EMI Lecture

26 Mar 2010

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 Worked Example 6.1
The original field is INTO the plane.

This flux is now decreasing.

EMF is induced and current flows.

Induced current flows to maintain

this flux.

Induced current flows in the

clockwise direction to set up a B
field that points INTO the page.
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 Worked Example 6.1
Original field is pointing OUT of
the page.

Now the flux is decreasing.

To maintain the flux, instead of

causing further decrease, the
induced current flows in anti-
clockwise direction to set up a B
field pointing OUT of the page.

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 Let’s go back to Page 13

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 Lenz’s Law is a consequence of the law
of conservation of energy
P By simply moving the rod
PQ in a magnetic field, we
create a current, I, flowing
through the resistor R.
In a way, the rod PQ acts
as a source of emf,
providing current = I = ε/R.

Q Electrical power, P,
delivered to R = I2R = ε2/R
= B2l2v2/R

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 No free lunch in this world
• Emf represents the
amount of energy
converted from other
forms to electrical.
• For instance, chemcial ->
electrical in battery
• For instance, solar ->
electrical in solar panel
• So the electrical power
from the induced emf
dissipated in R must have
been converted from
other forms.

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 No free lunch in this world
• The electrical power from
the induced emf
dissipated in R must have
been converted from the
work done by Fapp, the
pulling force.
FB2
• The rod is pulled at
constant velocity i.e. KE
of rod is constant.
• This means there is a
This
forceis opposing
Lenz’s Law at such
Fapp work!
thatinduced
The Fnet = 0 current has to Induced current flows in the
flow in a direction to oppose rod surrounded by magnetic
the change that causes it. field. This results in a
magnetic force FB2 acting
on rod.
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 No free lunch in this world
• Fapp = FB2.
• Hence Fapp = BIL (or is it BLv?)
• What is the rate of work done by
Fapp? Fapp v FB2
– BILv = BLv (ε/R) = B2L2v2 / R
• What happens to this power?

Mechanical Electrical
work done by Energy
Fapp dissipated
in R

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 Lenz’s Law

Used to predict and Arises from conservation

explain polarity of of Total Energy
induced emf or direction
of induced current;

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 Faraday’s law
To produce an
Magnitude of induced e.m.f. Magnitude of
the emf is the emf is
proportional to proportional to

Rate of change of Rate of flux-cutting

magnetic flux
linkage

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 Page 16
• Emf is induced in a circular loop conductor
when flux through it changes.
• Emf is induced across a straight conductor
when it cuts across a magnetic field.
• Now what if a loop conductor moves in a
magnetic field?

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?

induced V
L current

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?

Net induced e.m.f.

= zero
V

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?

V
induced
current

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?
Looking at the magnetic flux instead…

Area of the coil within

the magnetic flux density

This area (i.e.

induced V magnetic flux) is
L current increasing as the coil
moves into the field.
Hence, rate of
change of magnetic
flux Æ induced e.m.f.
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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?

P Q

induced V
L current
Considering flux
cutting by QR
S R
ε = BLv
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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?
Looking at the magnetic flux instead…
The magnetic flux of coil
remains unchanged.
P Q
Hence, by Faraday’s
law, no induced e.m.f.

S R

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?
If consider flux cutting…
Sides PQ and RS
do not cut the B
P Q field and hence no
emf is induced
across PQ or RS.
Sides PS and QR
V cut the B field and
hence emf is
induced across PS
or QR.
S R

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?
Looking at the magnetic flux instead…

The magnetic flux of coil

is now decreasing. Hence,
by Faraday’s law, there is
induced e.m.f.
V
induced
current

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 What happens when a loop conductor cuts the
magnetic field?

This induced e.m.f. = Blv

V
induced
current

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 Example 7.1
The wingspan cuts the Earth’s field
and induces an emf across it.

50 m
180 ms-1

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 What happens if the loop conductor
rotates within the B Field?

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Changing the angle θ

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Changing the angle θ
When θ increases from 0º to 90º

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Changing the angle θ
When θ increases from 0º to 90º

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Changing the angle θ
When θ increases from 0º to 90º

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Changing the angle θ
When θ increases from 0º to 90º

The
magnetic flux
decreases…
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Changing the angle θ
When θ increases from 0º to 90º

How does the induced current flow?

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Changing the angle θ

When θ increases from 90º to 180º

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 Changing the angle θ
If the coil rotates constantly (i.e. with
angular frequency ω), the magnetic flux
linkage is given by
Φ = NBA cos θ = NBA cos (ωt)
Induced e.m.f. = - (rate of flux change)
d
= − NBA (cos ωt )
dt
= NBA sin ωt
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 Example 7.3

Φ= NBA cos (ωt) or

NBA sin (ωt)
depending if Φ is
max or min at t = 0

At t = 0

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• Φ = NBA cos (ωt) or NBA sin (ωt)
• ε = NBAω sin(ωt) or -NBA ω cos (ωt)
• What is important to note is that the
induced emf is sinusoidal!
• This is the AC voltage you have studied
last year end.

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 Example 7.2
How to increase the induced emf, ε = NBAω sin(ωt) ?
(b) Spinning the coil faster ω increases and so does ε

(c) Increasing the magnetic B increases and so does ε

field
(a) Replacing the coil wire No change to ε;
with one of lower R is smaller and hence
resistance induced , I, increases.
(d) Increasing the number of N increases and so does ε;
turns of wire on the coil I may not increase. Do you
know why?

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 Eddy Current
• When a conductor is exposed to a changing
magnetic field, circulating current flows within
the body of the conductor.
• This current is called eddy current.
• Eddy current flows in a direction that opposes
the change of flux due to Lenz's law, causing
drag forces between the conductor and the
magnet.
• Larger the current, the larger the drag force.

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 Demo 1
• The flux through the copper ring increases
and decreases as the falling magnet
approaches and recedes from the ring.
• Emf is induced.
• Induced (eddy) current flows in the ring so
as to oppose the change.
• What exactly happens to the magnet as
the current flows to oppose the change?

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 Applications of Eddy Current
• Magnetic Braking –

N
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 Applications of Eddy Current
• Magnetic Braking – see Example 8.1

N
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 Applications of Eddy Current
• Magnetic Braking – see Example 8.1

The metal plate slows down

upon entering and leaving
the magnetic field.

N
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 Applications of Eddy Current
• Magnetic Braking – see Example 8.1
Strengthen the field;
How to slow down the plate Use a plate with lower
even more? resistance;

N
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Example 8.1

Metal plate moving up

and down between
magnetic poles
Mass
balance

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 Applications
• Metal Detector
– See Animation of how VLF metal detectors
work:
– http://home.howstuffworks.com/metal-
detector2.htm
• Induction Stovetops

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 Applications

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 Application
• Speakers and microphones

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 in
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 The End

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