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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2
2. SCOPE OF STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 2
3. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 3
1. Finding catchment area through manual method: ....................................................................... 3
2. Finding catchment area through Google Earth: ........................................................................... 3
3. Comparison table .......................................................................................................................... 3
4. Crop Water Requirement and Irrigation Water Requirement:............................................................. 5

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1. INTRODUCTION

Irrigation is defined as the artificial application of water to the land for the purpose of the raising
crops. A crop requires a certain amount of water at some fixed interval throughout its period of
growth. The basic objective of irrigation is to supplement water to the land so as to obtain
optimum crop yields.

When rainfall at the place is inadequate to meet the water requirement of the crops, then
irrigation is necessary. This is generally for the arid and semi arid region. Irrigation is necessary
when the rainfall in region is adequate but is not evenly distributed over the time. The rainfall in
a region may be sufficient to grow only one crop in a year but it may be inadequate when a
number of crop two to three are grown in the same year. Irrigation is also necessary if a number
of crops are grown during same year in different crops period. Irrigation has many advantages
such as increasing the food production, elimination of mixed cropping, general prosperity,
generation of hydropower, domestic water supply, aforestation , flood control etc. Irrigation may
also have some disadvantages such as water pollution by seepage, may result marshy lands,
breeding of bacteria and mosquitoes causing outbreak of diseases like malaria etc.

Irrigation is very ancient science. Farmers are using their own techniques, source and methods
for construction of different types of canal for the time immemorial. But in Nepal, systematic
development of irrigation has started in 1979 B.S. Chandra canal situated in Saptari district was
the first canal which was constructed in 1985 B.S. Out of total area 147181 sq.km , total
cultivable area of Nepal is 2642000 ha. By the end of fiscal year 2065/066 , total of 1227596 ha
is irrigated by different schemes developed by different agencies. 90% of people are directly or
indirectly depend on agriculture. Irrigation facilities are developed only in terai but small and
negligible in hilly region.

2. SCOPE OF STUDY
Irrigation engineering deals with the planning, designing and maintaining irrigation systems for
the transport and distribution of the water to residential and agricultural sites. The work involved
in the irrigation engineering may be the installation of pipelines and sprinklers or, be involved in
directing water from dams, canals, and rivers. The work is done on the field to evaluate terrain ,
soil , climatic characteristics to optimize the use of water for lawns and agricultural crops.
Computers are oftened employed for modeling techniques to plan blueprints of irrigation systems
and presented to subcontractors or installation technicians. Irrigation engineering deals with the
understanding, developing and designing of the most efficient irrigation system for the area to be
watered. It also includes educating consumers about various types of irrigation systems.

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The scope of this study includes finding discharge, hydrograph, irrigation water requirement.
Also finding catchment area, through manual methods, using Google Earth and use of
CROPWAT software is introduced to us.

3. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The shape of the earth's surface determines how water flows. Hydrology analysis provides a
useful method for describing the physical features of the earth surface. Hydrology analysis can
extract the information about where water comes from and where it is going across on any cell of
a raster data.

Hydrology analysis model can be used to identify the extent of flood, position the pollution
resource of a river, and forecast how changes in that area may affect that flow. This is useful in
many fields, such as regional planning, agriculture, and forestry.

Catchment area

Catchment area states the region or area from which a river usually gets its water or pour out,
that can vary from rivers to lakes be in meters or in km. Catchment basin is an extent or an area
of land where all surface water from rain, melting snow or ice converges to a single point at a
lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another body of water, such
as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.

3.1Finding catchment area through manual method:

The catchment area of a river is determined by using topographic map. The boundary line which
indicates the catchment area of a river passes through the ridges of the terrain around the river.
The ridges are joined and area enclosed shows the catchment area.

3.2Finding catchment area through Google Earth:


Finding catchment area through Google Earth is simpler as the top of the hills surrounding the
river is enclosed which gives us the catchment area.

3.3Comparison table

Method Catchment area Recommendations


1.Manual 6.5 sq.km Area from Google Earth PRO
2.Google Earth pro 6.35 sq.km is more convenient.

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Figure 1 catchment area

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Figure 2 catchment area

4. Crop Water Requirement and Irrigation Water Requirement:


Crop water requirement is the total quantity of water required by the crop from the time it is
sown to the time it is harvested. Irrigation water requirement is the sum of crop water
requirement plus all type of water losses. The visuals from cropwat software is shown below:

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Rice

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Rice

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The hydrograph and graph of Irrigation water requirement are shown below:

For IWR

Month Discharge(cusec)
Jan 0.1
Feb 0.135
Mar 0.225
Apr 0.315
May 0.305
Jun 0.55
Jul 0.275
Aug 0.16
Sep 0.125
Oct 0.04
Nov 0.06
Dec 0.035

IWR
0.6

0.5

0.4

Discharge(cusec) 0.3

IWR
0.2

0.1

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month

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For Hydrograph:

Month Discharge
Jan 0.253227277
Feb 0.200160311
Mar 0.78453424
Apr 0.569144147
May 0.56242838
Jun 0.595263006
Jul 2.25726495
Aug 3.268605329
Sep 2.690216914
Oct 1.142425045
Nov 0.453319689
Dec 0.298664222

3.5

2.5

2
Discharge(cusec) Hydrograph

1.5 IWR

0.5

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month

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