2- DIESEL, GAS TURBINE AND COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS

Syllabus: Otto, Diesel, Dual & Brayton Cycle - Analysis & Optimisation. Components of Diesel and Gas Turbine power plants.
Combined Cycle Power Plants. Integrated Gasifier based Combined Cycle systems.

Assumptions for ideal Air standard cycles:

Cycle follows the law pV=mRT
Working medium has constant specific heats
Working medium does not undergo any chemical change
Process is reversible
Kinetic energy and potential energy neglected
Engine operation is frictionless

Otto cycle: Otto cycle:

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
Process 2-3: Constant volume heat addition QS=mCv(T3-T2)
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection QR=mCv(T4-T1)
Workdone, W = QS-QR
1 4
Compression ratio, r = =
2 3

4 1 1
Otto= =1 =1
3 2 1

(1) ( (1) (1)

Mean Effective Pressure, MEP or Pm = = 1
(1) (1)

Power, P = W x mf
Diesel cycle: Diesel cycle:
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition QS=mCp(T3-T2)
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection QR=mCv(T4-T1)
Workdone, W = QS-QR
4
Compression ratio,r= 1;Cut-off ratio,= 3;Expansion ratio= =
2 2 3
(4 1 ) 1 1
Diesel=1-
(3 2 )
= 1 1 ( 1
)
1 [(1) 1 ( 1)]
Mean Effective Pressure, Pm = =
1 2 (1)(1)

Dual cycle/ Mixed cycle / Limited pressure cycle
Dual cycle/ Mixed cycle / Limited pressure cycle
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
Process 2-3: Isochoric heat additionQs1 = mCv(T3-T2)
Process 3-4: Isobaric heat additionQs2 = mCp(T4-T3)
Process 4-5: Isentropic expansion
Process 5-1: Isochoric heat rejection QR = mCv(T5-T1)
1 3
Compression ratio, = ; Pressure ratio, =
2 2
4 5 1
Cut-off ratio, = ; Expansion ratio, =
3 4 4

(5 1 ) 1 1
Efficiency, = 1 ( = 1 [ ]
3 2 )+(4 3 ) ()1 (1)+(1)

1 [(1)+(1)()1 ( 1)]
Mean Effective Pressure, = (1)(1)
Efficiency Vs Compression ratio: Constant compression ratio Vs Heat supplied:
Otto cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 ; Dual cycle: 1-2-2-3-4-1
Otto>Dual>Diesel Diesel cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 Otto>Dual>Diesel

Maximum pressure Vs Heat supplied: Diesel > Otto Maximum Pressure Vs Maximum Temperature:
Otto cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 ; Diesel cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 Otto Cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 ; Dual Cycle: 1-2-3-3-4-1
Diesel Cycle: 1-2-3-4-1 Qs (Otto)<Qs(dual)<Qs(Diesel)
Otto>Dual>Diesel

Brayton cycle or Joule cycle: Brayton cycle: pV and Ts diagrams

Brayton cycle or Joule cycle: Brayton cycle with regeneration:
Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression
Process 2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition
Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4-1: Isobaric Heat Rejection
Heat Supplied, Qs= mCp(T3-T2)
Heat Rejected, Qr= mCp(T4-T1)
4 1 1
Efficiency, = 1 ( )=1 1
3 2 ( )

1
2 3 1
Pressure ratio, = = ; Work ratio = 1 (( ) )
1 4 3
Diesel cycle power plant: Brayton cycle with regeneration: The heat energy of exhaust
Maximum capacity range of 2MW to 50MW. gases of the turbine is used to heat the air after compression in the
Used as standby plant and mobile power plant. heat exchanger is called regeneration.
Used as peak load plant. 3 2 3 2
Advantages: Effectiveness, = =
5 6 5 2
Can be locate and relocate at any place.
Heat supplied, QS = mCp(T4-T3)
Water requirement is less for cooling.
Simple plant design and fuel handling is easy. Heat rejected, QR = mCp(T6-T1)
High thermal efficiency.
Turbine work, WT = mCp(T4-T5)
Disadvantages:
Diesel fuel and lubrication are costly. Compressor work, WC = mCp(T2-T1)
Limited capacity upto 50MW. 1 1
Maintenance charge and noise level are high. Efficiency, = 1

= 1
6 1
= 1
1 2
( )

= 1
1
( )
4 3 4 1 4
Brayton cycle with reheater: Brayton cycle with reheater pV Brayton cycle with reheater:
diagram: Exhaust air from the first
turbine in once again passed
into the heating chamber is
called reheater.
WC = mCp(T2-T1);
Wp = mCp(T3-T4)+mCp(T5-T6)

For max. work, 3 = 5
4 6
[where, p1=p6 ; p2=p3]
4 = 5 = 3 6 = 1 2

Brayton cycle with intercooling: Brayton cycle with intercooling: Brayton cycle with
intercooling:
WT = mCp(T5-T6)
WC=mCp(T2-T1)+mCp(T4-T3)
Perfect intercooling,
T1=T3 & T2=T4
Intermediate pressure for
perfect intercooling
3 = 2 = 1 4 = 5 6
Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating
and regenerating:
Brayton cycle with intercooling,
reheating and regenerating:
Brayton cycle with
intercooling, reheating and
regenerating:
WC=mCp(T2-T1)+mCp(T4-T3)
WT=mCp(T6-T7)+mCp(T8-T9)
QS=mCp(T6-T5)+mCp(T8-T7)
QR=mCp(T10-T1)+mCp(T2-T3)
Efficiency, = 1

(6 5 ) + (8 7 )
=1
(10 1 ) + (2 3 )

Diesel power plant: Diesel power plant types:

Peak load plants; Mobile plants;
Stand-by units; Emergency
plant;
Nursery station; Starting
stations;
Central stations
Diesel engine power plant
circuits:
Diesel engine
Engine starting system
Fuel system
Air intake system
Exhaust system
Engine cooling system
Lubrication system
Starting system
Governing system
The Engine: Engine starting system:
Starting by an auxiliary engine
Use of electric motors or self-starters
Compressed air system
Air intake system:
Scavenging pump for two stroke engine
Supercharger and turbo charger for four stroke engine

Exhaust system:
Fuel system: Fuel system: CRDI Fuel system: Individual pump

Fuel system: Rotary distributor unit Fuel system: CAV fuel injection Fuel system: Fuel Injector
pump

Lubrication system: Splash type Lubrication system: Pressure type

Lubrication system: Semi-pressure type Lubrication system: Dry sump type

Cooling system: Thermo-syphon type Cooling system: Thermostat type

Cooling system: Evaporative cooling type

Selection of Diesel Engines: Site selection for Diesel power plants

Amount of fuel burned per minute Foundation sub-soil condition
Brake mean effective pressure Distance from the load centre
Fuel injection system and Combustion process Access to the site
Fuel-air ratio and type of engine Availability of water
Cooling method and Size of cylinder Fuel transportation
Volumetric efficiency and Specific weight
Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant: Open cycle gas turbine power plant:
Compressor
Combustion chamber
Case
Diffuser
Liner
Snout
Dome and swirler
Fuel injector
Turbine
Condenser

Closed cycle gas turbine power plant: Semi-Closed cycle gas turbine power plant:

Working of combined intercooler, regenerator and reheater gas turbine power plant

Combined gas turbine-steam turbine plant

Thermionic power generation Principle Combined MHD-Thermionic steam power plant

Thermoelectric power generation Thermoelectric Power Plant

Combined MHD-Gas turbine Power Plant Combined Nuclear-Steam power plant

Combined Gas turbine-Cogeneration Plant Integrated Gasification Combined cycle (IGCC) System