fin de la consom-
mation des produits disponibles et la nouvelle recolte' Equipe IFA, 1988)" 2.

Wmd. tumbusu "millet"

tun since, ever since, (plus neg.) before tuni "long ago" cf. tukuna
9. Bam. tu "encore, de nouveau, aussi" Mnd. tu "depuis" Ful. tum "all the
time, long ago" i. Gwd. tum "from, since" Bol. tinin (plus, neg.) "ever"
NBJ tunu "formerly" 3. Mkl. t + 'ume "depuis" Bid. ulur) "depuis longtemps"
tuna nachdenken, sich besinnen, remember tunani "reflection" cf. sani
"know" tsamm-, tamm- "think"
I. Gwd. tur- KK tanine NBB tiniy- "think, remember" Bol. tunn- Ngm. tanit

SB *t9n- Ngz. tanu 8. Kan. tar)-, tak- "remember" 2. Bur.gp. -ar)- "remem-
ber" Bac, Mwl. -yar)- "remember" 3a. Ban. dunk- "remember" Lam. ik
+ la "penser, reflechir" 3. Kr. igi "penser" 4. Bye. din "meinen, glauben,
6. Our. atyana, atyanna "consider" Ar. zann- 5. Eg.(Bu)
think" Sah. tantan
thenu "count, reckon, estimate"
teni,

tunkiya sheep, ewe pi. tumaki P. Cha.(N) *t9mki tumaki is widespread in BC

and Adamawa languages, tima also found in Bassa-Kamuku and Samba Daka
(R.M.Blench)
8. Kan. dimi 7. Wargli adammam "mouton brebis a poil, sans laine venant du
Sud" (for damani (Ovis longipes) see Levtzion and Hopkins (1981) p. 385,
footnote 31)
tunku mongoose, wild cat tunkun juda "civet cat"
9. CB -tungo "civet cat" Poular sur)ka "civette" Mnd. su + r)ka "muse de
civette, civette (lit. voix de Vodeur)"
tunkua push aside cf. tu- "stir, paddle" tunkuya "butt" tura "push"
I. tuugde "drive, push, send" Dw. tuknn "push" Bed. tagvad- "push"
Tgl.
gz. tarkakd- "repeatedly press on" 2. Gd. t979da "push with foot or instru-
ment" ndagwa, tsakwa "butt" Mfg. dag- "pousser, appuyer, forcer" Mg., W.
Mg. suKu- "push" HB cur)wad- "push" 3a. Lam. dzik-, dzokn- "pousser"
3. ? Bid. tuskad- "battre le beurre" 4. P. EC *tu\ak- "touch, push, strike" Sid.
tuttug- "push repeatedly" 4a. Jnj. tugu "push" 9. Mnd. tu "donner un coup
de tete ou de come"
tunkuyau flea OS *takon- "suck blood"
7. Tam. tixxuyin "fleas" P. Ber. *tilkin "louse (pi.)" 8. Kan. targavu "flea"
3. Mkl. terjgere "puce" 2. Log. mtigulas "Floh, Wanze" 4. P. Cu.(D) *t-

(k)k^-n- "biting insect, klop" *ts-G^-n(s)- "fly, louse" P. S.Cu. *tanka^ "sp.
 263

of stinging fly" 3a. Mas. tenkedef- "louse" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tekk + t "a kind of
insect, (?) weevil" 2. Bur.gp., Ter.gp., Bat.gp. *C-r)g-r "louse" i. BT j-nkw-r
"louse" Dr. jar)kat "louse" Ngz. jankar "louse" 6. ES q'^-n-t/s- "jump, flea"
tuntu, tutu crest, tassel, tuft of hair cf. tudu "hill"
I. H. tukku "crest, plait of hair" Tgl. tun "tuft of hair" 6. Gur. duddaf "crest
of hen" 5. Eg.(Bu) thut(a) "crown" 9. Mnd. tunsu "grappe, gerbe, regime"
turu "touffe de cheveux, crete"
tur- push (over), send (person) OS *tur- "push"
3. Dgl. ture "pousser avec force" Mkl. dirs- "s'appuyer" i. Sey. turi "push"
Mup. tun Ang., Tal tus "push" Dr. dale "push" Tgl. dari "push into, stamp,
strike" 2. Gd. dala, dala "push" 7. Tur. adar "presser tres fortement" 5. Eg.
(Bu) tur, tutu "reject" 4. Bye. tir "compel, force, drive" dirim "herd cattle"
6. ? Ar. away"
tarra "drive
turanci English language see batiire
turare perfume see tururi
turba road, path ? < t + r-b- cf. karauka, tafarki OS *darib- "road"
I. Tgl. tlbo "trace, track" Ngz. dalpu Jimi tabo NBW raiy- "crossing" RK
'araw "Weg" 2. Gd. darapa "footprint, game trail" Pdl. murvi 3. Jg. morp/b
"Weg" 8. Kan. dalvu "way" 9. Poular law-, lab- ''sentier, chemin" 4. P. Cu.
(D) *d-r(r)-P- "aopora, nyxb" 6. Ar. darb S. Ar. '-r-m 5. Eg.(Bu) teb + ti "foot-
steps, sandals"
turbu- bury ? < T + rup- + - cf. ruf- "close, cover"
turaya sandy soil cf. tao "mud" OS *tur-b- "earth, sand"
I. NBP tilvuda "fine sand" Ngz. tilo "mud" 2. Pad., Dab. tara- "houe"
Bur.gp. *T-7-- "mud" Gd. tul "dust(y)" 3. Dgl. durpinya "eau sale, boue"
3a. Lam. doro "boue" 6. Gur. tajSajiad "dirty" Ar. tirba "earth" S. Ar. t-r-b

"ritual ablutions with sand" Soc. ter "champ, rive" 4. P. Cu.(E) *tir-/*ter-
"dust" (D) *t-(w-)l- "3eMJi5i" P. EC *biy- "earth" 4a. Jnj. tulo "dust" 5. Eg.(B)
ta "earth, soil, dust" (F) t3 "earth, land (opposed to water)"

turke tethering post, tethering pi. turaka/u cf. turaka "householder's part of
the compound" turaku "head of dealers in domestic animals"
1. H. tiiru "log to which a prisoner is secured" Ang. duk "stake (n.)" dul
"stake to which horse is tied, goat pen" 9. Mnd. turu "pieu, enfoncer" ke
"faire, accomplir, executer, etc." 3. Dgl. engile "poteau pour retenir la jument"
denge "retenir" donkot "entrave pour chevaux" Mkl. ugkil- "nouer, attacker"
2. Maf dorokw
. "object auquel on attache un animal" Mfg. dar- "fixer, enfoncer,
attacher a un pieu"
264

turkui cotton cloth spp. cf. Poular turkiji (pi.) "vetement sp." Mnd. doroke
"vetement sp." Ted. turko "cotonnade sp." ? Ar. turki "Turkish"
turmi mortar cf. taarya "pestle" tim- "beat"

I. Gwd. turumi, tirimbi Bol. tuma Ngz. tama Tgl. teena NB *jil 9. P. WN
*tu- "pound" Mud- "mortar" Tv. tor "pestle" 3. Dgl. tolo "meule (pour

ecraser le mil)" Mub. idin- 8. Sng. dur "piler" Dz. tor "piler" 2. Bud. toyi "pi-
Ion" Pad., MM, Gd. *dzira Bur. dila "pestle" Mfg., Dab., Gis. *jijir) 3a. Lam.
darei "pilon" 4. Sid. uduluma "mortar" Sid., Kmb. udul- "pound (in mor-
tar)" P. SC *tu'- "pound (grain)"
tururi, tiriri steam, vapor turare "perfume" cf. hayai
8. Sng. dullandi "faire fumer" "vapeur, fumee" tuiaii "parfum" 9. Poular
'lir- "repandre une bonne odeur" 'Urale "bonnes odeurs" cur- "fumee, vapeur" 3a.
Lam. tursa "parfum" 'itir "parfum" (emprunt < ?) 3. Bid. torodiny "fumee de
cendres" 2. FJ, FB matir- "smoke" 4. Sid. foraro "vapor, steam" Afr. darTrat
"perfumed ointment" 6. Gz. 'aroran "perfume" 5. Eg.(Bu) tuaut "kind of
scented oil or pomade"
turijruwa large black ant cf. cinnaka, gara
1. NB tarar- Ngz. urawa "ant sp." arariwa "spider, ? ant sp." 2. Mdr. tarar-
"termite" Mad., Gis. -talar "termite" Log. ali "Termite" Lam. tara 3a.

"termite sp." 3. Mgm. *tirn- "fourmi spp." Mkl. rarrawa "fourmi magonne" Bid.
'iririr) "petit termite sp." 4a. Jnj. ora "termite" 6. Gz. tora "grain-eating ant"
tusa fart, breaking wind ? < t-f + S- ? OS *tuc- "cacare, pedere"
8. Knz. tus, tussu "eine Bldhung abgehen lassen" 4. P. EC *dus- "fart" P. HEC
*de'iss- "have diarrhea" Sid. tiss- "make hissing sound (air through leak)"
2. Bac. tafase "fart (vb.)" MM *tih- "defecate" *zay "feces" Mfg. tah + zay
"defequer" 3a. Lam. e + so- "defequer" 3. Dgl., Bid. doy- "defequer, excre-
ment" Lei. te "defequer" Kr. ti kusi, tup kusi "scheifien" (for kusi see kashi) 7.

Tur. tafazze "urine solidifiee sur la queue d'un chameau"

tush- shoot, trunk, stump cf. toho, tuo "sprout"
tuta flag, tassel cf. tuntu "tassel"
tutiya zinc cf. Tur. tutaya Ar. tutiya Np. tutiya
tutur, tutuk, tutut always, for ever cf. tun
9. Mnd. tutu "long espace de temps, longtemps"
tuwo staple cereal food ? < ci q.v. OS *ti-/*tiw- "bread, flour"
I. Ron cwa "Speise, Nahrung" NB *tuw- "food, mush, gruel" 2. C. Cha. *-f-
"mush,(food)" 8. Ted. tibi "bouillie de cereales" 3. Dgl. tiwu "sauce accom-
pagnant la boule" Mgm. tiwwi "sauce" 4. Sid. trwo "food prepared by the
 265

bride" 6. Hars. tewo "eat" tewi "meat" Soc. tawwi "nourritiire" ? Gur. tiwa
+ ... "eat bread with ..." ? ES t^f '"Eragrostis sp. (used for bread)" 5. Eg.(Bu)
tef "bread, food in general"

Sib
 ts

tsab, tsaf (ideo.) very clean P. Cha.(N) *c-6a "wash (something)" tsabta "clean-
liness" tsabtat- (vb.) tsaba "without dross, quintessence, threshed grain,
hard cash" cf. sassabe "clear" shaf- "wipe"
"clean" and "good" are synonymous in some Cha. and Cu. languages OS
*tsap- "be clean"
2. Ter. cam "very clean" Gdu. tsabtsab "good" FK cam "good" Gd. da- "be
good, be pleasant, be beautiful" yi- "wash" 3a. Ban. civiya, jifiya "good"
4. Sid. co'o "complete, perfect" tu(')m "good, clean" (HEC *tumma "peace")
Or. doffe "nice, pleasant" Brj. tuww- "fresh, verdant, lush" Bye. sib-
"Schonheit, Annehmlichkeit" Dly. soh- "waschen" 5. Eg.(Bu) tab + t "purifi-
cation, purifying" 4a. Jnj. sawa "perfume" 6. Ar. tab "palatable thing" tib
"goodness, perfume" P. Sem. *tab- "good" 7. ? Tur. adfu "vider (la panse
d'un animal)"
tsabara wooden stakes OS *tsabar- "stick"
tsabi'a = abi'a q.v.

tsada expensiveness tsadance "agree on payment for work" cf. Ngz. sada (<
H. )
8. Kan. tsau "expensive" (Benton) cida "work" Dz. cudo "travail" Ted. cudo,
tchido "travail" Sng. sendi "etre difficile, dur, cher" Bgr. cida "work" 2. Gd.
dzawa "difficult, expensive" 3a. Lam. '9sa + dam (adj.) 5. Eg.(Bu) shta "be
difficult"
tsafi Gotzendiener, Fetischdienst cf. camf- "believe in omens, act supersti-
tiously"
2. Gd. dama "worship (iama "pagan shrine")" da'wa "lie (n.)" Hg. *tsar)w-
"lie (n.)" I. Pr. sa- "lie (n.)" Bol. sowta "lie (n.)" NBT 'sul- "lie (n.)" 9.

Mnd. dyofa, gyofa "pretre d'un divinite" 6. Gz. ta^aw "err, worship idols"
4. P. EC *sab- "deceive"

tsag- split, cut, tear cf. tsaka "middle, between" tsage "facial markings" tsink-
"break, break off" OS *tsag- "break"
I. H. tsarg- "slit" NBB tsakum "divide" BT t-k- "divide" Brm, Mgs. nd-K-
 26/

"chop" 2. Ter.gp. *TS-K- "divide" Bur.gp., Hg., F. t-k- "divide" Gd. tsa "tear,
crack, separate" taka "divide" Mdr.gp. t-x- "tear" 3a. Lam. dz-k "diviser,

separer" 3. Mgm., Bid. jag- "hacher, desunir, separer" 4. Ag. tank"^- "split in
two" Bil. takes "teilen, spalten, entzweischneiden" Sid. cakk- "tear, crack" 6.

saqq- "split" Sem. S/T-q-r- "cleave, pierce through, breach" (Leslau, 1987,
Ar.

p. 510) 5. Eg.(Bu) sken "cleave, split"

tsagagi ibis OS *tsagah- "bird"
tsagiya tail hairs cf. isga, lahuru OS *tsag- "hair
2. Hg., F. sig- "tail" 4. Brn. cigara "sheep's tail" Brj. dege "tail" Bil. sugur
''Haar" 6. ES c-g^-r, s-g^-r "hair"
tsaida snake sp. (dark, harmless)
2. Ter. sadi "snake" 3a. Lam. sa'a "serpent spp." 6. ES z-ndu "python" 4.

Awg. z^endu "python" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tche + t "serpent amullet" (F) S3 + t3

"snake"
tsaka, tsakiya middle tsakani "between" cf. tsag- "split"
1. ? NB *tsax'^- 2. Pad. tatak- 3. Dgl. Bid., Mgm. -(d)-k- "centre, milieu"

4. P. SC *4akwa P. Sam *4ah-

tsaki roughly ground flour
3. Mkl. tottogo "reste de farine, incapable" Lei. kajinge (? < ka + jinge) "farine
obtenue apres premier pillage" i. Ang. gazak Dr. ggaji 2. Bur. nganji
tsaki mouth noise of contempt
3.Dgl. doke "faire 'dok' avec la bouche ... {mepris, haine, refus) tyek, tyet "...

marque mepris, menace" 4. Sid. tucc "making a sound of contempt"

tsako, c'ako chick, young bird cf. tsuntsu
2. Gd. tsekwa "bird sp." Mwl. eko "chicken" 3a. Lam. sekne "poulet, poule"

4. Or. indanqo "chicken" 3. ? Dgl. tyilko "cigogne a ventre blanc" i. Plateau

Cha. dil + ko/e "rooster" 9. CB *-dege "bird" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) thenher "a bird"
tsakuwa small stone, gravel cf. tsakiya "bead" jigawa "upland" OS *dax-
"stone"
I. NBT s'akuwe "mountain" NB *zakiya "stone" 2. Ter.gp. D-kw- "stone"
Bok. soxla- "mountain" E. Bur.gp. *tS9ka "stone" Gd. tsakwai "small, rocky
hill" Lam. ndzok + ra'a "graviers, gravillons" 3. Dgl., Bid., Mgm. *diar-
3a.

"perle" 4- P- Cu(D) *tl-(k)-h- "KaMCH, cKajia" (E) *tla7^h- "stone" P. EC dagh-

"stone" 6. ES dangyala "large and solid stone" ? Amh. zag'^al "coral, shell"
7. Tur., Wrg. d-7- "pierre, rocher, montagne, caillou" Tur. tassa7irt "perle" 5.

Eg.(Bu) tekhanu (tekhnu), temgi "kinds of stone"

268

tsall-, tsallak- jump, cross over, miss out (word) cf. dira "jump down" OS
"jump"
*'utal-/*'util-, *tsa'al-/*tsawal-

8. Kan. salla- "jump over" Sng. sar "sauter" i. NBT zaren (n.) Gwd. cara "re-

bound" Tgl. ture 3. Bid. dal- "voler (oiseau)" Dgl. zer- "voler (oiseau, insecte)"
Lei. sal "s'envoler (feuilles)" 4. Kwa. tsal- "fly" Had. cal-, calal- Kmb. cal- Or.
utal- P. SC *t^ar^- "fly, jump" 6. Amh. zallala "jump, leap, climb over, miss
out (word)" Gur. zallala, sarrara 5. Eg.(Bu) tun "fly into the air"
tsambiya dog's tooth grass (Cynodon dactylon, doob grass) more commonly H.
iriiri cf. shuci, tsaure
I. Plateau Cha. em "grass, 'bush"' NBD ndama "grass" BN *z8m "grass" 2.

C. Cha. z-m- "grass" Mwl. samu "grass" Gd. tsaa, dzawa "tall grass sp."

3. Dgl. som ''Andropogon sp." Smr. semde "Gras" Lei. surmo "paille" 7. Tur.
esabb "plante rampante (quelconque)" 4. Or. (Foot) sambaleta "thatching
straw" Bye. siyam "Gras" P. HEC *sima "seedling, first stage of ensete tree"
6. Akk. samm- "grass" 5. Eg.(Bu) sem, sben "grass"
tsame see ja, janye
tsami, yami sourness tsamiya "Tamarindus indica" matsarmama "gall-bladder"
OS *tlam- "be bitter"
I. NB *'ts-(w)m- "sourness" *m-'ts-m "Tamarindus indica" Tgl. som "sour
(taste)" Ngz. zom "sour through fermentation" 8. Kan. com "sour" cim
"bitter" Ted., Dz. cacao "aigre, fermente" i. Ang. jal "sour" jam "gall" SB
*ndzoN 2. Pdl. som 3a. Lam. tsumok "acide" 3. ? Dgl. dyunu "vesicule bili-
aire" ? Lei. dany "etre amer" 4. P. Cu.(D) *m-c(c)- "be sour, sharp-tasting,
salt (n.)"Kwa. sa'am "salt-tasting" 7. Tur. isrnam "etre amer" 6. Soc. saber
sebehor "tamarin" Ar. sabir "juice of any bitter plant, bit-
"aigre, lait caille"

terness" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tebi + t "a fruit bearing tree"

tsammani thinking also tammani, tammaha cf. sani, tuna OS *camon-
"think, know" *dzam- "think, remember"
8. Sng. tamaha "penser que" Kan. tama- "think, hope, expect" 9. Ful.

tamm-, tum- Poular amin- ("< Ar.") "esperer, ambitionner" 7. ? Tur. attama
"espoir" i. RS ta^am "denken" Bol. zumm- "think, remember" Ngz. tiim-
"think" 2. Bur. dzam- "think" Mdr.gp. dzam- "know, remember, think"
Muk. dzu "think" Pad. dzama "penser" Maf. jim "penser" 3. Lei. tam "suppo-
ser, imaginer" 6. Gur. cam(m)ata "reflect, think, remember" Amh. cammata

"be silent" 4. Had., Kmb., Sid. (a)saw- "think, remember"

tsando tsetse fly, flea sp.
I. Dr. tili "tsetse fly" Gra., Ger. tod- "louse" 2. *dzindzu "mosquito" MM
 269

Mdr.gp. g'^-dz-ndz- "mosquito" 3. Mkl. tude "mouche" Bid., Dgl. ('u)d-wo

"mouche" 3a. Lam. rlreo "mouche" (+ "foret" = "tsetse fly") 4. Awg. tsantsa
"fly" Der. tit- "fly" Bor. tit "mosca" Bil. zinza, cincay "Fliegen" 4a. Om.
(wu)T-nTS- "fly" 6. Soc. sa'^neter "moustiques" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tchakitcha "gnat,
midge"
tsantsa unalloyed, pure, undoubted cf. tsarki "purity" Dyl. sani "purete de I'or,

purete (en general)"

tsar)wa green cf. shar "very (green)"
I. Gwd. tsarjwa, cagwa "grass" 4. Kmb., Had. *sanu 5. Eg.(F) snw "grass"
tsanya cricket sp. tsanyar fatauci "insect destructive to clothes" {see farke) cf.

tsall- "jump"
I. Gwd. ncerir)ya Dr. njurol 3. Lei. matenye "sorte de petit criquet qui mange
les vetements" Dgl. derle "grillon" Mkl. eyyo "courtiliere" 2. HK dzale
"locust" Mfg. jaray "criquet (devastateur des recoltes)" 3a. Lam. dzer "sauterelle
sp." Zim. djer "locust" 4. P. HEC *z-r- "locust" (Hayward see Sasse, 1982)
Bil incirar (collective) "Grille" Kwa. tselem- "cricket" 6. Our. carat Amh.
ancarar
tsar- protect, preserve, save cf. jira "guard" tsari "seclusion of women, pur-
dah" OS *car- "look, see"
I. Gwd. tere "protect" Tgl. mai "protect, save, help" 2. ? W. Mg. erel
"help" 4. Sid. tare "something placed on a pole to frighten cattle or
thieves from entering a field" Sml. ^awr- "protect" Ag. mandir) "guard" P.

Cu.(D) *tl-r- "preserve, guard" 3a. Lam. dzi "garder un troupeau" 7. Tur.
adal "garder" 6. Sem. z-11 "cover, screen from view, shade" 5. Eg.(Bu) thar
"enclose, surround, be protected"
tsara middle of the back cf. tsatso "lumbar region" OS *jah- "back"
3.Mgm. tar "dos, derriere la maison" Tum. ter "dos" Smr. tarum "RUcken" i.
NB *kyar- "back" (NBT ari) Ang. zam "upper part of back" 2. Gd. tsana
"back of neck" 3a. Lam. kir "derriere" 8. Dz. osoro "derriere" 4. Bye. sarat
"back" Afr. sarra "back, rear" P. SC *sar- "lower back" Sid. cora "back of

hand" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheru "rump, chine" 7. Tur. arur- "dos" 6. P. Sem. *zahr-
"dorso"
tsara peer, lover P. W. Cha. *(H)-tl-r "/ipyr" tsarance "fondling between boys
and girls" OS *^atler- "member of the clan"
4. Bil. cara "Genosse, Kamerad, Nebenmann" E. Cu. jal- "friend" Afr. marey
+ ta "close friend" i. Ang. ser "friend" Sur. sar "Freund, Genosse" Tgl. seero
"friend, companion" Dr. sero "friend" Gib. cor- "friend" 2. Gab. lawr-
270

"friend" HF ncwira "friend" Hwn. pasira "friend" {for pa- see ba-) Gd. sanda
"paramour" 3a. Lam. rei "compagnon d'initiation" 3. Bid. sisi "pair" 6. S.

Ar., Soc. "friend, member

same group" Ar. ^asTr "friend, associate"
of
sirk "partner(ship)" ? Gur. masaro "of the same age and strength" (Leslau
says < m-S-1 "like, equal") 5. Eg.(Bu) ari "friend, associate, companion" (F)
iri "companion"

tsara arrange, compose cf. jera "line up" shirya "arrange"

2. Gd. tsa'u "keep in good repair" Log.iel- "ordnen, reinigen" ? Mfg. iar-
"commissioner" 6. Gz. iar^- "prepare, prescribe, set in order" 5. Eg.(Bu) ser
(metut) "arrange (words)"
tsari water monitor = guza q.v. cf sharindo .

2.Mg. ifa tsala "water monitor" (ifa "monitor") Gd. cancirana "water
monitor" Maf. zuwel ''varan aquatique" 6. ES ansal/r- "lizard" 3a. Lam. 'izin
"lizard sp., aquatique et comestible" i. Tgl. sag- 3. ziariny- "lezard sp."
tsari thatching grass cf. shar OS *tsoriy- "plant, grass"
tsarki purity, cleanHness tsark(ak)- "purify" ? < tsar + ki cf. shar- "sweep"
tsab "very clean" OS *tor- "clean (vb.)"
I. Ang. zar "good, clean, holy" Tgl. sare "rinse, clean" NBK 'sarna "good,
beautiful" 2. W. Bur.gp. *tsara(mta) "sweep" Gd. ts979 "wash" 3a. Lam. sal

"laver les graines" so'o "se laver" 3. Dgl. yarar) "hon, pur" 4. Kmb. matal-,
muccur- "clean" matar- "clear (vb.)" Bil. tal "rein, klar" Bye. sugud "wasch-
en" Or. talila "puro, netto" 6. ES talal- "be pure, filtered" {other Sem. s-1-1-)

7. Tur. (Foucauld) izzag "etre pur" 5. Eg.(Bu) s + tur, tur, turi, therru
"cleanse, purify" ster + t "purification, pure thing"
tsarma, tsalma mix, dilute
I. Ngz. calmu "stir flour etc. into water" Tgl. salala "watery" 2. Maf.
cilwure'e "trop dilue" Gd. tsava "dilute" Mfg. sal- "se mouiller"
tsatsa rust ? < ts-lts-1

3a. Lam. tsutsol "roux, couleur de rouille, rouille depuis longtemps" 4. P. HEC
*cil- "defecate, rust (vb.)" Or. sil- "be rusted" 6. ES z-hl- "rust" 2. Maf.
harzay "rouille" (zay "excrement")

tsatso lumbar region of body cf. tsara "middle of the back" Ko

1. sas "small of back" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchertcherui "buttocks, rump"
tsattsaf-, c'acc'af- drizzle, ooze OS *tsotsof- "drip"
2. Gd. tyafatyaf "falling of light rain" shafashafa "drizzle" 6. Gz. sfsf "ooze,
drip" Heb. tiptep "drip" 3. Dgl. zozbe "couler goutte a goutte" 7. Tur. (Fou-
cauld) seffesfes "suinter" 4. P. HEC *cep- "immerse"
 271

tsauni hill, pile cf. dutse, til-, tsakuwa, tsaya OS *tsawan- "flint, stone"
I. Gwd.(N) tsena NBW ayi + na "mountain" Krf. unkumu "stone" 4.
Kwa. tsem "hill" P. Rft. nia^e "stone" *seh- "rock" P. HEC *duna "hill" 2.
Ter. ter) "mountain" Maf., Pad., Mat. dza(r)) "mountain" Gd. dzagam "high"

3. Mgm., Bid. s-( )w- "colline" 5. Eg.(Bu) tekh(a)nu "kind of stone" tu, tua,

tchii "mountain, hill" 6. P. Sem. *zurr- "selce" *zm- "roccia" Soc. da^an

"rocher" 7. Tur. esawal "petite colline" Nefusa tasawant "pierre a fusil"

tsaure, tsabre grass sp. {Cymbopogon giganteus) (used for mats and sometimes
thatching) cf. kyara
I. NBM, NBK tsar NBT tsirin 2. Gd. dzawa, tsaa "grass sp. (used for
mats)" 5. Eg.(Bu) sben "hay, grass" 4. Irk. tsarami "thatching grass"
tsauri see tauri
tsauya plaited curtain OS *tsah-w- "plaited object"
tsawa thunderclap also "cracking of pots, shouting, scolding" tsawata "ad-
monish" OS *tsa^ak- "shout"
I. Gwd. cawa, sawa NBS dayuwa "thunder, storm" 2. Zgv. ciwe Mat. atsi

Gd. dza Laam. uda + "del" "thunder, lightning" 4. Bye. tew "einschlagende
Blitz" Irk. tse'- "shout, noise" Sid. ta'do "noise, thunderbolt" 6. Gur. tawat
"thunder, lightning" Gz. da^s^a, sa^a^a "thunder, lighten" 4a. Mch. teyo
"crackle"
tsawo, tsayi length, height tsawaita, tsawanta "lengthen" cf. ja "pull, draw"
tas- "rise, raise" tsauni "hill" OS *tlixar- "grow, be long" *tlax- "grow"
*tla'-/*tlaw-/*tlay- "move upwards"
I. H. tsaya "stand (up)" Gwd. ci "stand" cay "height" co, tso "length" Tgl.
sori "height, depth, length" seri "stand (up)" Pr. culu "stretch" jori "long,
tall" Sur. swal "lang" Ang. swal "stretch" son "far, tall" RD sor "stehen" Pic.
tso "mount" 3. Dgl. sular) "allonge" Mkl. so'uru "long" Bid. ter "allonger"
Mgm. tar "allonger" 3a. Lam. tsar "se lever" 4. P. Cu.(D) *tl-y-r (t-) "be long,
be extended" (E) *t-r- "be tall, long, high" Or. ce'a "rise, stand, spring" Sid.
dilall- "stretch" Bye. salala, sarara "long, tall" (sartut "pull") 2. Gd. baawu
"long, tall" dwa' "long & horizontal" tadyawu "tall and thin" Mwl. 'icuo
"long" Wmd. zululu "long" 6. Ar. tal^- "rise, grow" tala "protract, expand"
Gz. *toF "stretch out" 7. Wrg. zzal "allonger, etirer" Tur. azzal "se tendre"

5. Eg.(Bu) tun "stretch, extend, Uft up, rise up, raise" ti "stand still"

tsef-, tsif- comb (vb.) matsefi (n.) cf. shaf- "wipe" tsab, tsaf "clean" OS nief-
"plait, comb" *patl- "card, comb (vb.)"
I. Ngz. sap- (vb.) 3. Dgl. tyerpe "peigner" 4. Sml. saxaf "woman's comb"
272

Afr. musut (n.) 6. Gur. wasabat "comb with one tooth" sabasaba *"comb
(vb.)" 7. Mzb. tisaswin (pi.) "sorte de gros peigne"

tsele vagina OS *tsel- "female pudenda" cf. jela

tser-; tsir- outrun, escape, save OS *tir- "run"
I. H. tsir- "shoot, sprout, innovate" tsTr- "penetrate" cira "lift up" cet- "save,

extricate, rescue" Bol. sir- "grow up, become full" 2. Bok. sir- "exceed, sur-
pass" 3. Bid. cir- "depasser" Mkl. cere "depasser" 4. Sid. cir- "sprout, jut into
(the sea), recovered (property)" tir- "release, absolve, help" Had. tir- "re-
lease, unload" P. SC *ti'it/m- "rise, emerge, bubble up"
tsiba pile up OS *^atsib- "pile up" cf. til-

tsigau testicle also tsuwe, tsuye cf. lunsayi

5. Eg.(Bu) suh + t "egg" suhit "testicle" 6. P. Sem. *'isk (+at) "testicolo" i.

RS 'asukut "Hoden und Hodensack" Plateau Cha. il "testicle" Ang. asil Gwd.
congom "testicles" NBM atsu "egg, testicle" NB *TS-w- "egg" NBT Sohoyi
"egg, testicle" 2. Cb. ntsula "testicle" Bur.gp., Hg., R, Gd. S-B-l/r- "testicle"

3a. Lam. se'e "oeuf, pondre" 4. Afr. mu^i "testicle" Or. micire "gland, tes-
ticle" cidan, cinan "testicles" Sid. talo "scrotum"
tsigi tobacco flowers OS *tsig- "flower"
tsrkar- tickle
I. Bol. tiklau- NBM dakua Ang. jok 2. Bur. dagudu- 3. Dgl. ekie "cha-
touiller, eperonner" Bid. denkedy " chatouiller" Mk\. dir)kiliny "chatouillement"
tsila tapeworm OS *tsil- "snake"
8. Kan. sslla 2. Pad. tsaraa "tenia" Mfg. mee/ "tenia" (ai- "couper") Maf.
mataray "tenia" i. Tgl. suldi "worm" 3. Bid. zara 4. Sid. matallo Der.
heto 6. Gur. car'a, cala, tala "worm, snake" Heb. tola^ "worm" Akk. tultu
7. ? Tur. atlab "ver de guinee"
tsim-, tsum- steep, soak cf. jika
I. H. tsoma "dip into water" 2. Bur.gp. 'yimi "water" 3a. Lam. tsum "etre
humide" 4. P. Cu.(D) *y-m- "water, river" P. HEC *sam- "rot, be wet" Bye.
mi's "moisten" (mi' "be damp") 5. Eg.(Bu) im, ium "sea, river"sef "steep,
melt, etc." 7. Tur. dumat "tremper la bouche dans un liquide" 6. Gur. caff-,

"soak, wet" Soc. misyeb "mouillage"

tsm-, c'Tn- pick out, pick up, *break off cf. cir- "lift, pull out"
I. H. tsame "pick from, withdraw" 2. Dab. cam "trier" Gd. ama "pick up"
Bud. tsa "packen" Bur. udzim "break" 3. Bid. 'eseny "trier" Mgm. 'asiny
"trier" ? Mkl. da'im- "rompre, casser" Dgl., Bid., Mgm.*yim- "briser, rompre,
 273

casser" 4. P. SC *ts'i^- "be extracted" i. Plateau Cha. cin "break" SB can/

tsann "cut, break" 6. Gur. n-c- "pick up, pluck out"
tsinta, c'inta = tsin-, c'in-
I. Tgl. tende "select" NBM tsart- "pick out" 2. Gd. tsaa "pick up" ta'uts
"break off piece of mush" Mg. caa "choose" 7. Tur. asrad "recueillir
(enfant pour Venseigner)"
tsink- "pluck off, break (e.g. string)"
I. Gj. cebka "break " Bol. yikk- "pick (fruit)" 2. Gan. cak- "divide" FB
tsax "break" 4. Sid. tinq- "collect, gather, peck" Brj. tayk- "break (of
string)" Ag. tank"^- "split in two"
tsini sharp point cf. tsinke "skewer, goad" tsfko "pointed tool, arrowhead" P.

Cha.(N) *an- "tooth" OS *tsin- "sharp object" *sin- "tooth" *natsin- "be
sharp" *tahin- "tooth"
4. P. Cu.(D) *s-h-n "tooth" P. SC *ts'ih- "sharp point" Bye. din "Dorn,
Stachel" 'adina "sharp pointed" 'adi "prick (vb.)" Sid. tinni- "arrow" 6. P.

Sem. *sinn- "dente" 4a. Bnc. san "tooth" Jnj. se'ra "thorn" 5. Eg.(Bu) ser +
t "pointed tool or instrument, thorn, goad"
tsinkaya see in the distance, foresight cf. tsokata "look at, observe"
I. Bol., KK zir)k- "erspdhen" 2. Gd. jiga "be seen coming in the distance" 3.

Dgl. yogule "regarder de haut, regarder d travers" dyekie "regarder par

dessus" y[gm. yukil- "regarder a travers un trou" 3a. ? Lam. tsukol "traverser"

7. Tur. saggu "regarder en baissant la tete" (aggu "regarder d'en haut, regarder")

5. Eg.(Bu) tek-, teg- "look, look at, see"

tsintsiya broom, Eragrostis sp. (used for thatch), Panicum sp. cf. ciyawa
"grass" OS *susan- "grass"
I. Gwd. ciciya "broom" 8. Kan. titi "high grass used for thatching houses"
sese "grass sp." 2. Pad. sirsera "grass sp." 4. Sid. micTca "grass sp. used to
plait baskets, reed, rush" Or. cita "grass used for thatching" Had., Kmb.
si(i)ns- "sweep, brush" P. HEC *sissa "scraping tool of bamboo" 5. ? Eg.(Bu)
sti + t "grass, verdure"
tsir- pierce, impale tsTre "shish kebab" OS *tsir- "pierce, thorn" *ce'- "pierce"
I. RS cul "durchhohren, erstechen" RB, RD tor "stechen, durchbohren, ndhen" SB
jol-, tul- "pierce" 2. Mfg. jai- "percer, piquer" Bat.gp. tal- "pierce" Gd. ta-i-

"sew" 3. Kr. ce'-, co'- "percer" Dgl. sire "enfiler a la broche" sorp- "faufiler"
Mkl. (t)el- "enfiler (aiguille par ex.)" 3a. Lam. tsut "percer" tsulo'- "percer avec
rapidite" 4. Or. dirm- "be pierced" Brj. dul- "bore through, pierce" Bye. til'

"durchbohren" Dhl. ^ar- "pierce with weapon" 4a. Jnj. zor- "sew" 6. Gur.
274

tor "spear (n.)" Ar. ta^an "spear (vb.)" 7. Tur. (Foucauld) ejjer "percer (de
part en part)" zarabb- "traverser tout droit, transpercer d'un bout a Vautre" 5. ?

Eg.(Bu) tern "pierce, cut through, be stung" tscheb "pierce, stab, javelin,
spear, harpoon"
tsirara nakedness also uryan, aryan
6. Ar. ta^arra "be divested of clothes" ^uryan "naked"
tsirkiya, tsarkiya string (of bow, musical instrument) cf. saiwa "root"
I. P. W. Cha. *tsarak- "vein, tendon, string" 7. Tur. azarki "ficelle, cordelette"

4. Bil. zerka "Schuhriemen" 2. Gd. za'wa "rope" MM *zawi() "rope" Pad.

saka, zaka "cor^/e " lelege "filet" 3. Mgm. saragne "filet de chasseur" 3a. Lam.
ziu "filet" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) rut "string, bowstring, cord, fishing line"
tsirya various bird spp. OS *tsir- "bird"
tsit silence see shiru
tsiya destitution, quarrelsomeness (i.e. lack of material goods and moral
qualities)
I. H. tsiwa "lack of respect" Ang. cor "poverty, perplexity" 2. Gd. ata "lack
(vb.)" Bur. tur "benbtigen, entbehren" 3. Bid. di "manquer" sai "devenir pauvre"
Mkl. sewiye, ziwiye "errer, peiner, souffrir" 3a. Lam. tsa "pauvre, malheureux,
qui souffre" 4. P. HEC *te'a "be depleted" Sid. te'a "lack, be deficient in"
te'o "defect" te"o "ill-will, grudge" Bye. jeh "arm sein" 6. Amh. atta "lack,
be wanting, miss" atiyat "sin" 7. Tur. asshil "necessite, besoin extreme"
hasshal (vb.) 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tche + t "serfs, peasants, dependants"
tsiyo rat sp. OS *caw- "mouse, rat"
tsoka prime meat, flesh, muscle cf. jiki, su
3. Dgl. sokat "partie chamue de levre, gourmandise de viande" Bid. suo ka
sunga "viande grasse" (sudo "viande") Kr. k + suki "meat" i. KK sagga "wild
animal" Ngz. dugul "morsel of meat, muscle" 2. Klb. watsaka "flesh,
muscle" Msg. ksog "Fleisch" Mdr. gp. *Duk- "animal" 4. P. Cu.(D) *dz-q-
"mjico, njioTb etc." Bye. sawa "muscle, penis" (sa "meat") 6. ES 4aga "flesh,
meat etc." 5. Eg.(Bu) sug "a piece of flesh, an offering" 7. Mzb. tisa7rin

"morceau de viande designe au sort" ? Siw., Ghd. aksam "meat"

tsokana provoke, poke cf. caka, sok-, tii-
3a. Lam. dzokno' "pousser (quelqu'un)" i. H. zungura, zankala "poke" 4.
Bye. sik "incite, hound on" sokana (n.) sikwin "inflict wound by scratch-
ing" 6. Ar. ta^ana "spear (vb.), wound by words" Gz. saq'^ana "push" Gur.
sax'^ana "be sharp (point)" 2. Gd. jiku "poke, poke eye" 3. Mkl. toke "per-
cer" Lei. cogdi "piquer, percer, darner" 5. Eg.(Bu) skhinasha "incite, stir up"
 275

tsoro I. fear (n.) tsorata (vb.) cf. shalli OS *dzuw-^- (vb.) *tluxat- (vb.)
I. Dr. sor- (vb.) 4. Kmb., Had. tur- "be ashamed" Sid. sudutt- "recoil" Or.
sod- (vb., n.) 4a. Bnc. ser(k') (vb.) 3. Dgl. tyorle "s'egarer par peur" kolaw (?
< k + 1-W-) "peur" Lei. so "obeir, respecter" i. RD sisyer (vb.) RF suswet (vb.)
RS kusa^at "sich fiirchten" Tgl. soo (n.) soode (vb.) 2. Mfg. tuwr- (vb.) i.
NBD 'tie NBT tohoyi 6. Gz. iawtat "fall into terror" 'aniot-, 'ansot- "be
alarmed; frighten" Hars. yesos (vb.) 3a. ? Lam. iao "avoir pitie" 7. Ber. kSud
(vb.) Mzb. tazizawt "crainte" Tam. tiwd- (n.) 5. Eg.(Bu) sent, saut (vb.)
2. hair tuft OS *tsor- "hair"
tsororuwa top, summit = ololuwa see Roll
tsots- suck, kiissen cf. matsattsaku, mac'acc'aku "leech" cf. sumba "kiss" tats-
"milk" see tat-

4. P. HEC, Or. *tut- Bye. tat "louse" i. Ang. tintin "leech" 3. Dgl. tyo-
Bid. cud- Mkl. suy- Mgm. 'asid- Jg. 'intato "Laus" 2. Maf. tsad- "sucer"
Gis., MM, Mdr.gp. (m-)ts-ts- "louse" 4a. Bnc. ^'u^' "louse" Jnj. tu'a "louse"
6. Sem. t-b ES t-b, tut- (< t-b + t-) (ES s-b "milk") 7. Ber. ZJ "traire" 5.

Eg.(Bu) sesher "draw out, milk (vb.)"

tsufa be old tsoho "old man" tsofuwa (f.) ? OS *sayab- "hair" (cf. Ar. sayb
"hair of tail" sayb "white hair")
3a. Lam.+ wa "cheveux blancs d'un viellard" i. Tgl. wazur "grey-haired"
tsaf
tebe "old" KK 'aso "old man" Bol. mansu "old man" wansur "white hair"
3. Dgl. za- "etre vieux" dyamne "vieux" ]g. zob "old person" 6. Sem. i-yb

"turn grey (white) (of hair)" Akk. sTbu "grey, old, old man" 4. P. HEC *cim-
"grow old" Bye. s'i "become old" 2. Zgv. tsi "old (of person)" Hwn. suhur-
"old (of person)" Gab., Gan. sert- "old (of person)" Dab. musir "old person"
Gis. majam- "alt" 7. Tur. iwsar "etre vieux" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) skam(i) "old man,
white haired"
tsuguna squat cf. duwawu "buttocks" kwana zauna "sit" OS *sikun "dwell, sit"

*'-suk- "dwell" *tinuq- "stay, dwell"

8. Sng. sokona/e/o "replier les i. Tgl. sugne NB
jambes, etant couche ou assis"
*('Hs9g'^- "sit" NBW tsakwat- "squat"
suknunu- (Militariev & Stolbo-
4. Irk.

va) 6. Sem. S-k-n "rest, settle" Gz. iaxt- "be at rest" 3a. Lam. suk dzudzugo
"s'accroupir" (suk "rester") 3. Mkl. zoqke "s'accroupir" Bid. jokom "s'accroupir"
Dgl. dyokko "assis sur I'epaule" Mgm. joppo "s'accroupir" 2. Gv. nzugana
"sit" Zgv. x(u)tsugine "wait for" Mfg. njakwam "s'asseoir" 7. Tur. sagan "de-
scendre (a un lieu)" agan "s'accroupir"
tsuku garrulity P.W. Cha. *H-iik^- (vb.)
2/6

tsula monkey sp. cf. Mnd. sula "singe" Ful. silor) + ru "monkey sp."
tsuliya anus cf. jela "tail"

3a. Lam. zara "trou" zara zu "anus" (zu "fondement") i. H. tsura "pierce,
make hole" NBW sawai + "feces" NBT yu'an Gj. su + "buttocks" NBD
zalagwa "hole" Brm. cir + "buttocks" 4. Sid. tullo "hole" tutto "anus" Bye.
til'- "hole, pierce" 3. Tum. tar "anus" Kt. tabgga "trou" Dgl. tyolo "place
d'une dent enlevee" dyolo "ouverture sur une palissade" Bid. coUa "fente, ouver-
ture" 2. Maf. ndur + "excrement" Zlg. manjwal Msg. untul 6. S. Ar. x-s-wl
"make hole" Hrr. cer "hole in the ground" 5. Eg.(Bu) ten "hole of a
serpent"
tsumbe frog sp. OS *tlamb- "lizard, frog"
tsuntsu bird also c'unc'uwa OS *tslts-/*tsuts- "chick" *dud- "bird"
I. Gwd.(N) nsutsuwa RS cicyer) "guinea fowl" 9. CB *-cucu "chicken" 4.

Der., Kmb. *cTccu- "bird" HEC *cTda Or. cuco, cue! "chick" Bye.
P. siwi
"chick" I. Krf. dio BN *uta NBB c'oti 3. Dgl. dio (m.) dida (f.) dii (pi.)

Bid. cecu "oiseau sp." 2. Log. Gdu. cuo Gd. delta "bird sp."
sisia "Vogel" 3a.

Lam. tutu "oiseau sp." 4a. Bnc. soyt 6. ES *cawcw9ya "chick" ? < Cu. 7.

Tam asisaw "chick" 5. Eg.(Bu) tua + t, tu + t, tcha + t, tchems "a (kind of)
bird"
tsura knife without handle OS *cur- "flint, flint knife"
tsutsa maggot, grub, Wurm, Raupe etc. cf. cinnaka, tsots- OS *^acuc- "insect"
I. H. zuzu "winged termites" Gwd. cuca "ant" NBT cicen, cucii "ant spp."
NBD acuwawa "ant sp." 4. P. HEC *cuca "little ant" Der. tut "termite" Dhl.
t'at'e "ant sp." Bil. zinza "Fliege" Xmt. tsitsa "Fliege" 4a. Bnc. ^'u^' "louse"
3. Kr. acuci "fourmi sp." 2. Mol. mesusek "ant sp." 6. ES c-c- "insect sp."

tsuwe testicle OS *saw-h- "egg" cf. lunsayi, tsigau

 u
uba father also "great-grandfather" cf. baba "father"
I. Gwd. oba NBT oban 9. Yor. oba "chief" u- is prefix for "father" in some
BC languages Mnd. fa "pere" Bam. N + pa "my father" mpa To "Monsieur To"
3a. Lam. 'aba "pere (forme d'adresse)" 4a. Jnj. aba "father of ..." 4. Bye. hoba

"grandfather" 6. Hars. hob ? < h- def article + ? '-wb Akk. abu 8. Dz, Kan.
ab(b)-
uda sheep sp. (large, black and white, "Egyptian") cf. akwiya "goat"
5. Eg.(Bu) aut "sheep and goats" (F) ^wt 4. P. Cu. *4d-/*^ayd- "oBua" P. Sam.

*agli "sheep, goats" Afr. ida "ewe" 3a. Mas. huta "goat" hudi + mida
"sheep" I. Ron *ndur "Widder" 8. Ted. odi "brebis" 9. Ful. Uda- "Ful. clan
noted for their sheep"
uku, ukku three ? < *ukkus cf. takwas "eight"
7. Tur., Mzb., Wrg. *ukk'^az "quatre" 8. Ted., Dz. agoz "trois" Kan. ugu "five"
Sng. ggu "five" Mab. kas-r)g- "three" 4a. Bnc. kaz "three" Jnj. kez "three"
1.NBW kaji NBD hinzu 3a. Lam. hindzi'i 6. Sem. xams- "five" 4. Bil.

ankua "funf" sagua "drei" 5. Eg.(Bu) khemt "three"

P. Cha.(N) *k(^)an "three" P. EC *ken "five"
uiiba severe pain < Ar. ^uqiiba "punishment"
Olu wool < Eng.
umurni, umarni command (n.) umarta (vb.) cf. Ar. 'amr
Kan. amari "permission" ? amarnyi "my permission" amarta "permitting,
allowing" Mzb., Wrg. yumar (vb.)
ungo here, take it! cf. haka
8. Kan. ngo "behold ..." 2. Wmd., Hid. (u)r)gew "here" 4. Brj. ungu "like

this, thus" 6. ES hank(a), 'ank(a) "take! here! please!" 3- Bid. 'ar)ku "laisse
le passage !"

(u)ngozoma midwife cf. guzuma "old woman"

2. Mfg. r)gwas ma
yey bazey "sage-femme (femme qui accouche enfant)"
ungulu, angulu vulture < n + K-1- see kolo "vulture"
4. Alg. hungulalay "kite" 8. Kan. ggarwu Dz. karabu i. Plateau Cha. nkya
278

"vulture" nkal- "(kite) hawk" 2. Ter.gp., Bur.gp. -nk-1- "kite hawk" 7. ? Tur.

t97alge "esp. de petit vautour" 6. P. Sem. *7arib "corvo" Gz. garipp- "bearded
vulture" (Leslau says from Greek "griffin")
(u)nguwa; (a)nguwa village, ward (of town) cf. gu "place"
I. Gwd. angwa "quarter of town" NBW ggaw + ai "part of compound" Dr.,

Gra. g-w- "hut" 2. Mat. rjgway "house" Maf. ngway "maison (chez soi)" Hg.
r)kwa "place" ? Bur.gp. mbwa "hut" Log. '70, '7U "Welt, Stadt" Bud. r)gu
"Ort, Haus, Stelle" 9. Tv. kwa "enclosed compound" Mumuye ko "home
town" 3. ? Lei. tugu < tu + gu "village, chez soi" (cf. Lei. time "faim" P.

Cha.(N) *maya "hunger") 4. P. Cu.(D) *(N)-k-w(w)- "njicMH, napod, ziepeHJi,

home, Haus, etc."
cejicHHc, 5. ? Eg.(Bu) mhu "tribe, clan, family" 6. Hars.
kw^ "land, place, down"
for more on inhabitant rather than habitation see ango
urint- be intensely keen on cf. Ar. 'urTd "I want"
ushiri a tenth < Ar. ^usr

usur whistle (n.) < Eng.

uwa mother pi. iyaye cf. iya "mother" P. Cha.(N) *w9i "breast, milk" OS
*^ib-/*^ub- "breast, bosom" P. WN *-bil/d- "breast, milk"
I. Kof. mwa "milk" NBT waje "mother" 2. Bur.gp., F. 'u'wa "breast, milk"
Gd. 'wana "breast, milk" Bac. wa + to "milk" Mdr.gp. *ua "breast, milk"
Mat. (u)wa "breast" Maf., Dab. wa "lait, sein, mamelle" 3. Dgl., Bid., Jg.
buw(a) "milk" Kr. kaw "lait" < k + aw, gaw "sein" 3a. Lam. pa "lait, sein"
4. P. Cu.(D) *^ibb-H "jKCHCKaji rpy/ib, cocok rpyzib" Bor. uwa "di sesso femminile"
Sid. guwa "having much milk" 6. Ar. ^ubb "armpit, breast" ES tab, taw-
"breast" 7. P. Ber. *iff "breast, milk" 5. Eg.(Bu) qeb-, qab- "breast, nipple"
uzuri excuse (n.) < Ar. 'u6r cf. hanzari
 w
wa- pronoun cf. abu "thing" ba- "ethnic prefix" cf. wa, waye "who?" wane,

wance "so-and-so" wane, wace "which?" wani, wata "a certain, another"
wanda, wadda "who (relative)" wannan, wanga "this" wancan "that"
5. Eg.(Bu) ua indefinite article, "the one ... the other" ua + t "one woman"

unn + t, untu "things" i. Gwd. woreni "those" woremu "these" woroshu

"some" KK wai "another" Ngm. wa- demonstrative prefix Tgl. wa(a) "thing"
wai "the very one" Ngz. wara "that {relative^ NBT ve "thing" 3. Dgl.
wanna "un tel" Mkl. wena "quelqu'un, individu" 7. Tur.wa/win "celui de, ce,

le (sert d'article def.)" awa "ceci, cela" 2. Bur. wama "irgendjemand" Bur.gp.,
Mdr.gp. wa + ri/e "who?" Gd. ana "this" 3a. Lam vii "un tel" Mas. va
"chose" 4. P. SC *wa wan, wa, wanta "something" wal "one
"this" Or.
another" warra "these, those ones" Afr. woh, toh "that, those" Sml. wa

"that" wah "thing, some, any" Abo. wa(h) "thing, something, anything"
Bye. wii(n), tii(n) (pi. wa) "Artikel, this" wer, wet "other" 6. Our. wa "this"
wada "this one" Akk. wed- "one" Ar. wahid "one" (Sem. '-h-d "one")
wa [waa], waye who? < wa + r- "pron. + interrog."
see wa- above (for -ye, cf. ashe, me, etc.) loss of i/y interrog. has perhaps been
replaced by tonal elements.
wa elder brother cf. babba "big" ya "elder sister"

I. Bol. ba "elder sibling" 5. Eg.(Bu) ur "senior, eldest son, etc." 3a. Lam. ba
"grand" 4. Brj. won- "elder brother" P. HEC *wana "first, eldest brother"
Bye. wun, win, wen pi. wa- "gross" Sid. baira "elder, eldest" 6. Gur. wanna
"main, *husband, capital" 3. Lei. wel "etre large" 2. Mfg. vad "superieur"
Maf. tsava'a "aine" 7. ? Mzb. iwwa, yawwa "mon frere"

wa'azi sermon < wa^5

Ar.
wabi ioss of infants, Tod also "tree losing fruit" cf. woba, alloba
4. Or. wabe "bees that have lost their stings" Sml. wabayo "poison" 3. Lei.

wambu "veuve" 6. Gur. wabit "widow" Ar. waba' "plague, epidemic" 8.

Kan. wovila "left (handed)" wava, wawa "plague, epidemic" wawa "fate,
28o

destiny" 2. Maf. wabaw "malheur! helas!" 5. Eg.(Bu) ubr "kind of disease

(?)" uben "wound, stripe, sore"

wada wealth, sufficiency ? < Ar. wada^ "become wealthy" H. wadata "suffice"
cf. Tur. awad "suffire" Bil. wadah "Heill SegenV

wada dwarf cf. guntu

8. Kan. wada i. Ngz. wada 3. Bid. 'etigo "nain" Mkl. made "etre de courte

taille et age" 4. Bil. hedam "Zwerg" Afr. edenga "deformity" edengabodda

"fait d'etre nain" 6. Gz. g^-d-1 "be incomplete, man possessed of evil spirit"
Gur. accar "short, dwarf" 5. Eg.(Bu) tang, teng, tirga "dwarf"
wadan- curse (vb.)

4. Brj. wodam- Bye. 'at- P. SC *wa^- 3. Lei. wal "maudire" 2. Pad. wada
"jurer" 5. Eg.(Bu) ua 6. Ar., S. Ar. s-w-d "blacken in curses" ? < s + w-d 8.

Kan. adi-
wadan- pi. of wa- q.v.

wadari skein of thread cf. zari

1. H. gwaari "large spindle" 4. Or., Gdo., Der., Had. wadar- "rope" 6. Gur.
wadara "rope" watara "stretch by pulling" wateya "warp, *thread" Sem. f-t-1
"spin, twist, roll a wick" 7. Tur. tawadran "etre tordu" Mzb. wal yadris "etre
tresse" Wrg. adri "etre tresse" 3a. Lam. utu "tordre, tresser une corde, gauchif

2. Gd. tsavada "twist two ropes together, wind up rope or string" tabada

"make string, wind"

waga pannier of hide (for pack animal)
9. Mnd. wa7a "panier etc. fait de lattes de raphia" Np. waga

wagunu rail wagon, coach < Eng.

wahala difficulty, trouble cf. wuya "difficulty"
6. Ar. wahila "be in a fix, come to a deadlock (< sink in mire)" wa*^^ara

"make difficulty" Gz. wadara "be rough, coarse" 7. Wrg., Mzb. yuhal "etre
embarrasse, etre empetre, etre accroche" 2. Gd. yahara "hurt (of eye)" 4. Sml.
wah + yelo "mischief, injury" Sid. wahe "calamity, trouble"
wai it is said that, quote OS *way- "say"
2. Gd. u'i "say, tell" 8. Knz. we "sagen, sprechen" 9. Ful. wi'e passive < wi'-
"say"
waiwaya turn, return ? < *GwayGway- cf. dawaya, juya, kewaya, wul

7. walwal "toumer rapidement autour de soi" awal "toumer, changer de

Tur.
direction" 6. ?ES *gb-gb- "turn, return" (Leslau, 1987, p. 177) i. H. waiga
turn" NBT we- "change" NB w/vur- "turn" Ngz. vut- "turn away" vaik-
"surround" Mup. valar) "turn" 3. Mkl. gegiye "se toumer" Lei. wey "toumer,
 28l

devenir" Dgl. wer- ''verser (dans un recipient)" waliy- "revenir a" 4. Sid. wir(r)-
"turn aside, cause to deviate" P. Cu.(D) *w-r-k- "hath Ky;ia-jiH5o, poAHTb
GoKpyr" (E) *wal/*wel "go round" P. SC *wirik- "turn about"
*gwar- P. Rft.
"turn" 4a. Jnj. wolu "return" Knz. ewir, ewis "drehen, wenden, tauschen"
8.

2. Muk. wul "return" Gd. wu4- "turn aside" 5. Eg.(Bu) un "turn back"
waje side, outside, direction, region
6. Ar. wajh "face, front, side, surface" Amh. wacci "exterior, outside" Gur.
wagan "side, direction, tribe" Hars. wede "towards" 2. Gd. ug "foreign
village or region" Pad. uda "dehors" 7. P. Ber. * udm "face, figure, face, sur-
face" 4. Sid. wido "direction, beyond" P. Cu.(E) *g'^e'd- "side of body" 3.

Dgl. way "aupres de, par, du cote de" Bid. 'uc "lieu, place" 3a. Lam. ? was "en
face" 5. Eg.(Bu) utcheb "river bank"
wajibi obligatory < Ar. wajib
wajila-wajila half-heartedly ? < Ar. wajil "being fearful, cautious"
wajiya fat in meat cf. Ar., Bye., Bid. wadak-
I. Tgl. wodo "oil" Ron fiyol "Fett" NB *h-dar "fat (n.)" 3. Mkl. 'ayir-
"graisse" 2. Msg. aduro- "Fett" 5. Eg.(Bu) uten (?) "fat, grease (?)" usha
"fatten geese or cattle" 7. Tur. adan "matiere grasse" adan "graisser" 4. Der.
furda "fat (adj.)" Sml. dayi "fat, tallow"
wake beans
I. Gwd.(N) awakyi Sur. kwakal "Bohnen" Ang. bok "bean sp." 4. Sid. wahe

"bean" P. SC *ba^- "hard particle, grain" 2. Bud. agen 9. P. Plateau *diwak

6. Ar. baql "vegetable" baqila' "broad bean" 8. Knz. ugud 5. Eg.(Bu) bauk

"grains, seed, vegetables" u(a)h-, ugem, ba "grain spp."

wakili representative < Ar. wakTl
wakiya perfume bottle cf. Mnd. wakiya "once (sert a peser I'or)" Ar. 'awqiyya
"ounce"
wakurwa proclamation also wakilma cf. Kan. wogurma "proclaim, herald,
proclamation" H. waa q.v.
waka song, poem cf. Cha., Ber. w-1 "cry, weep, sing, speak" OS *^og- "shout,
call"
I. Gwd. wor)k- 3. Dgl. wak- "crier, parler de loin" Mkl. wak- "appeler" Tum.
wag "appeler" 2. Gd. wa "yell out, make noise with voice" Mfg. walay
"chant" 4. Bye. walik "call" kwalit "sing" wau "cry" Or. wal- "poem" wed-
"song" R EC *wa^ "call, invite, shout" R Cu.(E) *wa(a)C- "yell" 7. Tur. awag

"chanter en accompagnant le violon (femme)" 5. Eg.(Bu) uag "cry out, shout"

282

6. Amh. (a)wakka "shout, raise a clamor" wag "story, history" Gur. wayag
"song" 4a. Jnj. wollo "converse, talk"
waafi pause, detention, comma < Ar. waqf
wal- relax cf Kr. wale "se
. rejoir, etre content"
walaha time from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. ? < Ar. wadaha "morning light"
wali official title ? < Ar. wal "Vali, governor of a Turkish province"
waliyi, wali saint, representative in marriage negotiations < Ar. waliyy
waliya lightning also "glossiness" cf. waye "brighten" walwalwal (ideo.)
"very glossy" OS *bar-k- "shine, lightning"
I. KK wali'yo Pr., Bol., Gra. *m-l-K- Ngz. pafak "lighted place" 2. Bur.gp.,
Bat.gp. *war/l(-)k- "lightning, be bright" 3a. Lam. wuli ''briller, luire" 8.

Kan. wulak "sheet lightning" 3. Dgl. ilik ideo. of irinye "produir un eclair"
Mkl. 'omile "briller" Mgm. elo "briller" Lei. bili "comme une flamme, ecla-

tant" Kr. welds "blitzen, eclairer" 4. P. Cu.(E) *bark'-/*birk'- "flash (vb.)" (D)
*b-l(l)-g- "cBcpKaxb" Irk. war'es- "to flash (of lightning)" 6. P. Sem. *warix
"luna" Sem. b-r-q- "flash, lighten" Ug., S. Ar. brq "lightning" 5. Eg.(Bu)
burqa, beq "shine" 7. ? Tur. baraqqas "etre convert de bijoux"
wallafa compose, write (book) ? < Ar. 'allafa

wanda, wane, wani, wannan etc. see wa-

wando trousers cf. bante, warki ? OS *fuwat- "cloth"
5. Eg.(Bu) untu "garment, loincloth" 4. Sid. uddano "garment" Or.
wandabo "old fashioned fancy-dress" fiddo "old fashioned trousers" Afr.
marto "loincloth sp." 9. Kambari (K) undo Poular wude + re "pagne" Jaidiwa
(K) mordu Koro (K) ulondo i. Dr. landa "robe, cloth" Tgl. lanta "man's
robe" 6. Gz. fard "garment of a single layer of cloth" Ug. utb "kind of
garment"
wank- wash, bathe cf. yanaya "swim"
I. Ang. var) 2. Ter. vana Gd. vana "rain" Mfg. var "pluie" 4. Bye. wir(a)

"swill out, rinse" P. HEC *wa'a "water" *ans- "wash" Bil. inqa, enqa "wasch-
en" 5. Eg.(Bu) untiu "(?), laundrymen, washers" 6. Amh., Gur., Gz. w-ny-
"swim"
wan wai one way street < Eng.
wanye zu Ende bringen
3. wanye "abandonner (une affaire)" Bid. wen "remplir" i. KK waya
Dgl.
"finish"RK war) "beenden"NB wan- "fill" 2. Dab. way "terminer" 4. P. HEC
*wom'- "become full" Bye. am "finish" 6. Ar. faniya "cease to exist, come
 283

toan end" Gur. ana'a "be finished; be ended" 5. Eg.(Bu) uai "death,
destruction, the end"
wanzami barber-surgeon cf. Kan., Sng, Tub. wanzam Tarn, ahjam Ar. hajjam
"cupper"
war-, warwar-, war- separate, disentangle wara-wara "spaced apart" cf. warke,
wartsake "recover, become clear, become awake" waraka "understand" way-
"brighten" wats- "scatter" OS *bara' "recover"
I. H. wari "one of a pair" Grn. wari "choose, divide" Gwd. ware "put aside"
worekye "recover" Tgl. weere "divide, judge" Ang. wak, wok "recover, get
well, cure" 3. Dgl. wara "espece" Bid. 'ar "separer, servir de mediateur" 2. Gd.
warawar (ideo.) "coming untied" 3a. ? Lam. 'ar "laisser, abandonner" 4. P.

HEC *arar + s "mediate, reconcile" 4. Or. wal'ana "repair" Bor. woUan-

"curare" Bye. was "separate, select" 5. Eg.(Bu) uha "separate, untie, unravel"
7. Tur. warwar "repandre en saupoudrant"
wara sea-eagle OS *'ar-/*war- "eagle"
warari vicious bull OS *war- "bull, cow"
wardi rosewater perfume ? < Ar. ward "blossom, rose" cf. Kan. kavadi Sid.
uddawa "have good smell (plant or flower)" Eg.(Bu) uarta "rose" cf. hutu
"fart" (!)

wargi play (n.) cf. rawa "dance" wasa "play"

I. NBT ar- NB lak- 3. Mgm., Dgl. war- "danser" Lei. walga ''sorte de danse"
Kr. hargi "tanzen" 2. Bud. algai "Spiel, Tanz, Gesang" Pad. wala "jouer" 4. P.

EC *wal "hand-clapping game" Sid. wog- "play, game, sing, dance" Bye. lag
"dance" Dhl. wirik "dance" Ag. alege "laugh at" Xmt., Qwr. war- 6. Gur.
warka "funeral dance for an important man" Sem. r-g-d "kick, dance" 5.
Eg.(Bu) uarh "rejoice, dance" 7. Ber. RKS "dance"
war haka at this time ? < wa- + haka see wa-
wari smell, stink cf. hutu
I. Kof. war "fart" NBM aradi "fart" 3. Lei. wer "peter" Bid. lulwa "bonne
odeur" 2. Gis. lulu "stink (? n.)" 4. P. HEC *ul- "smell (tr.)" P. SC *ol-

"smell bad" Sml. ur (n.) "smell, odor, scent" 6. Gz. 'aroran "perfume"
warki, walki leather loincloth
I. Gwd. worekyi "woman's body awsag "culotte" 4. P. Cu.(D)
cloth" 7. Tur.
w-ts-k "skin for wearing or sleeping on" Sid. boke "woman's dress made of
animal's skin" 2. Gd. bukara "leather loin covering worn by men in former
times" 5. Eg.(Bu) ubekh "skin dress" 8. Kan. yange "trousers"
wara sheet of paper, leaf, paper money < Ar. waraqa
284

warwaji oryx OS *wa'^ul- "antelope"

I. H. wariyya "antelope sp." NBM va'i "gazelle" 5. Eg.(Bu) ua + ti "goat sp."
6. Ar. wa^al "oryx, mountain goat" Amh. walya "ibex" Shr. nbe^et 4. Sml.,
Afr., Sah. be^id Brn. ba'ur Bye baha "dikdik"
was- sharpen OS *was- "cut"
I. Ang. as "tooth, sharp" Plateau Cha. *a(g)as "tooth" ? Bol. wass- "cut
(grass with sickle)" 3a. Lam. has "trancher" 4. Bye. hasi "become sharp,
pointed" yas "canine tooth" P. Cu.(D) *g'^-SO- "tooth" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) uas "to
saw" 2. Ter. mesi "sharp (edge)"
wasa play, joking (n.) cf. wargi OS *wa'a4- "be happy" *wa'ar- "dance (vb.)"
3. Mkl. wals- "plaisanter" Smr. wunji "spielen" 2. Bud. waca "spielen" Bac.

wazo Gd. waz- "make noise, victory song after battle" Mf. wasay "tremble"
5. Eg.(Bu) atcha "shout for joy, joke" 6. Amh. waza "mockery" other ES

wazema "eve of festival, hymns sung on eve of holiday" 4. P. Cu.(D)

*k-(')-w-z- (vb.) Sid. weddo "song of praise for man who has carried away
cattle of or killed an enemy"
wasali vowel < Ar. (harf al) wasl
washa washer (metal or rubber) < Eng.
washe clear out, clear up ? < wa + s- (causative) cf. kwasa, war-, waye
washegari, kashegari "next morning (become-clear environment)" ya
"come, go" see gari
wasrka letter, epistle < Ar. wa^qa "document"
wasiyya legacy, will < Ar. wasiyya
was(a)was- pondering, Gewissen ? < Ar. waswasa "confused speech, whisper-
ing" cf. Afr. waswas (waswasa) "hesitation, discomposure"
wata moon, month P. AA *wal-/law- "child" or OS *war- "be
Cha.(N) *t9ra
big" depending on whether moon" or "big star" cf. tauraro "star"
it is "child of
I. H. matar wata "Venus (wife of m.)" Gwd.(N) won to NBD afaa Tgl. (Kraft)
tere "moon" luwun tere "star, child of m." RF wader "star" 5. Eg.(Bu) uati
"kind of star, comet (?)" 2. Can. ndira "moon" wandira "star" wa "son"
Mat., Maf. ban(a)tay "star" 4. Der. bate "moon" wurje "star" Sid. beda-

Gob. wenc- "star" i. Kwame anje "star"

"star"
watakila perhaps ? < wata {see wa-) + Ar. qila "it is said"

wato, watau that is to say, namely cf. Gz. za + wa'atu (wa'atu "that same, he
is" za rel. pron.)
wats- scatter, disperse, sow (small seeds) also tarwatsa cf. baza "spread out"
I. H. wargaza, fantsama "scatter" Dr. wusile NBB vo's- "disperse" NBM
 285

tawaza "sow" NBW, NBK *t97aza sow" 2. Klb. wuc- "sow broadcast" wi-
"disperse" Gd. wuci "throw particles" wa'a "sow by broadcasting" Pad. wese
"disperser" 5. Eg.(Bu) usha "pour out, scatter, spread" 3. Dgl. watye "laisser
tomber une goutte de boisson a terre en libation" Lei. was- "eparpiller" wis-
''semer a la volee" 4. P. Cu.(D) *W-'-t- "sow" P. HEC *wit'- "sow" Brj. wot'ar-
"sow, scatter" 7. Tur. waziw9z "se disperser" 3a. Lam. fsdar "disperser" fatat
fatat "eparpille absolument" 6. Soc. 'ezi "separer, disperser" Gz. 'zl ''separation,
disintegration"
wawa fool, clown wauta "folly, insanity"
4. P. Cu.(D) *g'^-w(w)- "rjiyn" 6. Gz. ^ayyuy "insane, stupid" Gur. gawa Ar.
7awa "be misled" 7-w-l "intoxicate, etc." Heb. 'ewil "bete, idiot" i. H. gaula,
gabla "idiot" 5. Eg.(Bu) ukhau "fool, simpleton, etc." 2. Gd. gapa Maf.
halaway "fou" 7. Tur. gafa "mal fait a quelqu'un, insanite" 3. Bid. hawalo
"fou"
waya wire < Eng. also "telegram, telephone call, weighing scales (spring bal-
ance type), pound (weight)"
way- brighten, become clear cf. warke see war- wayo "intelligence" gari ya
waye, waye gari "morning" OS *wa'-/*way- "be glad"
I. NBB wowayu "light (n.)" Tgl. wi "light, heat" wiwi "energetic" Ngz. wTa

"brightness, cheerful expression" 2. Gd. 'wa' "very bright" Hwn., Bac, Gv.,
Zgv. *w-yl/r- "new" 3. Kr. wele "faire jour" Lei. wanyngulu "le matin" (cf. H.
waye gari) 3a. Lam. wuli "briller, luire" 4. P. Cu.(D) *g^-(H)y- "paccBexaxb,
/icHb" Bye. gey "new, fresh" 6. Gur. wera, wariya, waya "new" 7. Tur. awar,
iggar "etre leve (lune, soleil)" 5. Eg.(Bu) uin, uiui "light"
wayyo alas !

I. H. wai!, waiwai! express surprise and some dismay 3. Dgl. wayya "pleur, cri

de deuil" 4. Or. wayyo "woe!" Afr. wayyow "woe is me!" Sid. wayyette
"woe!" woiwoi "lamenting" Bil. way weh!" 6. Ar. way expresses admiration
"0

or pity7. Mzb. wayyal "malheur"

wazTri prime minister < Ar. wazir

woba misgivings, Angst cf. wabi
I. H. waibuwa "something causing fear" NBP wowal "fear" Gwd.(N)
gwombo "fear" 8. Sng. humbur "avoir peur" Ted. wowor- "peureux" 2. MM
*guba(r) "fear" 6. Gur. woba "fever, malaria" Ar. hayba "awe, reverential
fear" 5. Eg.(Bu) henf "fear (vb."
wofi, yofi uselessness, emptiness cf. fanko
9. Ful., Poular wof- "act to no purpose, wrongly, paralytique" 2. Gd. ufina
286

"empty compound" 8. Kan. wofila "left, contrary (person), poorly executed

(work)" 7. Tur. afu "etre litre d'occupations"
wokaci see lokaci
wuce see wut-
wucin gadi spare part, reserve ? < Eng. waiting guard i.e. off-duty sentry
wua, yua knife (* two-edged) cf.yanka "cut"
1. Gwd. yir)ka, irjka 3. Kr. yakorde "couteau aigu de deux cotes" Dgl. tuqgiri
"couteau" Turn, kugan "couteau" Lei. -NG-L/R- "couteau de jet spp." 2. HG
(u)xwa Gd., Njn., FJ, FK, HB *r)g-l- 3a. Mus. ggiawr- 8. Kan. r)galiy-/r)galew-
"throwing knife" 5. Eg.(Bu) nekha + t 4. Sid. gula, gulaido, gulaidi "side
or handle of knife" P. HEC *gorad'- "sword" 6. ES g-l-d- "knife with curved
point" Gur. garje "knife sp."8. Mab. kirdaw- "double edged knife"

wul (ideo.) very quickly (passing by) wulg- (vb.) wurga "travel quickly, pass
by" cf. waiwaya OS *wulig- "pass" *wug- "move quickly"
4. P. Cu.(D) *w-ll- "/lejiaxb Gucxpo, cneuiHo" 2. Pad. wul- "surprendre" 3. Mgm.,
Mkl., Bid. w-l-k "tres, tot, rapidement" 6. Gz. walag- "sneak away, slip away"
5. ? Eg.(Bu) un "run away from, leap up, move"

wulaai harshly, contemptuously wulaanta "treat harshly" cf. Sid. wolaqa

"harass, cause trouble"
wuni see yini
wur, zir (ideo.) very red
2. Gd. wuliz, 7awu i. Sey. zoli "red" DZ, Gj. zili "red"
wuri place see guri
wuri cowrie pi. kui q.v. cf. Hindi kauri traditionally for ornament, first refer-
ence to use as currency by Al ^umari (14th century Mali). The Kano Chronicle
speaks of the reign ofMuhammadu Sharif, c. 1710 as the period when kudi were
first seen in Hausaland
8. Kan. wuli Sng. noru (pi.) Ted. orur)i Knz. nerre "Kaurischnecke" 9. Bam.,
Dyl. wari "argent" Kabre (Voltaic) woro 4. P. EC *'alel- "shell, especially
cowries shell" P. SC *kwai- "beads" P. Rft. *xoror- "cowrie"
(da) wuri early cf. dauri
wuridi private Muslim prayers < Ar. wird
wurji hyena cf. kiira

5.Eg.(Bu) unshu "wolf" i. Gj. vwul- NBP wur- BN "leopard" 2. Pdl. wur)di
"hyena" wur)iat- "leopard" Bur.gp. wul- "leopard" 4. Abo. warac- P. EC
*warab- Ma' ware
 287

wut-, wuc- go by, pass cf. fita

5. Eg.(Bu) utcha "go forth, advance, etc." 6. Gz. wad'-, was'- "go out, pass
away, exceed" Gur. wata 4. P. SC *wat^'- "to cross" i. Gra. wursi "surpass"
RD wuh "ubertreffen" Gwd.(N) bisi, (Gitata) bitse Ngz. bantu
wuta fire ? < *xwu + ta cf. kunne "kindle" tukunya "cooking pot" OS *'ax-,

*^ak-, *xa'-, *xu'-

I. Gwd.(N) wuto Dr. wati Tgl. wT Bel. uhi SP *wut- NET akwe 2. Bok. xwata
Ter.gp. *wut- "lightning" Hg. '-xw- Gis. wucu, wutsa "Blitz" 3. Mkl.
'uwwo 3a. Mas. kuta 7. Tur. aku "etre allume" 5. Eg.(Bu) uaa + t, khe + t,
khu 4. P. SC *'/yek'^- Abo. 'eg- Tsm. katte Das. g'iyete 4a. Jnj. kawna
"lightning" 8. Ted., Dz. wuni Knz. ig
wutsiya tail, penis cf. jela, tsuliya, tsele ? < k"^- + TS-1-
Gwd. (Gitata) arjgusiya H. gutsu "bottom, sexual organ"
I.

wuya I. neck ? < *7^-r- cf. gay a, ara, maogwaro OS *gora^-, *yawir- "neck,
throat"
I. Ngz. wura NB *7'^ir- 2. Pdl. gura Pad. kwara "le cou, la voix" Gd. ura
"neck, throat, voice" 3a. Lam. hor "voix" 3. Mkl. 'ore "cou" Mgm. 'ure
"cou" Lei. kor "cou" 5. Eg.(Bu) kher(u) "voice, word" 6. Gz. g'^ar^e "throat,
neck" 7. P. Ber. iri "neck, voice" 4. Bye. 'ala "neck" Sid. garo "gullet"
yogore "oesophagus" 4a. Bnc. ul "front part of neck" 9. Gby. ger "cou,

voix, melodic"
2. trouble, difficulty ? < *w-l- cf. wahala

I. H. nauyi "heaviness" (cf. nawa) Kof. swal "pain, difficulty" Sur. swal
"sickness" 2. Mf. alhe "heavy" Zgv. ulxa "heaviness" 3. Kr. ele "etre lourd"

Mkl. sewiye "peiner" Mgm. sura "lourd" 4. P. Cu.(D) *^-l-s- "biTt T5i5KejiHM" P.

EC *i/uls- "be heavy" Bye. 'ala "famine, scarcity, dearness" 7. Tur. aly^t
"etre difficile a defaire"
 y
ya come cf. P. Cha.(N) *ya "come, go" OS
(imperative with suffixed pronoun)
come, (run)" H. yasa (da) (caus.) "take away, clear
*ya'- *'ay-, *'iy-/*iw- "go,
out" ya da, yar da "throw away" cf. washe
ya, wa, yi, i just like, as cf. ashe, wa- yanda, yadda "how (relative)" ya, yaya
"how (interrog.)"

I. ya7e "how?" 2. W.Mg. yaya "how?' Gd. yi, yita "how" Bac. ya, iya
Pr.

"how?" ya "how many?" 3. Mkl. 'a "comme" Bid. 'o "comme" Dgl. i- "ce,
ainsi etc."
ya see yaya
'ya see da
yaba praise (vb.) cf. Poular ye- "admirer"
Ful. jobb- "sing praises of"
yaa smear, plaster see lab- OS *ya^ab-/*wa^ab- "wash"
yadi yard, length of cloth < Eng.
yafa forgive ?"may He forgive" in the common expression ya^fa llahu
< Ar. ya^fa

^anhu cf. Sng. yafa Mnd. yafa

yag- tear, rip (vb.) cf. tsag- OS *nig- "break" *n-gil- "cut" *nek- "punish"
I. H. yakusa "scratch with claws or nails" yank- "cut, slaughter" KK yagusu

DZ yaka "break in pieces" Bui. yagu "break in pieces" Sey. yagitu 2. Hg.
*-yaxu- 6. Gz. naq'^a, yanqa^ "split, become torn, etc." Ar., Heb. n-q'^-

"split" Akk.naqu "sacrifice" 7. P. Ber. *ny "kill"

yaji any hot spice, pepper cf. citta
I. Gwd. yanji NBW yani:ar- Pr. anjita 3. Kr., Lei. mandaraw "piment" 3a.

Lam. 'andzalao "piment"

yakumba antelope sp. (Kobus defassa, "waterbuck") = gwambaza q.v.

1. NB *zakumb- "waterbuck"

yakuwa red sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) cf. Yor. isapa, isakuwa

yaki war cf. yag-
I. P. W.Cha. *4-g- "BOHHa" Gwd.(N) yakyi H. w/yuka "knife" 4- P. Cu.(E)
*iak^'- "fight, quarrel (vb.)" *wak- "hate" P. SC *^ak- "attack, war" Bil. waga
 289

"Zom, Streit, Kampf" 3. Mkl. 'ark- "guerre, lance, sagaie" Dgl. argi "envenimer
une affaire, dire des paroles choquantes" ? Lei. togyo "querelle" 3a. Msm. \\x)

Lam. tugot "accident grave" 8. ? Kan. kariga "war" rig- "fear, frighten,
horrible" 2. Mol. miligava Pad. iagala "la lutte" Klb. ta'a 7. P. Ber. *n7-
"kill, etc."

yalo bitter tomato (Solanum incanum) also layo

8. Kan. yalo 2. Pad. yabwa "aubergine" Kot. yalo "aubergine" 6. Shuwa Ar.
walo "garden egg" 9. Bam. dyagaro "tomate amere" gya, dya "toute chose
amere"
yalwa see yawa
yami see tsami
yamma west, afternoon ? < *yam + pi. "sea, lake" cf. Ngz. ca "east" (pre-
sumably from the lake so-called) or < *yam "day" + *mat "die" cf. rana OS
*yam- "water, sea" *yam- "day" *yamin- "right side"
I. RF yar)r)o "Abend" Dw., Pic. liyem "west" 2. Mol., Zlg. yam "east, water"

Bur. ramta "west" (mta "die") Mad. kayam "west" 5. Eg.(Bu) ami + urt
"port side of ship sailing north, west" amen "right side, west" am(m)u
"light, rays, beams" 4. Bye. ym "sun, day" yindibs "sunset, go west" himni
"afternoon"
yank- see yag-
yanayi swimming also ninaya, linaya ? < n- + yam cf. AA *yam "water"
I. kayo "swim" RF r)gu "fallen" r)gwa ham "schwimmen" (ham "Wasser")
Pr.

KK Ang. gu "fall" 2. Mg. r)k- "swim" Bac. r)ga- "swim" Ter.

r)gat- "fall"

r)gs- "fall" 3. Tum. ngal "nager"

yankwan- wither cf. kawa, awa "dry up" Gwd. yonkoci "wither"
yanyami drizzle, light rain OS *yam- "water, sea"
I. Tgl. yamyam "rainbow" 8. Kan. nyamnyami "shower of rain"

yanyawa fennec ? < y-n + yaw- OS *'iy-/*'iw- "jackal, dog"

H. yaw- "wander, roam" relevant ?

I. Ngz. adayau "fennec" (NBD, KK, Ngm. ada "dog") Jimi, Mgs., Bog.
(n)yan- "dog" NBW iyen- "dog" 4. P.EC *yeyy-/*yoyy- "wild dog" Sid.
hiyyeyye "wolf-like animal" 5. Eg.(Bu) auau, auau "dog" auauit (pi.) 6.

Heb. '1 "dog" Hars., Mhr. ye^ayl "fox" (for dayl see dila) 2. Ter.gp. *w/y--
"dog" 7- P- Ber. *ayd- "dog"
yanzu now ? < *yam "day" (OS 2576) + zu cf. azu "just now, a little time
back"
6. ES -zu "this" Gz. 'amza "then, thereafter" Ar. d- "this" Heb. z- "this" 2.
290

Gd. andzl, indzT "now" ansina "today" i. KK 'ance "now" 4. Bye amse
"today" 4a. Bnc. woynten "today" 8. Kan. wande "now" Ted., Dz. onno,
oddo "maintenant" 9. Poular hande ''aujourd'hui"
yarda agree, approve < Ar. yarda "may He approve"
? cf. yafa Kan. ard-
yar da, yas- see ya "come, *go"
yare language, dialect cf. arya OS *'er(in)- "tongue" *'eray- "word, speech"
1. Dr., Bel. yili(k) "tongue" Gwd. yaruwa "lie, falsehood" 2. Mdr.gp. *arex-
"tongue" Bur.gp. kyar- "tongue" 4. Bye. walik "call out, cry out, emit
noise" P. Cu. *^anrab "tongue" 6. ? Ar., S. Ar. ^-r-b "(Arabic) language etc."
(Shr. ^aret Jbl. ^ari) Gz. waray-, yaray- "tell news, narrate" 7. Tur. awal
"parole, maniere de parler, langue (idiome)" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) re "mouth, speech"
3. Dgl. ale "emettre un son" are "raconter" Lei. ale "predication"
yarima traditional royal title < Kan. yerima
yaro boy yarinya "girl" cf. iri "seed" OS *hur- "be pregnant" *raw- "be, be-
come, make"
4a. Kef., Mch., S. Mao, Nao yaro "seed" i. RK, RB *'al "Kind, gebdren" NB
vur- "give birth, beget, boy, daughter" 3. Mkl. ulo "enfant, fils, fille, grain"
2. Bud. uli (pi. wele) "Sohn" Muy., Mol. w-r- "child" 3a. Lam. vai (pi. 'udo)
"enfant" 4. Sml. yar "small, little" yaran "childhood" R Cu.(D) *w-l(l)- "po-
5KflaTb, nopoziHTb" Sid. il- "child, give birth, beget" lal- "yield fruit, crops (vb.,
n.)" Brj. ila "fruit" ila war' "bear fruit" Afr. urru "children" Bye. 'or "son,
child" 7. Tur. araw "engendrer, enfanter" ara "enfant, fruit, produit" 5. Eg.(Bu)
unnu, aru "child" 6. Sem. w-l-d "child, produce child"
yas- clean out, clear out (esp. well) see ya- "come, *go" yashi "waterhole in
bed of stream, coarse sand"
yatsa finger ? < ya + s-r cf. yaro Cha. *s-r- "arm, leg, hand"
I. Gwd. ya nan(i) "finger" nan "arm, hand" 4a. Bnc. yant' 4. Sml. far
"finger" (see farce) far yaro "little finger"
yau today cf. yanzu, yini OS *yam- "day" OS *'imen- "sun, day"

I. ayo "tomorrow" Sey. yawu "today" (seyaw "yesterday" gyaw "to-

Gj.
morrow") Ngz. yuwan "period of 24 hours" 2. Klb. inya "today" Bud. yabu
"day" 4. Or. yona, yowana "at this time" 6. Tge., Gz. yom "today" Ar. al
+ yom Heb. ha + yom
yaushe, wasshe when? ? < *yam "day" + interrog.; see ashe
I. Gwd. woshe 2. Gv. yawara (-ra interrog.) 4a. Bnc. es "how?" 5. Eg.(Bu)

ashes + t interrog. part, "who, what, where, why?" 4. ? Bye. yoyti "every
day"
 291

yawa, yalwa plenty, abundance (Mischlich: yalwa "Wohlhabenheit") cf. kyau

I. H. yawwa "excellent! well done!" KK yawaw "goodness" 2. Mfg. yaw,

yawa "bonl d'accordV 8. Kan. yauwa "that's right, OK" 3a. Lam. yo "bonl
Men!" 3. Mgm. "satiete, richesse, abondance" oyaw
'ayawi "richesse" Dgl. ay a
"generosite" yawan "etre rassassie de" (Mzb., Wrg. z-w-n) 4. Bye.
7. Tur.
yawa "benefit, profit" mi + yau "das Geben, die Gabe" Or. mijijiawa "sweet,
expensive" P. SC *ya'^- "to suit, be fitting" 6. ES y-w-h "meek, kind, gentle"
Sem. ya' "fine, fitting, good" 4a. Jnj. sowa "many" 5. Eg.(Bu) shau "some-
thing of worth, benefit, be of value"
yawo walking about, wandering yawa, yawaita (vb.) ? < y + r-w- cf. ya-
"come, *go" jaura "itinerant peddling" OS *rawah- "move, walk"
I. H. rawaya "go round, go to another place" Gwd. yaru, ro "enter" Ang. le

"wander, go round, lose one's way" Bol. ruww- 3. Dgl. dyaw- "marcher,
vagabond" 2. Bac. weyo "walk (vb.)" Pad. wiya "se promener" Bud. wiyou
"den Weg verlieren" Mad. raw- "walk" 4. Sid. hoyyawa "move here and
there" Bil. halau + "do" "herumziehen" Bye. 1-w-w "kreisen, prowl around"
Dhl. ro'- "go, pass by" 7. Mzb. bwwaj "errer a Vaventure" 9. Mnd. yala, yara
"promenade, se promener, errer, nomadiser, etc." 6. Ar. r-w-h- 5. Eg.(Bu) nun
"roam about"
yawu, yau saliva also miyau q.v. OS *'ilaw-/*'ilay- "saliva" OS *nex- "spit,
saliva"
I. H. yoyo, yayyo "dripping" Ngz. yau "drip (vb.)" nawa + k (pi. nawawin)
"saliva" Bed. luluw- Gwd. yowa "leak (vb.)" (N) ayiyara "saliva" 3a Ban.
yoya- 8. Sng. yololo "salive" Kan. jilul- i. Dr. yil- + k Bol. yul- 3. Mgm.
'olo Bid. 'ula Dgl. ulnya 2. Bur.gp. *-uli, *-ili Hwn. yaxu- HK -yo7u FG
-yuwur 4. Bye. dilil "pour" dilul "leak" Sml. alyo 6. Sem. *w/y-r-q "spit
(vb.), saliva" 5. Eg.(Bu) nar "spittle, saliva" 3a. Lam. ne'e "salive"
yaya older sibling or friend see iya cf. wa
I. H. ya "older sister" Bed. yaya "brother" 2. Bur. yaya "older sibling" 8.

Kan. ya, yaya "older sibling" ? > H. {which also borrows kinship terms
baba(ni) and rafa(ni) from Kan.)
yaya, ya how? see ya, wa, yi
yekuwa proclamation cf.wakurwa, waa
I. Kof. yor) "call" Pr. yena "call" 3. Sok. yegi "rufen" 4. Der. ye' "call"
292

yi make, do (forms denominative verbs) P. Cha.(N) *y9/*ca "do" cf. ce "say"

{introduces quote)
Hutchinson (1981) says that the major category of Kanuri verbs is formed
through affixation of the verb "say" (p. 223)
OS *'i(w)- "be, become" 4. P. Cu. *y- "say, hmcuji" P. EC *yal-/*yel- "do (in-
voluntarily)" (in Bil. y- forms denominative verbs) 4a. Jnj. i "say, mean"
7. P. Ber. *ili "be" Tur. yjjil "se porter" 5. Eg.(Bu) ar, ari "make, do, produce,
and used as auxiliary" (F) iri

yini, wuni, 'uni daytime, pass the day cf. bana, kwana, yau OS *'awan-/
*'awin- "time" *wan- "light, day" *'un- "today"
1. Tgl. wuni "day of 24 hours, spend night" Ngz. wana "day of 24 hours,
spend night" Gwd.(Arabishi) nana "day of 24 hours" 4. Bye. yin "sun, day"
wana "dawn, early morning" Sid, Der. yanna "time" P. Cu.(D) *'-n- "biTt,
wdxomm" 6. Gur. wa'ana "daytime" 5. Eg.(Bu) uni(n) "light" unu + 1 "hour,
time, regular duty, hourly service reckoned by hours" 2. Can., Gab. wan
farta "dry season" (farta "sun") Gd. wana "this year" 3. Mkl. 'onny- "passer
la nuit, jour, joumee"

yumu clay see jimu

yunura grunt (in making effort) cf. gurnani
2. Gd. ngi'i "grunt" nglra "growl"
yunwa [yugwa] hunger ? < y + ng'^-r- OS *gora^-, *yawir "neck, throat" cf.

maogwaro, wuya "neck"

6. Ar. gu^ "hunger" Hars. geweS go^ "hunger, famine" yegyo, yega "be

hungry" Mhr. gawa "hunger" Gur. goro "hunger, famine" Soc. qor "peine"
4. Sid. go'r- "thirst" Kmb. gorru "hunger" ? Afr. yangula "greedy person"

Afr. yahar "drought, famine, scarcity" P. SC *k'or- "hunger" 5. Eg.(Bu)

h-q(r), heqa (?) (vb., n.)

 z

za, zo go, come also verb future marker cf. isa, je, ya, zaka OS *dza'-/*dzaw-
"go, come" *saw-/*su'- "go, run"
1. NB za-, zau "enter" 2. MM *(N)dza "arrive" Gd. dz9 "go" (dzu imperative^
3. Mub. nja(u) "go" Kaj. jauw "go" 3a. Lam. ze "entrer" 8. Knz. ju "gehen"
5. Eg.(Bu) tcha "set out on a journey, cross a river" 7. Mzb., Wrg. azwa
"(s'en) aller, partir" Tur. tazayt "avenir" {za marks future in relative and
negative sentences) 4. P. HEC *dzoh "roam, wander" 6. Gz. nzx, nzh
"visit"
zabga wound, stab (vb.) OS *'iabah- "cut"
zablra bag sp. cf. Ar. jablra Tur. eljebira Tam. aznbii Kan. jerabu, jambarra,
jambarta Sng. zerba Shuwa Ar. zambire, jabire
zabo I. guinea-fov^^l ? P. Cha *TS-p-n/l "guinea-fowl" OS *tsepur-/*cepur-
"bird" *sa(m)bir- "bird" *sabah- "bird" *sab- "bird" for "fly" see lira

4. Bye. sabil "bird's crest" (guinea-fowl have crests) Or. jobira "bird of prey"
cuppe "hawk" 8. Dz. cofuri "oiseau" 6. P. Sem. *'ispur- "little bird" IE *sper-

"name of bird, esp. sparrow"

2. sword sp. OS *iab- "axe, sword"

zabura leap forward, rush away

2. Glv., Maf., Mfg. DZ-B- "jump"
za- choose, (s)elect cf. diba "pick out" so "like"
I. Gwd.(N) zambi Ngz. zaba "marry" 2. Mfg. za- "chercher" Maf. zu-
"soulever, porter" Gis. zu- "nehmen" {+ "Frau" - ''heiraten") Bur. cerila
"choose" 6. Gur. sabbata "choose" Gz., Tge. z-b-y "buy" 4. Bye. dob- "hei-
raten (uxorem ducere)" Bil. jib "buy" Ag. jew- "buy" Sml. so + ibi "go and
buy/sell" Irk. tsawar 3. Mgm., Mkl. '-p-(r)- "choisir" 5. Eg.(Bu) sthep, step
"choose" 9. Poular sub- "choisir" Ful. su- "choose"
zai axe sp. OS *dza^ab- "cut; axe"
zafi heat, speed, intensity (esp. of pain) cf. dafa "cook" jii "sweat" zau ideo.
for "hot" OS "burning" *daf- "heat, sweat"
*iuf- "heat, boil" *'a4af-
I. H. zufa, zuffa "hot weather, sweat" Ngz. afau "heat" afa "sun" (a pre-
294

fixed to weather constructions) 5. Eg.(Bu) tchafi "be hot, be angry" 4. P. Cu.

(E) *zaf- "hurry (vb.)" Or. safa "hot time of day" Sid. ofa "hasten, hurry"
Brn. cufa "sweat" Alg. tsufa "sweat" 2. Gd. tsafa "heat (vb.)" Maf. tsurf
"suinter" Bud. ahua "heiff^, warm" 6. Gur. aP'ar "hottest time of day" ofara
"be hot"
zag-, zabg-, zarg- go round, put noose round cf. za "go"
2. Gd. zawa "go around something" dzaa "wrap
loop around" dzaga
tame" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchara "be bound, be tied, overcome" 6. Gz. zora
"soften,
"go around" zagha "shut in, enclose"
zag-, zagay- strip, erode, abuse
2. Gd. tsara "strip off, cut channel by erosion" dzana "insult" 3. Tum. jag5n

"insulte" 4. Bil. jag-, jag- "Idstem, schmdhen, verspotten" 7. Tur.

azgan "accuser faussement" 6. Gz. zahaqa "strip off"
zago, zagiyo large termite
I. Ank. nza "t." Cp. nja "t." Dw. njak "t." BT *gu + nja/nza "termite hill"

{see H. gu) 3. Bid. gujana "termitiere" Dgl. gondyirko "termitiere" 2. Mfg.

malar) "grofie termite sp." Bac. soka "ant sp." Log. skumi, skami "Termiten-
haufen" 2. Gd. dzangarala "termite sp."
zahiri clearness, obviousness < Ar. 6ahir
zaiba mercury, quicksilver < Ar. zaybaq
za'ida exaggeration < Ar. za'ida "increase"
zaiti eucalyptus oil < Ar. zayt "oil, essence"
zaka, zakka come, go cf. shig- "enter" za, zo "come, go" OS *dzak-/*dzik-,
*suwak- "go, come"
I. H. zakua "move a short distance" 3. Dgl. dyige "marcher pas a pas" 6.

Ar. zkk [i] "march (in small steps)" 4. P. Cu.(D) *S-k- "come, go, etc." 5.

Eg.(Bu) teg "come, walk, march"

zakara cock, rooster OS *jigal- "bird"

I. H. zanko "bird's crest" Gwd.(N) zagare RB sikor "Huhn (gen.)" NBT

cukuran 2. Bok. cikara Mf. dzagolok Hrz., Vm. dzugur- "chicken" Mdr.
tsakala 3. Mgm. jukurkuru "crete (du coq)" Kr. sulku "pintade" 3a. Lam.
dzamlaka "pintade" 4. P. SC *ser)g^er- "sp. of large, crested bird" Irk. sakari
"guinea-fowl" Bil. je'xala "bird" jagira "guinea-fowl" Alb., Kmb., Sah. z/j-gr-
"guinea-fowl" Sml. digiran "guinea-fowl" ES Z-gra "guinea-fowl" (< Cu.)
6.

Ar. diyk "rooster, ? cockscomb" ? Heb. tukkiy "peacock" 5. ? Eg.(Bu) tegi

+ t (tergi + t) "plover" {Charadriidae, one sp. of which has crest)
 295

zaki lion OS *jeHun- "elephant" *ja'ir- "feline" *da(n)g- "elephant"

4a. Koy. zakka "elephant" Jnj. zakno "elephant" 2. Bur.gp. (W) *TS9r)g-y
"lion" Mat., Maf. jaijgwaya "leopard" MM *ma + taku "lion" *dirtingay
"leopard" 9. Ful. jagere (pi. jage) CB *-jogu "elephant" 3a. Mas., Ban., Mus.
iok- "elephant"i. Ngz. jagatau "lion" KK cagatau NBT zagan "leopard" KK,

"hyena" Gra. junguma "leopard" Pr. carjgin Grn. dagau 3. Jg.

Bol.*Z-r)ge
dur)gum "Lowe" 4. Sid. dagun- "leopard" Brj. doggol- "leopard" P. Cu.(D)
*j-k'^-n-/*j-nk'^-r- "cjioh" (E) *zo7- "elephant" 6. Gur. zagwara "leopard"
zaxwar "elephant" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheha "an animal"
zakka, zaka tithes < Ar. zaka
zaki nice taste (sweet or salt) cf. mazarkwaila
I. H. zarkwai, zakwai, zau ideophones for zaki H. zagwai "visible signs of
delight" (see Bargery for many similar forms) zaka "overeat" Gwd. jankyi
Dw., Pic, Bui., Cp. *kwi(n) "salt" NBD zanzak NBW nzak- Plateau *s9r) Tgl.
didik "sweet" duka "ashes, salt" dukam dul "sugar" (dul "cool, gentle") 2.

FJ vizuk "sweetness" Mdr., Glv. mtak- "sweetness, saltness" Gd. ndikandik

"sweet"
zalunci oppression, cruelty zalunta (vb.) < Ar. 5alim see azzalumi
zama, zamana be, become cf. jima OS *dzam-n- "dwell, stay" *dam- "live,
last, sit" *saman- "be still, sit"

I. H. zamna, zauna dwell" 7. Tur. zama "pen apres que" 2. Gd. ndza
"sit,

"sit, become" zamu "sitting on someone to hold him down"

dwell, be,
Bat.gp. -nzan- "sit" 3a. Lam. ndzem (adv.) "un pen (temporel)"
zama because Sng. zama "parce que" Tur. zama "puisque"
zamani, zamani (modern) times, period < Ar. zaman
zamba fraud, swindling cf. zunubi "sin" Sng. zamba "trahir, tromper" Mauri-
tanian Ar. zana "faute, peche" Ar. za^bar "cheat (vb.)" Poular jamfa- "trahir"
dhambi "sin"
Sw.
zambar thousand ? < Sng. zimber (like zangu "hundred"
zambar was especially used in the counting of cowrie money. Slaves spent
much time bagging these amounts and sewing them up in matting)
zana large mat for fencing
9. Np. zana "fence" ? < H. 3a. Lam. zana "grenier fait d'une natte" la'a "secco"
8. Kan. zan- "cover (vb.)" 4. ? P. HEC * sa'o "beehive" (Brj. shaw'an- Sid.

kosho) Had. secco "granary" Kmb. kaccu- "granary" i. NB *\-\- ? NBK tlo
"body-cloth" Ngz. gala Ang. len "mat of any kind" 2. Gd. 'udza Klb. adzu
296

F. *kudz- 7. Tur. essa "platforme sur laquelle on depose de la viande fraiche

(branchage, herbage, natte, etc.)" 4a. Bnc. ot "mat"
Fr. secco, widespread in Francophone W. Africa, is the equivalent of H. zana
zana draw, outline, sketch, decorate zane (n.) H. zanzana "smallpox marks"
Ar. zana "adorn, embellish" Akk. za'anu, zanu Kan. zayn-, zawun- "dec-
orate" Eg.(Bu) s + an "beautify" an "beauty, beautiful, make designs" s +

ankh "carve a lifelike image" cf. zayyana

zane, zani woman's body-cloth, wrapper Kan. zane, jene zan- "cover, clothe"
Sey. zani Ngz., KK zanai "man's gown" Kot. zane Mdr. zane "man's gown"
Mol., Gis. zana Mfg. zana "habit" Dgl. ziminna (pi.) "pagne des femmes" 3a.
Lam. zTm "vetement ancien"
zango camping-place, day's journey cf. zangoma ? < Kan. "caretaker of camp
for Kanuris" Kan.zongo, jongo "travellers' camp, resthouse" Tur. zango
"village touareg Mnd. sago "depot"
en pays haoussa" Ful sang + ere "caravan-
serai outside the town" sang + in- "make camp"
zangu hundred see note to zambar
zanko bird's crest, tuft of hair in shaved head cf. tuntu
I. H. zane "protrude, overtop" jinka "thatching" Ang. zur) NBT 'tii kan
"thatch" NEW 'tuw "roof" NB *kaN "house" NBW 'cakw- "grass hut" Bol.
ikku- "thatch" 2. Gd. tsakut- "protrude up from the ground" jigwaa "tuft
of hair" Mfg. menjekwe- "houpette des jeunes enfants" 3. Mgm. jukurkuru
"Crete du coq" jokoo "toit de case, pompon" Dgl. zuga "toit de case" Mkl.
Bid.
sage "chaume, toit" 3a. Lam. dzukua "tout ce qui se portait sur la tete, en
herbes tressees en general"
zanta talk, inform, converse zance "conversation, matter" see also tatsuniya
6. ES z-n- "story, news, fame" Gz. zenawa "inform, tell, report" tazenawa
"receive news" Amh. zanta "story, tale" 4. P. HEC *canc- "chatter" Or. sena
"history, song genre" i. Kof. zene "story" Plateau Cha. *nzin "truth" Ngz.
zanzan "tale, riddle" NBP njanjin "tale" Tgl. sidi "myth, story" Dr. dindi
"folktale" KK dindeno "Erzdhlung" 2. ? Gd. dzana "insult, call names" ?
Maf. ndzona "reprimande, gronderie" 3a. Lam. ndin "conte" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchet
"narrate, tell news, tell a lie"
zanzaro mason wasp cf. zirnako ? OS *did- "bee"
I. H. ziza, zuza "hum, buzz" NBM alatam "wasp" Ang. tarjzum "wasp" 3.

Mkl. zarjzarja "guepe magonne" Mgm. zenzenga "guepe magonne" 3. Bid. zuzay
"bourdonner" 7. Wrg. -azawzaw "bourdonner" Mzb. -azanzan "bourdonner" bu
 297

zanzan "guepe, frelon" 4. Or. sonsa "wasp" Sid. dl "buzzing" dida "bees"
haridida "wasp" 6. Ar. zanna, tanna "buzz (vb.)"
zara surpassing, exceeding also zart- cf. ara, sarki, tser-
I.H. zari "greed, overdoing something" Ngz. zaru "overload, overcharge
(animal)" NBM zir- "pass by" 7. Tur. izar "preceder, devancer" 2. Mfg. -zar-
"grandir, allonger" Mbo zal- (vb.) Gv. jar- (vb.) 3a. Lam, dzarak "tres grand
(pour une personne), geant" 4. Or. cal- "be more" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchara "over-
come" 6. Gz. 'azzala "prevail, be superior"
zara [flapped r] pull cf. ja, janye OS *iado7y- "pull out"
I. H. zarta "deprive of share" zarge "deduct (money)" zariya "trouser string"
zazza- "pull out" Ngz. zaru Gwd. jware Pr. culu Tgl soli RB zul "ziehen"
Mgs. zik-, Z9g- 2. Pad. zala "tirer, trainer" Mfg. zezer- "s'etirer" Gv. zu7a Hg.
*nZ-g- 7. Tur. azar "relever (pantalon) en le tirant" zazar "depouiller, depiler"

zarneh "se faire tirer" 6. Ar. 6al "drag (garment)" Akk. dalu "far scendere la
secchia" dalu, dalu "secchia" ]ib. zrr "pull rope tight Soc. "puiser de Veau"
zara starling sp. OS *dzor- "bird sp."
zarara rags OS * iar- "clothes"
zarafi opportunity, leisure time, *wealth < Ar. 5arf "beauty, elegance, grace"

zare, zale heron ? < zar + e OS *dzor- "bird sp." cf. balbela, fari, zara
"starling"
I. H. farin zare "great white egret" NBD be "white" ayila nu be "great
white egret" (ayila "heron") 3. Dgl. dyoribaya "sp. de heron (entierement
blanc)" 2. Ter. Lam. 6u "blanc" 4. P. SC *sar- "tick bird"
or) "white" 3a.

Or. cirri "kind of bird (sucks blood from a cow)"

H. balbela normally accompanies cattle herds
zare, zware spin, thread mazari "spindle" cf. waari OS *sur- "rope"

5. Eg.(Bu) saiu + t "cords, fetters" sher + t "bond, tie, fetter" sherp + t "cord,
part of ship's tackle" (F) S3, Z3 "cattle hobble" i. Gwd.(N) siri "spin" BT
*z-wr- "rope" Tgl. serget "spindle" Bol. zeleki "spindle" SB *i-'-r "rope" 2.

Gis. sir "spin" Muk. tsay "spin" C. Cha. *zw-'-r "rope" (Bur. su'wi, fu'wi)
Muk. iawar "thread" 3a. Lam. zeo "corde" 3. Mkl. sibira "filer" Lei. sirbi

"tordre sur la cuisse, dans les mains" Bid. caway "filer" E. Cha. *siiB- "corde,

flV 4. Sid. sTwo (pi. sibba) "rope" Sml. sefari "string" Or. so'a, fo'a "spin,
rope, string, yarn" Or., Kmb., Alb. inzirt- "spindle" 6. Gz. safaya "plait
(vb.)" Soc. iohor "corde" Gur., Amh. anzart "spindle" 7. Tur. azdu "tisser"

azyu "corde de violon, d'archet"

298

zargTna washing blue

6. Gz. dar(a)kano "purple, blue" (< Greek darkanos "dye made from Rubia
tinctoria") 2. Mwl. sorikti "blue" Wmd., HB, FJ zaragin- "blue" Mdr. iurke
"blue" 3. Dgl. zar "bleu de lessive" 6. Ar. z-r-q "be blue" sariq "be red"
zarto saw, file (n.)
8. Kan. darto "saw, file" Dz. jurto Ted. gorta 9. Ful. dert- "limer, ronger"

derto "lime" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcha + t (?) "cutting tool, sharp edged instrument"
(F) m63t "chisel" 7. Tur. z9zz9W9t "limer"
zarumi see jarumi
zat- think, suppose, expect cf. tsammani, zanta

1. ponder" 2. Bur. tamata, dzama 3a. Lam. tsa + la

Bol. zantutilo "think,
"penser a quelqu'un avec nostalgie" 4. P. SC *tyot- "thought" 6. Gur. camata
Sem. s/t-m-t
zau ideo. for hot (and "tasty") cf. zafi, zaki
2. Gd. iza'u "hot" jawu "very hot" 8. Kan. zau "hot, sharp, painful, dif-

ficult"

zauna see zama

zaure entrance room (where unmarried men and visitors sleep) cf. bazawari
8. Kan. zawule ? < H. (Lukas does not have it) zairoram "place where
young men sleep" zairo "young man" 3. Dgl. zawTne "grand abri, lieu de
reunion des hommes" Mkl. zolle "case d'un gargon qui vient de se marier" 3a.
Lam. za "case" za bar "case oil Von dort" (cf. H. barci) 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheri + t

"dwelling, private room"

zawayi, zawo diarrhoea cf. kashi
1. Ngz. zautu "have d." Tgl. dawu "feces" 2. *zay "feces" Hwn. ie MM
"feces" 3. Dgl., Bid. doyo "excrement(s)" Lei. te "defequer" 4. Sid. de'o "hu-
man excrement" de'a "defecate" Kmb. ze'esu "d." 6. ? Heb. tit "mud" P.
Sem. *sr + at "feces"
zayyana improve, outline (vb.), decoration cf. zana < Ar. zayyana
zaza pubic hair cf. lahuru
7. Tur. *znzd (Gouffe, 1974) Mzb. zaw "chevelure, poll" i. Gra. sasa "hair"

2. Gd. dandza "body hair" Bur.gp. *sisi, *cici "hair" 3. Bid. lalaw- "cheveux,

polls, plumes" Mkl. 'ilil- "plume, poll, cheveux" 4. Dhl. ta^a "hair" Kwa. tsata

"hair" 4a. E. Omotic *tsitsi "hair" 5. Eg.(Bu) tchau, seth, set "hair, (fo-
liage)"
zazzai fever cf. jii "sweat"
I. zompuro
Bol. 2. Ter. zombara Hwn. s5s5p
zT diamonds (cards suit) ? < Ar. dinariy
 299

zik zip fastener, zipper < Eng.

zina adultery, fornication < Ar. zina'
zTnariya gold cf. Kan. dinar Tur. "piece de monnaie en or" Ar. dinar "old gold
coin" < Latin denarius
zirnako wasp sp. also jirnako cf. zanzaro
3. dylrango "guepe magonne" Dgl. yi(i)rimo "guepe maconne"
Bid. i. Ang.
jeln "mason wasp" 7. Tur. znkkr (Gouffe 1972, p. 165)
ziyara visit (n.) < Ar. ziyara

zo see za
zobe ring
7. Tur. ezabi "pendentif d'oreille" tezMt "boucle d'oreille, anneau metallique"
2. Mj. jewe 6. Gz. sabn, dabn "ring attached to box or utensil" 4. Sid. cu'e
? P. EC *kub- "finger" Or. quba "finger" qube "ring" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheba "fin-
ger" tcheb + t "seal" (cf. Ar. xatim "seal, signet-ring")

zomo hare cf. zabura "rush away" (cf. OS *damik- "hare" Ar. d-m-k "run
quickly (of hare)"
I. Brm. zobm Gib., Gra. *sumbur RK sumor RF hambil 9. Gby. domo "la-
pin" 2. Nkt. zabura W. Mg. taribu Hwn. umbuwam- Njn., Gdu. m-rbu 3.
Mub. humburo 8. Tub. tyomar 6. Hrr. harbajijio (ES 'arban-) 7. Tur.
emarwal "lievre male" 4. Brj. (h)irban-
zub- flow, pour OS *dzub- "pour" *zub- "flow, pour" *tlub- flow, rain (vb.)"
cf. jibga
I. Sur, Ang. do "eingieften, einschiitten" 2. Pad. iava "faire sortir I'eau" 3. Dgl.
zozbe "couler goiitte a goutte" 7. Tur. zabanzabat "laisser couler par goiitte-

lettes" 4. Sid. coppi - coppi "falling drop by drop" 5. Eg.(Bu) tcheftchef

"pour out, drip"
zuba basket sp. OS *dzib- "plaiting"
zuciya (pl.zukat-) heart cf. ciki, jiki

I. Gwd.(N) disiya BT *tut- "heart, liver" NBD ajukwa "heart, liver" RF nduk
3. Dgl. adika, atka "foie" 3a. Lam. duk "foie" 2. ? Mf. mezek "soul" 4. P. Cu.
(D) *g'^-dz-k'^- "abdomen, intestines, heart, inside" Sid. mudukko "navel,
womb" 7. Tur. adik "base, centre, foyer" adaka "bas-ventre" 4a Jnj. jogara
"liver"
zufa see zafi
zuga blow up fire, incite zugazugi "bellows"
I. Bol. zuga "prod" 2. Glv. tuga "heat (n.)" 7. ? Tur. zugget "souffleter" 3.

Mgm. zego "allumer" Dgl. zere "incendier"

300

zululu straight-headed spear cf. sanda OS *dzaw- (? *dzuwal-) "stick"

3. Dgl. silyu "straight-headed spear" Bid. suljayi "petite lance" Mgm. jollo
"guerre ('lance'), sagaie" 8. Kan. zalli "barbed, fish spear" 2. Pdl. zol "stick"
Bur. zwal "stick" Gd., Njn. z-1- "stick" 3a. Ban., Mas. sugul- "stick" Lam.
dzem, dzl, dzara "lance spp." i. KK zila "stick" Bol., Ngm., Ngz. zawa
"stick, spear" DZ to "stick" Bui. io "stick" Dw. dzwok "stick" zo "spear" 5.

Eg.(Bu) tchaa "stick, staff, stalk" (F) 6^ "spear (fish)"

zulumi Sorge, Angst, Kummer ? < Ar. 6ulm "gloom, inequity, etc." cf.

azzalumi, zalunci
zuma honey, bee also zummuwa cf. majiari OS *jibar- "bee, fly" *ja(m)b-

"fly (n.)" *ji'-/*juw- "insect (e.g. fly, gnat)" *mori'-/*morih- "fat, oil"

(In various Cha. languages "honey" is transparently a combination of

"fly/bee" and "water" or "oil")

I. Ngz. zabuwa "honey, bee" Bed. cavuwan "honey" Dw. dzom "honey" Pic.

dzum "honey" 2. Mwl. nzumati "honey" Bac. njum'^ato "bee, honey" 3.

Smr. dumbo "Honig, Biene" 3a. Lam. mbur "huile" (Cha. *m(b)-r) + "abeille"
= "miel" 4. P. SC *ntsom- "bee sp." P. HEC damo "bee which hives in
ground" 6. ES tazma "ground bee" 7. Ber. *-z-w- "bee" 9. Poular yum + t-

"recolter du miel" njum- "miel" 8. Sng. yu "miel" yu + izey "abeilles" izey "en-
fants, petits" (cf. H. jariri) Tad. ezzembi "miel"
zumu Bruder, Stammesgenosse, Landsman ? < Ar. 6imm- "protection, pro-
tected person" cf. H. zumunci, zumunta "relationship, friendship"
zungura poke (stick in hole) also zanala cf. tsokana, zuga OS *tsux-l-
"pierce"
1. Gwd. cokori "peck" Bol. zuk- ? "provoke" 3. Dgl. tyogire "provoquer (une
hataille, des abeilles)"

zunubi sin < Ar. 6anb pi. 6unub

zurfi depth cf. tsawo "length, height"
2. MM *zir- "far, deep" Bur. zul-, zud- "deep" 7. Tur. tazelmezt "profondeur
d'eau" I. Ang. zor) "deep pool" NBT zozo "far" Tgl. durarj "depth" 3. Dgl.
zurum, durum "pro fond" Mkl. yurpe "profond" Lei. yom "etre loin" 3a. Lam.
tsir-, tsuk- "profond" dzarak "long" 4. Had., Kmb. til- "deep" Der. di'- "deep"
Sid. ter- "far" dime "deep" 6. Gur. tacella'am "go into deep water" 5.

Eg.(Bu) ? metchut "deep place"

zuwo Celtis integrifolia
I. Bol. zombu Bed. zuwawu 3. Bid. zuwyo
 ENGLISH - HAUSA WORD LIST

Note: English words listed do not necessarily translate the Hausa words
given. They are merely references to relevant entries in the Hausa - English
section of the book.

A affair al'amari, matsala,

sha'ani
<XCLl V dCLL r< affine suruki
abate nit ^- afternoon azahar, yamma
^VVClLCl 4&f agemate sa'a

alwala agree amsa, sallama, yarda

dUU vc UlOCi, oClliiCl aim, purpose maasudi
aVinn Ha npp yCl-VVCJ-* LiXUM-LU- aiming bara
abuse (n.) jafa'i airplane see jirgi

(vh ) alas! wayyo

^dL/cii Li vv a, td-vvu Alcelaphus sp. kanki
kara alcohol buza
accept, answer amsa alertness hattara
raka alight sauka
accountant akanta align jera

accuse falsely allafa all duk(a)

acre eka alley kwararo
Hurfa
UaUa, rfara
Uctla allow bari

adder (snake) kasa alms sadaka, sadauka

address adireshi alone kaai

adhere afa, lia, manna also kuma
adjust ana always kullum, tutur
admonition gargai ambition buri

adobe tubali ambulance ambulan

adornment ado anaemia fari

adult {see big) balaga analogy iyasi

adulterer kwarto ancestor kaka
adultery ma'asi, zina and da
advantage fa'ida Andropogon sp. gamba
advertising talla angel mala'ika

advice nasiha, shawara anger fushi, harara, hasala

adze see sassaa angst woba, zulumi

302

ali^lildli, lUllUlc az.aL'a artery majinaciya

animal uisa, KXciij\ja.f iiaiiia, 5U as kama, ya
\c\ck ashes hadi, gishiri, kura,

aiiKiei IllUIlUUWa ribii, toka

Vi fai cVi
annoyance ndusni 1 1
ask bia, ro-, tambaya
iiiai ivc dbicaalllclll kima
J\TlOTlU bp. gwailua dssessor muhuti
answer, dLLcpt amsa assist, help tay-

ant LlIllldKd, gdid, gllld, associate, crony makarrabai (pi.)

gwano, kwarkwasa. astrology nisabi

tururuwa, tsutsa, zago at, to, in ga, gare

ant bear daugi ^^IlUl^ dL dll sam

ant hill jia, suri attend hallara
antelope see also duiker, attention, pay kula, lura

gazelle, haartebeest, etc. attitude lamiri

a^aic, Laicwa, uaijiya, auction gwanjo
aunt baba, babani, gwaggoi
gwambaza. ^11 f'Vi on t"!/^
ganjar, dUllieilLlL sahihi
gwanki, imbeci, jagati, auto mota
kanki, katsauri. avoid fake, gudu
kwanta rafi, aji. await dakata
iiiaiciyci., iiiciiiii, liidz^^. ax gatari, gitta, guduma
lllClXa, oCLooHlyJ Azadirachta sp. nim
warwaji, yakumba
antiHrtp
aiiiiuuLc malf aTi1
iiiaivai B
antimony kwalli, tozali

antithesis akasi baboon bika, gwaggo 2

anus dubura, tsuliya bachelor gwauro

appear bayyana back baya, kugu, tsara.
appear suddenly ullo tsatso

approve yarda bad ata, fasiki, ja'iri.

Aquila sp. duki kazami, kwaro, lalata.

Arabic script ajami mugu, shakiyi, sharri.

arithmetic lissafi shege

arm damtse, hannu bad temper hiitsu, tijara

armor lifidi, sulke bag buhu, burma 2,

armpit hamata, kafaa gafaka, huhu 2, jaka,

army daga mangala, tandu, waga.

arrange haa, kasa, rattaba, zabira
shirya, tsara bail beli

arrest kama bake toya

arrive isa, hallara, kai Balanites aegyptica aduwa
arrow fasa, kibiya, kyauro baldness kora, sanko
arrow shaft kyauro Balearica sp. gauraka
 303

hall criiliilii D'lilil^'iili

become zama
kwallo bed UaKdll, gdUO, gWdClO,
ballot uri'a VVk V^
Kdl d^d
CT^l

bamboo gora 2, sheme, bed (irrigated) fangali

tukurwa bee kuda, zuma
banana agade, ayaba UCCXllVC amya
bandage bandeji hppr \j\XLa, nio, giyd, gwdra
bans' rim beetle bl17T1711

bangle sagau before Kdilll, Kdllllll

bank banki caba P^ari bpff rok-

eaccafa, cancama bpffpt haifa
bank of earth iinea ueggmg bara
bank up hua hpf in fara crma
banbab
LJ H L/ L/
CI kuka hplrh
UclCIl gyatsa
bar (saloon) hotel hpll Kuge, agogo
barbfT-siirffpnn
L/C4.1 Ly\^X JXUX 1.x wanzami bpllv <ipp stnmapVi
bargaining ciniki UcllOW kugi
bark (of tree) bawo, kware, kwasfa hplt damara
bark (dog) haushi bend duka, gurfana,
barrapW^ bariki lanwasa, sunkuya.
barter fiirfiira mii^ava tankwara
base sindi bend in road kwana
basket agofata, kindai, beneficent influence
kwando, kwatashi, albarkaci, mujaza
1p fp Q a m fr 7i"i h ;i
benefit fa'ida
bpt^tarH better that gara, gwamma
bat birbiro, alangashi, bewitching sammu
bicycle basukur, keke
bathe wank- bier makara
bathtub baho big babba, bulele, girma.
battery batir kauri, kasaita, manya
battle see kara bile kumallo
kargo bird tsako, tsuntsu, zakara

bay horse aharas bikili birth, give haifa

bp pxist kasanrp 7ama bit, bridle linzami
beads carbi, murjani bite clza, gatsa, kuma, sar-

beans illii wama wakp bits arashi

bitter tomato gauta
beat buga, daba, duka, bitterness aci
rfima f\75rfa gciUUa^
Ullila; lyaUd, oraiirfa bitumen kwalta
kaa, mara, rafka, tlk- black baki, duna, kirin, tilim

tim- black horse akawal

beauty fari, kyau bladder mafitsara

because domin, saboda, zama blade reza, ruwa 2

304

blanket bargo, gwado, katifa, bowl akushi, kwano, tasa,

kilishi tiya

bowstring tsirkiya

aibi, ilia, lahani box akwati batta tanaka

JxCtV^X, barka
albarkari
U1L/C4X L/tXXXXCX hnxin p
blind man makaho boy boyi, saurayi, yaro

blink yifta bracelet, anklet dumba, karau.

blood ia, iini munduwa
blow bfisa
L/UhjCX, fii
XXX, hilra
fTfTta XXUXXCi
XXXXXCX, braid kitse, tufka
Vilnw out fyace brain substance argo, kwanya,
hlnw Tin (firp^ 711 ffa wawalwa
blue shui, zargTna brains, intelligence

blunt dakusa, dallasa. hankali

duskure brake birki

board alio, hukuma bran dusa

boasting, pride alfahari, homa branch re she

boat jirgi, komi, branch

kwalekwale of knowledge fanni
bobbin kwarkwaro brave gardi, jarumi

body jiki bread burodi

hodvffuard dogara break alle, angale, arka,
boil, pimple urji, rur- fasa, karya, kece, rus-.

boil ararraka, dambu. LOXXXIX , vac-

tsink-. /
tafasa i break off algata, gunduma,
boll kwanso bantara 6asa
Botnbdx sp. eiiriiva brpakincT tbrmicb bun til
bone ashi, falala, haarari breast hantsa
X 1C4-XX LkJC4-^ mama nonn
XXXC4XXXIX^ XX^^/XXW^

bone marrow areo uwa

book littafi breathe numfasa
boot safa I bribe rashawa
booty ganima brick burki, tubali

Borcissus sp. giginva

^X^XXX^tl bricklayer birkila, mesin
bore (vb.) huda bride see aur-
borrow ana bridegroom ango
borrow, lend ara, ranta bridge gada, kadarko
Boscia sp. hanza bridle linzami, ragama
bother ffuma brighten way-
bottle (glass) alaya, kwalaba, wakiya bring kawo
bottom gato, gindi gutsu. broadness fai
kutur(i) broil gasa
boundary see iya broker dillali

bow (n.) baka bronchitis mashako

(vb.) gurfana, rusuna. broom tsintsiya

sunkuya, tankwara broth romo

 305

brother ane, mowa, shaii, cake alkaki, fanke, gurasa

wa calabash cf. gourd danki, gora i,

brush buroshi gyandama, kabo,

bubbles kumfa kumbo, kurumbo,
bucket bokiti, guga KWdLClyd, KOKO,
buffalo auna, toro warya, masaki.
build gina sdKdina
building soro, shigifa pa la mi tv Udld 1, IIldSHd
bulb (electric) gulob pal ml a tp Idbdlld

bull bijimi, sa, toro calendar kalanda

bullet harsashi 2 calf Hpff^ marlancali ^harafSa
bundle amara palf (^hnvinp^ mara ti
ixidi a.F\X

Buphagus sp. carki call H ra IrriL'a

Jvlld, KUKd, tara
Kdld,
burn, dry up gasa, girki, gobara, yClVLX Wd
\7pVn\A7a

kawa, kunna, kafe, lUiiiidnd

kaurara, kone, shanye, camel am alp

ClXXXClXv;, ratiimi
XclJxLiXilx, tap'iiwa
\,CisL\X\y CL

toya camp
burp gyatsa pamnhnr kafur
bury binne, turbu- call, Uc dUlc lya

bus kiya-kiya, safa canary kanari

IVClXiClil

bush, brousse daji, dawa, dila, LdllCcl Jtt- Kdd.

gamba, kauye, jeji, panHlp
i^dllUlC J\y dllLlll

sagagi pandv swppt alpwa minti 9

dXt^VVd., XlXlXitl Zt

bushbuck eanjar cane kara

JxdXd, pnra
^WXd 0
Zif rakp
Xd^Vl.,

bushfowl makwarwa takana

business harka, ma'amala, pannibal nvamnvam
xxydxxixxydxix

sha'ani, ta'ammali it^VVd, maHafa

icTwa xildVidid

bustard kadafkara pannp 'ipp boat

but amma \_dlJ f\t^T^ liUld,
Udld, Vii"ila facri\7a
LdfclVd

butcher fawa panital

L/X LC4-X jari

butt tunkua pantain kva

xvy cxxftin
Lxxx

butterfly malam bue littafi, par aiitn mota

fimio paravan
Vdi d V dll ayari

buttocks iiwawu HpaHpr^ madiiJTii

xxxcxvx yjisu^

button anini, maalli parbiirpttnr kafireto

Butyrospermum kaanya parHbnard kwali

buy musaya, saya l_dldj y^gdlllCy Icati
^dLX, tiva
LXVd

care(fulness) hankali, la'akari

c Carica sp. gwanda

carpenter kafinta, sassaka

cabbage kabeji carpet kilishi

cackling kyakkyara carrier (bicycle) kariya

Caesalpinacia sp. tafasa 2 carrion mushe
cage (for bird) keji carrot karas
3o6

carry Udgd, UdU^KdJ, Kdl cnain case kurumbo

Carry on uacK goya chair Kujera
carton KWdll chameleon hawainiya
cartridge narsasni 2, Kdiiusni change canji, sak-, sauya
LdsilcW j\.ai 1 1 u chapter babi, sura 2

cashier Kdsniyd character hali

cassava cidnKdii, rugu character training tarbiyya

cassdVa rioui KWdKl Liidr(.udi gdWdyi
f^as^ptfp tariff kaset charisma haiba, kwarjini
charm, amulet laya
castrate aanaaKa chase hari, kora
cat damisa, fatu(ma), cheapness araha, rahusa, sawaba
iyawara, kule, kyagwa, cnecKcis dara
magaram, maitso, cheek kunci
mussa, muzuru, tunku cheerful fara'a

catch (thrown object) cheese cuku

cafe, carabke cnesi vtnorax^ awaza, kirji, tari

cattle sa chew tauna

/^iTi from
cattle egret balbela LllcWlIlg gUIIl LlllgdIIl

cattle tax jangali chic salo

cattle track burtali, labi, lawali chick tsako

cause (n.) dalHi, sanadi LIllLKcIl ice Ilcll

(vb.) haddasa, sa chief UdgdLl, IldKllIll, DdlKI

cave, cavity kogo chief woman gimbiya

cease daina cniia a, jariri, lauu
ceiling silin chin IldUd, KUIILI

celebration biki chip off angala

celibacy (per- choke ware, maura, shake
iod of) idda choose za-
Celtis sp. zuwo chop datsa, sar-

cement siminti Christians nasara

cement block bulo church majami'a
century arni i churn kada
cereal see also specific names cigarette sigari

acca, dauro, dawa, cinema siliman

gero, hatsi, iburo, circumcise sha 3

intaya, kwaya, maiwa, circumcision kaciya

masakuwa, masara, circumstances hali

tuwo Citrullus sp. bambus, guna.

certain(ly) haklka, labudda, lalle kankana
sakankance, tabbata city birni
cesspit masai, saiga, shadda Cissus sp. dafara, aori
chain sara civil war basasa
chain armor sulke clap taf-
 307

rl;i^h rnllirip kara cock ZdKdld

claw akaifa, umba cam vam
clay jimu, dao koko
clean sabo, sumul, tsab. coconut palm kwSkwa
IXVV CIXXVV d

tsarki coffee kofi

(vb.) shar- coin ixVVClL^U, ildllCl,

clear (vb.) sassabe, washe, way-. Qiilp f^m

rnlamit
clear throat kaki I dari, iska, karara.

kiliya

clearly tangaran i cold (illness) iantp miTra

lUAiLv., mulct

clearness zahiri collapse rus-

clemency siyasa KWdld

clerk akawu collarbone karankarma
climb hau, haya rnllppt gdllld, Ldl-

cfafa, lab- college l^\A7;3lpii

J\.WC11CI1, tTl'Tci
llLlol

clip kilif collide kara

clock Colocasiu sp. gwaza
close (vb.) ruf-, sakaya, tuf- rnlnnpl kanar
cloth adiko adire bante color launi
fatala, fatari, kallabi. colt Hii tii^hi

kaki 3, luru, turkui. Columba sp. hazbiya

yadi, zane comb (vb.) shar-, shat- i, tsef-

clothe tuf- come, go ya, za, zaka

clothing ffave iabba kwalasbat come, arrive isa

come back see return

wando warki zane come upon iske

cloud gajimare, girgije comma waaft

cloves kanumfari command umurni
clown cali-cali, wawa commentary sharhi
club, stick gora 2, kulki commercial ftrm kamfani
club (social, sports) commission ijara, kamasho, la'

kulob commoner talaka

club, union jam'iyya communal labor gayya
coach wagunu community jama'a
coal kwal companion aboki
coat kwat company kamfani
coating shaft compare, describe kwatanta, misali
coax lallasa compass kamfas
cobra see also snake compel trias

gamshea, kumurci, complaint ara 2

kwaki complete see ftnish

Cochlospermaceae sp. completely kaf, kwatakwata, at

rawaya compose tsara, wallafa
3o8

composition taim count Kidaya

compound (concession) see also aya
gida, gari, guri, kusu counter, shelf kanta
(*s-m) counterfeit jabu
conceal see hide course (training) kos
concrete kankare court (royal), courtier
condition hali, sharai fada
condolence ta'aziyya V_UU1 L ^lciW ) kotu
confession ikirari cover (vb.) lullua, ruf-, tuf-

confuse murtuke, riki- ru- cover (n.) faifai, rumfa

consideration la'akari covering kabido, sutura
conspiracy jamhuru cow karsana, sa
consultation shawara i cowboy kaboyi
consume ci cowrie kudi, wuri
container see bag, box etc. crafty makiri
contempt tsaki, wulaai crane ^dLilCllVC].

context mahalli LFdniuin Kungurmi

contradict musa craving jaraba, ishi
control (vb.) sarrafa Ciavvx ictxx uia

conversation hira, tai, zanta Culll dldldl 1

kawa If fa
cook (vb.) dafa, gasa, girki, creaiion naniia
1-1

soya, tafasa i, toya. lldllLLd, LdiiJS.i

tukunya credit lamuni

(n.) kuku llldL/dici

cooked, be nuna 2 creed shahada

copper tagulla creep rarrafa

copulate gwaa cress lausur

copy kofe, kwaikwaya. crest tuntu, zanko
kwatanta cresieu ciaiie gdUIdKd
coral murjani cricket sp. tsanya
cord see rope, string crime lam
Cordia abyssinica alilliba cripple gurgu
corkscrew barima crocheted cover tumakasa
corn see cereal crockery tangaran
cornbin see granary crocodile kada
corner kusurwa, kwana, loko cross in front gifta

corporal kofur cross over haya, ketare, tsall-

corpse gawa crow hankaka

corpulence taia crowing (cock) lirii
correct(ly) daidai, sosai crown kambi
cotton auduga, turkui cruelty, malice keta, tasku, zalunci

cotton seed gurya crumbs barbai, arashi

cough irji, tari, shek- crush, crumple marmasa, murtsuke
council majalisa cry (n.) gua, ihu, kuka, ara,
 309

ugi, shela see also shekara

(vb.) kira deaf kurma

cubit kamu deaf-mute bebe
Cucurbita sp. kabewa, kabus, dealings hulda
kuewa debate mahawara
cultivate nom- debt see give
cultivated land see kara "stalk" decay ru-
culvert kwalbati deceit ha'inci
cunning makiri decide kudura
cup kwaf decorate ado, zana, zayyana
cupboard kabat deer see antelope
cure magani defend, protect kara, kiyay-

curse la'ana, wadan- definitely labudda

curtain asabari degenerate lalata

LUblliUIl KUolllll degree digiri

custom al'ada, abi'a deleb palm giginva

customs (duties) kwastan Dendrocygna sp. cilTya

cut, chop datsa, girbe, kala, sar-, deny inkari, musa

sha 3, tsag-, sae depend see dangi
cut off fiUe, katse, kira dependents iyali, talaka
cut short guntule depose tube
cutlass, machete adda, lauje deposit adana
cutting grass fitiki depth zurfi

Cymbopogon sp. tsaure deputy mukaddas, na'ibi

Cynodon sp. tsambiya descend fai, gangara, sauka

describe kwatanta
D description siffa

desert (n.) hamada

daily kullum desire kawa, marmari, urint-
Dama gazelle mena riesnisp raina
damage (n.) ta'adi LI t Li Lv- m i skTn i

Damaliscus dari Hp^titiitinn

vlC3 Li L Li LIU 11 tsiya

dampness laima i, raa destroy rus-

dance rawa, rangwaa, wargi rlpfPTitinTi wakafi

danger danja, haari fj pf prrri 1 n of i /-vT-i aniya, himma
dark cf. black dare, duhu, kore, kirin vie V iCxLC sab-

darken lumshe dew laima i, raa

date dablno, aduwa dialect yare
date (calend.) hijira diamonds Zl

daughter see a kolo 3 diarrheia atuni, zawayi

dawn jijjifi dictation shibta

day citta, gata, hantsi, jibi. dictionary kamus
jiya, kwana, kashegari. die mace, mutu
rana, yanzu, yau, yini die down lafa
3IO

diesel oil gas divorce sak-

difference bambam divorced person bazawar-

different dabam do, make yi

differentiate raba do again ar- 1, sak-

difficulty kyar, wahala, wuya 2 doctor boka, likita

dig haa, ton- dog kare, yanyawa

Digitaria exilis acca, firo, iburo. dog (wild) kyarkeci
intaya donkey aguru, aholaki, jaki
dignity irili door covering gambu, yaure
dilute tsarma doorway ofa
dinner party dina doubt shakka
Dioscorea spp. doya dove baru, kurciya.
Diospyros sp. kanya tantabara
dip out kwasa down asa
direction shiyya, waje drain spout indararo
dirt cao, datti, dauda. draw, sketch zana
sake draw, pull ja

dirty, vile azami drawn game duro 2

disable naasa dread fargaba
disabled makassari, marHi dream farka, sutai

disapproved karahiya dress. Western gaye

discipline, train hora drink sha I

discussion mahawara drip, drop iga

disease amodari, cl-, fuka. drive off.

hangum, jante drive away kora

disentangle war- driver direba
disfavored act karahiya drizzle tsattsaf-, yanyami
dislike i drought fari

disliked wife bora drum dundufa, ganga, jauje.

dislocation targade kalangu, kolo i.

dismiss sallama tambari

disorder barkatai drum (barrel) duro I

dispensary assistant drummer makai

disfensa drunk buga, maye i

disperse fasa, wats- dry (vb.) busa, gasa, afe, awa.

disposition hali one, shanye
dispute gardama, ja dry season rani
disrespectful gautsi, ja'iri duck agwagwa
dissolve nark- due hakki
distort mur- duiker baurna, gada, jagati.

district lardi katsauri

district head hakimi dum palm goriba
district officer di'o dump truck trfa

divide raba, tsag- dumpling fura

 311

dung beetle buzuzu elder brother wa

durbar daba electricity lantarki
dusk almilni elephant gardi, glwa, zaki
dust daua, habra, ura, embrace sumba
turaya empty (container, house)
dust-devil emti, fanko, kango,
dust storm holoko wofi
duty hidima enclosure haraba
dwarf wad a end matua, wanye
dwell zama endure daure, dawwama,
dye garura, rin-, shui, jimre
shuni enemy magabci
dyepit karofi energetic man gwarzo, muzakkari
dysentery atuni, diddire engine gwari, inji
engineer injiniya

E English (lang.) turanci

enjoy, use mora
(be) eager about allafa enjoy life hole
eagle dui, juhurma, enjoyment nishai
karambata enmity gaba, i
ear kunne enter shig"

early dauri entirety ilahiri

early afternoon azahar entrance room zaure

early morning jijjifi envelope (n.) ambulan
early start sammako (vb.) unsa, kallabi

earth asa, turaya environment gari

earthworm tana envy hassada

ease sawa epidemic annoba
east gabas equal saje

eat ci, cTza, kalaci, sha i, equator ikwaita

tauna Eragrostis sp. tsintsiya

ebony kanya eraser roba

eclipse husufi erect (vb.) kafa
ecstasy huluri Eriodendron sp. rimi I

edge baki, daje, gefe, auye erode zagf-

editor edita err ata

egg wai errand sao r

egg yolk gwaiduwa escape see but sul(lu)e, tser-

egret see cattle egret escort raka
eight takwas esophagus makoshi
eighth part sumuni especial musamman
either ... or imma essence ainihi

elbow (leaning on) establish kafa

kishingia estimate kiyasi, iyasta

312

ethnic prefix ba- factory ma'aikata

eucalyptus oil zaiti fade koe
Eupodotis sp. kadafkara fail gaji, kasa
European bature faint, become silent

evading makawa suma 2

even, until har, hatta faith imani

evening hira, la'asar, magariba. taitntui mumini
maraice fall auka, fai, sura, ta-
(for) ever tutur tangai
every- ko- short gaza
evil mugu, muni, sharri fallible ajizi

ewe tunkiya false boko, karya

exact, correct daidai false accusation kazaf
exaggeration za'ida familiar saba
examine jarraba family dangi, iyali
example misali famous mashahuri, shahara
1 r n
exceed buwaya, dara, ri, tan (n.) fanka, mafici
gagara, zara fan (vb.) iiiita

except sai rar fai, nesa

exchange furfura, musaya, sauya farm(ing) gandu, gona, kusu
exclude toge (*s-m), nom-
excrement see feces fart hutu, tiisa

excuse (n.) hanzari, hujja, uzuri fasten kafa

excuse me sarbu fasting azumi
executioner hauni fat(ness) ulele, kauri, kitse,

executive official jami'i kiba, mai 2, taia.

exist kasance wajiya
expect zat- father baba, haifa, uba
expensive tsada fatigue see tire
expert gwani, ware fatigue duties gwale-gwale
explain fassara fault laifi

explanation bayani favorite mowa

extinguish bice fear fargaba, firgita, gudu
extreme gaya, intaha shalli, woba
eye ido feather gashi
eyebrow gira feces gayai, kashi, najasa

eyelash gira feel ji

female goiya
F fence danga, darni, gark-,
kara, killa, shinge.

fable almara zana

fabricate era fender mutagadi
face fuska, kudu, waje fennec yanyawa
facial markings jarfa ferment kumfa, ru-
 313

ferry fita flay fede

fertility ni'ima flea kwarkwata, kuma,
fertilizer salfa tunkuyau, tsando
festival (Muslim) idi flesh nama, tsoka
fetish juju, mushiriki, tsafi flimsy fale-fale

fetter mari flint (for fire) kyasta

fever jante, mashasshara. flock gark-
zazzai florin dala
few kaan, il flour fulawa, gari, gurori,
fez dara hadi, ribii, tsaki
Ficus see fig tree flow zub-
fiddle (music.) goge flower fulawa, fure, hada 2
field fage fluster gigita

fifth part humusi flute kusumburwa, sarewa

fifty hamsin sMki, tiallaro
fig tree aure, ceiya, inya, flutter falau, filfilo

durumi, gamji fly (n.) kuda, kwaro, kyashi.

fight faa 2 tsando, majiari
file, saw zarto fly, soar fira, tsall-

fill batse, cika, wafa fly-switch isga

film fim foal aholaki, dukushi

filter tat- foam kumfa
find iske fog buda
fine thread arafiya fold na-, ninka
finger, f.nail farce, yatsa follow bi

fingernail, claw akaifa. Rumba food abinci (< abu+ci).

finish daina, gama, Ida, kamama, tuwo
intaha, ar- i, wanye fool gauu, hoto, safa 2,

fire bal, fushi, garji, girki. wawa

gobara, haske, wuta foot kafa, sau i

fireplace murhu footprint sau I

firm & solid dandan forbid hana

fish kifi, kulma, lamsa. forbidden haram
talibambam force dole
fishing su ford shig-

fishing net homa forearm & hand kamu

five biyar forehead goshi
fix ana, kafa, kayyade foreigner bako, bare
fix into maka foreman heluma, homan
flag tuta foresee hanga
flame bal foreskin loa, silli

flashlight tocilan forest dila, kurmi

flat tyre fanca forge karf-, kera

flaw lahani forget manta, rasa

314

forgive yafa gap gii

forked stick gwafa garage gareji

form, shape kama garden gona

formerly da, dauri Gardenia sp. gaue
fornication zina garlic tafannuwa
fortune-telling hai, hisabi gas, petrol fetur, gas, sufa

forty arba'in gather amara, ror-

foundation harsashi gauge geji

four huu gazelle agare, barewa, sassaro

four days hence citta gear giya, sifili

francolin fakara, makwarwa general (milit.) janar

fraud ha'inci, kissa, zamba generator janareto
free a generosity alheri, karama
freight car taragu generous karlmi
fresh anye genet inyawara, kule
friend aboki, amini, awa. gentle kamili
mowa, sahibi, tsara gentleman dattljo

friendship, peace, trust get sam-

amana, lumana ghost fatalwa, kurwa
frighten firgita, razana ginger citta

frog kwao, lamya girl bera, budurwa, titi 2,

front gaba yaro

froth kumfa give ba, biya

fruit a, fure alms sadauka

fry soya birth haifa
fulfilment (of wish) glare at harara
ijaba glass arau, madubi
full cinkis glean kala, ror-

full stop, period aya gloom zulumi

funeral jana'iza glove safa I

furlong fage go je, tail, wut-, za, zaka

furrow kwari aside ta-
furthest limit innanaha out fita

future gaba round kewaya, zag-

goal gwal

G goalkeeper gola
goat akwiya, bunsuru
gall kumallo goblin fatalwa
gall bladder aci, matsarmama, god Gizo, rana
tsami goitre maoo
gallon galan gold gwal, zinariya
gallop sukw(an-) good adili, gara, hairan,
gambling caca kirki, kyau, nagari, to
game sp. dara advice nasiha
 315

arrangement fasali green algashi, bai, kilili.

health alau, hanzari kore, shar, tsariwa

luck buruji greet gaya
manners a'a greeting barka, ho, ingwayya,
news albishir kadai, sannu
taste dai grey hair furfura
terms jitu grey horse hurde, kill

good, expert ware griffon miki I

goodness, beauty kyau grill gasa, kawa, afe

goods haja, kadara grind arza, dabaza, daka.
goose dinya, kwarwa gara, gari, nika, reda
gossip sambatu, tsuku grindstone aya
gourd see also calabash grope lalub-
bango 2, buta, das a 2, ground kasa
duma, gora i, guraka. ground squirrel kurege
jallo, kurtu, kurumbo, groundnut(s) gujiya, gyada, wama
kwalaba, ululu. groundnut balls uliuli
warya, ludayi, sos-. group ungiya
shantu growling gurnani
government gwamnati, mulki grub tsutsa
governor gwamna gruel kunu
gown jabba, riga grumbling gunaguni, mita 2
grain wara, waya
iri, grunt yunkura
grammar nahawu guard jira

gramophone garmaho guarding gadi

granary bargi, gazgayi, rahogo guava goba
rumbu guess cita

grandchild jika guest bako

grandparent jika, kaka guile kissa

grape inabi guilt alhaki

grasp dana guinea-fowl kwamma, zabo i

grass (sp.) ciyawa, daji, dausayi, guinea-worm kurkunu

gamba, ganye, haki. gullet makogwaro
harawa, hura, iriiri. gully kwazazzabo
yara, shar, shuci. gum cingam, danko
tofa, tsambiya, tsaqwa, gumbo guro, kuewa
tsaure gums QdSaSfll

grasshopper, locust gun bindiga

babe, ango, aska, fara, gwari gunpowder aiDarusni
gratuity garatute Gyps sp. mlki I

grave, tomb kabari, kushewa

gravel tsakuwa H
graze kiyay-
greed haama habit abi'a
3i6

hair gashi, geza, lahuru. heart hanta, irji, zuciya

suma I, tsagiya. hearts (cards suit) kubbi
tsoro 2, zaza heat (n.) fatsar-, garji, gumi.
hairy buzurwa jii, one, zafi, zau
halter ragama (VD.) toya
hammer guduma, hama, heavy nawa
masaba hedgehog bushiya
hand biyar, damtse, hamata. heel diddige
hannu, tai heifer karsana
handcart amalanke height, length tsawo
handffun
o libarba heir magaji
handkerchief hankici helmet buke
handle (n.) Rota, makama help agaza, taimak-, tay-
hang raga, rataya hemorrhoids basur
happen auka, fara hemp rama
happiness murna, fari hen kaza, kwamma
hardness, strength henna laiie

wari, tauri herd (n.) gark-

hare zomo (VD.) kiyay-
harm cuta here nan, ungo
harmattan hazo, hunturu heron zare
harpoon hargi hesitation wasawas-
harsh wulaai Hibiscus sp. rama, guro, kuewa.
hartebeest dari, kanki yakuwa
harvest girbe, kaka 2, ror- hiccup shek-
haste gaggawa, gara, rug- niae \n.) KiiaDO, Kin

hat, straw lefe hide (vb.) oye, lae

hate i hill jigawa, til-, tudu.
Hausa (non-Fulani) hae tsauni
hawk juhurma, karambata. hinge hinji

kolo 2, shaho, shirwa hip cinya, ingwallo,

hawking wares talla KWatangWdlO
hay ingirici hippopotamus dorina
haze buda, bururi, hazo hire haya, sufuri
head gammo, hankali, kai. history tarihi

rots- hit see beat

headcloth fatala, kallabi, lullua hoe (n.) cangami, diga.

headman dagaci angwama, fartanya.

headpad gammo galma, guduma, hauya

headquarters hedkwata I, kalme, korame
heal jinya (vb.) fara, hua, nom-
health lafiya hog see pig

heap kashi, jibga, til-, tsauni hold ri-

hear ji, kula hole baki, ula, gii, gurbi,
 317

kafa, kogo, rami hyena Smbllli hum Hamica

hollow out hure, raraka, sassaa karamiki, kura,
iiv-/iy war
holv VVC4X jihadi kyarkeci, siyaki, wurji
homage mubaya'a Hyparrhenia sp. kyara
home gari, gida, kusu (*s-m), Hyphaene sp. goriba
UXXtLl^ TV cx hypocrite munafuki
homosexual daudu
honest adili
I
honey amya, zuma
hoof kofato Ibo inyamiri
hook u2"iva
rvtxgx^tx idol gunki
hnnnop alhudahuda if idan, in
hope fata 2 if, when in
horn (car) ham ignite kunna
( animal^ kaho ignorant jahili

hornbill cilakowa ignore kyale

horse aharas, akawal, illiterate jahili

bagazam, baraya, bidi, illness cuta, mura, shawara 2

bikili, danda, doki, wabi

dukushi, hurde, image sura 3
inearma, kili, kuru imam liman
horse riding kilisa imitate koy-, kwaikwaya
hose mesa immoral fasiki, lalata

hospital asibiti impale tslr-

hospitality liyafa Imperata sp. tofa

hot season bazara important kasaita, muhimmi

hotel hotel impose kallafa

hour awa, sa'a impotent la'ifi

houspfhold^ rfaki
VtU-lXX^ ffida
C^XVtLA^ sorn improve ana, gyara, zayyana

shigifa impurity janaba

how ina, inda inch inci

how ? kaka, ka, yaya incinerator bola

how much ? nawa incite zuga
human being taliki incline; intend nufa
hiimili;^tp tiiara
XXICXXCX 9 tivati
LXyCXXX increase daa, kar-

hump doro, tozo incumbent, necessary

hiinHrpH Hiihii rfpiri 7anP'n lazimi
hunger kishi, yunwa indentation gurbi
hunt indication alama
hurry see haste indigo baba, rin-, shuni
hurt cuta infant jariri

husband miji infantryman dakare

hut aki, rumfa infidel kafiri
3i8

inflame rur- irrigated lambu

influence see also beneficient i. irritation haushi
tasiri island gungu
inform shaida, zanta itching kaikayi
inhale she- itinerant trade see peddler
inherit gada
initiation test sharo
J
injure head rots-

ink tadawa jackal ballo, dila, karamiki

in-law suruki jaundice shawara 2

inner tube inatu jealousy kishi

inoculation huda T jersey soci

insect uda, waro, yashi, jigger flea jiga

majibari, sauro, join haa, uU-, sada, tar-

tsanya, tsutsa, joint gaa
tunkuyau joking barkwanci, wasa
insert duma, gwaa journey zango
inside ciki, hanji joy murna, fari

insight basira judge alkali, joji

inspector sufeto judgement hukunta

inspiration ilnami jump, hop dira, fira, tum-, tsall-.

instance misali zabura

insurance inshuwara jumper, sweater jamfa
intelligence hankali just adili

intelligent hazii justice shari'a

intend nufa
intention aniya, niyya
intercept tar- K
interpreter tafinta

interrog. asher keep (on) dinga, ri-, sak-

interrogation tuhuma kerchief adiko
interrupt katse kernel kwara
interweave sara kerosene kananzir
intestines gujiya, hanji kestrel karambata
intoxication maye i kettle buta, sahani, sintali
intrigue jamhuru key makulli
invent aga khaki cloth kaki 3
invert burma 2, kifa kick harba
investigation caji kidney gajeba, oda
invocations salati kill duka, kasa
Ipomea sp. dankali kilo (gram, meter) kilo

iron arf-, katuma, tama, kind, sort, seed iri

tauri kindle dallaro, kunna, yasta

irresponsible hawa'i makamashi
 319

kindness, generosity laziness kyuya

alheri lead (metal) dalma
kin? sarki leaf algashi, ganye,

kiss sumba harawa, kari, karmami

kitchen kicin lean on dogara
kite filfilo see also dangi
kite hawk shirwa leap forward zabura
knead cura learn koy-
knee gwiwa learning by heart hadda
kneel durkusa, gurfana (at) least akalla
knife aska, barho, kansakali, leather work dukanci
lauje, mashi, ruwa 2, leave bari, rag-, saura

wua leave, furlough irfi

knock down kayar da, maka lecture lacca

knock, tap wanwasa leech matsattsaku

knot kuble, kudura, kull- left (side) hagu
know iya, manta. leg falala, kasangali.

sakankance, sani kwauri, madangale.

knowledge ilmi sangali, sharaa
kobo kwabo legacy wasiyya
Kobus sp. gwambaza, yakumba leisure faraga, sukuni, zarafi

Koranic student almajiri lend ara, ranta

leopard ambuli, damisa
T
JL leper kuturu
Lepidium sp. lausur
lack rasa lesson darasi

lacking guild
gaira let balle, bari

ladle ludayi go sak-

lake orama, tafki lethargy kasala

lame dungu. gurgu letter (alphabet harafi

lamp fitila (epistle) wasTka

land gari, kasa level lebur, saje

landlord fatoma lick lake, lasa, tana

language yare lid mf-
large bull bijimi lie, falsehood karya
last (vh ) dawwama
\^C1VV VVUXXXC4 lie down barci, kwanta, rub da
late latti, makara ciki

latrine saiga, shadda life rai

laugh dariya, gautsi. lift daga, au(ka)

yalyata, shewa lift up cira

law shari'a light (n.) haske, rana

lawful halal soil jigawa

lawyer lauya (easy) sawa
lay (eggs) sak- (weight) fanko, kaifi, sakayau
320

light, kindle dallaro, kunna look duba, hanga, kallo.

lightning waliya tsinkaya
like, love awa, marmari, so Lophoceros sp. cilakowa
like, as kama, ya Loranthus sp. kauci
likeness sura loss hasara, wabi
lime lemo lost, be ata
limit innanaha, kaidi, lots, casting uri'a
lIldlUKd louse ankaafi, kwarkwata.
iiiiip \y\j.) lia^aia, Cllll^l^a uma, yaya
line holi, jera, layi, sahu love, affection, desire

or udttie daga awa, marmari, so

or writing SaCldid lover tsara

lining snati luck buruji, sa'a

lion damisa, muzuru, zaki Luffa sp. sos-

hp lebe lumber katako

lipstick jan baki lump gaya, guda
listen KUld, ^dUldid lung huhu I, kunfu, sufe
liter lita lung disease fuka
liver hanta lute garaya, gurmi, kuntigi.
lizard damo, guza. molo
hawainiya, adangare,
sndrinQO, isdii M
load, headload kaya
load (vb.) labta, lodi macaroni taliya

loaf of bread burodi machete adda

loan see give machine keke, mashin
Local Authority el'e madman mahaukaci, majanuni
lock kulle, uble, makulli madness hauka
locomotive gwari maggot tsutsa

locust cf. grasshopper magic dabo, magani, sihiri

babe, dango, aska. magician hatsabibi

gam, kabdo, wanso magistrate kantoma, majistare
locust-bean cakes daudawa mahogany tree maaci
seeds ayawu, kalwa mail delivery mel
tree orawa maize agwado, masara
lodge sauka major manjo
loincloth bante, durwa i, warki majority galibi

loneliness kewa make gina, yi

long dogo, langalanga, make for, intend nufa
tsawo male (large animal) toro
long ago aru-aru, fil azal male, man namiji
long-haired buzurwa male goat bunsuru
longing oki, marmari malice eta
loofah sos- man ango, gwarzo, namiji
 321

manage sarrafa medicine magani

manager manaja meet gama, haa, sada, tar-,

manatee ayu tar-

mane geza melon bambus, guna,

mango mangwaro kankana
manhood test sharo melon seed stew agushi
Manihot sp. rogo melt nark-
manioc rogo meningitis sanare
manners a'a menstruation haila
many girma mention ambata, furta
map taswira merchandise haja
marching maci merchant attajiri

mare goiya mercury zaiba

mark alama, lamba, maki message jawabi, sao i

mark of excellence messenger jakada, ma'aiki, manzo

kambi metal karf-

mark out shat- 2 meter mita I

mark-up kamasho middle tsaka

market kasuwa middleman dillali

marriage payment midge yashi

sadaki midwife ungozoma
marriageable bazawari migrate aura
marrow (bone) argo mildew fumfuna
marrow (squash) goji, kabus mile mil
marry aur- milk kindirmo, madara,
marshland fadama nono
martyrdom shahada millet dauro, gero, lawur,
mason birkila, mesin maiwa, tumu
mat agalami, asabari, buzu, minaret hasumiya
faifai, gado, gwado, mind rai

kabido, keso, tabarma, mini-bus kiya-kiya

zana minister minista

matches ashana minute (time) minti i

matter, affair al'amari, magana, mirror madubi

matsala miscarriage ari
mattress katifa miserliness rowa
meaning loga, ma'ana misfortune masifa
measure awo, gwada, mudu, misgivings woba
tai; tiya miss kuskure, tsall-

meat jiki, kifi, nama, romo, missing ata

su, tsoka mission mishan
mechanic makanike mist hazo
meddlesomeness karambani mistake kuskure
322

mix dama, gauraya, mudguard mutagadi

gurata, gwalitsa. muezzin ladan
hautsuna, kwaa, ru-. muffler salansa
tsarma mule alfadari

mockery ba'a multiplication table

moderate amount kima jadawali
modesty kunya, suruki multiply ninka, ria
moisten jia mumps hangum
moisture danshi, dausayi municipal administrator
money kui kantoma
mongoose tunku muscle tsoka
monitor damo, guza, tsari musical instrument see fiddle, lute, etc.

monkey bika, biri, gwaggo, musk juda, miski

tsula mute bebe
moon, month tauraro, wata
morning, morrow asuba, gobe, hantsi, NT
jijjifi, safiya, walaha
star gamzaki nail see fingernail

mortar turmi nail (metal) usa

mosque masallaci naked utuk, huntu, tik,

mosquito kuda, kwaro i, sauro tsirara

moth hasu, susuwa name lakabi, suna

mother inna, iya, mama, uwa namesake takwara
motor-cycle babur, mashin narrow ure, kunci
mount, climb hau, haya narrowness kunci
mountain dutse natron see potash
mourning makoki Viimalln

mouse era, kusu navel cibiya

mouth baki, fuska, hambua. near(ness) gaa, gefe, kusa
ofa, mabari neatly cafe
mouthful loma neatness sitati

mouth-veil amawali necessity larura, tilas

move gusa, kau, motsa neck murya, kware, wuya i

across gifta need bukata

aside goce needle allura, basilla, tasubala

away in haste rug- neem tree nim

movement harka negative ba, kada
movie, film majigi neighbor makwabci
movie theater siliman neighborhood kauye
much more, much less neighing hamniya
balle nerve jijiya

mucus majina net ashibta, homa, raga

mud cao, laka, tao, new ful, sabo
turaya news labari, ruwaya
 323

newspaper jarida official jami'i

next ogre dodo

day kashegari oil mai 2

to daura da oil palm kwakwa

world lahira okra guro, kuewa
niche sao 2 old guzuma, tsufa
nickname laabi old woman gyatuma
night barci, dare, duhu, on kan
kwana, lisha one aya, falle, guda, tak,
nine tara tilo

ninety casa'in onion albasa

no a'a only kaai, kawai, kurum
nodding gyangyai ooze tsattsaf-

noise amo, ara 2 open banye, bude, fara

non-Muslim Hausa open space dandali, fTli

bamaguje Opinion ra'ayi

north arewa opportunity dama, faraga, sukuni,

nose fuska, hanci zarafi

nose bleed hao opposite akasi

not ba opposition hamayya

notice ankara, lura oppress azzalumi, zalunci
nought (zero) sifiri or imma, ko
now yanzu orange lemo
nubile dawalwa ore tama
numeral adadi orgasm inzali

nurse naS; sista oribi batsiya

nursing jinya origin asali

nut wara orphan maraya

oryx imbeci, mariri,

0 warwaji
ostrich bicilmi; jimina

obedience a'a ought see kama "like"

obligatory wajibi outline shat- 2, zana, zayyana

oboe algaita outrun tser-

obstinate gardi outside baya, fata i, fita, waje

obvious alhali, zahiri overcast, become lumshe
occiput kwanya, eya overcome kasa, rinjaya

occupation sana'a overeager ganoki

occupied shagala overthrow kayar da
ochre koya overturn kifa

oesophagus maoshi owl duji, mujiya

offer tay- own bawa, mallaka
office biro oxpecker carki

officer hafsa
324

passenger fasinja

passing (exam) fas

pastureland dausayi
pace taka patch(ing) faci

pack ox takarkari path see road, track

paddle filafili patience hakuri, jimre

pagan arne, bamaguje, pattern launi
mushiriki, shirka, tsafi pause wakafi
page shafi pawpaw gwanda
pain see also ci aba, raai, rur-, pay biya
ukuba pay attention kula
paint fenti payment garatute
palace fada peace amana, sulhu
palate gana pearl lu'ulu'u

palm (botan.) dabino, goriba, pecking koto

giginya, kaba, kari, pedal feda
kwakwa, lefe, tukurwa peddler farke, jagale, jaura,

(hand) taf- safara

palm-wine bammi peddling jaura, kiri, koli

pancake fanke peek, peep leka

pannier waga peel, pare shefe
panting haki peer sa'a, tsara

papaya gwanda pen alkalami, biro

paper takarda, wara pen (vb.) kange
clip kilif penalty see haddi
money faifa pencil fensir

parade farati penis azzakari, bura, kwarto,

paramour kwarto silli, wutsiya

parasol laima 2 Pennisetum sp. gunu, hura 2

pardon gafara pension fensho

Parinari sp. dauye pepper barkono, citta, kimba,
Parkia sp. orawa masoro, tankwa,
parrot aku tattasai, yaji

particle dai, ko, kuwa perfect kamili

partnership shirka perforce dole, tilas

party dina perfume miski, turare, tururi,

party, union, club wakiya, wardi
jam'iyya perhaps kila, la'alla, wataklla
pass ara, fita, shig-, wut- period ajali, aya, idda,
day yini zamani
night kwana perish halaka
sentence hukunta permission mujaza, izni
through rats- person ango, Hausa, mutum
time, season shekara persuade lallasa
 325

pestle taarya plaza dandali

petrol see also gas fetur, sufa pleasantness dadi
philology lugga pleasure nishadi, sharholiya
phlegm kaki I, majina pledge jingina
photograph hoto plenty yawa
pick (vb.) (off, out, up) pliers filaya

cira, dTba, au, kee. Ploceus sp. jira

ror-, tsin- plough hauya i, hua

pick, pickaxe diga pluck fig-, tsink-
pick-up truck kitika plug up toshe
pickpocket s(w)ane plural jam'i
picture hoto, sura 3 pocket aljihu

piebald horse danda pod Rwanso

pierce ula, usa, caka, huda poem waa
I, nashe, sok-, tsir- point (n.) tsini

piety ibada poison dafa, guba

pig alade, gadu, gursunu poke takala, tsokana,

pigeon baru, hazbiya, kurciya. zungura

tantabara Polemaetus sp. juhurma
pile see heap polish goga
pilgrim alhaji politeness ladabi
pilgrimage haji politics siyasa

pill waya polytheism shirka

pimp kawali pond tafki

pimple, boil gyambo, urji pony uru

pin fil poor misklni, talaka
pincers arautaki, hantsaki porch fafaranda
pinch matsa porcupine beguwa
pistol libarba portion kashi
pit (of fruit) walio position maami
pit, trap haa possess mallaka
place ffli, gu, guri, shiyya. possession (spirit) bori, huluri
unguwa, wuri possibly hala
placenta mabiyi post (tethering) turke
plait faifai, keso, kitse, saa, postpone fasa

tabarma, tufka pot kasko, randa, tukunya,

plan dabara tulu

plank katako pots, make gina

plant (vb.) dasa I, shuka potato dankali, dukuma.
plaster yaa kudaku, lawur
plastic leda, roba potash kanwa
platform dabi, dakali pound (currency) fam
play wargi, wasa (weight) laba
326

pound (vb.) daka, dandaka, kira, prohibitive kada

lugude, surfa, sussuka, proliferate fantsara
turmi prolong daa
pour bulbula, iga, ura, promise alkawari
malala, tua, zub- pronoun lamiri
poverty tsiya prop up tokar-
powder hoda propel tu-
power daula, iya, kwari propellor farfela

power to work miracles karama properly sosai

pidiac gi->uc; y cLUa property kadara

nrai se-sin n cr rok- prophet annabi
prayer addu'a salla wuridi proportion gwargwado
prayer beads carbi prosperity arziki, falala, ni'ima
picccuc 1*1 cSx/a prostitute karuwa, kilaki
nrpdp^tinp (caddara
U
IX Ct VA V-1 L* A protect kiyay-, kara, tsar-

predominate rinjaya province lardi

pregnancy ciki provisions guzuri

preoccupation kasafi, shagala proviso sharai
prepare shirya provoke takala, ton-, tsokana
T-)rpcfT>f (r\ \
tukwici public, community
adana hiinimi tsar- jama'a
press dafa
VXCIXU-^ danna
VXUXXXXCX^ dirtsa
VXXX LiJU-^ public works fidaburdi
latsa taiis- pull, draw ja, zara
izgili pumping famfo
pretext banzari
XXCXXX^Ct-XX pumpkin goji, kuewa
LJL kZ V Cll L hana puncture fanca
price farasbi
XCXX kadari tamani
CXkJXXX^ XXCXx^CXXX^ LCXXXXCXXXX punishment haddi
pride alfabari
txxxcxxxcxxx puppy kwikwiyo
fada pure tsantsa, tsarki
nrimp mini^tpi*
LliilllC llllllljLCl wa yJri purpose maasudi
pilllll Live fiitiiV
lUlUK purring gurnani
princess gimbiya pus mugunya
printing dab'i push tunkua, tur-
prison kurkuku put sa, adana
prison warder duroba back maya
private (soldier) farabiti down, aside aza, kasa, sak-

probably halama on top of dora

problem matsala python mesa, muuwa
process (vb.) sarrafa

proclamation shela, wakurwa, Q

yekuwa
procreate haifa quail ararwa, durwa 2

profit riba quarrel gardama, husuma,

profligacy masha'a kara
cjuarrelsome tsiya gdni
fiiiartpr kwata, rubu'i reconciliation sulhu
kwata I icLuver mare
queue holi recruit Viiriii

quick miji, sauri, wul rertan Pillar cV|i cri fa

quicksilver zaiba red HaTii:^ Hail i5 iini

quilt lifidi wur

quinine kuni 1 CLX Cdl 111 koya
quiver kwari reciULc nakasa, rag-,
quote wai rangwame
iKcuuriLCi sp. kwanta rafi, aji
R reed kusumburwa, kyauro.
sheme
radio rediyo rppHVii 1 KWdllld Idil, Kdjl

rags ragga, zarara referee rafali

raid hari reflect tuna

rail gwangiri reform iaHHaHa
railway jirgi rpfri ffpratnr firlji

rain marka, ruwa, yanyami refuse i

rain cape kabido region waje
rainbow Gizo,girgije regret nadama
rainy season damina, marka revert ^ rl \7
rcguidiiy 1 1 Vi 1 Ui 1 m
raise aga, tas- IcgUldllUIl ka'ida

ram rago reject Kl

ransom fansa relatinnshir) danpi hulda

XXUXVXVX, nasaba
\-XCXXX<^X, X XCX^IXL^CX,

Raphia sp. tukurwa zumu

rat era, kurege, kusu relax llUlC, llULd, Wdl-
ratoon gyauro rpl ipf
ICllCl ^3wa Qawaha
ravine kwazazzabo rplimnn aHrlTni

raw anye rely (jogdrd

razor blade reza iClllaiii v_;vci LdfL f

^aiira
ra(T- oClLilCX

reach isa, kai remainder

XV.-XXXCXXX X VX V-X shingi
read karanta, karatu rpmpH
1 dllCV_X V
y macani sadTdan
XXXiX l^CXX XX, ^CX\^XVXC4-XX

real sahihi rpmpmVipr

XdlldAlL'd tuna
realise farga rpn PTA7 iaHHaHa
1CX U. Cl Cl

really ? ashe ? rpni"

Iclll Viava ^iifnri

reap girbe repair gyara

reason dallli repay sak-

rebellion tayar da repeat ar-, maimaita, sak-

receipt raslt(i) repent tuba
receive, accept kara repetition see maya
recess loko replace, succeed maya, maimako
reciprocate ram a report rahoto
reckon idaya, lasafta, lissa representative wakili, waliyi
328

republic jamhuriya roaming dandi, yawo

request for information roan horse bidi
fatawa roaring gunji, ugi, kururuwa
research nazari roast cf. grill gasa, kawa, aurara,
reserve wucin gadi soya
reserved land hurumi robbery fasa

respectfulness marawwa robe rlga

rest huta rock dutse, fa

restaurant hotel roll ingira, gangara, gara,
restore rama na-
restrain kange roof ruf-

resurrection kiyama roofing iron kwano

retaliate rama room aki, zaure
retirement murabus rooster zakara
retreat (for solitude) root saiwa
halwa rope akala, igiya, iri

return dawaya, koma, maya, rosewater wardi

waiwaya rot ru-
reverse (gear) ribas roughness kaushi
ICVljUJll, ICVICW hit a round gaya, kewaya, zag-
revolver iiDarod roundabout rawul
reward lada row, line sahu I

rih
liU dWaZd, IlaKaiKdri rub goga, murza
rice shinkafa rubber dano
Ricinus sp. kulakula rubbish heap jibga

riddle cita, tatsuniya rug kilishi

ridge up hua ruins kufai

riding kilisa rule (n.) a'ida, mulki
right (hand) dama rumor jita-jita

right (n.) hakki rump kutur(i)

ring zobe run gara, gudu, sukw(an-),

rinse kurkure zabura
rip arka, yag- rust tsatsa

ripe dawalwa
ripen os-, nuna 2 S
rise tas-

risk kasada Saccharum sp. kyauro

ritual ablutions alwala sacred place kurmi
rivalry hamayya saddle sirdi

river gebe, gulbi, kogi, safari rangadi

orama, rafi saint waliyi
road gwadabe, gwangwa, salad salak

hanya, karauka, lawali, salary albashi

tafarki salesman dillali
 329

saliva miyau, yau sentence

salt balma, beza, gishiri. ( erammatiral^ iiimla
J
ciiiiia

kakanda, manda, ( 11 iH i PI ^
iiuKunia
mangul separate raha war-
salute jinjima saje

sample samfur ^prcrpa n t-m a ir>r

sand hadi, asa, rairay-. iiuuuud, wa azi

turaya cprx/ant
dCi vaiiL r^^fO
udid, V^/^TTI
uoyi, TT'^T*/^
yaro
sandfly yashi service hiHima
sarcasm ffatsa set out spt off tas-

satisfy kos- seven bakwai

Saturday asabar sew inka
sauce, stew miya ocAUal lIllcrLUuiac jima i

save tser- organ gutsu

saw zarto shapklp mari
sav ce, faa r, furta, gaya, shade,shadow inuwa
inji, wai shadow soul kurwa
IxCl^ VV d shady lllTYIchp

scales ma'aiini sikpli shaft of arrow kyauro

scar tabo shake girgije, rawa, rege.
jarfa jinjima
scatter barbaa dare wats- shaking hands musafaha
scholar malam shaking spear or fist

school karanta, midil jinjima

scissors almakashi shame, modesty kunya
scorch babbake shameless ja'iri, shakiyi
srnrninn kiinama shape siffa

scrape gurza, hUre, kankare sharp point tsini

scratch aiayi, sos- sharpen feke, was-

screen kara, sutura sharpness kaifi

sea teku shave shefe

seal hatimi shawl gyale
season see dry s., hot s. etc. shea butter tree kaanya
second (time) dakika, sakan sheath kube
secret asTri shed shedi
securely kankan sheep rago, tunkiya, uda
see gani, hanga, tsinkaya sheet falle

seed, sort iri shelf danki, kanta

seek bia, nema shell amaroki, furu.

segregate kange harsashi 2, kamori.

seize see also take kama, wace kwasfa, kwanso
self kai shelter bukka, dabi, fake.
self-respect irili rumfa
send, work aik- shield gark-, wangara
330

shinbone kasangali, wauri skill fasaha

shirt kwalashat, taguwa skin (n.) alaya, amaroki,
shoe kufutai, takalmi buzu, fata i, jema.
shoo! as! kware, kwasfa, warki
shoot (vb.) harba skin (vb.) fee
(n.) tush- skin mat agalami, buzu
shop, store kanti skink sharindo
short gajere, guntu skull oo, wakwalwa
shoulder kafaa sky Gizo, hantsi, sama
shouting kururuwa, kuwwa, slackness lawas, nawa
sowa slander jafa'i

shovel tebur 2 slap mara

show nuna i slave bacucane, bawa.
shroud likkafani, sitira kuyanga
shunting engine (locomotive) sleep barci, kwana
sleeper, rail tie gwangiri
y <X\ <x sling hamila
OH_JVlC slip kuut-, sul(lu)e, ta-
C1/^l^T^QCC CZ7Z7 /^1
SlCKRcSS ice LI slipper kufutai
side gefe, kwibi, waje slippery santsi, sulai

saje slow nawa, sannu

Sill, Sieve rdirdy-, idnKaQ- small kaan, ane, anane,
sigh nisa arami, il, unci.
sign, indication alama, lamba ure
silence kawai kiimm sbini smallpox agana, mashasshara
suma 2, tsit smartness salo

silencer, muffler salansa smear shaf-, yaa

silk siliki smell (vb.) ji, sansan-
silk-cotton tree gurjiya, kurya, rlmi i (n.) oyi, amshi, arni 2,

silver azurfa wari

sin zunubi smile murmushi
since tun smoke harara,hayai
sing rera smooth(e) daa, sulai, sumul
single falle snake see also cobra
sink nits- ciza, dumiya, kasa.
sip kura, sura kububuwa, maciji.
siren jiniya mulwa, tsaida

sister (nursing) sista snare ashibta, sahu 2

sit uwawu sneeze atishawa, hantsirwa

six shida sniff sansan-
sixty sittin snore hansari, kakari,
skein waari minshari
sketch zana so and so kaza
skewer tsini soak jia, tsim-
 331

c^Hiilii
jaUUlUL JlJXXX Kdud, idiiid, zdre
aduwa bpilldLii alayyaho
sosr fir a
ilia ^ninal V^VJXU
JlJXXXClX cnrc\ a
idi^d
1

sock safa I spinuie kwarkwaro, makai

sod3 soda spini, leiisn juju
1 vi rf1 life rai

cnftn p^s laiishi pUoiCbbiUil bori

KXdr^xJf liclClVVCl, l.HLUCiy CI soul ViiriA/rs riiHii
l^LXX Wd, XLiiili

SolcinuTti sp. ata, gauta, yalo wind XOjNd

solder spirits barS<;a

soldier dakare, soja spit fiir7a kaki t tnf-

sole sau I split fS^rii

UCLlCL/ fasa t^5cr_
Xd3d, L^dc^

sons waa spoil UU-VUf ICllCiLd

soot kunna snonn cokali

hi c5V-|i spout indararo
sorcerer maye 2 sprain targae
sorcery sihiri spray fesa
Haw;i crprn twav;i spread out baza
masakuwa spring (n.) (of metal)
sorrel yakuwa sifirin

sorry! sannu sprinkle barbaa

iri sprout toho
soul, Spirit kurwa, ruhu spur aimi
cniinH vnipp amn rfimi P'fini
diil^, V^iXill, clLIXXX, ^ant' squander fallasa

sour tsami squat tsuguna

sour milk kindirmo squeeze latsa, matsa
south gusum, kudu squirrel (ground) kurege
sow (vb.) shuka, wats- stab caka, sok-

space dandali, fage, fill stable baraya

span (measure) tai stagger tangai
spanner see wrench stalk (esp. of corn )

spare part safaya, wucin gadi kara

spear asgiri, hargi, mashi, stallion ingarma
tagambas, zululu stamp (postage) kan sarki

spear grass tofa stand up rimi 2, tas-

speech jawabi, kalami, Rala, star gamzaki, tauraro

magana starch sitati

speechless suma 2 starling zara

speed hanzari 2, sauri, zafi state (of federation)

speedometer maleji jiha

spell (evil) makaru statement jawabi

spendthrift mubazzari station tasha
spice citta, yaji status maami
spider damana, Gizo, tautau steal sata
332

tururi string Kiridni, isirKiya

steamed food aamDu strip iig-, Kware, sao-, zag-

steep, soak tsim- airiviiig KWdie
step taka stroke shaf-

stepcnila agola struggle jiudii, KOKawa

stew, sauce miya student almajiri, alibi
stick, staff gora 2, gwafa, kulki. study nazari
0 zuiuiu
rv> vi /^1 T70
c "n 0
'711I villi cfnff
muLiyd, sdnQd, cusa
stick to afa, lla stump dungu, kututture.
sticky dano tush-
stiffen KdllgdlC, bdllKdlC JlUIJlU LldlVlIVl

sting IldlUd, Kdll subject (topic) batu

stink QUyi, Wdil (client) talaka
stir murtuke, tuk- substitute madadi, maimako
stirring stick muciya succeed, replace maya
stirrup likkafa success nasara
stomach cibiya, ciki, gujiya. such and such kaza
hanta, kirji, mara. suck nono, tsots-

tumbi sudden movement but

stone LlULoC, id, IdUlaKd, suffice isa, kai, os-
loCllS.U Wd sufficiency wada
V^ijiiy Ul llLIll Q'WT a 1 1 /~i sugar mazarkwaila, sukari
stool kujera sugar cane rake, takana
stoop sunkuya summit ouwa, koli.

Stop up, plug to she tsororuwa

stnrp shnn kanti summon kira

sito summons sammaci

Stork shamuwa sun fari, fatsar-, hantsi.
oLVJl 111 lldvldll, llL^lWJxC' rana
story hikaya, issa, labari. support dogara, goya, jingina
ruwdyd tanka, tokar-
sioutness kauri suppose zat-

bHalgill sosai sure tabbata

Strain tat- surety lamuni
stranger bako surface shafi
c 1* Q n
rrl 0
birdiigie
"t" m 1 ''1 1
iiidKurd i"o
surpass ara, fi, zara
strap kiri surplus rara

stream see river surprise mamaya

street titi I suspend raga
strength karf-, wari suspicion tuhuma
strengthen inganta swallow (vb.) haiye
stretch mlk-, tsawo swaying rangwaa
stretcher amuku swear rantse
strike see beat sweat gumi, jii
 333

sweep shar- teacher malam

sweet alewa, minti 2, mai. teal clliya

zai tear (vb.) arsa, fatattaka, fatta.

swell kumbura kece, tsae-, vae-

swerve goce tears hawaye
swim iya, ninaya, yanayi tell farfa T p^ava

swindle zamba temper (bad) hutsu

swinging mo ten goma
swoop down sura I tending, nursing iinva
sword kansakali, takobi tent tanti

sling hamlla tenth ushiri

syllabus manhaja termite see ant

syringe sirinji termite hill suri

test gwada, jarraba

T testicle golo, gwaiwa, lunsayi.
tsigau
table tebur I tethering post turke
tact kara Tetraodon sp. talibambam
tadpoles talibambam than da
tail isga, jela, tsagiya, thank gode, hamdala.
wutsiya madalla
tailor mainki, tela thatch jinka, (shuci)

take au, kai theater (operating)

by force, snatch Rwace tiyata

hold of kama theft sata

off tube then & only then kana

out, take away dTba, kwasa there can, nan
tale see also story hikaya, tatsuniya there is, there are akwai
talk magana, tsuku, zanta there is not babu
tall dogo thicken duskure
Tamarindus sp. tsami thickness kauri
tan jema thief arawo, waro 2

tap, knock wan kwasa thigh cinya, katara

tape (recording) kaset thin langalanga, ram-, siriri

tapeworm tsTla thing abu

tarred road kwalta think tsammani, zat-

task hidima third part sulusi

tassel tuntu, tuta thirst, craving kishi

taste anana thirty talatin

tasteless lami thorn aya

tasty zai thousand alif, dubu, zambar
tax haraji, jangali thrash see beat
tea shayi, ti thread arafiya, waari, zare
teach koy- three uku
334

three days hence gata topic batu

threepence taro torch, flashlamp tocilan
thresh sussuka tortoise kunkuru
throat maogwaro torture azaba
throne karaga total jimla
throttle shake totem kangida
throw afa, illa, cara, touch taa
hambua, jefa tough gardi, tauri

throw in mouth afa, hambua touring rangadi

thumb ibhami towel tawul
thunder aradu, cida, tsawa tower hasumiya
thus haka town alkarya, gari

tick kaska track (cattle) burtali, labi, lawali

tickle tslkar- tractor (agricultural)

tie amara, aur-, uble, kaltibeta, tarakta

udura, ull- trade ciniki, sana'a

tie (rail) gwangiri trader see also peddler

tie-dyed cloth adire fni"l<rf>
iClljNC

tightly kankan haranda liibawa

time lokaci, sa'a, zamani baldid, 11) did 1, lllctld

times (x) sau 2 LidUlll^ ntinpranti

traHincT ^ILXXlCiClllLJ

tin (metal) dalma jd^dlC; JdUld, Kill, KUll

(container) garwa, gwangwani, 1 raUlllUIl hadisi

tanaka Tragelaphus sp. ganjar, mazo
tin alloy cinkal trailer tirela

tip (gift) dashi train (n.) jirgi

tire(d) gaji, guma, lafa, tikis train (vb.) hora

tithes zakka translate fassara, juya

titles ciroma, daudu. transplant dasa I

galadima, madaki, transportation sufuri

shehu, wali, yarlma trap haa

toad kwao tread taka
tobacco akyara, taba treasurer aza, ma'aji

today yau treat badly fallasa

tomato gauta, tumatir, yalo treaty sulhu

tomb, grave hubbare, kabari, tree bishiya, ic(c)e
kushewa tremble rawa
tomb of saint hubbare tribe abila
tomorrow gobe trickster-hero Gizo
tongue gana, harshe trouble wahaya, wuya 2
tooth dasashi, haori troublesomeness fitina

tooth stick asawaki, shiwaka trough jirgi, komi

top, summit ouwa, oli, trousers wando

tsororuwa truck kitika
 335

trumpet famfaini, kakaki understanding basTra

tnink ^tiimn tush- undo alle
trust CtlllClXlCA undoubtedly hakika
truth P'askiva
v^djiKiy hakTka
df iiciiviivci uninhabited house, town
uy
trv owaHa iarraba twarp kango
i'CP'i'CP
ijcijc iiyfl\/ union, club, party
tiihp (nf f\Te) inatu, tib iam 'i wa
tuber mabiiniisar asa UillL guda
tii}^Ar/^iilr^cic tThi university jami'a
tuck under maa 1 in I1 ir^L'xz hagu
tuft (of hair) tuntu, zanko unripe danye
tune launi unseen gaibi

turban rawani untie kwance

turkey talntaln until har, sai

turn dawaya, juya, waiwaya up against jiki

turn off from rats- upper story bene

turtle ififiya upset gigita
fTATpP7pr hantsaki urine bawali, fitsari, ura.
twenty ashirin, hauya 2, laso sai/sanyi
twins tagwaye use mora
twist gur-, mur-, murza, used to, familiar with
tufka, tuk- saba
two, biyu usefulness amfani
two hundred metan uselessness banza, wofi
typewriter tafireta utter furta

tyrant, oppressor azzalumi uvula beli

tyre taya

V
U
vagina duri, farji, gato, gutsu,

udder hantsa tsele

ugly muni valley kwari, kwazazzabo

ulcer gyambo, kurji, rur-, value daraja, kadari, tamani
miki 2 vanish nits-

ululation gua vapor tururi

umbrella laima 2 vein jijiya, majinaciya

uncircumcised silli Vernonia sp. shiwaka
uncle baffa, kawu, rafa verse baiti

uncover bue, ton- very much ainun, alau

uncultivated sagagi vest falmaran
underneath see Rasa victory nasara
undershirt singileti village auye, (u)nguwa
underskirt fatari village head dagaci
understand fahinta, gani viper bida, kububuwa
336

visit ziyara tabo

vital place makasa wealth diikiya, sam-, wada
vitali7P raya weave saka
inya weaver bird jira

Voandzeici sp. ffuiiva weed (vb.) nom-

voice imi, guni, murya, week mako, sati

sauti welcome lale, maraba

vomit amai, kumallo well (n.) rijiya

vowel wasali (adj.) kalau, lafiya

vulture duki, kolo 2, ungulu west yamma

wet see dampness
vv
TA7pf spa son damina marka
what ? me ?

wages ijara, jinga, lada wheat alkama

waist kwii when in, yaushe
waistcoat falmaran where, how ina, inda
wait dakata, jima, jira, whip bulala, kurfo

saurara whirlwind guguwa

wake up faaka, farka whiskers saj6

walk yawo whisnpf raa

wall bango I, ganuwa, garu, whistle fito, usur
katanga white fari, sabo
wander yawo wickedness sharri

want urint- wide fai

war faa 2, gaba, yaki widowed person bazawar-
warder duroba wife mace
warm up imama will, inclination nufa
warning ffarcai
o o will, testament wasiyya
warrior jarumi wind (n.) ari, hunturu, iska.

warthog 2adu sarara, tusa

wash tsarki, wank- (vb.) na-

washer washa window taca
wasp zanzaro, zirnako vv 111^ fiffike

watch (n.) affoffo winnow bakace, shek-

watching, gazing kallo wipe su-, shaf-
water damina ffulhi rafi wire waya
ruwa I wisdom hikima
ialln kiirtii salka wish likp so
crwamhaya imHppi wisVi amh)ifinn buri
wax kaki 2 wish well fata 2

way see also road hanya, tafarki witch maye 2

weak ajizi, kumama with da

weaken lotsa withdraw noke
weakness ilia, lakwas, rauni. wither yankwan-
 337

witness shaida
wizard waro 2 XYZ
woman mace
womb haifa Xylopici sp. kimba
wood ic(c)e yam doya, gwaza
wooden bowl akushi yara 1^3 rt.; yadi
wool ulu yawning hamma
word y cdi udiid, udiiiind, sneKara
in or
kala y cimig Ihu
1

worK aib-_ nrm- yciiuw idwdyd

workman lebura yes dWU/ 1; lid dill

workplace ma diKdia yesterday jiya

works department fidaburdi (not) yet tukun(a)

vj-Liiii y ci yoghurt kindirmo
WKJLlll Ldlld yolk gwaiduwa
worth daraja youngest child auta
WUIIIIU 111X1\1 IdLllli youth saurayi
wrap KUIlod; lUilUUd youthfulness uruciya
wrapper zane zeal, determination
wrciiLii Uldlld aniya, himma, niyya
wrestling kokawa zero sifiri

wring mur-, murza zinc tutiya

write rubutu, wallafa zipper zik

writing board alio Ziziphus sp. kurna, magarya

 A NOTE ON THE TYPE

This text is set in Stone, created in 1987 for Adobe Sys-

tems by Sumner Stone in a family of three styles
(Serif, SanS; and Informal), all three in roman and ital-

ic versions, and in three weights. John Renner added

a matching set of phonetic characters for all three
styles of roman Stone, which make the family particu-
larly useful for scholarly work, of which this book is
an example.
Stone Serif has a large aperture and a colossal x-
height which, together with its crisp and supple draft-
ing, makes it legible even in small type sizes (the text

of this book is set in 10 point type, which in more

elegant faces would be uncomfortably diminutive). Its

details may be appreciated in the 30-point lower-case

letters which head each alphabetical group.
 WHSTAFRIKANISCHE STUDIEN
FR\NKFURTER BEITRAGE ZUR SPRACH- UND ULTURGESCHICHTE
HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HERRMANN JUNGRAITHMAYR UND NORBERT CyFFER

Bd. 1 : Herrmann Jungraithmayr und Gudrun Miehe (Hrsg.), Mitteilungen des

Sonderforschungsbereichs 268 (Burkina Faso und Nordostnigeria), 1994,
224 S., 2 s/w- Fotos, zahlr. Abb. und Tabellen ISBN 3-927620-42-4

Bd. 2: Philip John Jaggar, The Blacksmiths of Kano City. A Study in Tradition,
Innovation and Entrepreneurs hip, 1994, X, 1 10 S. ISBN 3-927620-43-2

Bd. 3: NorbertCyffer, English-Kanuri Dictionary, 1994, XIV, 226 S.

ISBN 3-927620-44-0

Bd. 4: Petr Zima, Lexique Dendi (Songhay). Avec un index Frangais-Dendi, 1994,
X, 322 S. ISBN 3-927620-45-9

Bd. 5: John Hall (ed. by H. Jungraithmayr and J. Adelberger), Religion, Myth and
Magic in Tangale, 1994, XX, 217 S. ISBN 3-927620-46-7

Bd. 6: Raymond Boyd, Historical Perspectives on Chamba Daka, 1994, 206 S.,
35 Tabellen,arte 1 ISBN 3-927620-47-5

Bd. 7: D. Ibriszimow / A.M. Gimba (ed.). Bole Language and Documentation Unit
BOLDU, Report I, 1994, 137 S., zahlr. arten und Abb.
ISBN 3-927620-48-3

Bd. 8: Rudolf Leger, Fine Grammatik der Kwami-Sprache (Nordostnigeria), 1994,

XX, 312 S., 1 arte ISBN 3-927620-49-1

Bd. 9: Graham Fumiss, Ideology in Practice. Hausa Poetry as Exposition of Values

and Viewpoints, 1995, XII, 245 S. ISBN 3-927620-51-3

Bd. 10: Michael BroB / Ahmad Tela Baba, Dictionary of Hausa Crafts. A Dialectal
Documentation IKamus na Sana 'o 'in Hausa. Bincike Kan Karin Harshen
Hausa, drawings by / zane daga A.T. Sati, 1996, XVIII, 275 S., 107
Zeichnungen, 17 s/w-Fotos ISBN 3-927620-52-1

Bd. 11: Neil Skinner, Hausa Comparative Dictionary, 1996, XXXII, 344 S.

ISBN3-927620-53-X

Bd. 12: James R. Bruce Lockhart, Clapperton in Borno, Journals of the Travels ...
240 S., lOarten, 1 s/w-Foto, 9 Zeichnungen ISBN 3-927620-54-8

Further volumes in preparation / Weitere Bande in Vorbereitung.

RUDIGER KOPPE VeRLAG KOLN
ISBN 3-927620-53-X