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WINGS
WOMEN IN
INDIA with GDM
STRATEGY
An International Diabetes Federation Project
The content in this brochure has been developed by the International Diabetes
Federation (IDF) in collaboration with the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
(MDRF) in Chennai, India, based on the learnings from the WINGS Project (Women in
India with GDM Strategy). The WINGS project was developed and supported through a
partnership among IDF, MDRF and the Abbott Fund, the philanthropic foundation of the
global healthcare company Abbott.
Advisory Board
Ms. Anne Belton, Chair
Dr. V. Mohan, Principal Investigator
Ms. S. Mahalakshmi
Dr. Ranjit Unnikrishnan
Dr. R.M. Anjana
Ms. Rutu Dave
Dr. Uma Ram
Dr. Usha Sriram
Dr. Sonak D. Pastakia, Consultant, AMPATH Kenya
IDF
Dr. Belma Malanda
Dr. A Kayal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The pregnancy hormones work against insulin so pregnant women need more insulin
than usual. Most women are able to produce more insulin during their pregnancy. Some
women cannot produce more usually due to being overweight, having a family history
of diabetes or being older. These women may develop gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is very common, some studies have shown 1020% of women will
have it. It is more common in women who are overweight, older, less active or have a
family history of diabetes.
All women who have normal levels on these tests early in pregnancy should be screened
again between 24 and 28 weeks of the pregnancy. At this time the woman should come
to the clinic fasting, that is nothing to eat or drink, except water, for at least 8 hours.
She will have some blood drawn then be given a glucose drink, after which blood will be
drawn in one and two hours. If one of the tests is high the woman will be diagnosed with
gestational diabetes (see box on the next page for the diagnostic levels).
If possible all blood tests should be done using venous blood and sent to a lab, not
measured using a handheld glucose meter.
Women who have normal results but are at high risk of gestational diabetes should be
retested at 32 weeks.
The situation and needs of each woman need to be considered when treatment is planned.
Suggestions for a healthy pregnancy need to be tailored to what the woman is able to do
and what she is willing to do. This means considering her living situation, support from
family, nances and ability to make the recommended changes.
Women should be advised to eat 3 meals and 3 snacks during the day. Spreading the food
out over the day helps to keep the blood sugars balanced.
To get all the nutrients, minerals and vitamins needed for a healthy pregnancy and baby,
women should eat foods from a variety of sources.
Grains and starches, such as wheat, brown rice
Vegetables and fruit
Vegetable protein such as lentils, pulses, tofu and nuts
Animal proteins such as egg whites, chicken and sh
Milk and milk sources such as yogurt, cheese
Note:
Fish that may contain higher levels of methyl mercury should be limited such as
fresh and frozen tuna, shark, swordsh, marlin, orangy roughy and escolar
25 - 29.9 7 - 11.5 kg
Over 30 5 - 9 kg
Weight in kg
= BMI
Height in meters2
AN EXAMPLE:
Weight is 65 kg
Height is 1.6 meters
65
= 23.3 = BMI
1.6 x 1.6
Most women should add about 350 calories to their daily intake around the 4th month. For
those who are overweight fewer calories should be added, for those who are underweight
more calories could be added. Where possible a dietitian should recommend the amount
of calories to add.
BLOOD SUGAR
Women will have their blood sugar checked every time they go to the clinic or health centre.
ULTRASOUND
Most women will have an ultrasound done several times during the pregnancy. These are
done to determine the size of the baby and to make sure the baby is developing normally.
The most common side effect of insulin is low blood sugar, meaning the insulin worked
too well and the level dropped below 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dl). See next page for more about
low blood sugars.
Some women may be prescribed metformin (a pill) instead of insulin. Metformin has
been shown to be safe for use in pregnancy but insulin is still considered the best choice.
If the low blood sugar happens before a meal, it should be treated and then the meal
eaten as usual.
If the next meal is more than 1 hour away, a snack should be taken. The snack should
be a starch and some protein.
If low blood sugars happen frequently (more than one time a week) the doctor should be
consulted and the insulin dose may need to be changed.
Women will have their blood sugars tested after delivery - in gestational diabetes blood
sugars return to normal after delivery and insulin will no longer be needed. Some women
will not return to normal blood sugar levels after the baby is born. They will need guidance
regarding healthy eating and medications to keep their blood sugars in the normal range.
The risk of developing diabetes in the future is high, therefore women should be encouraged
to eat a healthy meal plan and achieve a healthy body weight.
All women need to have their blood glucose tested between 6 - 12 weeks after the baby
is born. This test will require the woman to go to the clinic or centre before she has eaten
anything in the morning. Blood will be drawn, then she will be given a sugary drink and
blood will be drawn again after 2 hours.
Prior to becoming pregnant, blood glucose levels should be checked and there should
be a consultation with a doctor to make sure the woman has not developed diabetes in
the interim.