Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Source: balticcable.com
5. Restoration
HVDC
12:35
Disconnector fails 12:30 -1200 MW
in Horred substation O3 Emergency stop
12:35 -1800 MW
R3 and R4 to house
operation
Open: Closed:
isolate for maintenance carry load current
visual open-circuit
Olof Samuelsson 2005 11 Olof Samuelsson 2005 12
Restoration Instability blackout events
Initiating event
14:00
400 kV network intact
Fault (short-circuit) or malfunction
Disconnection of faulted part
13:46
Denmark allowed to
Problem spreads
15:30
reconnect to Sweden
(max 200 MW). Gas turbines in South
Sweden in operation.
Lines overload and disconnect
Karlshamnsverket
starting. Collapse and blackout
19:05
Last customers in
Denmark brought on-line 18:20
Stability limit is reached
Most Sydkraft
customers on-line Restoring operation
Only no or few damaged parts
Olof Samuelsson 2005 13 Olof Samuelsson 2005 14
Fault occurs
Relay protection
Isolate fault Measures U and I
Remove fault Detects fault
Restore service Controls breaker
Automatic reclosing Earth fault protection
Light back in <1s Relay protection + small breaker
Source: Nicklasson
Extinguishes arc, AC current passes zero Challenge: Several kA
Rooms North
Textbook
Mondays 13-15
J. D. Glover & M. Sarma:
M:D
Power System Analysis and Design
E:Neptunus, E:Pluto
Tuesdays 10-12 Brooks-Cole, US, 2002
M:D
3rd ed, ISBN 0-53495-367-0
Thursdays 13-15
M:D Akademibokhandeln (AF)
Notice board Internet cheap but slow
Lab 7 Olof
PowerWorld CD included
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 1 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 2
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 7 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 8
Setting up Zbus Line parameters
Distributed along line
Element ij of Zbus from measurement L /km self and mutual inductance Most
Importance
1 p.u. current source at node j R /km conduction losses
Current sources at nodesj to zero C F/km capacitance between phases
Voltage at bus i is Zbus,ij G S/km corona losses
Least
Return current at unbalance
Shield wires or sky wires on top of towers
Earth
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 9 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 10
G C C G
2 2 2 2
V1 /V2 V2 >>V1 V2 /V1
Plosses PTr
Plosses
220 V Y
110 V Delta
N1 For each phase 110 V
U2 2
' U'2 N2 N Same flux in primary and secondary windings
Z2 = ' = = 1 Z2 Same phase angle in primary and secondary windings
I2 N 2
I2 N2
N1 Y- or delta-connected
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 17 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 18
B C
a Full Ideal
Gc Bm N1 N2
30 transformer
b
A
A B C Practical transformer
Y-: 30 phase lag on side Leakage flux X and winding resistance R
Variable in phase shifting transformer Non-zero core reluctance B
Complex turns ratio in model Hysteresis and eddy current losses G
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 19 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 20
Simplified transformer model Per unit transformer model
Example 3.3 p. 89
Given Srated, Vrated1, Vrated2, f, Zeq2
Xeq Determine Zeq1pu and Zeq2pu
N1 N2 Ideal p.u. value of Zeq1 and Zeq2 the same!
transformer p.u. eliminates ideal transformer
One % value on name plate
Simple p.u. model only a Zeq!
Xeq on primary or secondary side? Change of base: Actual value invariant
Zp.u.newZbasenew=Zactual= Zp.u.oldZbaseold
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 21 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 22
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 25 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 26
0.8
uR
S N 0.6
m
0.4
T 0.2
uS 0
-0.2
-0.4
T -0.6
S S uT -0.8
Rotated by turbine
-1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.0
V V2
Rotor field pulls stator field around Components of VI: Xd
diagram
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Controls terminal voltage V
Rotor current If decides Eq, affects Pe och Qe Min Pm Qe
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 33 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 34
S12=P12+jQ12=V1I1*=V1((V1-V2)/Z)* P21=(V1V2/X)sin(2-1)
1-2
Q12=(V12 /Z)sin-(V1V2/Z)sin(1-2+) P12=-P21
Pmax=V1V2/X
Use Y12 in Ybus for 1/Z Q12-Q21 if V1V2
Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 37 Electric Power Systems L2 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 38
Summary
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 1 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 2
Z V S Xline
X xI xI Q Line transfer
Xeq
R P Power through transformer
Z=R+jX V=(R+jX)I S=P+jQ
R=Zcos P=Scos; heat, work Xd
X=Zsin Q=Ssin; E&M fields Power from generator
cos= power factor
>0 ind/lagging
<0 cap/leading
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 3 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 4
Line transfer 1 Line transfer 2
ZjX, 90: P12
P12=(V1V2/X)sin(1-2) Pmax V1,V2
I1 Z=Z I2
Q12=V12 /X-(V1V2/X)cos(1-2) constant
V1=V11 S12 S21 V2=V22
P21=(V1V2/X)sin(2-1)
Q21=V22 /X-(V1V2/X)cos(2-1)
S12=P12+jQ12=V1I1*=V1((V1-V2)/Z)*
P12=-P21
P12= (V12 /Z)cos+(V1V2/Z)cos(1-2-) Q12-Q21 if V1V2
Q12=(V12 /Z)sin(-)+(V1V2/Z)sin(1-2-) 1-2
Pmax=V1V2/X
Use Y12 in Ybus for 1/Z
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 5 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 6
find V at all buses Load
given generation and load Pin+jQin Pout+jQout
Balance equations at bus k:
Balance equations at each bus: Pin=Pout
Pin(gen load) Pout(to other buses)=0 Qin=Qout
Qin(gen load) Qout(to other buses)=0 Pin and Qin
Like V=ZI but with power instead of current Generation minus load
Equations nonlinear and coupled Pout and Qout line transfer to buses ik
Postprocessing => line flows and losses Depend on Vi and i
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 7 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 8
Power to rest of system Three bus types
Vkk Power to
rest of
Swing or slack bus
system
Reference with V and known
Use Ybus and express P and Q from bus k to bus i
Pki = Vk Vk abs(Ykk ) cos[ k k arg(Ykk )] + Vk Vi abs(Yki ) cos[ k i arg(Yki )] PV or generator bus
Qki = Vk Vk abs(Ykk )sin[ k k arg(Ykk )] + Vk Vi abs(Yki )sin[ k i arg(Yki )] Voltage controlled, V known
Works for all i: Yki zero if no connection PQ or load bus
P into bus k Pk = Vk i =1.. N Vi abs(Yki ) cos[ k i arg(Yki )]
Neither V nor known
k i =1.. N Vi abs(Yki )sin[ k i arg(Yki )]
Q into bus k Q = V
k
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 9 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 10
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 19 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 20
1999-12-03 Near total blackout 2003-09-23 Sweden
12:35
Disconnector fails 12:30 -1200 MW
in Horred substation O3 Emergency stop
12:35 -1800 MW All lines trip
R3 and R4 to house
operation
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 23 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 24
Voltage profile of a line Voltage support
V1 V3 V2 V(x)
V3 V1 V2
V1 V2
x
V(x)
V1 V2 x
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 27 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 28
Balance In reality
Load P0 so that QL = QC
No Q transfer
No reactive V drop, same V along line Series resistance gives voltage drop
P0 natural or surge impedance loading (SIL) Line loaded to more than SIL
P0=V2/R0, R0=sqrt(L/C)=Zcharacteristic
V(x) Light
V1 SIL See
Heavy Exercise 1.6!
x
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 29 Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 30
Summary
Load flow problem
Current and voltage is linear
Power and voltage is nonlinear, N-R
Bus types
Changing Zline changes line flow
Reactive series compensation shortens line
Shifting power flow may cause blackout
P=SIL gives flat voltage profile
Electric Power Systems L3 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 31
Reducing the system to one bus So far
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 1 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 2
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 3 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 4
Thvenin equivalent Short-circuit current
Z=0 connected at terminals
ZTH Represents passive network ZTH
Short-circuit current
Also for entire power system ISC=VTH/(3ZTH)1/(3ZTH) p.u.
VTH no-load line-line voltage (VTH/ZTH if VTH line-ground voltage)
VTH ~ ZTH short-circuit impedance
VTH ~ ISC
Determines breaker rating
Equivalent Z of network ISC limited by ZTH
All V sources zero for ZTH X still gives small Vdrop
Important advantage of AC
Extra X may be inserted
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 5 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 6
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 7 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 8
Weak network Flicker
ZTH Light intensity not stable
Nearby motor load
+ High starting current Im Human eye sensitive
~ VTH
V M
Im Feeding voltage reduced Frequency (PC monitor, train)
Voltage recovers Voltage (motor start)
V Elenergiteknik Lab1 Power quality problem
Not everywhere Common in rural areas
Common in rural areas
Start t
Uncommon in urban areas
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 9 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 10
Example: ZTH and SSC in network Example: ZTH and SSC in network
3a. At 3 kV busbar
1. p.u. network model X3kV=(X300MVA+X6MVA)//X2MVA
a) a)
All Z p.u. on common base
3 kV 3 kV
3b. After transformers
X3kV +(X0,5MVA//X0,6MVA)
2. All Xeq to common base
Increase XSC, decrease SSC
SBASE=6 MVA
Go through transformer/line
b) VBASE=3 kV b)
Feeding network ZTH1/SSC
Decrease XSC, increase SSC
Add generator
Add parallel transformer/line
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 11 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 12
ZTH from Zbus Setting up Zbus
Element ii of Zbus Element ii of Zbus from measurement
Short-circuit impedance ZTH at bus i 1 p.u. current source at node i
Conditions Voltage sources to zero
Zbus has neutral as reference Voltage at bus i is Zbus,ii
Generators have internal impedance
Loads can be included in Zbus
Practical for large systems
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 13 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 14
P+jQ
EV
P= sin
X
P=
EV
sin P flows to lower EV V2
X Q= cos
X X
EV V2
Q= cos Q flows to lower V
X X
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 17 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 18
V/E R R
R= Use trigonometric identity to eliminate :
1
2
R>X E 2V 2 V2
0.7 R=X Vary R and plot V(P) P(V , Q ) = Q +
R<X X2 X
Two P for each V!
E 2V 2 V 4
P~VI Q = 0 P(V ) =
X2
High V, low I Use SSC=E2/X and v=V/E:
Low V, high I
0.5
P/SSC P(v ) = S SC v 2 v 4
R=0
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 19 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 20
Maximum P from nose curve Q to bus with no V support
V/E E0 V0
X
1 Q=0 Q
Xload
dP/dv=0:
0.7 V (E V )
P = 0 Q(V ) =
Pmax=SSC/2 at v = 1 / 2 X
for R=X, =45
Use SSC=E2/X and v=V/E:
P/SSC Q(v ) = S SC v v 2
0.5
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 21 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 22
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 23 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 24
Two solutions for each P Upper and lower side properties
P changes
V/E R decreases Solution A normal V/E
R decreases => V decreases => I increases
1 A 1
High voltage R>x: I increase dominates
R>x
R=x Low current P increases
Nose point Solution B R<x
R<x: V decrease dominates
B Low voltage P decreases
High current
P/SSC P/SSC
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 25 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 26
Translation
Load power = T
Supplied power = Fa2
Voltage V Distance a a2a3k=2ktriangle area
Current I Force F Normal
Power P Torque T Supplied power=load
T = Fa2
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 31 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 32
Increase the load current Possible improvements
Current <45
Supplied P increases Fr
More production in South
V2 decreases
Less P from North, lower T
V1 =45 Q infeed Fr increases V2
Max P
V2
400 kV-line Hallsberg-Malm
V2 70% of V1
Stronger spring
>45
Load disconnection
Supplied P decreases
V2 decreases further Reduces T
Fra2=Reactive power
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 33 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 34
Source: balticcable.com
Power to bus without V support
PV curve: Two V for each P
Max P > Max Q
Voltage collapse when P>Max P HVDC=High Voltage Direct Current
Mechanical analog exists
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 35 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 36
Outline Sample HVDC projects
HVDC projects 1954 Gotland, Sweden, First commercial!
90 km, 20MW, 100kV
Pros and cons
1987 Itaipu, Brazil, Largest!
The diode and the thyristor 6300 MW
Six-pulse diode bridge 1994 Baltic Cable, SE-GE, longest cable
Six-pulse thyristor bridge 600 MW, 400 kV, 250 km
2000 SwePol Link, SE-PL
Harmonics
2000+ Three Gorges, China
The converter station 6000 MW, 890 km overhead line
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 37 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 38
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 41 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 42
DC voltage ripple
Six pulses per cycle
DC current constant
Upper diodes select Vp=max(e)
AC current pulses
Lower diodes select Vm= min(e)
DC voltage VD=Vp-Vm
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 43 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 44
Three-phase thyristor bridge Influence of
Thyristor firing delayed firing angle
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 45 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 46
Two six-pulse
bridges
Filters short-
circuit AC
Two bridges in series and DC side
harmonics
Y-y transformer
Y- Transformer
Less harmonics in VD and Iline AC DC
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 47 Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 48
Baltic Cable converter station
AC line AC switchyard
Valve
Q comp hall
AC filter DC line
Transformer
building
Active
DC filter
Smoothing reactor
Electric Power Systems L4 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 49
Synchronous generator dynamics Outline
Deviation Steady state model
from 50 Hz Synchronization
at LTH
Dynamic model
Frequency control
Phase angle
differences Equilibrium points
(degrees) Transient angle stability
LTU=Lule
The Equal Area Criterion
2004-13-11 13:39: 600 MW generator in Denmark disconnected Small-signal stability
Frequency dip and North-South angle oscillations
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 1 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 2
Rotor
One field winding fed with DC current Armature reaction flux from load current in stator
Stator Adds to field flux to form air gap flux
Three windings 120 apart in space Stator flux also includes leakage flux
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 3 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 4
Equivalent circuit 1 Equivalent circuit 2
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 7 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 8
Two control inputs Rotor types
Pe2
Turbine power
controls P Eq
Pe1 Round rotor = Turbo rotor q-axis
Qe2 Qe1
Many poles d-axis
Flux Id=(Eq-Vq)/Xd
Inductance Iq=Vd/Xq
Currents and voltages
EqV V2 1 1
Iq Vq Eq
q-axis Pe =
sin + sin 2 = Pfield + Preluctance
Xd 2 Xq Xd
jXq Iq
Eq=V+jXdId +jXqIq
2 Try Xd=Xq!
Vd
2
2 sin cos
V
EqV
Id jXd Id
Qe = cos V +
d-axis Xd Xq Xd
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 11 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 12
Synchronization Synchronization conditions
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 13 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 14
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 15 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 16
H on different MVA bases System frequency
Machine base All generators same , but which one?
Steam turbines 4-9 s
H i i
Gas turbines 3-4 s system = i
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 17 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 18
H = Hi Pm nom fsystem
i
Unbalance: Pm<Pe +
2H
1
2
system
Pe,tot
Pm +
nom
1
fsystem
decreases D
2H 2
Pe,tot
D
Decrease stops when Pe is reduced to Pm
Electrical load is frequency dependent Error in
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 19 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 20
Turbine governor R on machine base
Proportional frequency control law: All generators usually have the same R
given in p.u. on machine base
Pm= Pref+f/R
A disturbance gives same f everywhere
f=fnomfsystem
All generators do same p.u. contribution
R is speed droop, Hz/MW or p.u./p.u.
fnom
+
f Typical R value is 5%
+ Pm
+
K
f=0.05 p.u. gives Pm=1 p.u.
fsystem P
1/R
R Pref
+
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 21 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 22
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 23 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 24
Single machine infinite bus Classical dynamic model
Eq V0 Synchronous generator connected to infinite bus:
Pm X
2H d e
= Pm Pe ( )
Pe omega
X dt
H, Xd s,e wnom/2/H
1 1
delta
d Pm s s
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 27 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 28
Dynamic response Second order response
Pe zero at short-circuit near gen
Temporary short-circuit near Pe Pe
Step in Pm-Pe
generator, Pe zero during fault
Mechanical states slow Pm
Response? Pm
Start at 0 and Pe(0)
1. Second order system
Acceleration during fault
2. No damping
Fault removed at =1
3. Oscillator! and oscillate
Overshoot to 2 and Pe(2) 0 2
4. (t) will lag (t)
Oscillate around equilibrium 1 Simulation
point 0 and Pe(0)=Pm
tcl=0.05, 0.1
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 29 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 30
1 Simulation
Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 33 Electric Power Systems L5 - Olof Samuelsson 2005 34
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 3 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 4
Lightning most common Power lines and trees
400 kV 50 kV
Statistically
80 % of faults on
overhead lines are
due to lightning 10 kV
www.dmi.dk
Distribution lines most affected
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 5 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 6
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 7 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 8
Heating Interrupting large currents
Resistive losses RI2
Temperature rise with stored heat energy I2t Fuses
(no cooling assumed) Use the melting effect of the arc
Same I2t gives equal heating (see graph) Circuit breakers interrupt kA in ms
Time Extinguish arc
Overload
Breaker operation
Short-circuit fault Automatic by relay protection
Current
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 9 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 10
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 11 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 12
Protection system performance Protection system tasks
High reliability
Is there a fault?
Always isolate targeted fault
High sensitivity good Short-circuit or only high load?
High selectivity All situations must be known!
Only react to targeted faults Coordination
High sensitivity bad Compromise Which protection unit should react?
Fast Isolate as small area as possible
Good for (transient) stability Must work also if component fails
Safety
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 13 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 14
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 17 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 18
R1
R2
1 Relative
overcurrent Relative
Load2
overcurrent
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 19 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 20
Fault in radial system Fault in radial system: At home
R1 and R2 detect overcurrent Both F1 and F2 detect overcurrent
Delay of R2 smallest Time Delay of F2 Time
R2 operates CB2 first Fuse F2 blows first
CB1 Isolates fault + Load 2 F1 Isolates fault and Me
R1
R1 reset If fuse F2 fails
R2 L1
CB2 F2 F3
If R2 or CB2 fails R1 Extra delay of F1 F1
R1 not reset R2 F1 blows F2
Current Current
Extra delay of R1 Isolates fault + Me but also Neighbor
R1 operates CB1
Isolates fault + Load 2 but also Load 1
Load2 Me Neighbor Fault clearing is selective
Coordination works
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 21 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 22
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 25 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 26
Zone 2
Zone 1
Distance
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 27 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 28
Distance protection coordination Current differential protection
A B C D
G Compare iin and iout
Time
|iin iout|0 no internal fault
|iin iout|>>0 internal fault: Trip CB
Distance
Generators
Time iin and iout of each winding
Communication needed for lines
G M
Distance
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 29 Ex Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 30
S
Operation not electrically powered Load2
Load2
Counts periods of fault current Load3
Normal Fault occurs R R R R
Opens after preset number opens recloses opens closes
S S1 preset to 3 S1 count 1 S1 count 2
Maximum area restored S2 preset to 2 S2 count 1 S2 count 2 S2
Radio message to repairman Fault not opens
Load1 temporary!
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 31 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 32
System protection Calculating fault current
Unit protection=Fault protection
Protects generator, line, transformer Short-circuit protection input data
Weakens system when tripping CB Minimum short-circuit current
System protection=Blackout protection Maximum load current
Acts to avoid system blackout Circuit breaker selection input data
E.g. Sacrifice some load to save the rest Maximum short-circuit current
All protection is based on knowledge Short-circuit current calculation
Normal and abnormal operation Based on network data
Coordinating protection in nuclear plant!
Detailed like load flow or Thvenin-based
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 33 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 34
Summary
Short-circuit most common fault (lightning)
Fuses and protection
Dependable = not miss a fault
Selective = not overreact
Many relay types
One zone for each relay
Limiting blackout-area
Coordination, autoreclosing, autosectionalizing
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 35
Short-circuit faults Outline
Lightning test in lab Anchor damage on Baltic Cable Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
IRMS up to 3 IAC
2t R 4
= I AC 1+ 2e2 t /T =2 =
T f L X/R
K()
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
i (t ) = iAC ( t ) + iDC (t )
Xd<Xd<Xd
Transient fault current I
Note: Textbook uses Eq=Eq=Eq =Eg here Efm
Steady-state fault current I
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Short-circuit peak currents Network during fault
I" =
Eg Standard simplifications to find I
Max AC current
Xd" Transformers: Only Xeq, no phase shift
t
2Eg T 2Eg Transmission lines: Only series reactance
Max DC current " e
A = = 2I " at t=0
Xd Xd" Generators: Eg behind Xd
no saliency, Ra or saturation
Large motors: Like generators
( 2I" ) =
2
Max total current I "2 + 3I "
Small motors: Neglected
Non-rotating loads: Neglected
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Visualizing general ZBUS Summary
Two-bus system N-bus system
I1 I2
RL transients include exponential DC offset
Synchronous generator
V1 V2 V1 V2 VN
I1 I2 RL behaviour
Z11
Z12
Z22 Z11 Z12 Z22 Z2N ZNN Flux paths give decaying AC
Z1N Subtransient, transient, synchronous X
Short-circuit in network
Rake equivalent Fault current with/without prefault current
in textbook Voltages at all buses
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005
Unsymmetry Outline
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 17 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 18
Ex9.1 Ex9.2
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 23 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 24
Summary
Sequence components
Alternative coordinates to three-phase
Sequences decoupled except at fault bus
Calculating unsymmetrical fault current
Fault conditions to sequence domain
Solve in sequence domain
Back to phase domain
One Zbus for each sequence
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 25
Two-phase faults Outline
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 7 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 8
Double line to ground fault Procedure
Z0 I0 Fault conditions
Zero- + I0+I1+I2=0
sequence V0 Express fault conditions in phase domain
3ZF V1=V2
network Transform to sequence domain
V0V1=3ZFI0
Z1 I1
Draw this!
Positive- + + Draw corresponding sequence circuit
sequence VF V1
network
Solve!
VF
Calculate sequence fault currents
I1 =
Z2 I2 Z1 + [Z2 //(Z0 + 3ZF )] (Calculate sequence fault voltages)
Negative- +
Transform back Transform to phase currents/voltages
sequence V2
network
Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 9 Electric Power Systems- Olof Samuelsson 2005 10
Distributed generation Overview
impact on the power system
What is DG?
Power quality
Power balance and markets
Dispatch and frequency control
Requirements on future DG units
Protection
Wind power Microturbine Island operation
Olof Samuelsson, IEA, LTH 2
Heat demand
Heat primary product
1 week
Electric power byproduct
winter CHP unit schedule
Heat production follows temperature
summer
Power production non-dispatchable
Real data
from E.ON
[Leonhard]
Export Export
Wind Wind
Load Load
Load-wind Load-wind
Requirements:
The wind farm at Horns rev
Communications