CHAPTER 4

P.P.4.1
i2 6

i1
+
iS 2 vo 4

By current division, i 2 is 1i
2 264 6 s

v 4i 2
i
0 2 3 s

When is = 15A, v0 23 (15) 10V

When is = 30A, v0 23 (30) 20V
P.P.4.2
v1 12

+
+ 5 8
VS = 10 V vo

Let v0 = 1. Then i =
1
8 and v1 18 (12 8) 2.5
giving vs = 2.5V.
If vs = 10V, then v0 = 4V
P.P.4.3 Let v0 = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are contributions to the 20-V and 8-A
sources respectively.

3 i 5

+
+
v1 2
20 V

(a)

3 i2 i1 5

+
8A
v2 2

(b)

To get v1, consider the curcuit in Fig. (a).

(2 + 3 + 5)i = 20 i = 20/(10) = 2A
v1 = 2i = 4V
To get v2, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i1 = i2 = 4A, v2 = 2i2 = 8V

Thus,
v = v1 + v2 = 4 + 8 = 12V

P.P.4.8 To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6 6
 (a)

0.4ix
2A 6 2A 4

(b)
12 x4
R Th (6 6) 4 18 3

RTh

+
VTh

P.P.4.4 Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 10-V and 2-A sources
respectively.

20 v1

+ 4 0.1v1
10 V

(a)
20
v2

2A
4 0.1v2

(b)

To obtain v1, consider Fig. (a).

10 v v
1

0.1v1 20 4 1
v1 = 2.5
For v2, consider Fig. (b).

0v v
2 2

2 + 0.1v2 + 20 4 v2 = 10

vx = v1 + v2 = 12.5V
P.P.4.5 Let i = i1 + i2 + i3

where i1, i2, and i3 are contributions due to the 16-V, 4-A, and 12-V sources respectively.

2
6 2 8 6 8
4A
i1
+ i2
16V

(a) (b)
6 2 8

i3
+
12V

(c)

16
For i1, consider Fig. (a), i1 6 28 1A
For i2, consider Fig. (b). By current division, i2 2 214 (4) 0.5
For i3, consider Fig. (c), i3 16
12
0.75A

Thus, i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1 + 0.5 - 0.75 = 750mA

 6 x3
P.P.4.6 Combining the 6- and 3- resistors in parallel gives 6 3 9 2.
Adding the 1- and 4- resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5. Transforming the left current
source in parallel with the 2- resistor gives the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. (a).
5V
2
+
io
+ 7 5
10V 3A

(a)

io

7.5A 2 7 5 3A

(b)

io

10.5A (10/7) 7

(c)

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage source. Transforming the
15-V voltage source in series with the 2- resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).
Combining the two current sources and the 2- and 5- resistors leads to the circuit in
Fig. (c). Using circuit division,

10
i 7
o 10 (10.5) = 1.78 A

7 7
P.P.4.7 We transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a). We combine the
two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b). By the current division principle,

ix 155 4 0.4i x ix = 1.176A

ix

4A 10 5

(a)

ix

4 0.4ix A 10 5

(b)
P.P.4.11

3 3

6 RN

(a)

5A 3 4A IN

(b)

From Fig. (a), RN = (3 3) 6 3

1
From Fig. (b), IN = 2 (5 4) 4.5A
P.P.4.12 2vx
i
+

+ +
+
vx 6 2 vx 1V
ix

(a)

2vx

+
6 10 A 2 vx
Isc

(b)

To get RN consider the circuit in Fig. (a). Applying KVL, 6i x 2v x 1 0

But vx = 1, 6ix = 3 ix = 0.5
v
x
i ix 2 0.5 0.5 1
1
R N R Th i 1
To find IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b) . Because the 2 resistor is shorted, vx = 0
and the dependent source is inactive. Hence, IN = isc = 10A.
P.P.4.13 We first need to find RTh and VTh. To find RTh, we consider the circuit
in Fig. (a).

vx vx
+ v0 4 + 4
2 i 2
1 1 +
+ + io VTh
+ 1V 9V +
3vx 3vx

(a) (b)
Applying KCL at the top node gives

1v 3v v v

x o
4 o 1 o 2

But vx = -vo. Hence

1v v
4vo 2
o o
4 vo = 1/(19)
1
1
1 vo 19 9
i 4 4 38
RTh = 1/i = 38/(9) = 4.222
To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

-9 + 2io + io + 3vx = 0

But vx = 2io. Hence,

9 = 3io + 6io = 9io io = 1A

VTh = 9 - 2io = 7V

RL = RTh = 4.222

v2 49
2.901W
4R
P Th
max 4(4.222)
L
P.P.4.14 We will use PSpice to find Voc and Isc which then can be used to find VTh
and Rth.

Clearly Isc = 12 A

Clearly VTh = Ioc = 5.333 volts. RTh = Voc/Isc = 5.333/12 = 444.4 m-ohms.
P.P.4.15 The schematic is the same as that in Fig. 4.56 except that the 1-k resistor is
replaced by 2-k resistor. The plot of the power absorbed by RL is shown in the figure
below. From the plot, it is clear that the maximum power occurs when RL = 2k and it is
125W.

R 20
P.P.4.16 VTh = 9V, R v V L (9 1) 2.5

Th oc L VL 8

2.5

+
+
9V VL 10

10
VL (9) 7.2V
10 2.5
P.P.4.17 R1 = R3 = 1k, R2 = 3.2k
R
R 3
x R R 2 R 2 3.2k
1

P.P.4.18 We first find RTh and VTh. To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20x30
50 100
60x40
R Th 20 30 60 40
= 12 + 24 = 36

20 30 20 30
a a +
+ v2
VTh
RTh
+ v1
b
60 b 40 60 40

10 V
+

(a) (b)

To find VTh, we use Fig. (b). Using voltage division,

v1 10060 (16) 9.6, v2 5020 (16) 6.4

But v1 v 2 v Th 0 vTh = v1 - v2 = 9.6 - 6.4 = 32V

V 3.2
IG 64mA
Th

R Th R m 3.6 1.4