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Causal inference process of providing an Host resistance is influenced by: genotype, nutritional
accumulation of increasingly convincing indirect status and BMI, immune system, and social behavior
evidence of a relationship between health or disease
and other factors Agents of disease divided into several categories
(biologic, chemical, physical agents)
Predisease stage early intervention may avert
exposure to the agent of disease (e.g. microbes, trans- Environment influences the probability and
fatty acids, lead) PRIMARY INTERVENTION circumstances of contact between the host and the
agent; also includes social, political, and economic
Latent stage screening for disease and providing factors
appropriate treatment may prevent progression to
symptomatic disease SECONDARY PREVENTION Vectors include insects, arachnids, and mammals; can
be applied more widely to include human groups
Symptomatic stage intervention may slow, arrest, or (vendors of heroin, cocaine, and meth), and inanimate
reverse the progression of disease TERTIARY objects (fomites)
PREVENTION
Time-place-person
Applying the epidemiological method to resolve a Describe disease or disease factors occurring in the
health question successfully can be compared to population to elucidate the causative agent:
constructing a memorable Chinese banquet. It is not Time (e.g. trends, outbreaks, etc.)
enough to have the best ingredients and to know the Place (the geographic area in which the disease is
various Chinese cooking methods. The truly great occurring)
chefs must be able to select the appropriate ingredients Person (the characteristics of the affected individuals;
and cooking methods to bring out the flavors of each e.g. age, gender, etc.)