21 March 2017

ME5542 Advanced Modelling and Design

(2016/7) Assignment Report

Student Name: Rodrigo Soria Monteserin. ID:1543293

Contents

- Introduction

- Main Objectives

- Material. Key factor in product design

- Material evolution: From cast iron to injection moulded polymers

- Recent innovations and material application

- Case of Study: Travel hair dryer with folding handle

- Disassembly

- Material selection: Both view physical and metaphysical

- Critical Review of the Materials

- Framework of product design

- References

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Introduction

This report presents an evaluation of the design of a common household product. Reverse
engineering and disassembly were conducted to the appliance by a group of postgraduate
students. Following the British Standard BS7000-2:2015 (BS7000) guidelines, the common
aim of the group was to analyse and understand an integrate approach to design. Safety,
function, manufacture and materials were the chosen aspects within the wide context of
product design. The topic of design for materials and its selection methodologies is illustrated
in this report.

Integrated approach to the design means bringing together specialism which normally are
considered separately. The concept of integrated design represents an effective practice to
create manufactured product with market appeal and customer satisfaction. Considering the
complexity of putting in practice the process of integrated design, BS7000 represents a helpful
guide for managing the design of manufactured products. It deals with every stage of the
design, from the concept to the end-of-life of the product, with an overview at both project and
organizational level [1].

The chosen product must meet some requirements which are necessary to fulfil and not
exceed the academic scope of the study:

New/present-day product.
A low price and easy access to the product.
Consist of several components that can be easily disassembly.
Not being too complex due to the limited time.

Having in mind the above constrains, the product selection was carried out collectively by
sharing ideas and interest among all the members of the group. A travel hairdryer with a folding
handle was the final choice after agreeing that hosts many relevant aspects of engineering
which are related to the process of design. In fact, hairdryers could be considered a mature
consumer product since they have been developed for over a century. This is translated into
several technical innovations and changes in materials that can provide a useful source of
information for the end of this research. From design for material point of view, the hairdryer
content a variety of components from metal, through polymers to minerals (mica) which
represent a good variety of raw materials to learn from.

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Main objectives

- To practice the guidelines recommended in the BS 7000 by analysing the design of a

common household item.
- To research and analysed the properties and application of a variety of materials.
- To understand methods of selecting material from both the technical and the
industrial design point of view.
- To establish the base of an integrated design for material which stimulates creativity
and innovation.

Materials. Key factor in product design.

Any designer who aims to excel in product design should be attracted by the art of material
selection [2]
. Materials play a central role when it comes to provide products with the
appropriate aesthetics and technical solutions for todays competitive market. Because of that
I am interested in this rich topic. Thus, I would like to describe two historical examples that
could arouse the curiosity in this aspect of design. They are the cases of Dunlop and Itera
Bicycle that illustrate a successful and a failed innovation projects respectively.

In the early 1980s, a Swedish corporation called Itera attempt to improve the bicycle by
replacing metal with plastic fibre composite materials and using injection moulding. The Itera
bicycles was launched to the market in 1982. However, its design that was necessary due to
the low Youngs modulus of the fibre-reinforced polymer, wasnt found attractive at that time.
On the top of that, the weight was approximately 16kg higher and the torsional rigidity inferior
than the traditional metal bicycles. Consequently, the project ended after three years of
commercial failure [3]. Today, people hardly knows about Itera Bicycles company.

Figure 1 Drawing of Itera Bicycle [3].

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Quite opposite, the history of Dunlop which is a well-known company for most people. Its
success comes from an innovation launched at end of the 19th century. Then, the outside part
of tyres for bicycles and wagons, was usually made of wood and steel. Although the patent for
pneumatic tyres was done in 1845, its application took place when Dunlop introduced the use
[4]
of rubber in pneumatic tyres in 1888 . Today, over a 100 year later, this breakthrough still
dominates the tyres market and illustrates how crucial material selection can be.

Material evolution: From cast iron to injection moulded polymers.

The hair dryer was invented in 1890 by a French stylist,

Alexander F. Godfrey, for his salon. It was a large, seated
version that consisted of a bonnet attached to a chimney pipe
of a gas stove (Figure 2). Surprisingly, the inspiration behind
this invention was the vacuum cleaner which people use for
drying and styling their hair [5].

Early first hand-held hair dryers were put on the market in

1920. They were made from zinc die casting or pressed steel
sheet and therefore they were bulky and weighting over 1kg.
The power of those blow dryer was very limited, at barely 100 watts. When electric hairdryers
became widely available around 1945, metal mentality were still Figure 2: First Hair dryer.
[6]
there since metals could be easily cast pressed and machined. Nevertheless, metal parts
require numerous fasteners to held them together and this make assembly rather complicated.
This fact, together with their weight and safety problems (insulation was necessary to prevent
electrocution or burns because of the metal conductivity) constituted an indication of the
necessity to find new material alternatives.

The evolution of polymers brought that required alternative. The first polymer used in a
hairdryer was Bakelite (phenolic resin) [6]
. However, those first plastic hair dryers didnt take
the advantages of the new material since they hold even more fastener and the shape imitate
the traditional metal device. Soon after, the advantages of polymers would be understood
(gloss colours, easy moulding allowing complex form, lightness, low thermal and electric
conductivity) and they have become an essential material in any engineering area. Little had
change in the way that hair dryer function is achieved since then. However, their performance
and handling have radically improved due to technical and material innovations [6].

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Recent innovations and material application.

As mentioned, the fundamental design of blow hairdryers has not been changed significantly
during the last 70 years. Their qualities have been notably improved with regard to safety,
handling and power which has been boosted approximately 20fold. The heat produced by
todays hairdryers is already in the theoretical maximum value that hair and skin can be
exposed without causing any damaging [7]. Therefore, other aspects for improvement must be
considered. Some significant innovations are directly related to design for material as it is
illustrated in the next examples.

Ceramics

Generally, ceramics are made mixing clay with other earthen elements and then heating them
up at high temperature. Certain bio-ceramic that contains aluminium oxide and silica oxide
can radiate far-infrared radiation (FIR) and emit negative ions. FIR heat penetrates the hair
shaft to dry it from inside. Infrared heat does not warm the exterior of the hair, resulting in less
[8]
surface damage . Negative ions break down water molecules at a faster pace. This results
in the hair being exposed to damaging heat for a shorter time, leaving it less vulnerable to
damage [9].

There are two common technics to incorporate ceramic materials into hairdryers. First, coating
the wire or interior parts with it. Secondly, integrating a radiator made of ceramic into the body.
Although these technologies are cheaper than other ionizing solutions, traditional hairdryer
still represents the most economic option [10].

Tourmaline and titanium

Tourmaline is a precious stone that is crushed into microscopic bits and infused into the
material that make up the dryers internal parts. Naturally tourmaline emits negative ions and
infrared when heats up as well as ceramics. Although tourmaline cost more than ceramics, it
seems to be more effective [11]. However, the best material in producing FIR and negative ions
is titanium which can maintain stability at high temperatures and is lighter than the others.
Nevertheless, the application of this negative ion technology can be problematic due to, for
example, the fact that it can require extensive modifications to existing processes, thus
[12]
increasing costs associated with those processes . Therefore, traditional hairdryer would
stay in the market for longer as an economic alternative to the new expensive technologies.

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Case of study: Travel hair dryer with folding handle.

Working principle

The hairdryer speeds up the evaporation of water from the hair's surface. The hot air emitted
from a hair dryer increases the temperature of the air surrounding each strand of hair. Since
warm air can contain more moisture than air at room temperature, more water can move from
your hair into the air. The increase in temperature also makes it easier for the individual
molecules in a water droplet to overcome their attraction to one another and move from a
[7]
liquid to a gas state . To generate the blast of hot air, the hair dryer only needs: an electric
circuit, a heating element and a motor-driven. Those elements transform electric energy into
convective heat as follows:

1. Current flows through the electric circuit when you plug in the hair dryer and turn the
switch to "on,".
2. The circuit first supplies power to the heating element which is bare, coil wire that acts
as a resistor. Consequently, the wire gets hot and drop the voltage of the current from
240/125V to 12V.
3. The 12V current then makes the small electric motor spin, which turns the fan.
4. The airflow generated by the fan is directed down the barrel of the hairdryer, over and
through the heating element.
5. When the air goes through the heated element, the generated heat warms the air
by forced convection.
6. The hot air blast out from the end of the barrel.

Figure 3 Basic elements of a hair dryer [12]

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Focusing on Heating Element and Housing

Among all the components of the hairdryer, the wire used in the heating element and the
housing will be analysed in depth in terms of material selection. To this end, a listing of the
technical requirements and a general description of those parts are presented below. Those
specifications are needed further in the study.

Heating Element:

The heating element consist in two parts, a conductive bare coil wire and a non-conductive
material where the resistor wire is mounted (Figure 4). The mount is generally made of
ceramic, fiberglass or plastic and the wire is a high resistant metal. Considering the working
principle described previously, the material used as resistor wire should have high electrical
resistivity to produce more heat. Then, it must withstand working temperatures between 40C
to 60C to avoid melting. Although, it would be protected by cutting off switches that act when
temperatures exceed the limit. In addition, knowing that hairdryers work in moist conditions,
another essential property of this material is resistance against oxidation at high temperatures.
Furthermore, processability to shape material as wire, durability against flammability and
obviously cost, complete the list of specification considered for the study (table 2)

Figure 4 Heating Element

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Housing:

Typically, two symmetrical pieces constitute and L-shape shell that host the other parts:
heating element, motor-driven and fan. In this case, the housing is conformed for four pieces
because the handle must fold up (Figure 5). This handle should allow room for control switches
and the electric circuit. Back to housing, the body should be water-proof for safety reason
since the risk of electrical shock is high. Regarding handling, low thermal conductivity and
weight would be essential properties of the chosen material for both handle and main body.
To sum up, the critical requirements are low density (), low thermal conductivity (), being
water proof and corrosion resistant.

Figure 5 Housing components

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Disassembly

As previous meeting that were hold, the process of disassembly our appliance was carried out
for all members of the group. Following the concept of integrate approach to design, the end
of those meeting was sharing and collecting ideas from different point of views within the
general objective in order to achieve our personal goals too [1].

The first attempt to open the hairdryer was abandoned when we realized that we didnt have
the right equipment. The external screws were not the commons slot or cross head bolts.
Instead, spanner slot coated screw where placed, possibly to avoid tampering but further
discussion will be held about this. Considering the wet environment in which the device is
used, those screws are made of stainless steel to prevent corrosion. They are coated with
black enamel paint (japanning) for decorative purpose [13].

When we got the spanner screwdriver, we could take apart the folding handle (Figure 6)
which host switch controls, wires and the majority of the component of the electric circuit. All
those elements are well fixed without using any fastener due to a smart design. To this end,
the inner part of the handle has been moulding with interlocks that provide a mount for those
components. That complex moulding with interlocks gives structural rigidity to the elements
also. We considered that the design was smart because of its simplicity with a reduce number
of components and fasteners. There are only 2 screws that prevent the power cable to be
pulled off from the switch where electrics wires are soldered.

Figure 6 ABS part of the folding handle

Contrary to the rest of the housing which is made of Polypropylene (PP), the handle is made
of a different thermoplastic, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). This polymer (used in
LEGO toys [14]) has a strong resistant to corrosive chemical and physical impact. It is very easy
to machine and has a low melting temperature making it particularly simple to use in injection
moulding manufacturing. However, likely the reason behind choosing this more expensive
(roughly twice PP) choice comes from its higher toughness, hardness and resistance against

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impacts. Hairdryer that have not folding handle are usually made of PP (2 symmetrical piece
of PP). However, the handle of our case must be stronger because its ability to fold. That fact
creates a weak point where the rotation axis is located and therefore the material should be
as strong as possible.

After removing the handle, we could procced to investigate the rest of the body. Unlike the
handle, the housing hasnt screws. Consist in two parts, the barrel and the back filter which
are attached to each other by the inner shape of the circular edges and a plastic fastener
(Figure 5). Then, the flexibility and strength of polypropylene PP was put under test when we
introduce a screwdriver as lever to separate the coupling. Again, it was noticed that this
hairdryer is not design to be open or fix. That it can also be understood as a marketing strategy
since a new item need to be bought by not allowing reparation. However, this could be change
because the filter has no access and it must be cleaned when gets block of hair and debris.
Off course, this is a cheap solution but it could be improved in my view.

Continuing with thermoplastic material, we have a look to the rubber (in figure 7) which is
made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is widely used plastic which finds applications in many
industries (such as building, transport and electrical/electronic) and provide many popular and
necessary products. Unlike other plastics that are entirely obtained from oil, it is produced form
two starting materials: 57% of the weight (chlorine) come from common salt and 43% derived
from crude oil (hydrocarbon). PVC is a highly versatile polymer since can be clear or coloured,
rigid or flexible depended on the additives. It has excellent electrical insulation properties,
flexibility, ease of handling in installation and inherent flame retardation. That is why is ideal
for cabling. PVC cables do not harden and crack but its recyclability depend on the additives.

Figure 7. Cable and rubber

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Now moving to the internal parts (Figure 8), we found another major plastic, polycarbonate
(PC) in the fan and its housing. PC is one of the most widely used engineering thermoplastic
due to its properties that makes a very versatile and cost-effective material. Transparency,
excellent toughness, thermal and dimensional stability are its key properties. The main benefit
of this material respect the other thermoplastics is its great strength along with being light-
weight. It is heavier and less flexible than PP but much more tough which is much preferable
for its vibrational dampening benefits, considering the fairly fast spin of the fan. Overall, this
material is best suited for this kind of application.

Figure 8 Internal components, rubber and power cable

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Material Selection: Both view Physical and Metaphysical.

Successful products depend on blending the technical and industrial design. In other words,
the product must fulfil functional attributes (mechanical and thermal performance, cost,
[15]
durability) and metaphysical attributes or personality . Many different methods for material
selection and design have been presented over the las couple of decades. Traditionally, most
methods were limited to the material as a physical entity to give shape for a product. However,
new methods of selecting material in which both physical and metaphysical properties are
analysed, have been developed in recent years [16].

Table 1. The direct relationships between metaphysical and physical properties for different components.

In this report, two selecting method are presented to explain these two different aspects of
product design. Therefore, an internal component, the wire, introduced the process of
choosing a material considering physical aspects. On the other hand, an external part, the
casing account for the selection beyond the technical aspects. The reason behind the choice
of those specific components for each material selection criteria is showed in table 1. It seems
clear that properties such as aesthetics are not relevant for internal components and instead
technical functions play a key role. The opposite occurs for external components where
aesthetics and associations of the component are critical when creating an adequate design.
An example of selection material from the physical point of view previously done is exposed
as follows. [17]

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Selection material process for an internal component: the metal coil wire

The Cambridge Engineering Selection (CES) software has been used to assist with the
selection process of the resistor wire. The requirement commented in a previous section,
which are summarized in the table below, correspond to the inputs introduced in the program
that provide the specifications of the possible materials.

High service temperature; (Tmin) >120C

Being resistant to oxidation at about 100C
Low thermal conductivity ()
Durability against flammability
High heating resistivity; (e)> 100 ohm.cm
Processability; (producing the material as wire)
Cost
The data obtained with CES is given in the table 2, where material performs is evaluated for
each of the design specification considered. Processability is rated as the material utilization
fraction which shows a measure of the process efficiency. The range of values goes from 1-
5 where 5 in the highest rank. The same scale 1-5 is used for the evaluation of oxidation
resistance where again 5 is the best. Durability against flammability is selected in the options
of the software as very good and therefore, all the material listed (table 2) satisfy this
condition.

Table 2. Material candidates for Heating Element.

Oxidation Thermal
MATERIAL CANDIDATES Resistivity Max Service Resistanc Process- conductivity Price
ohm.cm Temperature e ability (W/K.m) TL/kg
Nickel Chromium Alloy
(NIMONIC81, heat treated) 135 1130 5 5 10 25
Titanium Beta Alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) 166 266 4 4 8 65

Nickel- Molybdenum Alloy (Hastelloy W) 150 655 5 4 10 20

Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Moly Alloy
(Inconel 617) 125 1094 5 5 12 20
Nickel-Chromium-Iron Resistance Alloy
(Nichrome,annealed) 116 1100 5 5 9 12
Nickel Tungsten Alloy (MAR-M 200) 120 987 5 3 12 20

The next step in the material selection process is the application of weighted property method.
In order to decide the best material among candidates given by CES software. In this method,

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each material requirement (or property) is assigned a certain weight (which depends on its
importance to the performance of the design). This method is applied as follows:

1) Scale: Values in each column, are divided by the highest property value in that column
and multiplied by 100. Table 3.
Table 3 Scale values for the heating element.

2) Revision of the scale table: Price and thermal conductivity are rescaled in order to
simplify calculation. Considering that the cheaper the material is, the higher the rank
should be, the cost is categorized from 5 to 1. Similarly, the thermal conductivity is
rescaled, obtaining the revised value.

Table 4 Scaled values for the heating element

Oxidation Thermal
REVISED SCALING FACTOR Resistivity Max Service Resistanc Process- conductivity Price
ohm.cm Temperature e ability (W/K.m) TL/kg
Nickel Chromium Alloy
(NIMONIC81, heat treated) 81.3 100.0 100 100 100.0 80.0
Titanium Beta Alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) 100.0 23.5 80 80 100.0 40.0

Nickel- Molybdenum Alloy (Hastelloy W) 90.4 58.0 100 80 100.0 80.0

Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Moly Alloy
(Inconel 617) 75.3 96.8 100 100 80.0 80.0
Nickel-Chromium-Iron Resistance Alloy
(Nichrome,annealed) 69.9 97.3 100 100 100.0 80.0
Nickel Tungsten Alloy (MAR-M 200) 72.3 87.3 100 60 100.0 40.0

3) Application of Digital Logic Method: specifications are compared one by one and then
the values 1 or 0 are assigned to the superior and inferior property respectively.

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Table 5 Application of Digital Logic Method.

4) Weighing Factor: Firstly, the sum of positive decision for each property must be done.
The weighting Factor is the total positive decisions for each property divided by the
total number of comparison which is 15 in this example.
Table 6 Weighting Factor

5) Weighted values are calculated by multiplying the weighting factor by the

corresponding scale value. Finally, the total sum of weighted property for each
material, which is called material performance index (), indicate the theoretical best
fit among the candidates introduced by CES (Table 7).

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Table 7 Results for the Wire Selection by Properties Methods

Scaled Max Scaled Scaled Scaled

Scale Service Oxidation Process- Thermal Scaled
Resistivity Temperature* Resistanc ability*0. conductivity Price*.0 Index ()
*0.26 0.07 e *0.07 33 *0.07 2
Nickel Chromium Alloy
(NIMONIC81, heat treated) 21.1 7.0 7 33 7.0 16 91.1
Titanium Beta Alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) 26.0 1.6 5.6 26.4 7.0 8 74.6

Nickel- Molybdenum Alloy (Hastelloy W) 23.5 4.1 7 26.4 7.0 16 84.0

Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Moly Alloy
(Inconel 617) 19.6 6.8 7 33 5.6 16 88.0
Nickel-Chromium-Iron Resistance Alloy
(Nichrome,annealed) 18.2 6.8 7 33 7.0 20 92.0
Nickel Tungsten Alloy (MAR-M 200) 18.8 6.1 7 19.8 5.6 16 73.3

As is highlighted in the table above, Nickel-Chromium-Iron Resistance Alloy (Nichrome) has

the highest performance index. However, it needs to be underline that the described method
is only a tool to help designers in their final decision. Obviously, when selecting materials for
further considerations must be taken. For instance, it can be observed that Nickel Chromium
Alloy (NIMONIC) represent a strong candidate too. Despite its higher price, it has slightly
higher resistivity. Therefore, NIMONIC could be an optimal choice for a company where
already with another material could had easy access to this specific material which, in that
case, would be cheaper for them. Or their manufacturing chains and equipment is already
setting up for that material and it would be difficult to incorporate a new one. To sum up, those
are the type of consideration that must be taken when designing which makes the process of
design a complex task since countless factors get involved.

Selection material for external part: the housing

Remembering from previous pages, the casing of our travel hairdryer is made of
Polypropylene (PP) that meets the physical restrictions of low density (), low thermal
conductivity (), being water proof and corrosion resistant. As mentioned, non-physical factors
have an influence beyond those constrains when selecting a material for a specific application.

Then now, it is explained briefly the reason because PP, which is again a versatile
thermoplastic such as ABS and PC, meets the physical requirements. Thus, it has high melting
point (safety) and low density (handling) with relative high strength (unlike to break) and those
are obviously triggers points when selecting material for this application. Other properties
include low level of electrical conductivity, allowing it to be highly effective in electronic
products. Finally, it is very flexible, as was experienced during disassembling process, and

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that make it resistant against impacts (protection against knocks and dropping). However,
these considerations are not enough when it comes to create a successful design.

Therefore, according to Mike Asbhy and Kara Johnson who have written a masterpiece book
with regard to Material and Design, [15] the design of a product must balance three conditions,
Function, Use and Personality. So far, this material selection has deal with the function
conditions and a bit of the use one. Therefore, further considerations should be analysed in
respect of use and personality.

Regarding use, it has been mention the light weight of PPs which can contribute positively to
the handling of the dryer. However, one more property of PP, ergonomic, must be mention
and this is its possibilities when moulding. PP allows designer to go for complicated shapes
that would help to meet the ergonomic restrictions needed for comfortable and safe use of the
device. Environmentally, it is easily recyclable and its manufacturing produces significantly
less amount of CO2 and solid waste than PVC [18]

Moving to metaphysical aspects; aesthetic, associations, perceived and emotional attributes

form the personality of the product. [6]
. Additives can be used in PP to customize its
appearance and make the hairdryer more appealing for customers. However, what really
customers want? Is possible telling them what they would like to buy? Giving a right feeling
or personality, represent a big bite in product design. Again, it shows its complexity and the
necessity of an integrated process.

To sum up, there are many ways, software and methods to selecting materials but this
selection must be incorporated in a bigger picture which is product design. Notice that within
product design several areas of analysis must be considered: manufacturing, assembly,
safety, function, even culture, etc.

Critical Review of Material selection.

Considering the high amount of similar electronic devices in todays market, the selection
process for our appliance may attend at, what is called, selection by similarity. [15] Being many
examples in the market at designer disposal, this should be a type of guide, in order to find a
proper solution. In fact, it may happen that when factors such as the qualities of the item, the
type of customer and the expected use are chosen, then a specific material could immediately
show up. Or, even more, a material could be selected just because the rest of the world uses
which completely kills any chance of innovation or creativity. In that case, designing an
external component would be limited at finding a right shape from ergonomics and personality
(aesthetic, associations) point of view.

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Providing a product with those attributes, it has become crucial for the company survival.
Specially, in a saturated market where hairdryer is involved. Therefore, the fact that this is a
travel hairdryer with a folding handle, clearly represents a marketing strategy to possibly find
a gap in this extremely competitive word. Notice that, this model of dryer rarely would be the
main hairdryer in a house. Hence, this fact compromise the qualities established and so the
selection of economic materials for the item.

Framework of product design.

Along this report, the idea of integrated approach to product design has been presented. As
students working in a group. We have noticed the importance of teamworking to implement
this integrated design and to understand how complicated and massive the subject of process
[6]
design is. In mi opinion, the bubble analogy presented by Mike and Kara which illustrates
an unstructured design process. That perfectly explain how a highly efficient designer works.
She/he must move from the initial concept to the final bubble jumping in that ocean of
resources, question and decision to be taken.

Figure 9 Bubbles in the Design Process

Before finishing this section, I would like to briefly give my opinion about the evolution in
product design. When researching, one can find many authors suggesting methodologies,
software and new complex ways of integrated approached. BS7000 establishes guidelines
and rules to be follow in order to success. Obviously, these guides and recommendations
can be very helpful and some of them are the base or starting point of todays cutting-edge

19/ 22
technologies. Naturally, the uncountable number of factor involve in the process of design
today, make obligatory to establish ways of action for effective engineering and design.
However, I found that designers may get lost following those rules and methodologies since
there are plenty of then and it doesnt exist clear consensus or evenness. Of course, design
is a complex subject and it is not easy to simplify but the path that product design is taking
doesnt seem very efficient to me. At least, with regard to innovation, Because that many rules
could really cut off the creativity of designers.

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References

[1] British Standards Institution, 2015. BS 7000-2:2015 Design management Systems. Part 2: guide to
managing the design of manufactured product.

[2] Ashby, M.F., Johnson, K. The art of materials selection, Materials Today, 2003.

[3] Fixer Gear Box, Itera Plastic Bike, 2008. http://fixedgearbikes.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/itera-

plastic-bike.html
[Accessed:10/03/2017]

[4] Dunlop, Our 124-Year Journey, 2017. http://www.dunloptires.com/en-US/company/tire-history

[Accessed:14/03/2017]

[5] The New York Times magazine, Who Made That Hair Dryer? 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/magazine/who-made-that-hair-dryer.html
[Accessed:12/03/2017]

[6] Ashby, M.F., Johnson, K. The art of materials selection in product design, 2002. pp 20-23

[7] Madehow, How Hairdryer is Made, 2016. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Hair-Dryer.html

[Accessed: 03/03/2017]

[8] Kakuya, Y., Shindo, M. (1990) Infra-Red hair dryer. US4910382

https://www.google.com/patents/US4910382

[9] Ramchandani, P., (2001), Ionizing hair dryer. US6191930

https://www.google.com/patents/US6191930

[10] Slingo, F.,(2002) Hair dryer employing far-infrared radiation, US6378225

https://www.google.com/patents/US6378225

[11] Ryu, J., (2004),Hair drier having a pad for generating far-infrared rays and anions and method
for making the pad. US6798982.
https://www.google.com/patents/US6798982

[12] Andrewss Blog, How do Hairdryers Work? , 2016

https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa16/2016/12/02/how-do-hairdryers-work/
[Accessed: 11/03/2017]

[13] Plastic News, Lego looking for a sustainable replacement for ABS, 2014
http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20140218/NEWS/140219915/lego-looking-for-a-sustainable-
replacement-for-abs
[Accessed: 19/03/2017]

[14] PVC, What is PVC? 2012

http://www.pvc.org/en/p/what-is-pvc [Accessed: 19/03/2017]

[15] Ashby, M.F., Johnson, K. The art and Science of Materials selection in Product Design, 2014.

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[16] Ljungberg, L.Y., Edwards, K.L,(2003) Design, material selection and marketing of successful
products. 2003

[17] Ercisli, E., (2011). Material Selection Process for Hair Dyer Components, 2011.

[18] Composite, Todd Johnson, What Is Polypropylene, 2014.

http://composite.about.com/od/Plastics/a/What-Is-Polypropylene.htm
[Accessed: 20/02/2017]

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