Deliverability Testing

Production Engineering
PENG 4301
Deliverability
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Contents
Types and purposes of deliverability tests
Theory of deliverability test analysis
Analysis of deliverability tests
Flow after flow test
Single point test
Isochronal test
Modified isochronal test
1
Deliverability tests
Types of deliverability tests
Single point test
Isochronal test
Purposes of deliverability tests
To obtain the Absolute Open Flow Potential (AOFP)
To generate reservoir Inflow Performance Relationships
(IPR)
To forecast production
Non-Darcy component
At higher flow rates, in addition to the viscous
force component represented by Darcy's
equation, there is also an inertial force acting due
to convective accelerations of the fluid particles
in passing through the pore spaces. Under these
circumstances the appropriate flow equation is
that of Forchheimer, which is

= + 2

2
Non-Darcy component
Should Forchheimer equation be used rather than
Darcys in deriving the basic radial differential
equation for gas flow?
Non-Darcy component
3
Pressure drawdown
Non-Darcy component
Fortunately, even for gas, the non-Darcy
component is significant only in the restricted
region of high pressure drawdown, and flow
velocity, close to the wellbore.
Therefore, the non-Darcy flow is conventionally
included in the flow equations as an additional
skin factor as a time independent perturbation
affecting the solutions of the basic differential
equation.
4
Deliverability Equations
2
= 2
A graphic method is proposed to identify C and
n values.
Typically, n goes from 0.5 (non-Darcy flow)
to 1 (Darcy flow)
Q measured in MMscf/d
2
2
1424 0.472
= +

1424 2
+

2
2 = + 2
5
2
2
1424 3 1424 2
= + +
4
2
2 = + 2
q [Mscf/d]
T [R]
k [md]
h [ft]
f [fraction]
mg [cp]
Z [ dimensionless]
P [ psia]
6
6 10 50.1
= 2

g=gas gravity
Ks=permeability of damaged zone, md
h and hperf= net and perforated thicknesses, ft
m= gas viscosity, cp
2
2 = + 2
D can be approximated by using the above
equation. Ks must be known.
Jones, Blount, and Glaze

2
2
1424 3 1424 2
= + +
4
2
2 = + 2
7
2
2 = + 2
= + ()
+ 2 + 42 0.5
=
2
2
1
2 = 1
2
1= old completion conditions

2 = new completion conditions
8
Analysis of deliverability tests
Single point test
Isochronal test
Flow after flow Test
9
Sometimes called four-point test or
backpressure.
The requirement that the shut-in and flowing
periods be continued until stabilization is a
major limitation of this method.
Why?

Recommended when formation permeability is
high and short times are required to reach
stabilized flowing conditions.
10
Isochronal Test
Recommended when the time required to reach
stabilized flowing conditions is excessive.
It is generally accepted that this method is
applicable in formations showing intermediate
permeability.
Isochronal Test
11
Modified Isochronal Test
Highly recommended when the time required
for the pressure to back up to P reservoir
between flow periods is excessive.
Formations showing low permeability require
this kind of tests.
Modified Isochronal Test
12
General Test Design
Considerations
Well type and status
Development vs exploratory
Producing vs. Injection
Shallow vs. Deep
Effects of reservoir properties
Permeability
Single vs. multiple zones
Safety and environmental
Sweet vs. corrosive gases
Design of Deliverability tests

Stabilization time.
Deliverability test duration
Flow rate requirements
Sequence of flow rates
Minimum and maximum flow rates
Selection of Deliverability test
13
References
Gas Reservoir Engineering, John Lee and R.A.
Wattenbarger, SPE Textbook SERIES VOL.5, 1996
14

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Production Engineering

Modified isochronal test

Should Forchheimer equation be used rather than

Darcys in deriving the basic radial differential

equation for gas flow?

Jones, Blount, and Glaze

Jones, Blount, and Glaze

1= old completion conditions

Flow after flow test

Single point test

Modified isochronal test

Flow after flow Test

Flow after flow Test

Modified Isochronal Test

Design of Deliverability tests

Selection of Deliverability test

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