Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Steven L. Jacques
jacquess@ohsu.edu
http://omlc.ogi.edu
1. Optical properties
2. How to measure
optical properties
3. Light transport
4. Complex tissues
Consider a cup of coffee with cream.
Shine a laser onto liquid.
The reflectance is R.
Step size = 1/(s/f)
n steps
before
escape out Total photon path = L n/(s/f)
surface
L
a L
T =e
a L
R=e
L
a L
R=e
a L = log e ( R)
a L
R e
( a + a )L
add a drop of
absorber
R2 e
a
R2
ln
R
L
L=
a
L
R
R 0.3 to 0.8
a L
R=e s/a
a A
e
A A
' A 7 to 8
3 s +1
a
=e s/a
Measurement vs properties grid
Collection
fibers
1.5
1 Collection fiber
z
r2
z [cm]
r2 = 1.0 cm
z
0.5
r1
x
-0.5
-1 -0.5 0
x [cm]
0.5 1
Source fiber
x
diffusion length
optical penetration
depth
transmission
collected by
fiber #1
transmission
collected by
fiber #2
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
r1 = 0.1 cm 100
r2 = 1.0 cm s '
10
0
10 1000
T2 [1/cm ]
2
1.0
0.01
-1
a 0.1
10
1.0
-2
10 0 2 4
10 10 10
T1 [1/cm2]
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
r1 = 0.3 cm 100
r2 = 1.0 cm s '
10
0
10 1000
T2 [1/cm ]
As r1 r2
2
1.0
T1 T2 ,
0.01
-1
a 0.1 so only one measurement,
10 and the grid collapses.
One no longer can specify
1.0 a and s,
just the ratio s/a .
-2
10 0 2 4
10 10 10
T1 [1/cm2]
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
r1 = 0.6 cm 100
r2 = 1.0 cm s '
10
0
10 1000
T2 [1/cm ]
As r1 r2
2
1.0
T1 T2 ,
0.01
-1 a0.1 so only one measurement,
10 and the grid collapses.
One no longer can specify
1.0 a and s,
just the ratio s/a .
-2
10 0 2 4
10 10 10
T1 [1/cm2]
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
r1 = 0.9 cm 100
r2 = 1.0 cm '
s
10
0
10 1000
T2 [1/cm ]
As r1 r2
2
1.0
T1 T2 ,
0.01
a0.1
-1
so only one measurement,
10 and the grid collapses.
One no longer can specify
1.0 a and s,
just the ratio s/a .
-2
10 0 2 4
10 10 10
T1 [1/cm2]
a = 0.1 cm-1
a = 0.1 cm-1
a = 0.1 cm-1
a = 0.1 cm-1
a = 0.1 cm-1
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
r1 = 0.1 cm 100
r2 = 1.0 cm s '
10
0
10 1000
T2 [1/cm ]
2
1.0
0.01
-1
a 0.1
10
1.0
-2
10 0 2 4
10 10 10
T1 [1/cm2]
Oblique R(r)
Light is delivered at an angle by a optical fiber (or laser beam). The light is launched a distance of one mfp =
1/s into the tissue at an angle . The center of the diffusion process is offset from the point of point of photon
entry by x. Hence, two measurements (x, ) ----> a, s.
CCD
CCD camera with tilted source camera
0.0
abs(1/slope)
optical
fiber
slope
row
1000.0
0.0
col
1
= 2 mfp'
3 a (a + 's ) a =
3
' 1
1 s = a
mfp' = mfp'
a + 's
Oblique R(r)
Light is delivered at an angle by a optical fiber (or laser beam). The light is launched a distance of one mfp =
1/s into the tissue at an angle . The center of the diffusion process is offset from the point of point of photon
entry by x. Hence, two measurements (x, ) ----> a, s.
CCD
CCD camera with tilted source camera
0.0
abs(1/slope)
optical
fiber
slope
row
1000.0
0.0
col
1
= 2 mfp'
3 a (a + 's ) a =
3
' 1
1 s = a
mfp' = mfp'
a + 's
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
Oblique R(r)
a
0 0.1 0.01 0.001
10 1.0
1.0
mfp' [cm]
-1
10 10 s '
-2
10 100
-3
10 1000
-2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10
delta [cm]
R(r)
Reflectance as a function of
source-detector separation
Camera
Beam of light
Mtotal.std
Standard reflectance:
example: Rstd = 0.97
Spectralon
Teflon
thick stack of white paper
Mtotal
Rstd
Mtotal.std
R
Camera
Beam of light
Mtotal
M(r)
M(r)
Test material:
Intralipid phantom
Biological tissue
mua = 0
mua = 0.1
mua = 0
mua = 0.5
mua = 0
mua = 0.5
-1/slope
Mtotal
Rstd
Mtotal.std
R
Mtotal
M(r)
M(r)
Mtotal.std
r
black x = s < 10a
blue = const s', red = const a
1
10
0.01 1.0
'
s
0.1
10
a
0
10
100
1.0
delta
1000
-1
10
-2
10
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Rtotal
R
Added absorber method
M
Added absorber method
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.01
0.5
0.4
0.3
a 0.1
0.2
0.1
1.0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R total
blue = const s', red = const a
1
-1 1000
0.9 a = 0.10 cm
100
0.8
R total + added absorber
0.7
10
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.01
0.2 a 0.1
0.1
1.0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R total
blue = const s', red = const a
1
0.7
100
0.6 s '
0.5
0.4
0.3 10
0.2
0.1
1.0
a 0.1 1.0
0.01
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R total
blue = const s', red = const a
1
0.8
R total + added absorber
0.7
1000
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 100
0.2
s '
0.1
10
1.0 a 0.1 1.0
0.01
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R total
M tissue S Ttissue Gtissue D
M= =
M std S Tstd Gstd D
Gtissue
= Ttissue = Ttissuecalib
Tstd Gstd
M tissue S Ttissue Gtissue D
M= =
M std S Rstd Gstd D
light beam delivered,
detector distant from surface
Gtissue
= Rtissue = Rtissuecalib
Rstd Gstd
know Rstd, but dont know
optical properties of standard
M tissue S Ttissue Gtissue D
M= =
M std S Tstd Gstd D
examples:
Confocal microscopy (CM)
Optical coherence microscopy (OCT)
Reflectance-mode Confocal
Microscopy
e z
CM
45 fs
time Area under
slice
curve is total
diffuse
reflectance R.
e z
CM
e z
CM
~1/1000th
OCT
= local reflectivity [-]
= attenuation [cm-1]
z
R(z)
e
= local reflectivity [-]
= attenuation [cm-1]
z
R(z)
e
s = scattering coefficient [cm-1]
?
g = anisotropy of scattering [-]
a(g) s z f G
Tin = e
a
g
a(g) s z f 2G
Tin Tout = e
a
g
b/biso
= s Lf b(g)
b
g
z f a(g ) s 2Gz f
R = Tin Tout = e = szb(g)e
l = 488 nm
g
mouse tissues
s
0.1 m dia,
2.5% vol. fraction
polystyrene
Mie
theory
so why bother with this pedantic
pile of purposeless preoccupation
with optical properties?
R(z) @x=1mm
1e 1 z
E1 2e 2 z
z1
1 dz
E 2 1e 1 z
E1 = e 0
z2
2 dz
E 2 = E1e z1
R
perturbation
normal
example characterizing perturbations in
cardiovascular vessel wall
Osteogenesis Mouse skin
imperfecta
oim = Mouse
Osteogenesis
model
imperfecta mutation
Ravi
Samatham
scanning
down into
skin
wildtype
In vivo optical properties of
retinal layer and choroid
Ricky
Wang
Retina
800-nm OCT image
z [mm]
[-]
Optical characterization of smooth muscle cell
remodeling of collagen gels
David
Levitz
Day 1
Day 5
Smooth muscles cells cause the scattering of collagen
gels to shift to lower anisotropy (g),
as if smaller structures develop that scatter
isotropically.
Breast cancer lymph node
Robert
McLaughlin
Univ. of
Western
Australia
[dimensionless]
Robert
McLaughlin
Univ. of
Western
Australia
[cm-1]
Robert
McLaughlin
Univ. of
Western
Australia
Tissue Optics
Steven L. Jacques
jacquess@ohsu.edu
http://omlc.ogi.edu
1. Optical properties
2. How to measure optical
properties
3. Light transport
4. Complex tissues