Sie sind auf Seite 1von 37

Matriz de rigidez local KL

E 25000.00
L 6.08 821.99 0 0 -821.99494
I 4.1667E-03 0 5.55401984 16.8918919 0
A 0.20 0 16.8918919 68.499578 0
-821.9949365 0 0 821.994937
0.00 -5.5540198 -16.891892 0
0 16.8918919 34.249789 0

Matriz de rotacion T
-9.46
0.9864005861 -0.164359 0 0
0.1643590085 0.98640059 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0.98640059
0 0 0 0.16435901
0 0 0 0

Matrz ponderada(KG) barra 1


1 2 3 4 5 6
1 799.939697 -132.364522 2.7763346 -799.9396966 132.364522 2.7763346 1
2 -132.364522 27.6092598 16.6621721 132.36452207 -27.60926 16.6621721 2
3 2.7763346 16.6621721 68.499578 -2.776334602 -16.662172 34.249789 3
4 -799.939697 132.364522 -2.7763346 799.93969659 -132.36452 -2.7763346 4
5 132.364522 -27.6092598 -16.662172 -132.3645221 27.6092598 -16.662172 5
6 2.7763346 16.6621721 34.249789 -2.776334602 -16.662172 68.499578 6
1 2 3 4 5 6

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas locales barra1 fuerzas restrctvas globales ba

f1
-35 1
210 2
213 3
-35 4
210 5
-213 6
longitud
dez local KL x h
6 1
0 0 *10^3
-5.5540198 16.8918919 inercia
-16.891892 34.249789 b a
0 0 0.4 0.5
5.55401984 -16.891892
-16.891892 68.499578

otacion T Matriz de rotacion T transpuesta TT

0 0 0.986400586 0.16435901 0 0 0
0 0 -0.164359008 0.98640059 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-0.164359 0 0 0 0 0.98640059 0.16435901
0.98640059 0 0 0 0 -0.164359 0.98640059
0 1 0 0 0 0 0

KG=TT*KL*T

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas globales barra1

F1
-0.0086287 1
212.896688 2
213 3
-0.0086287 4
212.896688 5
-213 6
0
0
0
0
0
1
Matriz de rigidez local KL
E 25000.00
L 5.07 986.40 0 0 -986.40139
I 4.1667E-03 0 9.59756415 24.3246924 0
A 0.20 0 24.3246924 82.2001156 0
-986.4013875 0 0 986.401387
0.00 -9.5975641 -24.324692 0
0 24.3246924 41.1000578 0

Matriz de rotacion T
-9.46
0.9864005861 -0.164359 0 0
0.1643590085 0.98640059 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0.98640059
0 0 0 0.16435901
0 0 0 0

Matrz ponderada(KG) barra 1


4 5 6 7 8 9
4 960.014123 -158.363169 3.99798233 -960.0141226 158.363169 3.99798233 4
5 -158.363169 35.984829 23.9938909 158.36316945 -35.984829 23.9938909 5
6 3.99798233 23.9938909 82.2001156 -3.997982329 -23.993891 41.1000578 6
7 -960.014123 158.363169 -3.9979823 960.01412263 -158.36317 -3.9979823 7
8 158.363169 -35.984829 -23.993891 -158.3631694 35.984829 -23.993891 8
9 3.99798233 23.9938909 41.1000578 -3.997982329 -23.993891 82.2001156 9
4 5 6 7 8 9

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas locales barra2 fuerzas restrctvas globales ba

f2
-48 4
289 5
271 6
-48 7
289 8
-271 9
longitud
dez local KL x h
5 0.8331
0 0 *10^3
-9.5975641 24.3246924 inercia
-24.324692 41.1000578 b a
0 0 0.4 0.5
9.59756415 -24.324692
-24.324692 82.2001156

otacion T Matriz de rotacion T transpuesta TT

0 0 0.986400586 0.16435901 0 0 0
0 0 -0.164359008 0.98640059 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-0.164359 0 0 0 0 0.98640059 0.16435901
0.98640059 0 0 0 0 -0.164359 0.98640059
0 1 0 0 0 0 0

KG=TT*KL*T

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas globales barra2

F2
0.15252531 4
292.959002 5
271 6
0.15252531 7
292.959002 8
-271 9
0
0
0
0
0
1
Matriz de rigidez local KL
E 25000.00
L 5.00 1250.00 0 0 -1250
I 5.2083E-03 0 12.5 31.25 0
A 0.25 0 31.25 104.166667 0
-1250 0 0 1250
0.00 -12.5 -31.25 0
0 31.25 52.0833333 0

Matriz de rotacion T
90
6.125742E-17 1 0 0
-1 6.1257E-17 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 6.1257E-17
0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0

Matrz ponderada(KG) barra 1


10 11 12 1 2 3
10 12.5 7.58061E-14 -31.25 -12.5 -7.5806E-14 -31.25 10
11 7.58061E-14 1250 1.9143E-15 -7.580606E-14 -1250 1.9143E-15 11
12 -31.25 1.91429E-15 104.166667 31.25 -1.9143E-15 52.0833333 12
1 -12.5 -7.5806E-14 31.25 12.5 7.5806E-14 31.25 1
2 -7.5806E-14 -1250 -1.9143E-15 7.580606E-14 1250 -1.9143E-15 2
3 -31.25 1.91429E-15 52.0833333 31.25 -1.9143E-15 104.166667 3
10 11 12 1 2 3

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas locales barra3 fuerzas restrctvas globales ba

f3
0 10
0 11
0 12
0 1
0 2
0 3
longitud
dez local KL x h

0 0 *10^3
-12.5 31.25 inercia
-31.25 52.0833333 b a
0 0 0.5 0.5
12.5 -31.25
-31.25 104.166667

otacion T Matriz de rotacion T transpuesta TT

0 0 6.125742E-17 -1 0 0 0
0 0 1 6.1257E-17 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 6.1257E-17 -1
6.1257E-17 0 0 0 0 1 6.1257E-17
0 1 0 0 0 0 0

KG=TT*KL*T

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas globales barra3

F3
0 10
0 11
0 12
0 1
0 2
0 3
0
0
0
0
0
1
Matriz de rigidez local KL
E 25000.00
L 3.00 1333.33 0 0 -1333.3333
I 2.1333E-03 0 23.7037037 35.5555556 0
A 0.16 0 35.5555556 71.1111111 0
-1333.333333 0 0 1333.33333
0.00 -23.703704 -35.555556 0
0 35.5555556 35.5555556 0

Matriz de rotacion T
-90
6.125742E-17 -1 0 0
1 6.1257E-17 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 6.1257E-17
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0

Matrz ponderada(KG) barra 1


4 5 6 13 14 15
4 23.7037037 -8.0225E-14 35.5555556 -23.7037037 8.0225E-14 35.5555556 4
5 -8.0225E-14 1333.33333 2.178E-15 8.022454E-14 -1333.3333 2.178E-15 5
6 35.5555556 2.17804E-15 71.1111111 -35.55555556 -2.178E-15 35.5555556 6
13 -23.7037037 8.02245E-14 -35.555556 23.703703704 -8.0225E-14 -35.555556 13
14 8.02245E-14 -1333.33333 -2.178E-15 -8.022454E-14 1333.33333 -2.178E-15 14
15 35.5555556 2.17804E-15 35.5555556 -35.55555556 -2.178E-15 71.1111111 15
4 5 6 13 14 15

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas locales barra4 fuerzas restrctvas globales ba

f4
0 4
0 5
0 6
0 13
0 14
0 15
longitud
dez local KL x h

0 0 *10^3
-23.703704 35.5555556 inercia
-35.555556 35.5555556 b a
0 0 0.4 0.4
23.7037037 -35.555556
-35.555556 71.1111111

otacion T Matriz de rotacion T transpuesta TT

0 0 6.125742E-17 1 0 0 0
0 0 -1 6.1257E-17 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-1 0 0 0 0 6.1257E-17 1
6.1257E-17 0 0 0 0 -1 6.1257E-17
0 1 0 0 0 0 0

KG=TT*KL*T

F1=TT1*f1
fuerzas restrctvas globales barra4

F4
0 4
0 5
0 6
0 13
0 14
0 15
0
0
0
0
0
1
1 2 3 4
1 812.4396966 -132.36452207 34.026334602 -799.9396966
2 -132.3645221 1277.6092598 16.662172063 132.3645221
3 34.0263346 16.662172063 172.66624471 -2.776334602
4 -799.9396966 132.36452207 -2.776334602 1783.657523
5 132.3645221 -27.609259779 -16.66217206 -290.7276915
6 2.776334602 16.662172063 34.249789022 36.77720328
7 0 0 0 -960.0141226
8 0 0 0 158.3631694
9 0 0 0 3.997982329
10 -12.5 -7.580606E-14 -31.25 0
11 -7.58061E-14 -1250 1.914294E-15 0
12 31.25 -1.914294E-15 52.083333333 0
13 0 0 0 -23.7037037
14 0 0 0 8.022454E-14
15 0 0 0 35.55555556
1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4
1 812.4396966 -132.36452207 34.026334602 -799.9396966
2 -132.3645221 1277.6092598 16.662172063 132.3645221
3 34.0263346 16.662172063 172.66624471 -2.776334602
4 -799.9396966 132.36452207 -2.776334602 1783.657523
5 132.3645221 -27.609259779 -16.66217206 -290.7276915
6 2.776334602 16.662172063 34.249789022 36.77720328
9 0 0 0 3.997982329
7 0 0 0 -960.0141226
8 0 0 0 158.3631694
10 -12.5 -7.580606E-14 -31.25 0
11 -7.58061E-14 -1250 1.914294E-15 0
12 31.25 -1.914294E-15 52.083333333 0
13 0 0 0 -23.7037037
14 0 0 0 8.022454E-14
15 0 0 0 35.55555556
1 2 3 4
k0
1 2 3 4
1 812.4396966 -132.36452207 34.026334602 -799.9396966
2 -132.3645221 1277.6092598 16.662172063 132.3645221
3 34.0263346 16.662172063 172.66624471 -2.776334602
4 -799.9396966 132.36452207 -2.776334602 1783.657523
5 132.3645221 -27.609259779 -16.66217206 -290.7276915
6 2.776334602 16.662172063 34.249789022 36.77720328
9 0 0 0 3.997982329

det K0 3.677372E+18

k1
7 8 10 11
1 0 0 -12.5 -7.58061E-14
2 0 0 -7.58061E-14 -1250
3 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
4 -960.0141226 158.36316945 0 0
5 158.3631694 -35.984828986 0 0
6 -3.997982329 -23.993890871 0 0
9 -3.997982329 -23.993890871 0 0

det k1 Err:502

k2
1 2 3 4
7 0 0 0 -960.0141226
8 0 0 0 158.3631694
10 -12.5 -7.580606E-14 -31.25 0
11 -7.58061E-14 -1250 1.914294E-15 0
12 31.25 -1.914294E-15 52.083333333 0
13 0 0 0 -23.7037037
14 0 0 0 8.022454E-14
15 0 0 0 35.55555556

det k2 Err:502

k4
7 8 10 11
7 960.0141226 -158.36316945 0 0
8 -158.3631694 35.984828986 0 0
10 0 0 12.5 7.580606E-14
11 0 0 7.580606E-14 1250
12 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
13 0 0 0 0
14 0 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0

det k3 2.164392E+15

VECTOR DE FUERZAS GLOBALES DE LA BARRA (Fb)

1 -0.0086287402
2 212.89668839
3 213
4 0.1438965673
5 505.85569019
6 58
7 0.1525253075
8 292.9590018
9 -271
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0

VECTOR DE FUERZAS EQUIVALENTES SN REORDENAR (Feq=-(Fb+Fex))

1 580.00862874
2 -212.89668839
3 -213
4 -0.1438965673
5 -505.85569019
6 -58
7 -0.1525253075
8 -292.9590018
9 271
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0

DESPLAZAMENTOS CONOCIDOS (U1)

R7 0
R8 -0.01
R10 0
R11 = 0
R12 0
R13 0
R14 0
R15 0

REACCIONES ORDENADAS o DESPLAZA GLOBALES DE LAS BARRAS barra 1

R1 0.003014 R1
R2 -5.0191E-05 R2
R3 -0.0014902 R3
R4 0.00219552 R4
R5 -0.00048 R5
R6 -0.0017319 R6
R7 0
R8 -0.01
R9 0.00127713 barra 2
R10 0 R4
R11 0 R5
R12 0 R6
R13 0 R7
R14 0 R8
R15 0 R9

barra 3
R10
R11
R12
R1
R2
R3

barra 4
R4
R5
R6
R13
R14
R15
MATRIZ DE RIGDEZ GLOBAL

5 6 7 8 9 10 11
132.36452207 2.776334602 0 0 0 -12.5 -7.58061E-14
-27.609259779 16.66217206 0 0 0 -7.580606E-14 -1250
-16.662172063 34.24978902 0 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
-290.72769152 36.77720328 -960.0141226 158.3631694 3.99798233 0 0
1396.9274221 7.331718808 158.36316945 -35.984829 23.9938909 0 0
7.3317188078 221.8108048 -3.997982329 -23.9938909 41.1000578 0 0
158.36316945 -3.997982329 960.01412263 -158.363169 -3.9979823 0 0
-35.984828986 -23.99389087 -158.3631694 35.98482899 -23.993891 0 0
23.993890871 41.10005781 -3.997982329 -23.9938909 82.2001156 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 12.5 7.580606E-14
0 0 0 0 0 7.580606E-14 1250
0 0 0 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
8.0224536E-14 -35.55555556 0 0 0 0 0
-1333.3333333 -2.17804E-15 0 0 0 0 0
2.1780417E-15 35.55555556 0 0 0 0 0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11

MATRIZ DE RIGDEZ GLOBAL

5 6 9 7 8 10 11
132.36452207 2.776334602 0 0 0 -12.5 -7.58061E-14
-27.609259779 16.66217206 0 0 0 -7.580606E-14 -1250
-16.662172063 34.24978902 0 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
-290.72769152 36.77720328 3.9979823287 -960.014123 158.363169 0 0
1396.9274221 7.331718808 23.993890871 158.3631694 -35.984829 0 0
7.3317188078 221.8108048 41.100057811 -3.99798233 -23.993891 0 0
23.993890871 41.10005781 82.200115623 -3.99798233 -23.993891 0 0
158.36316945 -3.997982329 -3.997982329 960.0141226 -158.36317 0 0
-35.984828986 -23.99389087 -23.99389087 -158.363169 35.984829 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 12.5 7.580606E-14
0 0 0 0 0 7.580606E-14 1250
0 0 0 0 0 -31.25 1.914294E-15
8.0224536E-14 -35.55555556 0 0 0 0 0
-1333.3333333 -2.17804E-15 0 0 0 0 0
2.1780417E-15 35.55555556 0 0 0 0 0
5 6 9 7 8 10 11
k0
5 6 9
132.36452207 2.776334602 0 1
-27.609259779 16.66217206 0 2
-16.662172063 34.24978902 0 3
-290.72769152 36.77720328 3.9979823287 4
1396.9274221 7.331718808 23.993890871 5
7.3317188078 221.8108048 41.100057811 6
23.993890871 41.10005781 82.200115623 9

k1
12 13 14 15
31.25 0 0 0 1
-1.914294E-15 0 0 0 2
52.083333333 0 0 0 3
0 -23.7037037 8.022454E-14 35.55555556 4
0 8.022454E-14 -1333.333333 2.17804E-15 5
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 35.55555556 6
0 0 0 0 9

k2
5 6 9
158.36316945 -3.997982329 -3.997982329 7
-35.984828986 -23.99389087 -23.99389087 8
0 0 0 10
0 0 0 11
0 0 0 12
8.0224536E-14 -35.55555556 0 13
-1333.3333333 -2.17804E-15 0 14
2.1780417E-15 35.55555556 0 15

k4
12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 8
-31.25 0 0 0 10
1.9142945E-15 0 0 0 11
104.16666667 0 0 0 12
0 23.7037037 -8.022454E-14 -35.5555556 13
0 -8.02245E-14 1333.3333333 -2.17804E-15 14
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 71.11111111 15

LA BARRA (Fb) VECTOR DE FUERZAS GLOBALES DE NUDO (Fex)

1 -580
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0

RDENAR (Feq=-(Fb+Fex)) VECTOR DE FUERZAS EQUVALENTES DEL NUDO (VECTOR Feq reor

1 580.00862874
2 -212.8966884
3 -213
4 -0.143896567
5 -505.8556902
6 -58
9 271
R7 7 -0.152525308
R8 8 -292.9590018
R10 10 0
R11 11 0
R12 12 0
R13 13 0
R14 14 0
R15 15 0

DESPLAZAMENTOS DESCONOCIDOS (U0)

R1 3.0140043507 0.003014004
R2 -0.050190723 -5.01907E-05
R3 -1.490188097 -0.001490188
R4 = 2.195520271 0.00219552
R5 -0.479991967 -0.000479992
R6 -1.731872314 -0.001731872
R9 1.2771316236 0.001277132

Fn2

-2181.925471 1583.63169 -598.2937761


375.87297603 -359.84829 16.02468617
8.893323635 0 8.893323635
62.738403587 0 62.73840359
16.573672595 0 16.5736726
9.5357202826 0 9.535720283
639.98928882 0 639.9892888
16.485260707 0 16.48526071

desplazamiento locales fuerzas locales


rb1 sb1

0.0030140044 0.002981265 r1,1 570.5730978


-5.019072E-05 0.0004458706 r2,1 158.67512083
-0.0014901881 -0.001490188 r3,1 61.04029077
0.0021955203 0.0022445535 r4,1 -640.5730978
-0.000479992 -0.000112611 r5,1 261.32487917
-0.0017318723 -0.001731872 r6,1 -373.2373427

rb2 sb2
0.0021955203 0.0022445535 r1,2 544.79113295
-0.000479992 -0.000112611 r2,2 371.52821197
-0.0017318723 -0.001731872 r3,2 418.32976423
0 0.0016435901 r4,2 -640.791133
-0.01 -0.009864006 r5,2 206.47178803
0.0012771316 0.0012771316 r6,2 0
x

rb3 sb3
0 0 r1,3 62.738403587
0 0 r2,3 -8.893323635
0 0 r3,3 16.573672595
0.0030140044 -5.019072E-05 r4,3 -62.73840359
-5.019072E-05 -0.003014004 r5,3 8.893323635
-0.0014901881 -0.001490188 r6,3 -61.04029077

rb4 sb4
0.0021955203 0.000479992 r1,4 639.98928882
-0.000479992 0.0021955203 r2,4 -9.535720283
-0.0017318723 -0.001731872 r3,4 -45.09242155
0 0 r4,4 -639.9892888
0 0 r5,4 9.5357202826
0 0 r6,4 16.485260707
12 13 14 15
31.25 0 0 0 1
-1.914294E-15 0 0 0 2
52.083333333 0 0 0 3
0 -23.7037037 8.0224536E-14 35.555555556 4
0 8.022454E-14 -1333.3333333 2.178042E-15 5
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 35.555555556 6
0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 0 9
-31.25 0 0 0 10
1.9142945E-15 0 0 0 11
104.16666667 0 0 0 12
0 23.703703704 -8.022454E-14 -35.55555556 13
0 -8.022454E-14 1333.3333333 -2.178042E-15 14
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 71.111111111 15
12 13 14 15

12 13 14 15
31.25 0 0 0 1
-1.914294E-15 0 0 0 2
52.083333333 0 0 0 3
0 -23.7037037 8.0224536E-14 35.555555556 4
0 8.022454E-14 -1333.3333333 2.178042E-15 5
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 35.555555556 6
0 0 0 0 9
0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 8
-31.25 0 0 0 10
1.9142945E-15 0 0 0 11
104.16666667 0 0 0 12
0 23.703703704 -8.022454E-14 -35.55555556 13
0 -8.022454E-14 1333.3333333 -2.178042E-15 14
0 -35.55555556 -2.178042E-15 71.111111111 15
12 13 14 15
k0
1 2 3 4 5 6 9
0.0022623851 0.0001373658 -0.0004146456 0.001005612 -0.000006996 -0.00014595 2.61081E-05
0.0001373658 0.0007985244 -9.340383E-05 3.596561E-06 0.000002239 -5.26784E-05 2.55107E-05
-0.0004146456 -9.340383E-05 0.0060852812 -0.000137311 7.839988E-05 -0.00099657 0.00048208
0.001005612 3.596561E-06 -0.0001373114 0.0010340447 0.0001192572 -0.00016672 -1.74218E-06
-0.000006996 0.000002239 7.839988E-05 0.0001192572 0.0007461032 -1.67438E-05 -0.00021521
-0.0001459522 -5.267842E-05 -0.0009965722 -0.000166723 -1.674382E-05 0.005173067 -0.00257354
2.6108068E-05 2.551072E-05 0.0004820799 -1.742184E-06 -0.000215213 -0.00257354 0.013515106

k1
7 8 10 11 12 13 14
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

k2
1 2 3 4 5 6 9
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

k4
7 8 10 11 12 13 14
0.0038010602 0.0167278254 0 0 0 0 0
0.0167278254 0.10140583 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.32 -1.955337E-17 0.096 0 0
0 0 -1.955337E-17 0.0008 -5.880713E-18 0 0
0 0 0.096 -5.880713E-18 0.0384 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.16875 1.02912E-17
0 0 0 0 0 1.02912E-17 0.00075
0 0 0 0 0 0.084375 5.1686E-18

AS GLOBALES DE NUDO (Fex)

NTES DEL NUDO (VECTOR Feq reordenado)

R1
R2
R3
Fn1 R4
Fn1
R5
R6
R9

Fn2

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R9
15
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502
Err:502

15
0
0
0
0
0
0.084375
5.1686E-18
0.05625
Fn1

580.008629
-212.89669
-213
1581.90417
-865.34413
-297.69897
31.3010302

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen