International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 1

Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2017, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Simulation and Analysis of LLC resonant converter using closed

Loop PI controller
G.Ram Prakash1, J.Subramaniyan2, M.Sivakumar3
TRP Engineering College, Trichy
ramprakash37@gmail.com1,subramani_jagan@yahoo.com2,shivavikash99@gmail.com3

ABSTRACT their non-linear nature giving rise to different transient

The advancement of telecommunication and computer responses for different loading conditions and operating
systems in the distributed power architecture and point-of-use frequencies. Without proper control, a resonant circuit can
power supplies is becoming essential. While operating at a take a long time to settle to the new required state. To alleviate
constant frequency, these supplies are required to produce this problem, intelligent controllers have to be developed for
high efficiency, high power density and low switching losses. such converters.
Furthermore, operation at high frequencies not only increases
the power density but also reduces component size. 2. LLC RESONANT CONVERTER
Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the
system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired The LLC resonant converter is required to operate at high
performances. These control methods ensure stability and frequency. High circulating energy and high switching loss
good control only in small vicinity around operating. In this will occur at high input voltage. They are not suitable for front
paper the performances of the LLC with PI controllers are end DC/DC application. For a resonant tank, working at its
evaluated under the line and load disturbances to maintain the resonant frequency is the most efficient way. This rule applies
constant voltage using MATLAB based simulation. to SRC and PRC very well. For SPRC, it has two resonant
frequencies. Normally, working at its highest resonant
Keywords: LLC resonant converter, PI controller. frequency will be more efficient. The DC characteristic of
LLC resonant converter could be divided into ZVS region and
1. INTRODUCTION ZCS region. For this converter, there are two resonant
frequencies. One is determined by the resonant components Lr
The LLC resonant converter is becoming more and more and Cr. The other one is determined by Lm, Cr and load
popular for its high efficiency, because of both zero-voltages condition. As load getting heavier, the resonant frequency will
switching for the primary side main switches and zero-current shift to higher frequency. ZVS and ZCS is achievable over
switching (ZCS) for the secondary-side rectifiers. Today, with entire operating range. This LLC resonant converter can be
the explosive increase in consumer electronics the demand for designed to operate over wide input voltage. It can be operate
high-power-density converters is growing. Thus, the LLC under no load condition.SRC has lower circulating current
resonant converter is required to operate at high frequencies.
then the PRC.LLC can operate at resonance at nominal input
The controllable switches are operated in switch mode where
voltage.
they are required to turn the entire load current on and off
during each switching cycle. Under these conditions, the
switches are subjected to high switching stresses and power
losses.. There are three basic configurations of such converters
namely series, parallel and series-parallel loaded resonant
converters. Series loaded Resonant Converters (SRCs) have
their load connected in series with the resonant tank. SRCs are
suitable topologies for high frequency operation because of
their lower power losses. Parallel loaded Resonant Converters
(PRCs) have their load connected in parallel with the resonant
tank capacitor. The main advantage of PRC is that the output
voltage can be regulated even under no-load conditions as
long as the operating frequency is above resonance but the
Disadvantage is that the current carried by the power
semiconductor switches and the resonant components is
relatively independent of the load.

The main disadvantage of the SRC is that it cannot be

regulated at no load while the PRC circuit has a circulating
current flow irrespective of load current. The SPRC topology
possesses combined advantages of both SRC and PRC. The
output is controllable for no load or light load and the light
load efficiency is relatively high. The SPRC works
satisfactorily for a wide range variation of supply voltage and
load current. However, one drawback of resonant converters is
Fig.1: Circuit diagram of LLC resonant converter
i) zero current switch
A typical Zero Current Switch consists of a switch, S, in series
with the resonant inductor LRES, and the resonant capacitor
CRES connected in parallel. Energy is supplied by a current

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 2
Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2017, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

source. If an output transformer is used, in certain cases its

parasitic inductance can be used as the resonant inductance (in Involving Laplace operators:
both this and the zero voltage topology). However, as its value
is generally not known, the resonant frequency will not be
fixed, which may cause problems in the circuit design. When
the switch S is off, the resonant capacitor is charged up with a Where
more or less constant current, and so the voltage across it rises KP = proportional gain, KI = integral gain
linearly. When the switch is turned on, the energy stored in the Setting a value for is often a trade-off between decreasing
capacitor is transferred to the inductor, causing a sinusoidal overshoot and increasing settling time. The lack of derivative
current to flow in the switch. During the negative half wave, action may make the system more steady in the steady state in
the current flows through the anti-paralleled diode, and so in the case of noisy data. This is because derivative action is
this period there is no current through or voltage across the more sensitive to higher-frequency terms in the inputs
switch; and it can be turned off without losses. This type of
switching is also known as thyristor mode, as it is one of the a. Proportional term
more suitable ways of using thyristor these devices will only The proportional term produces an output value that is
turn off if the current through them is forced to zero, which proportional to the current error value. The proportional
occurs naturally in this topology.
response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a
constant Kp, called the proportional gain constant.
ii) Zero voltage switches
A typical Zero Voltage Switch consists of a switch in series
with a diode. The resonant capacitor is connected in parallel,
and the resonant inductor is connected in series with this
configuration. A voltage source connected in parallel injects
the energy into this system. When the switch is turned on, a
linear current flows through the inductor. When the switch
turns off, the energy that is stored in the inductor flows into
the resonant capacitor. The resulting voltage across the
capacitor and the switch is sinusoidal. The negative half-wave
of the voltage is blocked by the diode. During this negative
half wave, the current and voltage in the switch are zero, and
so it can be turned on without losses.

3. CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR LLC

RESONANT CONVERTER

Fig.3: Waveform of proportional term

i) Pi controller
A PI Controller (proportional-integral controller) is a
The proportional term is given by:
special case of the PID controller in which the derivative (D)
Pout = KP e (t)
of the error is not used. The controller output is given by
A high proportional gain results in a large change in the
output for a given change in the error. If the proportional gain
KP +KI dt is too high, the system can become unstable (see the section
on loop tuning). In contrast, a small gain results in a small
Where is the error or deviation of actual measured value output response to a large input error, and a less responsive or
(PV) from the set point (SP). less sensitive controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the
control action may be too small when responding to system
=SP PV disturbances. Tuning theory and industrial practice indicate
that the proportional term should contribute the bulk of the
output change

Fig.2: Block diagram of PI controller
A PI controller can be modelled easily in software
Such as Simulink or Xcos using a "flow chart" box
b. Integral term:
The contribution from the integral term is proportional to
both the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error.
The integral in a PID controller is the sum of the instantaneous
error over time and gives the accumulated offset that should
have been corrected previously. The accumulated error is then
multiplied by the integral gain (Ki) and added to the controller
output. The integral term is given by:

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 3
The integral term accelerates the movement of the process
towards Set point and eliminates the residual steady-state error
that occurs with a pure proportional controller. However, since
the integral term responds to accumulated errors from the past,
it can cause the present value to overshoot the set point value
(see the section on loop tuning).
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.4: Simulation circuit for LLC resonant converter using PI
controller
Fig.5: Output voltage of LLC resonant converter with sudden
line disturbance
Fig.6: Output voltage of LLC resonant converter with sudden
load disturbance
PI controller simulated regulates the output voltage of with
resistive load within a maximum of after a line disturbance
and a maximum of after a load disturbance. The simulated
voltage regulated with PI control within a maximum of after a
line disturbance and a maximum of after a load disturbance.
Then display respectively the start-up in the output voltage
Of resistive load. The start-up transient exists for in the case of
resistive load and for in the case of PI control
5. CONCLUSION
An LLC resonant converter using closed loop PI controller has
been presented in this paper .This proposed converter, is used
to attain constant voltage under line and load disturbance in
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Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2017, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
order to achieve efficiency which can also increase the life
time of the load with reduced switching losses. The above
results indicate the validity and feasibility of the proposed
control schemes for the various load resonant converters.
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