Footings Example

752 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A
TABLE A.2
Areas of groups of standard bars, in 2
Bar No.
Number of Bars
Inch-
Pound Sl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 13 0.20 0.40 0.60 ,.. 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40
5 16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72
6 19 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40 4.84 5.28
7 22 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20
8 25 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.32 7.11 7.90 8.69 9.48
9 29 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
10 32 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70 13.97 15.24
11 36 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60 17.16 18.72
14 43 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00
18 57 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00
TABLE A.l
Areas of bars in slabs, in 2/ft
Bar No.
Inch-
Spacing, Pound: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
in. Sl: 10 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36
3 0.44 0.78 1.23 1.77 2.40 3.14 4.00 5.06 6.25
3! 0.38 0.67 1.05 1.51 2.06 2.69 3.43 4.34 5.36
4 0.33 0.59 0.92 1.32 1.80 2.36 3.00 3.80 4.68
412 0.29 0.52 0.82 1.18 1.60 2.09 2.67 3.37 4.17
5 0.26 0.47 0.74 1.06 1.44 1.88 2.40 3.04 3.75
s! 0.24 0.43 0.67 0.96 1.31 1.71 2.18 2.76 3.41
6 0.22 0.39 0.61 0.88 1.20 1.57 2.00 2.53 3.12
6! 0.20 0.36 0.57 0.82 1.11 1.45 1.85 2.34 2.89
7 0.19 0.34 0.53 0.76 1.03 1.35 1.71 2.17 2.68
7! 0.18 0.31 0.49 0.71 0.96 1.26 1.60 2.02 2.50
8 0.17 0.29 0.46 0.66 0.90 1.18 1.50 1.89 2.34
9 0.15 0.26 0.41 0.59 0.80 1.05 1.33 1.69 2.08
10 0.13 0.24 0.37 0.53 0.72 0.94 1.20 1.52 1.87
12 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.78 1.00 1.27 1.56
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P UET Peshawar Design of Reinforced Concrete Components of a House
Appendix A
Tables of moment coefficients in slab:
NOTE: Horizontal sides of the figure represent longer side while vertical side represents
shorter side of the slab.
Table A1: Coefficients (Ca, neg) for negative moment in slab along longer direction
m Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8 Case9
0.50 0.000 0.086 0.000 0.094 0.090 0.097 0.000 0.089 0.088
0.55 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.000 0.085 0.086
0.60 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.000 0.080 0.085
0.65 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.000 0.074 0.083
0.70 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.000 0.068 0.081
0.75 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.000 0.061 0.078
0.80 0.000 0.065 0.000 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.000 0.055 0.075
0.85 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.000 0.049 0.072
0.90 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.000 0.043 0.068
0.95 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.055 0.079 0.075 0.000 0.038 0.065
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.000 0.033 0.061
Table A2: Coefficients (Cb, neg) for negative moment in slab along shorter direction
0.50 0.000 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.010 0.003
0.55 0.000 0.007 0.028 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.014 0.005
0.60 0.000 0.010 0.035 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.018 0.006
0.65 0.000 0.014 0.043 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.024 0.008
0.70 0.000 0.017 0.050 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.029 0.011
0.75 0.000 0.022 0.056 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.044 0.036 0.014
0.80 0.000 0.027 0.061 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.051 0.041 0.017
0.85 0.000 0.031 0.065 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.046 0.021
0.90 0.000 0.037 0.070 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.052 0.025
0.95 0.000 0.041 0.072 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.056 0.029
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.076 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.071 0.061 0.033
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 19 of 24

Table A3: Coefficients (Ca,pos, dl) for dead load positive moment in slab along longer
direction
0.50 0.095 0.037 0.080 0.059 0.039 0.061 0.089 0.056 0.023
0.55 0.088 0.035 0.071 0.056 0.038 0.058 0.081 0.052 0.024
0.60 0.081 0.034 0.062 0.053 0.037 0.056 0.073 0.048 0.026
0.65 0.074 0.032 0.054 0.050 0.036 0.054 0.065 0.044 0.028
0.70 0.068 0.030 0.046 0.046 0.035 0.051 0.058 0.040 0.029
0.75 0.061 0.028 0.040 0.043 0.033 0.048 0.051 0.036 0.031
0.80 0.056 0.026 0.034 0.039 0.032 0.045 0.045 0.032 0.029
0.85 0.050 0.024 0.029 0.036 0.310 0.042 0.004 0.029 0.028
0.90 0.045 0.022 0.025 0.033 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.026
0.95 0.040 0.020 0.021 0.030 0.028 0.036 0.031 0.022 0.024
1.00 0.036 0.018 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.033 0.027 0.020 0.023
Table A4: Coefficients (Cb, dl) for dead load positive moment in slab along shorter direction
0.50 0.006 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.004 0.002
0.55 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
0.60 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.004
0.65 0.013 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.009 0.005
0.70 0.016 0.007 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.011 0.006
0.75 0.019 0.009 0.018 0.013 0.007 0.013 0.020 0.013 0.007
0.80 0.023 0.011 0.020 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.015 0.010
0.85 0.026 0.012 0.022 0.019 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.017 0.013
0.90 0.029 0.014 0.024 0.022 0.013 0.021 0.028 0.019 0.015
0.95 0.033 0.016 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.017
1.00 0.036 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.033 0.023 0.020

Table A5: Coefficients (Ca, ll) for live load positive moment in slab along longer direction
0.50 0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.067
0.55 0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085 0.070 0.063
0.60 0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077 0.065 0.059
0.65 0.074 0.053 0.064 0.062 0.055 0.064 0.070 0.059 0.054
0.70 0.068 0.049 0.057 0.057 0.051 0.060 0.063 0.054 0.050
0.75 0.061 0.045 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.055 0.056 0.049 0.046
0.80 0.056 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.044 0.042
0.85 0.050 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.039
0.90 0.045 0.034 0.035 0.039 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.035 0.036
0.95 0.040 0.030 0.031 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.031 0.032
1.00 0.036 0.027 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.028 0.030
Table A6: Coefficients (Cb, ll) for live load positive moment in slab along shorter direction
0.50 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004
0.55 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.006
0.60 0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.007
0.65 0.013 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
0.70 0.016 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.011
0.75 0.019 0.014 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.013
0.80 0.023 0.017 0.022 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.023 0.019 0.017
0.85 0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.020
0.90 0.029 0.022 0.027 0.026 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.024 0.022
0.95 0.033 0.025 0.029 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.027 0.025
1.00 0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.035 0.030 0.028

10 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 1
TABLE 1.1
Minimum uniformly distributed live loads
Live Load, Live Load,
Occupancy or Use psfa Occupancy or Use psfa
Apartments (see residential) Dining rooms and restaurants 100
Access floor systems Dwellings (see residential)
Office use 50 Fire escapes 100
Computer use 100 On single-family dwellings only 40
Armories and drill rooms 150 Garages (passenger cars only) 40
Assembly areas and theaters Trucks and busesh
Fixed seats (fastened to floor) 60 Grandstands (see stadium and arena bleachers)
Lobbies 100 Gymnasiums, main floors and balconiesc 100
Movable seats 100 Hospitals
Platforms (assembly) 100 Operating rooms, laboratories 60
Stage floors 150 Patient rooms 40
Balconies (exterior) 100 Corridors above first floor 80
On one and two-family residences 60 Hotels (see residential)
only, and not exceeding 100 ft 2 Libraries
Bowling alleys, poolrooms, and similar 75 Reading rooms 60
recreational areas Stack roomsd 150
Catwalks for maintenance access 40 Corridors above first floor 80
Corridors Manufacturing
First floor 100 Light 125
Other floors, same as occupancy Heavy 250
served except as indicated Marquees and canopies 75
Dance halls and ballrooms 100 Office buildings
Decks (patio and roof) File and computer rooms shall be designed for
Same as area served, or for the heavier loads based on anticipated occupancy
type of occupancy accommodated Lobbies and first-floor corridors 100
(continued)
Tabulated live loads cannot always be used. The type of occupancy should be
considered and the probable loads computed as accurately as possible. Warehouses for
heavy storage may be designed for loads as high as 500 psf or more; unusually heavy
operations in manufacturing buildings may require an increase in the 250 psf value
specified in Table 1.1; special provisions must be made for all definitely located heavy
concentrated loads.
Live loads for highway bridges are specified by the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in its LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (Ref. 1.3). For railway bridges, the American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) has published the Manual of Railway
Engineering (Ref. 1.4), which specifies traffic loads.
Environmental loads consist mainly of snow loads, wind pressure and suction,
earthquake loads (i.e., inertia forces caused by earthquake motions), soil pressures on
subsurface portions of structures, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat sur-
faces, and forces caused by temperature differentials. Like live loads, environmental
loads at any given time are uncertain in both magnitude and distribution. Reference 1.1
contains much information on environmental loads, which is often modified locally
depending, for instance, on local climatic or seismic conditions.
Figure 1.13, from the 1972 edition of Ref. 1.1, gives snow loads for the
continental United States and is included here for illustration only. The 2005 edition
MATERIALS 57
TABLE 2.4
Summary of minimum ASTM strength requirements
ASTM Minimum Yield Minimum Tensile
Product Specification Designation Strength, psi (MPa) Strength, psi (MPa)
Reinforcing bars A615 Grade 40 40,000 (280) 60,000 (420)
Grade 60 60,000 (420) 90,000 (620)
Grade 75 75,000 (520) 100,000 (690)
A706 Grade 60 60,000 (420) 80,000 (55Q)a
[78,000 (540) maximum]
A996 Grade 40 40,000 (280) 60,000 (420)
Grade 50 50,000 (350) 80,000 (550)
Grade 60 60,000 (420) 90,000 (620)
A1035 Grade 100 100,000 (690) 150,000 (1030)
Deformed bar mats A184 Same as reinforcing bars
Zinc-coated bars A767 Same as reinforcing bars
Epoxy-coated bars A775, A934 Same as reinforcing bars
Stainless-steel barsh A955 Same as reinforcing bars
Wire
Plain A82 70,000 (480) 80,000 (550)
Deformed A496 75,000 (515) 85,000 (585)
Welded wire reinforcement
Plain A185
Wl.2 and larger 65,000 (450) 75,000 (515)
Smaller than Wl.2 56,000 (385) 70,000 (485)
Deformed A497 70,000 (480) 80,000 (550)
Prestressing tendons
Seven-wire strand A416 Grade 250 212,500 (1465) 250,000 ( 1725)
(stress-relieved)
Grade 250 225,000 (1555) 250,000 ( 1725)
(low-relaxation)
Grade 270 229,500 (1580) 270,000 (1860)
(stress-relieved)
Grade 270 243,000 (1675) 270,000 (1860)
(low-relaxation)
Wire A421 Stress-relieved 199,750 (1375) to 235,000 (1620) to
212,500 (1465)< 250,000 (1725)"
Low-relaxation 211,500 (1455) to 235,000 (1620) to
225,000 (1550)C 250,000 (1725)"
Bars A722 Type I (plain) 127,500 (800) 150,000 (1035)
Type II (deformed) 120,000 (825) 150,000 (1035)
Compacted strandb A779 Type 245 241,900 (1480) 247,000 (1700)
Type 260 228,800 (1575) 263,000 (1810)
Type 270 234,900 (1620) 270,000 (1860)
a But not Jess than 1.25 times the actual yield strength.
b Not listed in ACI 318.
c Minimum strength depends on wire size.
Inch-pound Sl
Longitudinal ribs Longitudinal ribs
Grade line Grade line

(one line only) (one line only)
Grade 60 Grade420
(a)
Longitudinal ribs Longitudinal ribs
Grade line Grade line

(two lines only) (two lines only)
Grade 75 Grade 520

(b)
Longitudinal rib Longitudinal rib
Letter or symbol Letter or symbol

for producing mill for producing mill
Bar size No. 6
Type steel Type steel
Grades 40 and 50 Grades 280 and 350

(c)
APPENDIX
SI Conversion Factors:
Inch-Pound Units to SI Units
Overall Geometry
Spans 1 ft = 0.3048 m
Displacements 1 in. = 25.4 mm
Surface area 1 ft 2 = 0.0929 m2
Volume 1 ft 3 = 0.0283 m3
1 yd3 = 0.765 m3
Structural Properties
Cross-sectional dimensions 1 in. = 25.4 mm
Area 1 in2 = 645.2 mm2
Section modulus 1 in3 = 16.39 X 103 mm3
Moment of inertia 1 in4 = 0.4162 X 106 mm4
Material Properties
Density 1lb/ft 3 = 16.03 kg/m3
Modulus and stress 1 lb/in 2 = 0.006895 MPa
1 kip/in 2 = 6.895 MPa
Loadings
Concentrated loads 11b = 4.448 N
1 kip = 4.448 kN
Density 11b/ft 3 = 0.1571 kN/m3
Linear loads 1 kip/ft = 14.59 kN/m
Surface loads 11b/ft 2 = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 kip/ft 2 = 47.9 kN/m2
Stress and Moments
Stress 1 1b/in2 = 0.006895 MPa
1 kip/in 2 = 6.895 MPa
Moment or torque 1 ft-lb = 1.356 N-m
1 ft-kip = 1.356 kN-m
785
APPENDIX
Design Aids
TABLE A.1
Designations, diameters, areas, and weights of standard bars
Bar No. Cross-Sectional Nominal Weight,
lnch-Pounda Sib Diameter, in. Area, in 2 lb/ft
3 10 ~ =0.375 0.11 0.376
4 13 &= 0.500 0.20 0.668
5 16 i= 0.625 0.31 1.043
6 19 ~ =0.750 0.44 1.502
7 22 ~ =0.875 0.60 2.044
8 25 I =1.000 0.79 2.670
9 29 1~ =1.128' 1.00 3.400
10 32 1~ =1.270' 1.27 4.303
II 36 1~ =1.410' 1.56 5.313
14 43 I~= 1.693' 2.25 7.650
18 57 2i = 2.257' 4.00 13.600
"Based on the number of eighths of an inch included in the nominal diameter of the bars. The nominal
diameter of a deformed bar is equivalent to the diameter of a plain bar having the same weight per foot as the
deformed bar.
hBar number approximates the number of millimeters included in the nominal diameter of the bar. Bars are
marked with this designation.
'Approximate to nearest kin.
751
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced Concrete Design Fifth Edition
A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
FLEXURE IN BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
5d
By
SPRING 2004 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 1
Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
If a beam cross section is limited because of
architectural or other considerations, it may
happen that concrete cannot develop the
compression force required to resist the given
bending moment.
In this case, reinforcing steel bars are added
in the compression zone, resulting in a so-
called doubly reinforced beam, that is one
with compression as well as tension
reinforcement (Figure 21)
1

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
b
d
As
h (d d ) d
As
Figure 22. Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction (contd)
The use of compression reinforcement has
decreased markedly with the use of strength
design methods, which account for the full
strength potential of the concrete on the
compressive side of the neutral axis.
However, there are situations in which
compressive reinforcement is used for
reasons other than strength.
2

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
It has been found that the inclusion of some
compression steel has the following
advantages:
It will reduce the long-term deflections of members.
It will set a minimum limit on bending loading
It act as stirrup-support bars continuous through
out the beam span

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Another reason for placing reinforcement in
the compression zone is that when beams
span more than two supports (continuous
construction), both positive and negative
moments will exist as shown in Figure 23.
In Figure 23, positive moments exist at A and
C; therefore, the main tensile reinforcement
would be placed in the bottom of the beam.
At B, however, a negative moment exists and
the bottom of the beam is in compression.
The tensile reinforcement, therefore, must be
placed near the top of the beam.
3

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
w
A C
B
Moment
+ + +
Diagram - -
Figure 23. Continuous Beam

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Condition I: Tension and Compression

Steel Both at Yield Stress
The basic assumption for the analysis of
doubly reinforced beams are similar to
those for tensile reinforced beams.
The steel will behave elastically up to the
point where the strain exceeds the yield
strain y. As a limit f s= fy when the
compression strain s y.
If s < y, the compression steel stress will
be f s = s Es.
4

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Steel Both at Yield Stress (contd)
If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile
steel ratio is equal to or less than b, the
strength of the beam may be approximated
within acceptable limits by disregarding the
compression bars.
The strength of such a beam will be
controlled be tensile yielding, and the lever
arm of the resisting moment will be little
affected by the presence of comp. bars.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If the tensile steel ratio is larger than b, a
somewhat elaborate analysis is required.
In Fig. 24a, a rectangular beam cross
section is shown with compression steel As
placed at distance d from the compression
face and with tensile steel As at the
effective depth d.
5

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

d c = 0.003
0.85 f Figure 24 c
b
C2 = As f s
As c s
a C1 = 0.85 f cab
N.A
d a
Z1 = d Z2 = d d
2
As T1 = As1 f y
s T2 = As 2 f y
Cross Section Strain at Ultimate Concrete-Steel Steel-Steel
Moment Couple Couple
(a) (b) (c) (d)

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Notation for Doubly Reinforced Beam:
As = total compression steel cross-sectional area
d = effective depth of tension steel
d = depth to centroid of compressive steel from compression fiber
As1 = amount of tension steel used by the concrete-steel couple
As2 = amount of tension steel used by the steel-steel couple
As = total tension steel cross-sectional area (As = As1 + As2)
Mn1 = nominal moment strength of the concrete-steel couple
Mn2 = nominal moment strength of the steel-steel couple
Mn = nominal moment strength of the beam
s = unit strain at the centroid of the tension steel
s = unit strain at the centroid of the compressive steel
6

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Method of Analysis:
The total compression will now consist of two
forces:
C1, the compression resisted by the concrete
C2, the compression resisted by the steel
For analysis, the total resisting moment of the
beam will be assumed to consist of two parts or two
internal couples: The part due to the resistance of
the compressive concrete and tensile steel and the
part due to the compressive steel and additional
tensile steel.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The total nominal capacity may be derived
as the sum of the two internal couples,
neglecting the concrete that is displaced by
the compression steel.
The strength of the steel-steel couple is
given by (see Figure 24)
M n 2 = T2 Z 2 (36)
7

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

d c = 0.003
0.85 f Figure 24 c
b
C2 = As f s
As c s
a C1 = 0.85 f cab
N.A
d a
Z1 = d Z2 = d d
2
As T1 = As1 f y
s T2 = As 2 f y
(a) (b) (c) (d)

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

M n 2 = As 2 f y (d d ) assuming f s = f y
C2 = T2 As f s = As 2 f y As = As 2
Therefore,
M n 2 = As f y (d d ) (37)
The strength of the concrete-steel couple is
given by
M n1 = T1Z1 (38)
8

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

a
M n1 = As1 f y d assuming f s = f y
2
As = As1 + As 2 As1 = As As 2
since As 2 = As , then
As1 = As As
Therefore
a
M n1 = ( As As ) f y d (39)
2

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Nominal Moment Capacity
From Eqs. 37 and 39, the nominal moment
capacity can be evaluated as
M n = M n1 + M n 2
(40)
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
This equation is valid only if As yields
9

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Eq. 40 is valid only if As yields. Otherwise, the
beam has to be treated as a singly reinforced
beam neglecting the compression steel, or
one has to find the actual stress f s in the
compression reinforcement As and use the
actual force in the moment equilibrium
equation.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Determination of the Location of Neutral
Axis:
a As A
c= = and = s
1 bd bd
T = C1 + C2
As f y = (0.85 f c)ab + As f y
Therefore,
( As As ) f y ( ) f y d As1 f y
a= = =
0.85 f cb 0.85 f c 0.85 f cb
10

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Location of Neutral Axis c
( As As ) f y ( ) f y d (41)
a= =
0.85 f cb 0.85 f c
a ( As As ) f y ( ) f y d
c= = = (42)
1 0.851 f cb 0.851 f c
NOTE: if f c 4,000 psi, then 1 = 0.85, otherwise see next slide

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The value of 1 may determined by
0.85 for f c 4,000 psi

(43)
1 = 1.05 5 10-5 f c for 4,000 psi < f c 8,000 psi
0.65 for f c > 8,000 psi

11

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain-Compatibility Check
For As to yield, the strain s in the
compression steel should be greater than or
equal to the yield strain of reinforcing steel,
which is fy
s = (44)
Es
The strain s can be calculated from similar
triangles. Referring to Figure 24,
c d d (45)
s = 0.003 = 0.0031
c c

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain-Compatibility Check (contd)

Substituting c of Eq. 42 into Eq. 45, gives
d 0.851 f cd
s = 0.0031 = 0.0031 (46)
c ( )df y
For compression steel to yield, the following
condition must be satisfied:
fy fy
s or s
Es 29 106
12

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The compression steel yields if
fy
s
29 106
or
0.851 f cd fy
0.0031 -
( - ) f y d 29 10
6
or
0.851 f cd fy
1-
( - ) f y d 87,000

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
0.851 f cd fy
1-
( - ) f y d 87,000
or
0.851 f cd fy
1
( - ) f y d 87,000
or
0.851 f cd f y 87,000

( - ) f y d 87,000
13

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

or
0.851 f cd f y 87,000

( - ) f y d 87,000
or
0.851 f cd f y 87,000

( - ) f y d 87,000
or
87,000
( - ) 0.851 f c d
87,000 f

f yd y

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If compression steel is to yield, then the
following condition must be satisfied:
87,000
( - ) 0.851 f c d
87,000 f

(47)
f yd y
14

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If s is less than y the stress in the
compression steel, f s , can be computed as
f s = Es s = 29 106 s
or (48)
0.851 f cd
f s = 29 106 0.0031
( ) f y d

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Condition II: Compression Steel Below

Yield Stress
The preceding equations are valid only if
the compression steel has yielded when
the beam reaches its ultimate strength.
In many cases, however, such as for wide,
shallow beams reinforced with higher-
strength steels, the yielding of compression
steel may not occur when the beam
reaches its ultimate capacity.
15

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
It is therefore necessary to to develop
more generally applicable equations to
account for the possibility that the
compression reinforcement has not yielded
when the doubly reinforced beam fails in
flexure.
The development of these equations will
be based on
s < y (49)

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Development of the Equations for
Condition II
Referring to Fig. 24,
T = C1 + C2
(50)
As f y = (0.85 f c)ba + f sAs
But (51)
a = 1c
and 0.003(c d ) (52)
f s = s Es = Es
c
16

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
d c = 0.003
0.85 f Figure 24 c
b
C2 = As f s
As c s
a C1 = 0.85 f cab
N.A
d a
Z1 = d Z2 = d d
2
As T1 = As1 f y
s T2 = As 2 f y
(a) (b) (c) (d)

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Substituting Eqs 51 and 52 into Eq. 50, yields
0.003(c d )
As f y = (0.85 f c)b1c + Es As (53)
c
Multiplying by c, expanding, and rearranging, yield
(0.85 f cb1 )c 2 + (0.003Es As As f y )c 0.003d Es As = 0 (54)
If Es is taken as 29 103 ksi, Eq. 54 will take the

following form:
17

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
The following quadratic equation can be
used to find c when s < y :
(0.85 f cb1 ) c 2 + (87 As As f y ) c 87d As = 0 (55)
a b c
Analogous to:
Note:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 The basic units are kips and inches
in the equation.
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
In this case when s < y , the nominal
moment capacity of Eq. 40 becomes
M n = M n1 + M n 2
= (As f y As f s)d + As f s(d d )

a (56)
2
where
A f As f s
a= s y and f s as given by Eq. 52
0.85 f cb
18

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI Code Ductility Requirements

The ACI Code limitation on applies to
doubly reinforced beams as well as to
singly reinforced beams.
Steel ratio shall not be less than given by
3 f c 200
min = (57)
fy fy

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI Code Ductility Requirements

In order to ensure tension-controlled
behavior, the ratio c/dt should less than
0.375, that is
c (58)
0.375 (preferably 0.30)
dt
In this case, the strain t in the tensile

reinforcement is greater than 0.005, which
can be computed by
d (59)
t = 0.003 1
c
19
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Figure 14. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 25. Flow Chart

For the Analysis of
Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams
20
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the

Design of Doubly Reinforced Sections
1. Midspan section. The trial-and-
adjustment procedure described for
singly reinforced beam can be used if the
section is rectangular.
2. Support section. The width b and the
effective depth d are already known from
part 1 together with the value of the
external negative factored moment Mn.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

a) Find the strength Mn1 singly reinforced
section using the already established b and
d dimensions of the section at midspan and
a reinforcement area to give t > 0.005.
b) From step (a), find Mn2 = Mn Mn1 and
determine the resulting As2 = As . The total
steel area at the tension side would be
As = As1 + As
c) Alternatively, determine how many bars are
extended from the midspan to the support
21
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

to give the As to be used in calculating Mn2.
d) From step (c), find the value of Mn1 = Mn
Mn2. Calculate As1 for singly reinforced beam
as the first part of the solution. Then
determine total As = As1 + As . Verify that As1
does not give t < 0.005 if it is revised in the
solution.
e) Check for the compatibility of strain in both
alternatives to verify whether the
compression steel yielded or not and use

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

the corresponding stress in the steel for
calculating the forces and moments.
f) Check for satisfactory minimum
reinforcement requirements.
g) Select the appropriate bar sizes.
22
Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11: Compression steel yielded

Example 1
Compute the 1

11 2
practical moment 2
capacity Mn for 2#10
the beam having #3 stirrup
a cross section 20
1
as shown in the 1 clear (typ)
figure. Use f c= 2 3#9
3,000 psi and fy = 3#9
60,000 psi.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Determine the values for As and As:
From Table 6,
As = area of 2 #10 = 2.54 in 2
As = area of 6 #9 = 6.0 in 2
Compute the steel ratio :

As 2.54
= = = 0.0115
bd 11(20 )
A 6
= s = = 0.0273
bd 11(20 )
23

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Table 6. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)
Number Bar number
of bars #3 #4 $5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11
1 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56
2 0.22 0.40 0.62 0.88 1.20 1.58 2.00 2.54 3.12
3 0.33 0.60 0.93 1.32 1.80 2.37 3.00 3.81 4.68
4 0.44 0.80 1.24 1.76 2.40 3.16 4.00 5.08 6.24
5 0.55 1.00 1.55 2.20 3.00 3.95 5.00 6.35 7.80
6 0.66 1.20 1.86 2.64 3.60 4.74 6.00 7.62 9.36
7 0.77 1.40 2.17 3.08 4.20 5.53 7.00 8.89 10.92
8 0.88 1.60 2.48 3.52 4.80 6.32 8.00 10.16 12.48
9 0.99 1.80 2.79 3.96 5.40 7.11 9.00 11.43 14.04
10 1.10 2.00 3.10 4.40 6.00 7.90 10.00 12.70 15.60

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Therefore,
As 2 = As = 2.54 in 2
As1 = As As 2 = 6.0 2.54 = 3.46 in 2
( ) = 0.0273 0.0115 = 0.0158
Check whether compression steel yielded using Eq. 47
87,000
( - ) 0.851 f c d
87,000 f

f yd y
( - ) 0.85(0.85)(3000)(2.5) 87,000 = 0.0146

60,000(20 ) 87,000 60,000
24

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Therefore,
[( ) = 0.0158] > 0.0146 ductility is OK
The compression steel has yielded, and Eq. 40 for

determining Mn can be used:
( As As ) f y As1 f y 3.46(60 )
a= = = = 7.40 in. (Eq. 41)
0.85 f cb 0.85 f cb 0.85(3)(11)
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
7.4
= 3.46(60 )20 + 2.54(60 )(20 2.5) = 6,050.9 in - k
2

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
6,050.9
Mn = ft - kips = 504.2 ft - kips
12
The practical moment capacity is evaluated

as follows:
M u = 0.9(504.2 ) = 454 ft - kips
25

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12: Compression steel not yielded

Calculate the nominal moment strength Mn of
the doubly reinforced section shown in the
figure. Given:
f c = 5000 psi (normal - weight concrete)
f y = 60,000 psi 2.5 in. 14 in.
d = 2.5 in.
As : 2 #7
d t = 21 in.
As = 4 No.10 bars 24 in. 18.5 in. 21 in.
As = 2 No. 7 bars
As : 4 #10

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Determine the values for As and As:
From Table 6,
A 5.08
As = area of 4 #10 = 5.08 in 2 , = s = = 0.0173
bd 14(21)
A 1.20
As = area of 2 #7 = 1.20 in 2 , = s = = 0.0041
bd 14(21)
Therefore,
As As = As1 = 5.08 1.20 = 3.88 in 2
( ) = 0.0173 0.0041 = 0.0132
26

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Table 6. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)
Number Bar number
of bars #3 #4 $5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11
1 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56
2 0.22 0.40 0.62 0.88 1.20 1.58 2.00 2.54 3.12
3 0.33 0.60 0.93 1.32 1.80 2.37 3.00 3.81 4.68
4 0.44 0.80 1.24 1.76 2.40 3.16 4.00 5.08 6.24
5 0.55 1.00 1.55 2.20 3.00 3.95 5.00 6.35 7.80
6 0.66 1.20 1.86 2.64 3.60 4.74 6.00 7.62 9.36
7 0.77 1.40 2.17 3.08 4.20 5.53 7.00 8.89 10.92
8 0.88 1.60 2.48 3.52 4.80 6.32 8.00 10.16 12.48
9 0.99 1.80 2.79 3.96 5.40 7.11 9.00 11.43 14.04
10 1.10 2.00 3.10 4.40 6.00 7.90 10.00 12.70 15.60

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Check whether compression steel yielded using Eq. 47
87,000
( - ) 0.851 f c d
87,000 f

f yd y
( - ) 0.85(0.80)(5000)(2.5) 87,000 = 0.0217

60,000(21) 87,000 60,000
Therefore,
[( ) = 0.0132] < 0.0217
and the compression steel did not yield and f s is less
than fy. Therefore use Eqs 55 and 56 to find Mn.
27

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Using Eq. 55 to find c and consequently a:
(0.85 f cb1 ) c 2 + (87 As As f y ) c 87d As = 0

(0.85 f cb1 ) = 0.85 5 14 0.80 = 47.6
(87 A A f ) = 87 1.2 5.08 60 = 200.4
s s y
87 d As = 87 2.5 1.2 = 261

Therefore,
Find c from
47.6c 2 200.4c 261 = 0 quadratic Eq.

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
The solution to the quadratic equation is as follows:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
47.6 x 2 200.4 x 261 = 0
(200.4) (200) 2 4(47.6)( 261) 200.4 299.49
x= =
2(47.6) 95.2
x = 1.0409, 5.251
Therefore, take c = 5.25 in a = 5.25(0.80 ) = 4.2 in.
28

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Check ACI Code Requirements for minimum
steel and strain limits:
3 f c 200
[Actual ( ) = 0.0132] > max , = 0.0035 OK
fy f y
Using either Eq. 58 or 59, gives
c 5.25
= = 0.25 < 0.375 (preferably 0.30) OK
dt 21
or
d 21
t = 0. 003 1 = 0. 003 1 = 0.009 > 0.005 OK
c 5 .25

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Table 7. Design Constants

Recommended Design Values
3 f c 200
f c b R (ksi)
f y f y
fy = 40,000 psi
3000 0.0050 0.03712 0.0135 482.82
4000 0.0050 0.04949 0.0180 643.76
5000 0.0053 0.05823 0.0225 804.71
6000 0.0058 0.06551 0.0270 965.65
fy = 50,000 psi
3000 0.0040 0.02753 0.0108 482.80
4000 0.0040 0.03671 0.0144 643.80
5000 0.0042 0.04318 0.0180 804.70
6000 0.0046 0.04858 0.0216 965.70
fy = 60,000 psi
3000 0.0033 0.0214 0.0090 482.82
4000 0.0033 0.0285 0.0120 643.76
5000 0.0035 0.0335 0.0150 804.71
6000 0.0039 0.0377 0.0180 965.65
fy = 75,000 psi
3000 0.0027 0.0155 0.0072 482.80
4000 0.0027 0.0207 0.0096 643.80
5000 0.0028 0.0243 0.0120 804.70
6000 0.0031 0.0274 0.0144 965.70
29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Figure 14. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor

ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Since t > 0.005, the strength reduction factor
= 0.9. Therefore, the nominal moment
strength Mn of the beam is computed using
Eqs. 52 and 56 as follows:
0.003(c d ) 0.003(5.25 2.5)
f s = Es = 29 103 = 45.57 ksi
c 5.25
M n = (As f y As f s)d + As f s(d d )

a
2
4.2
= (5.08 60 1.2 45.57 )21 + 1.2 45.57(21 2.5)
2
= 5,738.8 in - kips = 478 ft - kips ANS.
30
Chapter 6.
Compression Reinforcement - Flexural Members
If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other considerations, it may hap-
pen that the concrete cannot develop the compression force required to resist the give bending mo-
ment. In this case, reinforcing is added in the compression zone, resulting in a so-called doubly rein-
forced beam, i.e., one with compression as well as tension reinforcement. Compression reinforced
is also used to improve serviceability, improve long term deflections, and to provide support for stir-
rups throughout the beam.
6.1. Reading Assignment:

Text Section 5.7; ACI 318, Sections: 10.3.4, 10.3.3, and 7.11.1
6.2. Strength Calculations

u = 0.003 0.85f c
Cs
As s
a b = 1c b Cc
d cb
h d
A bs
d-c b h-c b T bs
b s = y
strains stresses forces
From geometry we can find the strain in compression steel at failure as:
s = 0.003 c
c
d (6.1)
CIVL 4135 118 Compression Reinforcement

6.3. Nominal Resisting Moment When Compression Steel Yields
d
u = 0.003 0.85f c 0.85f c
Cs
As y a a
c Cc A sf y Cc
d = +
h
As d-c Ts A sf y
T s = (A s A s)f y
b > y
Case I Case II
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Total resisting moment can be considered as sum of:

1. Moment from corresponding areas of tension and compression steel
2. The moment of some portion of the tension steel acting with concrete.
1c (6.2)
M n = (A s A s) f y (d ) + A s f y (d d)
2
and from equilibrium:
0.85f c ab = (A s A s)f y (6.3)
Solve for a:
A s A s (6.4)
a= f
0.85f c b y

6.4. Compression Steel below Yield Stress (strain compatibility check).
Whether or not the compression steel will have yielded at failure can be determined as fol-
lows:
d
u = 0.003 0.85f c
Cs
As s = y a
c Cc
d
h
As lim d-c Ts
b y
From geometry: u c (6.5)

=
s c d
if compression steel yield s = y then:

u c u
y = c d c = d (6.6)
u y
Equilibrium for case II:

(A lim
s A s)f y = 0.85 ( 1c) b f c (6.7)
Substitute for c from Eq. (6.6) and (6.7) and divide both sides by bd gives:
(A lim
s A s)f y
bd
= 0.85 1 b f c u
u
y
d 1
bd (6.8)
or A lim
s
bd
=
A s
bd
f
+ 0.85 1 c
fy
u
u d
y d
(6.9)
lim = s + 0.85 1
f c
fy

87, 000 d
87, 000 f y d
(6.10)
this is common for shallow

if actual > lim then compression steel will yield beams using high strength
steel
if
As A s
bd
f
0.85 1 c
fy
87, 000
d
87, 000 f y d
then compression steel
will yield

6.5. Example of analysis of a reinforced concrete section having compression reinforce-
ment.
Determine the nominal moment, Mn , and the ultimate moment capacity, Mu , of the reinforced
concrete section shown below.
2.5
22.2 As= 3.8 in2

f c = 5, 000 psi
f y = 60, 000 psi

As= 7.62 in2
12
Solution
Mn can be calculated if we assume some conditions for compression steel.

Assume that compression steel yields:
C c = 0.85f c 1 cb = 0.85 (5 ksi) (0.80) c (12) = 40.8c

C s = A sf y = 3.8 (60ksi) = 228 kips
T s = (7.62 in 2) ( 60 ksi) = 457 kips
Equilibrium:
Cs + Cc = Ts
solve for c:
457 228
c = = 5.6 in
40.8 d
0.85f c u = 0.003
check assumption
c s
c d d
s = 0.003 c
5.6 2.5 Ts d-c
= 0.003 = 0.0017
5.6
y
fy 60
s = 0.0017 < = = 0.00207 wrong assumption
Es 29, 000
This means the compression steel does not yield. Therefore, our
initial assumption was wrong. We need to make a new assumption.

Assume f s < fy
C s = A sf s = A s s E s
c 2.5 c 2.5
= (3.8 in 2) (0.003 c ) (29, 000 ksi) = 330 c
Now for equilibrium: Cs + Cc = Ts
c 2.5
40.8c + 330 c = 457 kips solve for c c = 6.31 in
check assumption
6.31 2.5
f s = 0.003 29, 000 = 52.5 ksi < f y = 60 ksi
6.31
assumption o.k.
check ACI Code requirements for tension failure
c = 6.31 = 0.284 < 0.375 We are in the tension-controlled section and satisfy
d 22.2
the ACI code requirements.
= 0.9
= 0.75 + ( t 0.002)(50)
0.90
SPIRAL
0.75

0.65
OTHER
Compression Tension
Transition
Controlled Controlled
t = 0.002 t = 0.005
c = 0.600 c = 0.375
dt dt

Calculate forces:
C c = 40.8 (6.31 in) = 258 kips
258+200=458
C s = 3.8 (52.5ksi) = 200 kips Equilibrium
is
satisfied
T s = (7.62 in 2) ( 60ksi) = 457 kips
Take moment about tension reinforcement to determine the nominal moment capacity of the section:
Mn = Cc d 1c
2
+ C (d d)
s
Nominal moment capacity is:

M n = (258 kips) (22.2 0.80 6.31) + 200(22.2 2.5)
2
= 5080 + 3940 = 9020 in kips
Ultimate moment capacity is:
M u = M n = 0.9 9020 = 8118 in k

6.6. Example of analysis of a doubly reinforced concrete beam for flexure
Determine whether the compression steel yield at failure.
2.5
2 No. 7
As= 1.2 in2
f c = 5, 000 psi 21
f y = 60, 000 psi 4 No. 10

As= 5.08 in2
14
Solution
As
= = 5.08 = 0.0173
bd 14 21
= 0.0173 0.0041 = 0.0132
A s 1.2
= = = 0.0041
bd 14 21
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
?
0.0132 0.85 1
f c
fy
87, 000 d
87, 000 f y d

?
0.0132 0.85 0.80 5
60

87, 000 2.5
87, 000 60000 21

?
0.0132 0.0217
Therefore, the compression steel does not yield.

6.7. Example: Design of a member to satisfy a nominal moment capacity.
Assume we have the same size beam as Section 6.6. example and
wish to satisfy the same nominal conditions:
2.5
f y = 60, 000 psi
22.2 As = ? in 2
f c = 5, 000 psi
Required M n = 9020 in k
As = ? in 2
Solution 12
For singly reinforced section:
use c = 0.375
d
f
= 0.85 1 c c
d fy
5 ksi
= (0.85)(0.80)(0.375) = 0.0213
60 ksi
Maximum As1 for singly reinforced section then is:
A s1 = b d = (0.0213) (12) (22.2) = 5.66 in 2

M n = f y bd 2 1 0.59
fy
f c

M n = (0.0213 in 2)(60 ksi)(12 in)(22.2 in) 2 10.59(0.0213) 60 = 6409 in.kips
5
M u2 = M n = 0.9 6409 = 5747 in.kips
Moment which must be resisted by additional compression and tension reinforcement
M u1 = M u1 M u2
M u1 = 0.9 9020 5747 = 2365 in.kips
Assuming compression steel yields we will have:
M u1 = A s f y (d d) = 0.9 A s (60) (22.2 2.5) = 1063.8 A s
2365 ink = 1063.8 A s A s = 2365 = 2.23 in 2
1063.8
Therefore, the design steel area for tension and compression reinforcement will be:
A s = 5.66 + 2.23 = 7.89 in 2 8-#9

A s = 2.23 in 2 3-#8

2.5
22.2 As = ? in 2
As = ? in 2
12
Check whether the compression steel has yielded, use Eq. (6.10):
As A s
bd
f
0.85 1 c
fy

87, 000 d
87, 000 f y d

8 2.37 0.85 0.80 5
22.2 12 60

87, 000
87, 000 60000
2.5
22.2

0.0211 0.206
Therefore the compression steel yields at failure
Check to make sure that the final design will fall under tension-controlled
(A s A s)f y
a=
0.85f cb
(8.002.37)60
a= = 6.62 in
0.85(5)(12)
c = a = 6.62 = 8.28 in
1 0.80
c = 8.28 = 0.373 < 0.375

d 22.2 Tension controlled
see the following page for the rest of the solution done in a speadsheet.

CIVL 4135
128 Compression Reinforcement
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
A doubly reinforced concrete beam section has a maximum effective depth d = 25 in and is subjected
to a total factored moment Mn = 9400 in--kips, including self weight. Design the section and select
the appropriate reinforcement at the tension and the compression faces to carry the required load.
f y = 60, 000 psi
f c = 4, 000 psi
Required M n = 9, 400 ink

Solution
Assume that b = 14 in. = 0.55 d
See the following pages for design done in a spreadsheet.
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
A doubly reinforced concrete beam section has a maximum effective depth d = 25 in and is subjected
to a total factored moment Mu = 9400 in--kips, including self weight. Design the section and select
the appropriate reinforcement at the tension and the compression faces to carry the required load.
f y = 60, 000 psi
f c = 4, 000 psi
Required M n = 9, 400 ink

Solution
Assume that b = 14 in. = 0.55 d
See the following pages for design done in a spreadsheet.
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
CIVL 4135
Lecture 1 Reinforced Concrete Properties
Reinforced concrete structures are typified by their strength, beauty, bulk and
longevity. It is the material of choice for many structures where these
characteristics are required. Concrete-framed structures have many desirable
advantages over other construction materials including:
Concrete can be molded to form almost any imaginable shape

The entire building can be made of concrete walls, floors, structure
Concrete frames are inherently stable (vs. steel & wood)
Concrete structures are heavy excellent for wind-prone areas
Concrete is a readily-available material
Concrete is very fire-resistant
Weather-resistant (if built properly)
Relatively inexpensive material
Concrete is considered green when using certain admixtures such as fly-ash
However, reinforced concrete structures have several shortcomings which may

preclude it as a building material, including:
Very labor-intensive
Quality control
Formwork
Longer construction schedule due to curing time
Much larger, heavier member sizes (vs. steel-framed)
Poor insulation values
Sydney Opera House, Austrailia
Lecture 1 - Page 1 of 8
Concrete Materials:
Concrete is a mixture of the following materials:
1. Portland Cement The active ingredient that glues the other

materials together, conforming to ASTM C 150-99a. The raw
materials used in portland cement consist mainly of limestone, and
clays & shales. Different types of portland cement include:
a) Type I General purpose

b) Type II Moderate sulfate protection and lower heat of
hydration
c) Type III High-early strength
d) Type IV Low heat of hydration used for massive concrete
structures such as dams
e) Type V High sulfate resistance
2. Water Water is necessary to create the chemical reaction of

hardening the cement called hydration. It should be clean and free
from any impurities (i.e., potable).
3. Aggregates Aggregates typically occupy 70% to 75% of the

volume of the hardened concrete mass. Fine aggregate (sand)
defined as consisting of particles passing through a #4 sieve (4
opening per linear inch), and coarse aggregate (gravel), typically
dia. max. In no case shall the aggregate size be larger than 75% of
the spacing between bars. Aggregate shall conform to ASTM C 33.
4. Admixtures Other ingredients added to enhance properties:
a) Air Entrainment Tiny bubbles used to reduce cracking in

concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles. Conforming to ASTM C
260 with an air content of 4% - 8% by volume.
b) Superplasticizers Also called High Range Water Reducers,
used to increase concretes flow (workability) instead of adding
water. Conforming to ASTM C 494 Type F.
c) Retarders Used to slow the hydration process. Conforming to
ASTM C494 Type D.
d) Accelerators Used to speed-up the curing process, conforming
to ASTM C494 Type C or E.
e) Insulating beads Increases the R value, but diminishes
strength.
f) Fly Ash The byproduct of coal-burning electric generating plants.
Used to decrease the amount of portland cement required.
Maximum fly ash content should not exceed 25% of the volume of
portland cement. Conforming to ASTM C 618 Class F.
g) Colors Can be mixed to produce any desirable color.
Reinforced Concrete Properties:
1) Compressive Strength
The specified concrete compressive strength, fc, is actually a stress. It

is the most important structural property of concrete and is VERY
DEPENDENT upon the water-to-cement ratio. This is the ratio of the
weight of water divided by the weight of cement. A low w/c ratio = high
fc and high w/c ratio = low fc. A low w/c ratio is very stiff and difficult to
work with, therefore necessitating the need for superplasticizers.
Normal concrete has w/c ratios ranging from about 0.23 (very strong)
up to a maximum of about 0.50 but preferably should not exceed 0.45.
Values of fc are based on 28 days of curing. Typical ranges of fc are:
fc = 3000 PSI (slab-on-grade, footings, foundation walls)

= 3500 5000 PSI (beams, framed slabs)
= 4000 14000 PSI (columns)
The condition in which concrete cures affects the ultimate strength of

the hardened concretes fc. Allowing the freshly-placed concrete to
have continuous moisture applied will significantly increase the
strength, fc. Conversely, subjecting the freshly-placed concrete to
constant air will decrease the fc. See the graph below:
Affect of moist curing on concrete strength
2) Tensile Strength
Concrete is a brittle material and has very small tensile strength (about
10% of fc). It is usually assumed that concrete has zero tensile
strength.
3) Modulus of Elasticity Determined by formula below:
Econc = 57000 f 'c
where fc = concrete specified compressive stress in PSI
Example:
GIVEN: Concrete with fc = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Determine Econc
Econc = 57000 f 'c
= 57000 4000 PSI
= 3,605,000 PSI
Econc = 3605 KSI
4) Reinforcing Bars Used to carry ALL of the tension in a concrete
member, as well as helping to carry shear and compression. The steel
uses for bars is typically new billet steel having the usual modulus of
elasticity E = 29,000 KSI. The size of a bar refers to its diameter in
1/8ths. For example a #5 bar is in diameter (see table below). Rebar
should conform to ASTM A615 for deformed (ribbed) bars. Typical
grades of bars include:
a) Grade 60 Has a yield stress Fy = 60 KSI, used for all bars

b) Grade 40 Has a yield stress Fy = 40 KSI, used for low-strength
applications only
Area (in2):
Fy = 60 KSI
Bar Size: Diameter:

#3 3 0.11
Stress (KSI)
"
8
Yield
#4 0.20
#5 5 0.31
Yield point
Fracture "
8
#6 0.44
Strain (in/in) #7 7 0.60
"
Elastic range 8
Stress #8 1 0.79
E
Strain #9 1 1.00
1 "
8
#10 1 1.27
Steel Stress-Strain Curve #11 3 1.56
1 "
8
Reinforcing Bar Dimensions
The following diagram shows the typical markings on a deformed reinforcing bar:
Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are regular bars with a shop-applied
coating of epoxy. Epoxy coated bars conform to ASTM A775. These bars
have exceptional resistance to corrosion and are used in situations where
there is high water/salt exposure (such as road bridge decks, marine
structures, etc.). They are smooth to the touch and usually green in color.
Codes MAY allow the placement of epoxy-coated bars to be closer to the
surface than regular bars because of the increased resistance to
corrosion. This may result in a thinner, lighter concrete beam or slab.
Bridge deck constructed with epoxy-coated reinforcing bars
Reinforcing bars are placed a certain minimum distance away from the
edge of the member to ensure that it will not be susceptible to water/salt
infusion. This is referred to as cover distance. The cover distance
requirements shown below are obtained from ACI 318-05 Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete.
Required
minimum cover
distance Concrete member
Reinforcing bars
Required minimum
cover distance
Minimum Concrete Cover Over Reinforcing Bars

Condition: Minimum cover:
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 3
Concrete exposed to earth or No. 6 through No. 18 bars 2
weather No. 5 and smaller bars 1
Concrete NOT exposed to Slabs, walls No. 14 & 1
earth or weather & joists No. 18
No. 11 and
smaller
Beams, Main reinf., 1
columns stirrups,
ties, spirals
Shells, No. 6 and
folded larger
plates No. 5 and
smaller
5) Slump Fresh concrete uses a slump test to determine the workability
of the concrete as per ASTM C 143. It is, however, not a very useful
measure of the concretes strength. It is possible to get very workable
concrete with high slump (i.e., very fluid) with the use of
superplasticizers.
The test involves taking a cone-shaped mold and pouring a sample of

concrete into it. Next, the cone is removed upward and the vertical
displacement of the concrete is measured.
Technicians performing a slump test on fresh concrete
Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction

Type of Concrete Member: Slump:
Maximum Minimum
Foundation walls & footings 3 1
Beams and walls 4 1
Columns 4 1
Pavements and slabs 3 1
Mass concrete 2 1
Lecture 2 Introduction to ACI 318-02
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is the governing agency for all concrete
construction in the U.S. It was established in 1904 to serve and represent user
interests in the field of concrete. The ACI publishes many different standards,
but the most commonly referenced standard used by architects and engineers is
the ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. It is updated
every 7 years and the latest version is ACI 318-02 updated in 2002.
Almost all Building Codes, including the IBC, refer to ACI 318 as the basis for
structural design of concrete members.
Contents:
PART 1GENERAL
CHAPTER 1GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................318-9

CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS........................................................................ 318-19
PART 2STANDARDS FOR TESTS AND MATERIALS
CHAPTER 3MATERIALS.......................................................................... 318-27
PART 3CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 4DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS.................................................................... 318-41

CHAPTER 5CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING ...........................................318-47
CHAPTER 6FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS .............. 318-63
CHAPTER 7DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT................................................................... 318-69
PART 4GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 8ANALYSIS AND DESIGN - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................318-85

CHAPTER 9STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................................318-95
CHAPTER 10FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS...................................................................318-109
CHAPTER 11SHEAR AND TORSION............................................................................ 318-139
CHAPTER 12DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT ..............................318-187
PART 5STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
CHAPTER 13TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS.................................................................. 318-213

CHAPTER 14WALLS.................................................................................................... 318-233
CHAPTER 15FOOTINGS.............................................................................................. 318-241
CHAPTER 16PRECAST CONCRETE ..............................................................................318-249
CHAPTER 17COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS ...................................... 318-257
CHAPTER 18PRESTRESSED CONCRETE..................................................................... 318-261
CHAPTER 19SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS................................................. 318-289
PART 6SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 20STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES.......................... 318-297

CHAPTER 21SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN........................................318-303
PART 7STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
CHAPTER 22STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE ............................................................318-343
COMMENTARY REFERENCES.................................................................................................318-353
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX ASTRUT-AND-TIE MODELS .......................................................................318-369

APPENDIX BALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS ............................................................318-385
APPENDIX CALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS................318-393
APPENDIX DANCHORING TO CONCRETE...................................................................318-399
APPENDIX ENOTATION...............................................................................................318-427
APPENDIX FSTEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION ................................................318-437
INDEX.............................................................................................................................318-439
Analysis and Design General Considerations
Design Basis:
Similar to the LRFD method in steel, concrete is designed on the basis

of Ultimate loading. This is often referred to as Strength design.
Factors are applied to service loads in accordance with ACI 318
Section 9.2. These factored loads are used to determine maximum
factored moments, shears and other effects which are then compared
to the strength of the member. Strength of member is reduced by a
strength reduction factor.
Factored Load Effects < ()Member Strength
Load Factors:
1) 1.4(D + F)
2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where: D = service dead loads

L = service live load
Lr = service roof live load
S = snow loads
W = wind loads
R = rainwater loads
E = earthquake loads
F = fluid loads
H = soil loads
T = Temperature, creep, settlement, shrinkage loads
Strength Reduction Factors,

Member Type:
Tension member 0.90
Compression member Spiral reinforced 0.70
Tied reinforced 0.65
Flexural members (beams) 0.85
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing 0.65
Example 1
GIVEN: The interior column of a 2-story concrete-framed building has the
following applied service loads to the 1200 ft2 tributary area as shown:
Roof live load = 20 PSF

Snow load = 45 PSF
Roof superimposed dead load (not including 8 thick slab) = 16 PSF
Roof wind uplift = -8 PSF
Floor live load = 100 PSF
Floor superimposed dead load (not including 10 thick slab) = 42 PSF
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored load, Pu, at the bottom of the 20
x 20 square column.
Trib. area = 1200 ft2
Step 1 Determine the total service loads on the roof:
a) Service roof live load, Lr = Trib. area(Roof PSF)

= 1200 ft2(20 PSF)
= 24,000 lbs.
= 24.0 KIPS
b) Service snow load, S = Trib. area(Floor PSF)

= 1200 ft2(45 PSF)
= 54,000 lbs.
= 54.0 KIPS
c) Service wind uplift load, W = 1200 ft2(-8 PSF)

= -9,600 lbs.
= -9.6 KIPS
d) Service roof dead load, Droof = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.)

= 1200 ft2(16 PSF) + 1200 ft2 8" (150 PCF )
12
= 19,200 lbs. + 120,000 lbs.

= 139,200 lbs.
= 139.2 KIPS
Step 2 Determine the total service loads on the 2nd floor:
a) Service floor live load, L = 1200 ft2(100 PSF)

= 120,000 lbs.
= 120.0 KIPS
b) Service floor dead load, Dfloor = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.)

= 1200 ft2(42 PSF) + 1200 ft2 10" (150 PCF )
12
= 50,400 lbs. + 150,000 lbs.

= 200,400 lbs.
= 200.4 KIPS
Step 3 Determine the total service dead load of the concrete column:
20" 20"
Column dead load, Dcolumn = (
(28 ft ) 150lb / ft
3
)
12 12
= 11,667 lbs.
= 11.7 KIPS
Step 4 Sum all service dead loads together:
Total service dead load, D = Droof + Dfloor + Dcolumn

= 139.2 KIPS + 200.4 KIPS + 11.7 KIPS
= 351.3 KIPS
Step 5 Check all 7 load factors, select worst case:
1) 1.4(D + F)
1.4(351.3) = 491.8 KIPS
2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

1.2(351.3) + 1.6(120.0) + 0.5(54.0) = 640.6 KIPS USE
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

1.2(351.3) + 1.6(54.0) + (1.0(120.0)) = 628.0 KIPS
4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

1.2(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) + 1.0(120.0) + 0.5(54) = 553.2 KIPS
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S

1.2(351.3) + 1.0(120) + 0.2(54.0) = 552.4 KIPS
6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

0.9(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) = 300.8 KIPS
7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

0.9(351.3) = 316.2 KIPS
From above, Pu = 640.6 KIPS
Example 2
GIVEN: The cantilevered floor balcony beam/slab as shown below. The service
superimposed dead load (not including concrete) = 14 PSF and the
superimposed service live load = 75 PSF.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored moment, Mu on the cantilevered
beam.
wu
14-0
Side view of cantilevered beam
Step 1 Determine service dead load, D acting on beam:
Since there are 2 beams, each supports of the balcony:
5 slab
18
10
8-0 18 5 slab
16-0
150lb 5" 10" 13"

Weight of concrete (shaded area) = 3
(8' )( ) + ( )( )
ft 12 12 12
= 635.4 PLF
Superimposed dead load on beam = 8(14 PSF)

= 112 PLF
Total dead load acting on beam, D = 635.4 PLF + 112 PLF

= 747.4 PLF
Step 2 Determine service live load, L acting on beam:
Live load acting on beam = 8(75 PSF)

= 600 PLF
Step 3 Determine factored uniform load on beam, wu:
By inspection, use load factor 1.2D + 1.6L
wu = 1.2(747.4 PLF) + 1.6(600 PLF)

= 1857 PLF
= 1.9 KLF
Step 4 Determine maximum factored moment on beam, Mu:
wu = 1.9 KLF
14-0
0 Kips 0 Kips
Shear Diagram
-26.6 Kips
Area of Triangle
0 Kip-Ft
Moment Diagram
-186.2 Kip-Ft
wu L2
For a cantilevered beam, Mmax = Mu =
2
(1.9 KLF )(14'0" ) 2

=
2
Mu = -186.2 KIP-FT
NOTE: Negative sign

indicates tension on TOP for
cantilevers
Lecture 5 T- Beams
Concrete beams are often poured integrally with the slab, forming a much stronger
T shaped beam. These beams are very efficient because the slab portion
carries the compressive loads and the reinforcing bars placed at the bottom of the
stem carry the tension. A T-beam typically has a narrower stem than an ordinary
rectangular beam. These stems are typically spaced from 4-0 apart to more than
12-0. The slab portion above the stem is designed as a one-way slab spanning
between stems (see Lecture 6).
A typical T-beam has the following dimensions and notations:
b = Effective flange width

hf = Slab
thickness
Overhang
width d
bw Clear distance bw
NOTE: Stirrups in T-beam
are required (not shown in
this sketch)
Assuming T-beams are symmetrical, the following design dimensions are used:
8hf
Overhang width = smaller or
(Clear distance)
(Beam span)
b = smaller or
(2 x overhang width) + bw
T-Beam Analysis
T-beams are analyzed similarly to rectangular beams, except the
compression area is a narrow strip usually located in the slab.
a = Effective conc.
compressive b = Effective flange width
thickness
hf
a
Z = (d - ) d
2
Ac = Shaded area
= Effective concrete
compression area As = Total area of
= (a)(b) bw
main tension bars
Mu = Usable moment capacity of T-beam
= TZ
where: = 0.9
T = Tension force developed in main bars

= Asfy
Ac = Effective concrete compression area

T
=
0.85 f ' c
a = Effective concrete compressive thickness

A
= c
b
Z = Moment arm distance between center of

compression to center of tension
a
=d-
2
Example 1
GIVEN: A commercial building has T-beams spaced 6-6 (center-to-center) with a 4
thick concrete slab as shown in the framing plan and cross-section views below. Use
the following information:
Superimposed service floor dead load (NOT including conc. wt.) = 40 PSF
Superimposed service floor live load = 100 PSF
Concrete fc = 3000 PSI
ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum factored moment, Mmax, on the T-beam.
2) Determine the usable moment capacity, Mu, for the T-beam.
T-beam
T-beam span = 20-0

A A
6-6
Perimeter girder Column
Typ.
Framing Plan
6-6
hf = 4
16
18
2 - #9 bars
8
Section A-A Thru T-Beams

(NOTE: stirrups and top bars not shown)
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax, on T-beam:
Determine area of T-beam = Slab area + Stem area

= (6.5)(0.333) + (1.1667)(0.666)
= 2.94 ft2
Determine service weight of T-beam = Area of T-beam x Conc. unit wt.

= 2.94 ft2(150 lb/ft3)
= 441 PLF
Det. factored uniform load on T-beam wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Service Dead Load Service Live Load
= 1.2[(6.5)(40 PSF) + 441 PLF] + 1.6[(6.5)(100 PSF)]

= 841 PLF + 1040 PLF
= 1881 PLF Use wu = 1.9 KLF
wu L2
Det. Maximum factored moment, Mmax =
8
(1.9 KLF )(20'0" ) 2

=
8
Mmax = 95 KIP-FT
Step 2 Determine effective concrete slab width b:
8hf = 8(4) = 32 USE
Overhang width = smaller or
(Clear distance) = (78 8) = 35
(Beam span) = (20-0 x 12/ft) = 60 USE
b = smaller or
(2 x overhang width) + bw = (2 x 32 + 8) = 72
Step 3 Determine effective conc. compression area Ac:
T = Tension force developed in main bars

= Asfy
= 2 bars(1.00 in2 per #9 bar)(60 KSI)
= 120 KIPS
Ac = Effective concrete compression area
T
=
0.85 f ' c
120 KIPS
=
0.85(3KSI )
= 47.1 in2
Step 4 Determine usable moment capacity, Mu for the T-beam:
a = Effective concrete compressive thickness

A
= c
b
47.1in 2
=
60"
a = 0.79
Z = Moment arm distance between center of

compression to center of tension
a
=d-
2
0.79"
= 16 -
2
Z = 15.6
Mu = TZ
= 0.9(120 KIPS)(15.6)
= 1685 KIP-IN
Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT
NOTE: Since Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT > Mmax = 95 KIP-FT,

T-beam is ACCEPTABLE.
Heavily-Reinforced T-Beams
T-beams with a lot of tension reinforcement may have a portion of the effective
concrete area located within the stem as shown below:
hf
d
Z
Ac = Shaded area
= Effective concrete
compression area
bw
As
The location of the centroid of the effective concrete compression area is

found by methods discussed in AECT 210 Structural Theory (see Lecture 5).
After the location is found, analysis is exactly the same as ordinary T-beams.
Similar to ordinary rectangular reinforced concrete beams, the ACI 318 limits
the amount of tension steel in T-beams so that the steel will yield prior to
concrete compression failure. The maximum area of steel, As is shown in the
table below.
Maximum Tensile Steel Permitted in T-Beams

Concrete and Steel Properties: Formula (As = in2)
Concrete fc = 3000 PSI As max = 0.0478[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)]
Steel fy = 40 KSI
Steel fy = 60 KSI
Steel fy = 40 KSI
Steel fy = 60 KSI
Example 2
GIVEN: The T-beam from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum area of tension steel permitted, As max:
Step 1 Determine As max:
From Example 1:

Steel fy = 60 KSI
b = 60
hf = 4
bw = 8
As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]
= 0.0319[(60)(4) + 8(0.503(16) 4)]
As max = 8.7 in2
NOTE: This area of tension steel As = 8.7 in2 is a LOT!! In order

to supply this much steel the beam would require 9 - #9 bars, 15
- #7 bars or 20 - #6 bars! It would be far better to change the
beam dimensions than to try to squeeze this many bars into the
beam.
Lecture 7 Two-Way Slabs
Two-way slabs have tension reinforcing spanning in BOTH directions, and may take
the general form of one of the following:
Types of Two-Way Slab Systems
Lecture 7 Page 1 of 13
The following Table may be used to determine minimum thickness of various two-
way slabs based on deflection:
Minimum Suggested Thickness h for Two-Way Slabs

Two-Way Slab System: Minimum Thickness h:
Flat plate Ln/30
Flat plate with spandrel beams Ln/33
Flat slab Ln/33
Flat slab with spandrel beams Ln/36
Two-way beam-supported slab Ln/33
Ln = clear distance in long direction
Flat Plates
Flat plates are the most common type of two-way slab system. It is commonly
used in multi-story construction such as hotels, hospitals, offices and
apartment buildings. It has several advantages:
Easy formwork
Simple bar placement
Low floor-to-floor heights
Direct Design Method of Flat Plates per ACI 318-02
Two-way slabs are inherently difficult to analyze by conventional methods of

statics because of the two-way bending occurring. Accurately determining the
moments on a two-way slab is typically accomplished by finite element
computer analysis.
Computer analysis of two-way slab
The ACI 318 code allows a direct design method that can be used in most
typical situations. However, the following limitations apply:
1. Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction.

2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to
shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not
greater than 2.0.
3. Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than
1/3 of the longer span.
4. Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction
of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
5. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not
more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0).
Design Strips
a) If L1 > L2:
L2 L2
Column
(typ.)
Exterior Column Strip
Interior Column Strip
Middle Strip
Middle Strip
L1
L2/4 L2/4 L2/4
b) If L2 > L1:
L2 L2
Exterior Column Strip

Middle Strip
Middle Strip
L1
L1/4 L1/4 L1/4
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns

Slab End Span Interior Span
Moments 1 2 3 4 5
Exterior Positive First Positive Interior
Negative Interior Negative
Negative
Total 0.26Mo 0.52Mo 0.70Mo 0.35Mo 0.65Mo
Moment
Column 0.26Mo 0.31Mo 0.53Mo 0.21Mo 0.49Mo
Strip
Middle 0 0.21Mo 0.17Mo 0.14Mo 0.16Mo
Strip
Mo = Total factored moment per span
End Span Interior Span
1 2 3 4 5
2
wu L2 Ln
Mo = where Ln = clear span (face-to-face of cols.) in the direction of analysis
8
Bar Placement per ACI 318-02
The actual quantity of bars required is determined by analysis (see Example

below). However, usage of the Direct Design Method prescribes bar
placement as shown below:
Example 1
GIVEN: A two-way flat plate for an office building is shown below. Use the following:
Column dimensions = 20 x 20
Superimposed service floor Dead load = 32 PSF (not including slab weight)
Superimposed service floor Live load = 75 PSF
#4 Grade 60 main tension bars
Concrete cover =
REQUIRED: Use the Direct Design Method to design the two-way slab for the
design strip in the direction shown.
L2 = 16-0 L2 = 16-0 L2 = 16-0
20-0
Ln 20-0
20-0
L2/4 L2/4
Middle strip
= (16 Col. strip) Middle strip
Col. strip = (16 Col. strip)
Design Strip = 16
Step 1 Determine slab thickness h:
Ln
Since it is a flat plate, from Table above, use h =
30
where Ln = clear span in direction of analysis
= (20-0 x 12/ft) 20 Column size
= 220 = 18.33
220"
h=
30
= 7.333
Use 8 thick slab
Step 2 Determine factored uniform load, wu on the slab:
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L Slab weight
= 1.2[(32 PSF) + (8/12)(150 PCF)] + 1.6[(75 PSF)]
= 278.4 PSF
= 0.28 KSF
Step 3 Check applicability of Direct Design Method:
1) Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. YES
2) Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to

shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not
greater than 2.0. YES
3) Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than
1/3 of the longer span. YES
4) Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction
of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
YES
5) Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not
more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). YES
Step 4 Determine total factored moment per span, Mo:
2
wu L2 Ln
Mo =
8
(0.28KSF )(16' )(18.33' ) 2

=
8
Mo = 188 KIP-FT
Step 5 Determine distribution of total factored moment into col. & middle strips:
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns

Slab End Span Interior Span
Moments 1 2 3 4 5
Exterior Positive First Positive Interior
Negative Interior Negative
Negative
Total 0.26Mo = 48.9 0.52Mo = 97.8 0.70Mo = 131.6 0.35Mo = 65.8 0.65Mo = 122.2
Moment
Column 0.26Mo = 48.9 0.31Mo = 58.3 0.53Mo = 99.6 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.49Mo = 92.1
Strip
Middle 0 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.17Mo = 32.0 0.14Mo = 26.3 0.16Mo = 30.1
Strip
Mo = Total factored moment per span = 188 KIP-FT
Step 6 Determine tension steel bars for col. & middle strips:
a) Column strip for region 1 :
Factored NEGATIVE moment = 48.9 KIP-FT (see Table above)

= 586.8 KIP-IN
= 586,800 LB-IN
b = 96
8
d
d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.)

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu 586,800 LB IN
=
bd 2
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 138.6 PSI
From Lecture 4 Table 2:
Use min = 0.0033
As
=
bd
Solve for As:
As = bd
= (0.0033)(96)(7)
= 2.22 in2
As
Number of bars required =
As _ per _ bar
2.22in 2
=
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 11.1 Use 12 - #4 TOP bars
b) Column strip for region 2 :
Factored POSITIVE moment = 58.3 KIP-FT (see Table above)

= 699,600 LB-IN
b = 96
8 d

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu 699,600 LB IN
=
bd 2
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 165.2 PSI
Use = 0.0033
As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above)
Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
c) Middle strip for region 2 :
Factored POSITIVE moment = 39.5 KIP-FT (see Table above)

= 474,000 LB-IN
b = 96
8 d

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu 474,000 LB IN
=
bd 2
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 112.0 PSI
Use = 0.0033
As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above)
Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
Use 6 - #4 Bottom bars at each Middle Strip
Step 7 Draw Summary Sketch plan view of bars:
16-0 16-0 16-0
Col. strip for region 1

12 - #4 TOP bars
Middle strip for

region 2 20-0
6 - #4 BOTTOM bars
Col. strip for region 2

12 - #4 BOTTOM bars 20-0
8 Thick
concrete slab 20-0
4-0 4-0
Middle strip = 4-0 Middle strip = 4-0

Col. strip
16 0
Example 2
GIVEN: The two-way slab system from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Design the steel tension bars for design strip shown (perpendicular to
those in Example 1).
16-0 16-0 16-0
20-0
Middle strip = 6-0
20-0 Col. strip = 8-0
Middle strip = 6-0

20-0
20-0
Solution Similar to the procedure shown in Example 1, except:
Re-check slab thickness to verify that 8 is still acceptable

Re-calculate M0
Using new value of M0, determine Design Moment Coefficients
Design tension steel based on these moment coefficients
Lecture 11 Development of Reinforcement, Splices, Hooks
Reinforcing bars must be embedded a minimum distance into the concrete in

order to achieve the full tensile capacity, T of the bar. This length is referred to
as Development Length, Ld.
Concrete
Rebar
T = Asfy
Ld
The development length is based upon the BOND between the rebar and the
concrete. Factors affecting this bond include the following:
Type of ribbing on the bar

Presence of epoxy (or other ) coating
Concrete quality
Distance between bar and edge of concrete
Type of end anchorage into the concrete
Determining Ld for Tension Bars:
a) #6 and smaller bars:
d b f y
Ld =
25 f ' c
b) #7 and larger bars:
d b f y
Ld =
20 f ' c
where:
db = diameter of bar
fy = yield strength of bar, PSI
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, PSI
= alpha
= Bar location factor
= 1.3 for top reinforcement
= 1.0 for all other locations
= beta
= Coating factor
= 1.5 for epoxy coated bars
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
= lambda
= Lightweight aggregate factor
= 1.3 for lightweight aggregate
= 1.0 for normal weight aggregate
Example 1
GIVEN: A #6 rebar under tension force. Assume the following conditions:

Normal weight concrete ( = 1.0)
ASTM A615 Grade 60 rebar
#6 rebar ( = 0.8)
Uncoated bar ( = 1.0)
Bar location is bottom of beam ( = 1.0)
REQUIRED: Determine the development length, Ld to achieve full tensile

strength of the bar.
Step 1 Use the formula above to determine Ld:
d b f y
Ld =
25 f ' c
6
" (60,000 PSI )(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Ld =
8
25 4000 PSI
Ld = 28.5
Concrete
#6 Rebar
Ld = 28.5
Assuming normal conditions, the following table may be used to determine
development lengths of bars in tension:
Development Length Ld of Grade 60 bottom bars in normal weight concrete

Condition Concrete fc No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars bars
Clear spacing of 3000 PSI 44db 55db
bars > db, clear 4000 PSI 38db 47db
cover > db 5000 PSI 34db 42db
All other cases 3000 PSI 66db 82db
4000 PSI 57db 71db
5000 PSI 51db 64db
Example 2
GIVEN: The same information as Example 1.
REQUIRED: Using the table above, determine the Ld for a #6 bar.
Step 1 Use table above to determine Ld:
Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Ld = 38db

6
= 38 "
Clear spacing of bars > db, clear cover > db 8
Ld = 28.5
Determining Ld for Compression Bars:
The development length of bars in compression is not as large as the

development length in tension because of the absence of tension cracking
in the concrete.
Ldc = Development length in compression

db f y
Ldc = 0.02
f 'c
= larger of or
Ldc = 0.0003dbfy
Example 3
GIVEN: A #6 bar in compression. Use fc = 4000 PSI and Grade 60 bars.
REQUIRED: Determine the Ldc for the bar.
Ldc = Development length in compression
6
" (60,000 PSI )
= 0.02
db f y 8
Ldc = 0.02 = 14.2 Use
f 'c 4000 PSI
Ldc = Larger of or
6
Ldc = 0.0003dbfy = 0.0003 " (60,000 PSI) = 13.5
8
Ldc = 14.2
Lap Splices of Bars
Bars are generally fabricated to lengths of about 60-0, but transportation,
workability and other concerns often require bars to be less than about
40-0 long. For long walls, beams, slabs and other situations requiring
long lengths of bars, lap splicing is commonly used. It is good practice to
place laps at regions of small tension, i.e., low moment.
Concrete
Ls
Ls = Length of lap splice
= 1.0Ld for Class A splice if the area of reinforcement

provided through the splice > twice that required by analysis
and not more than 50% of the total reinforcement is spliced
within the lap length
= 1.3Ld for Class B splice if reinforcement does not

meet Class A requirements
Hooked and Bent Bars
Hooks are used in concrete members where there is not sufficient straight
length to achieve the full development length Ld.
The following is a diagram showing the required lengths of bends and

hooks:
Ldh = Lhb
Where: Lhb = Basic development length of hook in tension
db
= 1200
f 'c
= 1.0 unless otherwise specified below:
fy
= if using other than Grade 60 bars
60,000
= 0.7 if side concrete cover > 2 or end cover > 2
= 0.8 if ties or stirrups spacing < 3db
= 1.3 if lightweight concrete
Re quired _ As
=
Pr ovided _ As
Example 4
GIVEN: A #5 Grade 40 bar is in tension as shown below. Use LIGHTWEIGHT
concrete with fc = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Determine the min. required hook dimensions X, Y and Z.
Z = Ldh
Side cover = 1
Y
End cover = 1 Critical section
Step 1 Determine dimension X:
X = 12db
5
= 12 "
8
X = 7
Step 2 Determine dimension Y:
Y = 4db since it is a #6 bar
5
= 4 "
8
Y = 2
Step 3 Determine length of hooked bar, Lhb:
db
Lhb = 1200
f 'c
5
"
= 1200
8
4000 PSI
= 11.9
Step 4 Determine total development length, Z = Ldh:
Ldh = Lhb
Where: = 1.0 since side cover = 1 < 2
= 1.3 since lightweight concrete
fy 40000 PSI
= = = 0.67
60000 PSI 60000 PSI
Ldh = Lhb
= 11.9(1.0)(1.3)(0.67)
Ldh = 10.4
Lecture 14 Columns
Concrete Columns:
Concrete is good at resisting compression but poor in resisting tension.

So, it might make sense that concrete would be the material of choice for
columns. It is true that concrete IS used for compression members such
as columns, piers, bearing walls and pedestals. Members under pure
compression could then (theoretically) be unreinforced. These members
are often subject to additional forces such as moment that would put some
tensile forces into the member and would thus necessitate the addition of
tension reinforcement.
Most columns have combined compression and bending. They are
essentially a beam-column. The compression capacity of a reinforced
column is reduced by the bending stresses on the column and vice-versa.
A graph of the axial load capacity of a column vs. the moment capacity of
a typical column is shown below:
Axial compression capacity kips Pure compression
Pure bending
Bending moment capacity kip-ft
Types of Concrete Columns:
There are two types of reinforced concrete columns tied and spiral
and refer to the type of confining bars used to contain the interior core of
concrete. It has been shown that unconfined concrete core will carry
MUCH LESS load than a confined core as shown below:
Load
Load
Concrete & vert. bars

explode outward
Unconfined core
Insufficient ties
A confined concrete core will carry substantially more load and will NOT
explode outward like the unconfined concrete section will.
Load Load
Minor concrete
spalling, core
remains intact
Confined core
Tied Column:
A Tied concrete column is one in which individual rebar ties are used to
wrap completely around the vertical bars to confine the interior core.
These ties are usually #3 or #4 bars spaced per ACI requirements:
Least column dimension
Tie Spacing = smaller of 16 x Vert. Bar Dia.
48 x Tie Bar Dia.
Additionally, the ACI dictates that there must be a minimum of 4 vertical

bars having a minimum area of 1% of the column cross-sectional area
and a maximum of 8% of the column cross-sectional area. From a
constructability standpoint, 4% is the upper maximum that can be readily
achieved because of rebar congestion.
A typical tied concrete column looks like the following:
Vertical bars (4
minimum)
Tie bars
Tie spacing
Concrete
Spiral Column:
A spiral column has a single rebar wrapped around the vertical bars in a
spiral and is stronger than a comparable tied column. It is more labor-
intensive to build than a tied column. The ACI requires a minimum of 6
vertical bars, with the same minimum and maximum areas of steel as a
tied column.
Concrete
Pitch =
1 3
Spiral rebar
Spiral columns have greater ductility than a tied column. This means that
a spiral column is capable of sustaining larger strain before failure than a
tied column. For this reason, spiral columns are used in areas with
high seismicity to prevent brittle failures. The stress-strain curve below
shows the relative yield strength of a tied column and a spiral column are
similar, however the strain capacity of the spiral column is much greater
than that of a tied column.
Spiral column
Yield
Fracture
Fracture
Stress
Tied column
Strain
Column Load Capacity Small eccentricity:
The ratio of applied moment to the applied axial load is its eccentricity. A
small eccentricity e means small moment, where a large eccentricity
means large moment.
Pu = applied factored axial load

Pu
e e
Side view of
column
h h
Concentric load (e = small) Eccentric load (e = large)
Mu = Pue Mu = Pue
= Small = Large
1) Tied columns with small eccentricity:
e
Small eccentricity if 0.10
h
Pn = Usable axial strength of tied column, KIPS
= 0.80c[0.85fc(Ag-As)+fyAs]
where: c = strength reduction factor for column

= 0.65 for tied columns
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of column, in2
As = total area of vertical steel bars, in2

= minimum of 4 vertical bars
= 0.01Ag 0.08Ag
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, KSI
fy = yield strength of vertical steel bars, KSI
2) Spiral columns with small eccentricity:
e
Small eccentricity if 0.10
h
where: c = strength reduction factor for column

= 0.70 for spiral columns
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of column, in2
As = total area of vertical steel bars, in2

= minimum of 6 vertical bars
= 0.01Ag 0.08Ag
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, KSI
fy = yield strength of vertical steel bars, KSI
Spiral requirements:
Ag f'
s = 0.45 1 c
Ac fy
4 As (d c d b )
s=
sdc2
where: s = ratio of spiral bar to gross area
s = spacing of spiral bends (pitch), in
Ag = gross area of column, in2
Ac = area of core, in2

= area measured out-to-out of spiral
As = area of spiral bar, in2
dc = diameter of core measured out-to-out of spiral
db = diameter of spiral bar
Example 1
GIVEN: A 16 x 16 square tied concrete column has an applied factored axial
load Pu = 300 KIPS and an applied factored moment Mu = 35 KIP-FT. In
addition, use the following:

8 - #7 grade 60 vertical bars
#3 individual tie bars
Concrete cover = 1
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the eccentricity e and state whether or not it is considered to
be small eccentricity.
2) Determine the required tie spacing.
3) Determine if the vertical bars are acceptable based on ACI requirements.
4) Determine the usable axial strength of the tied column, Pn, and state
whether or not it is acceptable.
16
16
8 - #7 vertical bars
Step 1 Determine eccentricity and whether it is small.
M u (12" / ft )
Eccentricity e =
Pu
35 KIP FT (12" / ft )
=
300 KIPS
e = 1.4
Small eccentricity if e/h < 0.10
e/h = 1.4/(16)
e/h = 0.0875 it is small eccentricity
Step 2 Determine the required tie spacing:
Least column dimension = 16
7
16 x Vert. Bar Dia. = 16 " = 14 USE
Tie Spacing = smaller of 8
3
48 x Tie Bar Dia. = 48 " = 18
8
Step 3 Determine if vertical bars are acceptable based on ACI:
8 vertical bars are used > 4 bars OK
As = 8 bars(0.60 in2 per #7 bar)

= 4.8 in2
Min. As = 0.01Ag = 0.01(16 x 16) = 2.56 in2 < 4.8 in2 OK
Max. As = 0.08 Ag = 0.08(16 x 16) = 20.48 in2 > 4.8 in2 OK
Step 4 - Determine the usable axial strength of the tied column, Pn:
Since e/h < 0.10 then the formula can be used:
where: c = 0.65 since it is a tied column
Ag = 16 x 16
= 256 in2

= 4.8 in2
= 0.80(0.65)[0.85(4 KSI)(256 in2 4.8 in2) + (60 KSI)(4.8 in2)]
Pn = 594 KIPS
Since Pn = 594 KIPS > 300 KIPS column is acceptable
Example 2
GIVEN: A 14 diameter spiral column has a factored axial load Pu = 400 KIPS
and a factored moment = 45 KIP-FT. In addition, use the following:

6 - #9 grade 60 vertical bars
#3 spiral bar
Concrete cover = 1
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the eccentricity e and state whether or not it is considered to
be small eccentricity.
2) Determine the required spiral pitch.
3) Determine the usable axial strength of the spiral column, Pn, and state
whether or not it is acceptable.
Step 1 Determine eccentricity and whether it is small.
M u (12" / ft )
Eccentricity e =
Pu
45KIP FT (12" / ft )
=
400 KIPS
e = 1.35
e
Small eccentricity if < 0.10
h
e 1.35"
=
h 14"
e/h = 0.096 it is small eccentricity
Step 2 Determine the required spiral pitch s:
Ag f'
s = 0.45 1 c
Ac fy Pitch

where: Ag = (Outside _ Dia ) 2
4

= (14" ) 2
4
Ag = 153.9 in2

Ac = (Core _ Dia) 2
4

= (11" ) 2
4
Ac = 95.0 in2
Ag f'
s = 0.45 1 c
Ac fy
153.9in 2 4 KSI
s = 0.45 2
1
95.0in 60 KSI
s = 0.0186
Pitch = s
4 As (d c d b )
s=
sdc2
3
4(0.11in 2 )(11" " )
s= 8
(0.0186)(11" ) 2
Pitch s = 2.08
Use pitch = 2
Step 3 - Determine the usable axial strength of the spiral column, Pn:
Since e/h < 0.10 then the formula can be used:
Pn = Usable axial strength of spiral column, KIPS
where: c = 0.70 since it is a spiral column
Ag = 153.9 in2

= 6.0 in2
= 0.85(0.70)[0.85(4 KSI)(153.9 in2 6.0 in2) + (60 KSI)(6.0 in2)]
Pn = 513 KIPS
Since Pn = 513 KIPS > 400 KIPS column is acceptable
Lecture 15 Columns (cont.)
In the previous lecture, we talked about columns having small eccentricity (i.e.,
small applied moment). While this may be the case for interior columns with
offsetting moments, the majority of concrete columns do experience applied
moments.
Concrete framed buildings typically have columns that are poured monolithically
with beams and slabs, thus creating a statically-indeterminate frame such as the
one shown below:
The analysis of such a frame is usually quite complex and requires computer
software such as STAAD or approximate analysis methods such as the Portal
Method and others discussed in Structural Theory.
The compression capacity of a reinforced column is reduced by the bending
stresses on the column and vice-versa. A graph of the axial load capacity of a
column vs. the moment capacity of a typical column is shown below (from
Lecture 14):
Pure compression (no
Axial compression capacity

applied moment)
Pure bending (no

applied axial load)
Bending moment capacity
Determining points along the curve is quite laborious and typically not done using
hand calculations. Instead, computer programs or design guides are used to
perform column analysis and design.
Below are some Column Interaction Diagrams that are used for column
analysis and design.
R4-60.75
R = Rectangular cross-section
4 = fc = 4 KSI
60 = Grade 60 vertical bars
75 =
Rectangular TIED Column Interaction Diagrams
Circular SPIRAL Column Interaction Diagrams
Short Column Design:
Short columns are not considered to be susceptible to the

effects of buckling as are long columns. The ACI dictates that
short columns satisfy the slenderness ratio as shown below:
KL
Short column IF 22
rmin
Where: K = end fixity factor
L = unbraced length in inches
rmin = least radius of gyration, inches

= 0.3h for rectangular or square columns
= 0.25dout for circular columns where d out = outer dia.
Example
GIVEN: A 20 x 20 square interior tied column is shown below. Use concrete f c
= 4000 PSI and 8 - #8 grade 60 vertical bars and #3 ties. Concrete cover = 1 .
All loads are factored and includes beam weight. Assume the beams are fixed
to the columns.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the applied factored axial load, P u on the middle column. Be
sure to add column weight. Assume the loads from the roof above are
75% of the floor load.
KL
2) Determine the slenderness ratio using K = 0.7 and determine if
rmin
column qualifies as short.
3) Determine total factored moments Mtotal applied to the column.
4) Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column Interaction
Diagram.
22-0 30-0
46 K 46 K
wu = 1.7 KLF wu = 2.5 KLF
Beam 1 Beam 2
14-0
20 x 20 Middle
column
Step 1 Determine the total factored axial load, Pu on the middle column:
a) Beam 1:
End reaction = (46 K + 46 K + 1.7 KLF(22-0))

= 64.7 KIPS
b) Beam 2:
End reaction = (2.5 KLF(30-0))

= 37.5 KIPS
c) Column weight:
20" x 20"
Weight = (1.2) (14'0" )(150 PCF )
144in 2 / ft 2
ACI Dead
Load factor = (1.2)5833 Lbs.
= 7.0 KIPS 75%
Total P u = Pfloor + P roof
= [(64.7K + 37.5K + 7.0K)] + [0.75(64.7K + 37.5K + 7.0K)]
Total P u = 191.1 KIPS
KL
Step 2 - Determine the slenderness ratio using K = 0.7:
rmin
KL (0.7)(14'0" x12" / ft )
=
rmin 0.3( 20")
KL
= 19.6
rmin
Since KL/rmin < 22 it is a short column
Step 3 Determine total factored moment M total applied to the column:
a) Beam 1:
22-0
46 K 46 K
wu = 1.7 KLF
Fixed end Fixed end
Ln = 20.33
To determine the moment applied to the column, we must

determine the Fixed End Moment. A useful table obtained
from the AISC Manual can be used to determine the
moment.
Unif. Load
Point Loads
Mcolumn = Maximum negative moment acting on column
= Muniform + Mpoint
= (bPL)unif + (bPL)point
= [(0.083)(1.7 Kips/ft)(20.33 ft)(20.33 ft)]+[(0.222)(46 Kips)(20.33 ft)]
= 58.6 Kip-ft + 207.6 Kip-ft
Beam 1 Mcolumn = 266.2 Kip-ft
b) Beam 2:
30-0
wu = 2.5 KLF
Fixed end Fixed end
Ln = 28.33
Mcolumn = Maximum negative moment acting on column
= Muniform
= (bPL)unif
= [(0.083)(2.5 Kips/ft)(28.33 ft)(28.33 ft)]
= 166.5 Kip-ft
Beam 2 Mcolumn = 166.5 Kip-ft
c) Determine Mtotal:
Since these moments are offsetting each other,
Mtotal = MBeam 1 MBeam 2
= (266.2 Kip-ft) (166.5 Kip-ft)
Mtotal = 99.7 KIP-FT
Step 4 - Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column
Interaction Diagram.
e
a) Determine ratio:
h
e = eccentricity
M total (12" / ft )
=
Pu
99.7 KIP FT (12" / ft )

=
191.1KIPS
e = 6.26
e 6.26"
=
h 20"
e
= 0.31 > 0.10 CANNOT use small eccentricity formula
h
b) Determine :
h = 20
X h X
8 - #8 vertical bars 20
X = concrete cover + stirrup dia. + (vert. bar dia.)

= 1 + " + "
3 8
8 8
= 2.375
h = 20 (X + X)
= 20 (2.375 + 2.375)
= 15.25
(20) = 15.25
= 0.76 USE = 0.75
c) Use Interaction Diagram R4-60.75:
Use g = 0.01
Pn Pu
=
Ag Ag
191.1KIPS
=
20" x 20"
Pn
= 0.48 KSI
Ag
Pn e Pu e
x = x
Ag h Ag h
= (0.48 KSI)(0.31)
Pn e
x = 0.15 KSI
Ag h
As
g =
Ag
2
= 8 _ bars (0 .79in _ per _#8 _ bar ) = 0.016
20" x 20"
Since g = 0.016 > 0.01 col. is acceptable
Lecture 19 Wall Footings
All structural load-bearing walls must bear on footings. These footings in turn
distribute the loads to the soil. If the loading on the soil exceeds the soil bearing
capacity, undesirable settlement will occur, resulting in cracked walls, uneven
floors, or potentially structural failure in extreme overloading.
Wall Footing Requirements:
1) Must distribute the loads evenly to the soil.
2) Bottom of footing must be deeper than the frost penetration or else frost
heave will occur.
3) Must be well-drained to prevent wash-out.
4) Must bear on undisturbed (or engineered) soil.
Typical Allowable Soil Bearing Values per IBC Table 1804.2
Soil Type: Allowable Soil Bearing (qa)*:
Bedrock 12,000 PSF
Sedimentary and foliated rock 4,000 PSF
Sandy gravel and/or gravel 3,000 PSF
Sand, silty sand, clayey sand, silty gravel, clayey gravel 2,000 PSF
Clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clayey silt, silt, sandy silt 1,500 PSF
Organics, peat, top soil NOT Recommended for use
as footing bearing
* = An increase of one-third is permitted when using alternate load combinations in
IBC Section 1605.3.2 that include wind or earthquake loads.
Example
GIVEN: An 8 wide load-bearing poured-in-place concrete wall is to bear on a
wall footing with the following:
Service dead load on wall (incl. wall weight) = 8000 PLF

Service live load on wall = 6000 PLF
Allowable soil bearing = qa = 3000 PSF
Depth to frost = 3-0 below finished grade
Soil unit weight = 110 PCF
Main steel tension reinforcing = #5 grade 60 bars
Longitudinal shrinkage/temperature bars = #4 grade 60 bars
Concrete cover = 3 per ACI
REQUIRED: Design the wall footing, including dimensions, and bar

requirements.
Step 1 Determine preliminary thickness of footing:
Preliminary footing thickness 1(Wall width)

1(8)
12
TRY Preliminary footing thickness = 12
Step 2 Determine effective soil bearing, qe:
qe = effective soil bearing
= reduced soil bearing capacity resulting from weight of footing

and weight of soil above footing (overburden)
= (Allowable soil bearing) (weight of footing) (weight of soil)
= qa (ftg. wt.) (soil wt.)
Soil overburden
Finished grade
Depth to frost = 3-0

2-0
1-0
qe
qe = qa (ftg. wt.) (soil wt.)
= 3000 PSF (1-0 thick(150 lb/ft3)) + ((2-0 thick(110 lb/ft3))
= 3000 PSF 150 PSF 220 PSF
qe = 2630 PSF
Step 3 Determine required width of footing, wf:
Ptotal = SERVICE LOADS

=PDL + PLL
= 8000 PLF + 6000 PLF
= 14,000 PLF
qe = 2630 PSF
Footing width = wf
Ptotal
Footing width = wf =
qe
14000 PLF
wf =
2630 PSF
wf = 5.32 feet
USE footing width = 5-6
Step 4 Determine soil bearing pressure for strength design, qu:
qu = Factored soil bearing pressure acting on footing
1.2( PDL ) + 1.6( PLL )

=
wf
1.2(8000 PLF ) + 1.6(6000 PLF )

=
5.50 ft
qu = 3490 PSF
Step 5 Determine minimum depth of footing, dmin based on shear:
Footing d
thickness
#5 bar
d = footing thickness concrete cover (Bar dia.)

5
= 12 3 "
8
= 8.69
w f Wall _ Width d
Vu = qu
2 2 2
8" 8.69"

5.5' 12" / ft 12" / ft
= 3490 PSF
2 2 2

Vu = 7170 Lbs.
dmin = Minimum depth to reinforcement based on shear
Vu
=
(0.85)2 f ' c (12" )
7170 Lbs.
=
(0.85)2 3000 PSI (12" )
dmin = 6.4 < 8.69 OK
Step 6 Determine factored soil pressure moment, Mu at face of wall:
Footing overhang = 2.42

0.67
Point A
qu = 3490 PSF
Isolate footing
overhang and treat Footing width = 5.5 ft.
as if it were a
cantilevered beam
Point A
MA = Moment at point A
Footing _ overhang
= qu(Footing overhang)
2
2.42'
= 3490 PSF(2.42) Overhang
2
MA = 10,219 FT-LB
Step 7 Determine required tension steel, As in footing:
Recalling from Lecture 4 Design Aid Table 1:
Concrete fc = 3000 PSI, Grade 60 bars
Mu (10219 Ft Lb)(12" / ft )
=
bd 2
0.9(12" )(8.69" ) 2
= 150.4 PSI
Mu
Use min = 0.0033 since = 150.4 PSI < 190.3 PSI
bd 2
As = bd
= (0.0033)(12)(8.69)
As = 0.34 in2 per 1-0 length of footing
Step 8 Determine spacing of #5 tension bars:
A _ per _ bar
Spacing = 12" s
As
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar

= 12"
0.34in 2
= 10.9
Use #5 bars spacing = 10 o.c.
Step 9 Determine longitudinal shrinkage/temperature bars:
h = 12
Footing width b = 5.5 ft.
As temp = 0.0018bh
= 0.0018(5.5 x 12/ft)(12)
= 1.43 in2
As
Number of bars =
As _ per _ bar
1.43in 2
=
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 7.15 bars
Use 8 - #4 longitudinal temperature/shrinkage bars
Step 10 Draw Summary Sketch:
8 poured-in-place conc.
wall centered over footing
(dowel bars not shown) Finished grade sloped
away from bldg.
Formed Keyway
3-0 minimum
8 - #4 longitudinal bars
3 conc. cover
12
all around
NOTES:
1) Conc. fc = 3000 PSI. Footing to bear on
2) All bars grade 60
#5 bars @
10 o.c. undisturbed soil
3) Wall reinf. & dowels not shown
4) Allow. Soil bearing = 3000 PSF
5-6
Lecture 20 Column Footings
All columns must bear on footings. Usually these footings are square or circular
for ease of design and formwork. The same general requirements and design
fundamentals pertain to column footings as for wall footings, i.e.,
Column Footing Requirements:

1) Must distribute the loads evenly to the soil.
2) Bottom of footing must be deeper than the frost penetration or else
frost heave will occur.
3) Must be well-drained to prevent wash-out.
4) Must bear on undisturbed (or engineered) soil.
A typical column footing is shown below:
Steel column
Steel Base Plate w/

anchor rods (4 min)
Concrete pier (or

conc. column)
Example
GIVEN: A steel column rests on a 10 x 10 steel base plate over a 12 x 12
concrete pier centered over a square footing. Use the following:
PDEAD = 120 KIPS (Service Load)

PLIVE = 100 KIPS (Service Load)
Allowable soil bearing = qa = 4000 PSF
Soil unit weight = 100 PCF
Use #7 grade 60 bars for all bars
Concrete cover = 3 per ACI
REQUIRED: Design the square concrete footing, including all dimensions and
bars. Provide a Summary Sketch showing all information necessary to build it.
Step 1 Determine Trial footing thickness:
Assume footing thickness 1(Column or Pier Width)

1(12)
TRY Footing Thickness = 15
Step 2 Determine effective soil bearing qe:
qe = effective soil bearing pressure

= reduced soil bearing due to wt. of footing & soil above footing
= qa (wt. of footing) (wt. of soil)
Soil overburden
Finished grade
2-9
1-3
qe
qe = 4000 PSF (1.25(150 PCF)) (2.75(100 PCF))
= 3538 PSF
= 3.5 KSF
Step 3 Determine length & width of footing:
Ptotal
Area of footing =
qe
PDEAD + PLIVE
=
qe
(120 KIPS ) + (100 KIPS )

=
3.5KSF
= 62.9 ft2
Length x Width = 62.9 ft2
Since Length = Width
(Length)2 = 62.9 ft2
Length = 7.93 feet
Use 8-0 x 8-0 square footing Area = 64 ft2 > 62.9 ft2
Step 4 Determine bearing pressure for strength design, qu:
1.2( PDEAD ) + 1.6( PLIVE )

qu =
Footing _ Area
1.2(120 KIPS ) + 1.6(100 KIPS )

=
64 ft 2
qu = 4.75 kips/ft2
Step 5 Determine depth to tension bars d:
#7 bar
Footing d
thickness = 15
d = Footing thickness (concrete cover) (bar diameter)

7
= 15 3 "
8
= 11.56
Step 6 Determine minimum reqd d required to resist 2-way punching shear:
Conc. pier Ftg. Length
Ftg. Width
Footing
thickness = 15
d
d d Ftg. Plan
Pier
2 width 2
bo bo = shear
perimeter
4
bo d
= pier width + 2( )
4 2
11.56"
= 12 + 2( )
2
bo
= 23.56 = 1.96 feet
4
bo = 94.24
Vu2 = 2-way punching shear
2
b
= qu(Footing area - o )
4
= 4.75 KSF(64 ft2 - (1.96') )

2
= 285.8 KIPS
= 285,800 Lbs.
dreqd = required depth to tension steel for shear
Vu 2
=
(0.85)4 f ' c bo
285,800 Lbs.
=
(0.85)4 3000 PSI (94.24" )
dreqd = 16.3
Since dreqd = 16.3 > 11.56 must increase footing

thickness
Revised footing thickness = h = dreqd + Conc. cover + (Bar dia.)
7
= 16.3 + 3 + "
8
= 19.73
USE Revised footing thickness = 20
Step 7 Determine moment on footing overhang, Mu:
Footing
overhang Column pier
8-0
qu
3-6 12 3-6
Footing
8-0
overhang
Side View
( Footing _ Overhang ) 2
Mu = (Footing width)(qu)
2
(3.5' ) 2
= (8-0)(4.75KSF)
2
= 232.8 Kip-Ft
Step 8 Determine area of tension steel As:
Lb Inch
232.8Kip Ft (12000 )
Mu Kip Ft
=
bd 2 1
2
0.9(8'0" x12" / ft ) 20"3" (7 / 8" )

2
d = 16.56
= 117.9 PSI
From Lecture 4 Table at fc = 3000 PSI use min = 0.0033

since 117.9 PSI < 190.3 PSI.
As = bd
= (0.0033)(8-0 x 12/ft)(16.56)
As = 5.25 in2
Step 9 Determine tension bar layout:
As
Number of bars =
As _ per _ bar
5.25in 2
=
0.60in 2 _ per _#7bar
= 8.75 bars
Use 9 - #7 bars both ways at bottom of footing
Steel column on 12 x 12
base plate centered over
footing pier
Finished grade
4-0 minimum
9 - #7 bars both ways
3 conc. cover
20
all around
NOTES: 8-0
1) Conc. fc = 3000 PSI.
3) Allow. Soil bearing = 4000 PSF
4) Anchor rods not shown for clarity
5) Pier reinf. & dowels not shown for
clarity
Lecture 21 Load-Bearing Walls
The ACI recognizes the Empirical Design Method for the design of load-
bearing concrete walls having the following limitations:
Load-bearing Wall
1. Wall must be solid, with a rectangular cross-section
Lu
25
2. Minimum wall thickness tw = larger of
4 Interior walls only
7 Exterior walls
tw
3. Applied load eccentricity e (including lateral load moments) <
6
4. Wall must be adequately anchored at top and bottom
5. Must have horizontal & vertical reinforcement, with 2 rows of
reinforcing for walls with tw > 10
Vert. bars As = 0.0012(tw)(12)

#3, #4, #5 grade 60 bars
Horz. bars As = 0.0020(tw)(12)

#6 and bigger grade 60 bars
3tw
Maximum bar spacing = smaller of or
18
6. Effective length of wall for beam reaction = Leff
Center-to-center spacing of beams

Leff = smaller of
Width of bearing + 4tw
7. Design factored axial strength of wall = Pn
KL 2
Pn = 0.55f ' c Ag 1 u

32t w
where: = 0.70
fc = specified concrete strength, PSI
K = end fixity of walls

= 1.0 for pinned-pinned
= 0.70 for fixed-pinned
Ag = Gross effective area of wall section, in2

= Leff x tw
Lu = unbraced height of wall, inches
tw = thickness of wall, inches
Example
GIVEN: A poured-in-place concrete wall supports W18x35 steel beams spaced
6-0 apart and rests on 10 wide steel bearing plates. Use the following:
Beam end reaction = 22 KIPS Service Dead Load (Not incl. wall wt.)
= 15 KIPS Service Live Load
Wind pressure on wall = 25 PSF (service load)

Use #5 grade 60 vertical and horizontal bars
Assume K = 1.0 for wall end fixity
REQUIRED: Design the wall using the Empirical Design Method.
PDEAD = 22 KIPS
PLIVE = 15 KIPS
Steel beam
Wind = 25 PSF
Lu = 13-0
10 bearing
plate
Wall
Fin. Grade
Slab on grade
Step 1 Determine Trial thickness of wall, tw:
Lu 13'0" (12" / ft )
= = 6.24
25 25
Minimum wall thickness tw = larger of
4
7 Largest
TRY tw = 8 which is > 7
Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE wind moment Mwind on wall:
Assume a 1-0 wide strip of wall:
wL2
Mwind =
8
(25PSFx1'0" )(13' ) 2
=
8
Mwind = 528 Ft-Lb per 1-0 length of wall

= 528 Ft-Lb(6-0) for beam spacing
= 3168 Ft-Lb per 6-0 length of wall
Step 3 Determine the maximum SERVICE vertical load on wall Ptotal:
Ptotal = PDEAD + PLIVE

= (PDEAD + wall weight) + PLIVE
8"
= (22 KIPS + (6-0 0.150 KCF ) 13'0" )) + 15 KIPS
12" / ft
= 29.8 KIPS + 15 KIPS
Ptotal = 44.8 KIPS
Step 4 Determine if eccentricity is acceptable for Empirical Design:
e = eccentricity
M
= Service wind load moment
P
3.168Kip Ft (12" / ft )
=
44.8KIPS Service axial load (see
above)
= 0.85 inches
tw
The empirical design method dictates that e <
6
tw 8" Wall thickness

=
6 6
tw
= 1.33 > 0.85 OK to use Empirical Design Method
6
Step 5 Determine applied factored axial load, Pu:
Pu = 1.2(PDEAD) + 1.6(PLIVE)
= 1.2(29.8 KIPS) + 1.6(15 KIPS)
= 59.8 KIPS
Step 6 Determine factored bearing strength of concrete:
A1 = bearing contact area from beam, in2
= (bearing plate width)(tw)
= (10)(8)
= 80 in2
Concrete bearing capacity = 0.9(0.85fcA1)
= 0.9(0.85(4000 PSI)(80 in2))
Concrete bearing capacity = 244,000 Lbs > 59.8 KIPS OK
Step 7 Determine design axial strength of wall Pn:
Center-to-center spacing of beams = 6(12/ft) = 72

Leff = smaller of
Width of bearing + 4tw = 10 + 4(8) = 42 USE
Ag = Gross effective area of wall section, in2

= Leff x tw
= (42)(8)
= 336 in2
KL 2
Pn = 0.55f ' c Ag 1 u

32t w
(1.0)(13' x12" / ft ) 2
= 0.55(0.70)(4000 PSI )(336in ) 1
2

32(8" )
Pn = 325,300 Lbs. > 59.8 KIPS wall is acceptable
Step 8 Determine vertical and horizontal bars:

#3, #4, #5 grade 60 bars
a) Vert. bars As = 0.0012(8)(12)

= 0.115 in2 per 1-0 length of wall
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar

spacing = 12
0.115in 2
32.3
= 32.3
or
3tw = 3(8) = 24
Maximum bar spacing = smaller of
or
18 USE
USE #5 vertical bars @ 18 o.c.
b) Horizontal bars As = 0.0020(tw)(12)
= 0.0020(8)(12)
= 0.192 in2
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar

spacing = 12
0.192in 2
= 19.4
19.4
or
Maximum bar spacing = smaller of 3tw = 3(8) = 24
or
18 USE
USE #5 horizontal bars @ 18 o.c.
W18x35 Steel beam

18
10 bearing plate Lu = 13-0
8 thick concrete Wall #5 @ 18 ea.

way
Slab on grade
NOTES: Fin. Grade

1) Conc. fc = 4000 PSI.
3) Footing dowels and keyway not shown
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Lecture 26 Metric
Metric units are used everywhere in the world EXCEPT the USA. It is based on
scientific measurements, not the length of a kings foot or the weight of a chicken.
Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply: By: To Obtain:
Length inches 25.4 millimeters (mm)
inches 0.0254 meters (m)
feet 304.8 millimeters (mm)
feet 0.3048 meters (m)
yards 0.9144 meters (m)
Area in2 645.2 mm2
ft2 92,909 mm2
ft2 0.0929 m2
yd2 0.836 m2
Volume in3 16,387 mm3
ft3 28,317,000 mm3
ft3 0.0283 m3
gallons 0.003785 m3 = 1000 liters
gallons 3.785 liters
Weight pounds 0.454 kilograms (kg)
Force pounds 4.448 Newtons (N)
kips 4448 Newtons (N)
pounds per foot (PLF) 14.594 Newtons per meter (N/m)
Moment Lb-In 0.11299 N-m
Lb-Ft 1.3559 N-m
Kip-Ft 1355.9 N-m
Kip-Ft 1.3559 kN-m
Kip-In 112.99 N-m
Unit weight Lb per ft3 (PCF) 0.1571 kN/m3
Stress (pressure) Lb per in2 (PSI) 6895 Pascals = Pa = N/m2
Lb per in2 (PSI) 6.895 kPa = kilopascals = 1000 Pa
Lb per in2 (PSI) 0.0006895 mPa = megapascals = N/mm2
Kips per in2 (KSI) 6895 kPa
Kips per in2 (KSI) 6.895 mPa
Lb per ft2 (PSF) 47.88 Pa
Lb per ft2 (PSF) 0.04788 kPa
Kips per ft2 (KSF) 47.88 kPa
Kips per ft2 (KSF) 0.04788 mPa
Example 1
GIVEN: All road construction projects in New York State have drawings
with metric measurements. All metric drawings always use units of mm
for everything. (Reminder: 1 m = 1000 mm)
REQUIRED: Convert 1500 mm as shown on the drawings into
feet/inch/sixteenths.
Use the conversion 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1500mm
Number of inches =
25.4mm _ per _ inch
= 59.055118 inches
= 48 + 11.055118
= 4 + 11.055118
= 4 + 11 + (0.055118 x 16th)
0.88
= 4 + 11 +
16ths
1
1500 mm = 4-11 "
16
Example 2
GIVEN: The x-sectional area of a W30x211 steel beam = 62.0 in2.
REQUIRED: Determine the area of the beam in units of mm2.
Use the conversion 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 inch x 1 inch = 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm
1 in2 = 645.2 mm2
Number of mm2 = 62.0 in2 x 645.2 mm2 per in2
Area = 40,002 mm2
Example 3
GIVEN: The tank below.
REQUIRED: How many liters are in the tank?
7-0
Dia. = 18-0

Vol. = (18' ) 2 (7' )
4
= 1781 ft3
= 1781 ft3(7.48 gals per ft3)
Vol. = 13324 gal.
Use the conversion 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
Volume = 1781 ft3(0.0283 m3 per ft3)

= 50.4 m3
Volume = 50.4 m3(1000 liters per m3)
Volume = 50,400 liters
Example 4
GIVEN: An ASTM A325 steel bolt is capable of resisting an allowable
shear stress of 30 kips per square inch (KSI)
REQUIRED: What is the allowable shear stress for the bolt in units of
KPa?
Use the conversions of 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 1000 Pa
1 lb = 4.448 N
30000lb
30 KSI =
1in 2
(30000lb)(4.448 N _ per _ lb)

30 KSI =
(0.0254m)(0.0254m)
(133440 N )
30 KSI =
(0.00064516mm 2 )
30 KSI = 206,832,414 N/m2
30 KSI = 206,832,414 Pa
30 KSI = 206,832 kPa
Metric Loads
All metric loads, forces and derivatives of those are in units of Newtons.
Below is a sampling of typical minimum design live loads for buildings:
Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads per ASCE 7-02

Occupancy: Pounds per ft2 kN/m2 (soft metric)
Assembly area fixed seats 60 2.87
Assembly area movable seats 100 4.79
Balconies - residential 60 2.87
Bowling alleys, poolrooms, rec. areas 75 3.59
Dining rooms and restaurants 100 4.79
Gymnasium 100 4.79
Hospital operating rooms, labs 60 2.87
Hospital private rooms 40 1.92
Library reading room 60 2.87
Library stack rooms 150 7.18
Office 50 2.40
Residential 40 1.92
Schools - classrooms 40 1.92
Stadium - bleachers 100 4.79
Stores 1st floor retail 100 4.79
Material Properties
Material: Unit Weight: Modulus Of Elasticity (E): Yield Stress (fy):
Lb/ft3 kN/m3 Kips/in2 kN/mm2 Kips/in2 N/mm2
Steel A36 490 77.2 29,000 205 36 248
Steel A992 490 77.2 29,000 205 50 345
Aluminum 170 26.7 10,000 70 28 190
Concrete (4000 psi) 150 23.6 3,600 25.4 - -
Wood - SYP 37 5.8 1,600 11.3 6 42
Earth sandy 100 15.7 - - - -
Water 62.4 9.8 - - - -
Metric Dimensions
All metric dimensions are in units of millimeters. Below are a few
examples of architectural drawings in metric dimensions:
Example 5 LRFD Steel Beam Analysis
GIVEN: A simply-supported ASTM A992 steel W18x35 beam is loaded as
shown (all loads are factored and includes beam weight). Assume the
beam is continuously laterally braced.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum factored moment in units of kN-m.
2) Determine the plastic section modulus, Zx of the beam in units
of mm3.
3) Determine the LRFD design moment of the beam Mn in units of
kN-m.
4) Determine if the beam is adequate in moment.
w = 3 kN/m
11 m
Step 1 - Determine the maximum factored moment in units of kN-m:
wu L2
Mmax =
8
(3kN / m)(11m) 2
=
8
Mmax = 45.4 kN-m
Step 2 - Determine the plastic section modulus of the beam in units of mm3:
From LRFD properties W18x35 Zx = 66.5 in3
25.4mm 25.4mm 25.4mm

Zx = 66.5 in3 x x x
in in in
Zx = 1,089,742 mm3
Step 3 - Determine the LRFD design moment of the beam Mn in units of kN-m:
From LRFD:
See table above
Mn = 0.9FyZx
where: Fy = 345 N/mm2
Zx = 1,089,742 mm3
Mn = 0.9(345 N/mm2)(1,089,742 mm3)
= 338,360,000 N-mm
kN m
= 338,360,000 N-mm x x
1000 N 1000mm
Mn = 338.4 kN-m
Step 4 - Determine if the beam is adequate in moment:
Since Mn = 338.4 kN-m > Mmax = 45.4 kN-m beam is OK
Example 6 ACI Concrete Beam Analysis
GIVEN: The rectangular concrete beam shown below. All loads are
factored and includes beam weight. Use fc = 25 mPa and 3 20 mm
diameter bars having fy = 400 mPa.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the ACI 318 factored moment capacity, Mu of the beam in
units of kN-m.
2) Determine the ACI 318 factored moment capacity of the beam in units
of Kip-Feet.
250
350
Step 1 Det. moment capacity Mu in units of kN-m:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 )
f 'c
(20mm) 2
where: As = 3 bars
4
2
= 942.5 mm
As
act =
bd
942.5mm 2
=
(250mm)(350mm)
= 0.0108
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 )
f 'c
(0.0108)(400 N / mm 2
= 0.9(942.5 mm2)(400 N/mm2)(350 mm)(1 - 0.59 )
25 N / mm 2
= 106,640,000 N-mm
kN m
= 106,640,000 N-mm x x
1000 N 1000mm
Mu = 106.6 kN-m
Step 2 Det. moment capacity Mu in units of Kip-Feet:
Kip Feet
Mu = 106.6 kN-m x See conversion
1.3559kN m table above
Mu = 78.6 Kip-Feet

Footings Example

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752 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Appendix A

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 19 of 24

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 20 of 24

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (http://www.eec.edu.pk) Page 21 of 24

Longitudinal ribs Longitudinal ribs

Grade line Grade line

Longitudinal ribs Longitudinal ribs

Grade line Grade line

Grade 75 Grade 520

Longitudinal rib Longitudinal rib

Letter or symbol Letter or symbol

Bar size No. 6

Type steel Type steel

Grades 40 and 50 Grades 280 and 350

ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 1

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Figure 22. Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 3

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Doubly Reinforced Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 5

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Figure 23. Continuous Beam

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 7

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 9

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 11

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 13

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 15

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 17

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

This equation is valid only if As yields

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 19

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

NOTE: if f c 4,000 psi, then 1 = 0.85, otherwise see next slide

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 21