Calculation of Environmental Durability Factor ( Sd ) per ACI 350-06 :

CODE : ACI 350-06

Reference documents : ACI 350-06
Scope:
ACI 350 Require that the value of U shall be increased by using a multiplier called environmental durability factors (Sd) which will increase
the design load to provide a more conservative design with less cracking.
Required strength U shall be multiplied by the following environmental durability factors (Sd) in portions of an environmental engineering
concrete structure where durability, liquid-tightness, or similar serviceability are considerations.

Calculation of Environmental Durability Factor ( Sd ) per ACI 350-06

fy = 60000 psi

Strength reduction factors: Sect 9.3

(a) Tension T = 0,90

(b) Flexure F = 0,90
(b) Shear & torsion V = 0,75

Durability factor: Sect 9.2.6 & Eq 9-8

fy
Sd =
fs
with:
factored load
=
unfactored load

fs = Permissible tensile stress in reinforcement

Sd for Axial / Hoop Tension (Normal Exposure) :

Direct and Hoop tensile stress: Sect 9.2.6.2

fs = 20000 psi

1,4 ( for water pressure alone, U = 1.4F )

=
1,0
= 1,4

Sd = 0,9 * 60000 / (1,4 * 20000)

= 1,93

Bars diameter (mm) 16 12

Bar Section (cm) 2,01 1,13
Provided reinforcement
section considering a 12,5 16,08 9,05
cm spacing (cm)
Sd
Provided reinforcement
section considering a 20 10,05 5,65
cm spacing (cm)
Maximum required reinforcement sections
considering durability factor (cm)
12,5 8,34 4,69
1,93
20 5,21 2,93

Sd for Flexure (Normal Exposure) :

Max permissible stress in Reinf. Sect 10.6.4

320
fs =
s2 + 4(2+db/2)2

fs not more than 36000 psi

fs not less than 20000 psi for one-way & 24000 psi for two-way members

For simplification, consider the following Sect 10.6.4.4

= 1,2 for h 40 cm
1,35 for h < 40cm
 For simplification, consider the following Sect 10.6.4.3

2
4(2+db/2) = 25

Load Combination for :

i) Water pressure, U = 1.4 F 1,4 ( for water pressure alone )

=
1,0
= 1,4

ii) Soil / Earth pressure, U = 1.6 H 1,6 ( for Earth pressure alone )
=
1,0
= 1,6

Bars diameter (mm) 16 12

Bar Section (cm) 2,01 1,13

Max stress
Memb. Provided reinforcement
Load Comb Spac'g S, cm in Reinf. fs, Sd
Thk. section considering a 12,5 16,08 9,05
ksi
cm spacing (cm)
Provided reinforcement
section considering a 20 10,05 5,65
cm spacing (cm)
One-way member
12,5 36,00 1,07 15,01 8,44
Water Pr.
20 28,59 1,35 7,45 4,19
h 40cm
12,5 36,00 1,00 Maximum required 16,08 9,05
Earth Pr.
20 28,59 1,18 reinforcement sections 8,52 4,79
12,5 33,79 1,14 considering durability 14,09 7,93
Water Pr. factor (cm)
20 25,41 1,52 6,62 3,73
h < 40cm
12,5 33,79 1,00 16,08 9,05
Earth Pr.
20 25,41 1,33 7,57 4,26
Two-way member
12,5 36,00 1,07 15,01 8,44
Water Pr.
20 28,59 1,35 7,45 4,19
h 40cm
12,5 36,00 1,00 Maximum required
q 16,08 9,05
Earth Pr
Pr.
20 28,59 1,18 reinforcement sections 8,52 4,79
12,5 33,79 1,14 considering durability 14,09 7,93
Water Pr. factor (cm)
20 25,41 1,52 6,62 3,73
h < 40cm
12,5 33,79 1,00 16,08 9,05
Earth Pr.
20 25,41 1,33 7,57 4,26

After software calculation, required reinforcement is provided; bars diameter and spacing are fixed taking into account maximum required
reinforcement considering durability factor indicated above.