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Bab I
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ...an xn = b
misal : 6 x - 7 y = 5
2
6 5
x=t y = t-
7 7
6 5 12 5
x = 2 y = .2 - = - = 1
7 7 7 7
x = 2, y = 1, HP = { 2,1}
Contoh
Selesaikan SPL berikut dengan menggunakan OBE.
x + y + 2z = 9 1 0 0
x
0 1 0 y
2 x + 4 y - 3z = 1 Rumus
3x + 6y - 5z = 0
0 0 1
z
3
Jawab :
1 1 2 9
2 4 - 3 1 B2 = -2 B1 + B2
3 6 -5 0
B = -3B1 + B3
3
1 1 2
9 1
0 2 - 7 - 17 B2 = B2
2
0
3 - 11 - 27
1 1 2
9 B1 = -1B2 + B1
7 17
0 1 - -
2 2
B3 = -3B2 + B3
0 3 -11 -27
11 35
1 0
2 2
7 17
0 1 - -
2 2
-1 -3
0 0 B3 = -2 B3
2 2
11 35 B = - 1 B + B
1 0
1 3 1
2 2 2
7 17 B = 7 B + B
0 1 - - 2
2
3 2
2 2
0 0 1 3
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2
jadi nilai x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
0 0 1 3
Contoh :
0 1 2 -1
0 0 1 3
1.
0
0 0 1
0 1 2 -1
0 0 0 0
2.
0
1 3 1
1 2 -2 0 4
0 0 1 3 -5
3.
0
0 0 0 1
5
Contoh :
1 0 0 1
1 2 0 0 0
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3 0
0
0 1 3
0
0 0 0 1
Contoh soal :
Selesaikan SPL berikut dengan menggunjakan Eliminasi Gauss
Jordan
x1 + 3 x2 + 2 x5 = 0
2 x1 + 6 x2 - 5 x3 - 2 x4 + 4 x5 - 3 x6 = -1
5 x3 + 10 x4 + 15 x6 = 5
2 x1 + 6 x2 + 8 x4 + 4 x5 + 18 x6 = 6
Jawab :
1 3 -2 0 2 0 0
2 6 -5 -2 4 -3 -1B2 = -2 B1 + B2
0 0 5 10 0 15 5
B = -2 B1 + B4
2 6 0 8 4 18 6 4
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 -1 -2 0 -3 -1B2 = - B2
0 0 5 10 0 15 5
0
0 4 8 0 18 6
6
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 3 1
B = -5B + B
0 0 5 10 0 15 5 3 2 3
0
0 4 8 0 18 6 B4 = -4 B2 + B4
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 3 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B3 B4
0
0 0 0 0 6 2
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 3 1
1
0 0 0 0 0 6 2 B3 = 6 B3
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 3 1 B2 = -3B3 + B2
Eselon baris 1
0
0 0 0 0 1
3
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
3 -2 0 2 0 0 B1 = 2 B2 + B1
0 0 1 2 0 0 0
Eselon baris tereduksi 1
0
0 0 0 0 1
3
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 0 4 2 0 0 sehingga SPL :
x1 + 3x2 + 4 x4 + 2 x5 = 0
0 0 1 2 0 0 0
x3 + 2 x4 = 0
1
0
0 0 0 0 1 1
3
x6 =
3
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
x6 =
3
Pemisalan : x2 = r , x4 = s, x5 = t
Maka : x1 = -3r - 4 s - 2t
x2 = r
x3 = -2 s
x4 = s
x5 = t
1
x6 =
3
0 0 1 2 0 3 1
1
0
0 0 0 0 1
3
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
SPL : x1 + 3x2 - 2 x3 + 2 x5 = 0
x3 + 2 x4 + 3x6 = 1
1
x6 =
3
Peubah utama :
x1 = -3 x2 + 2 x3 - 2 x5 ...... ( 1)
x3 = -2 x4 - 3x6 + 1...... ( 2 )
1
x6 = ...... ( 3)
3
Substitusi pers 3 dan 2
1
x6 =
3
8
1
x3 = -2 x4 - 3. + 1
3
x3 = -2 x4 ...... ( 4 )
peubah bebas, x2 = u , x4 = v, x5 = w
Maka : x1 = -3u - 4v - 2w
x2 = u
x3 = -2v
x4 = v
x5 = w
1
x6 =
3
Soal.
1. Selesaikan dengan menggunakan eliminasi Gauss Jordan
dari matriks yang sudah direduksi sampai matriks eselon baris.
1
7 -2 0 -8 -3
1 -3 4 7
0 0 1 1 6 5
0 1 2 2
a) b)
0 0 0 1 3 9
0 0 1 5
0
0 0 0 0 0
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 8
- x1 - 2 x2 + 3x3 = 1
3 x1 - 7 x2 + 4 x3 = 10
9
Jawab.
1 -3 4 7
B1 = 3B2 + B1
0 1 2 2
1. a)
0 0 1 5 B2 = -2 B3 + B2
1 0 10 13 B1 = -10 B3 + B2
0 1 0 -8
0
0 1 5
x3 = 5
1
7 -2 0 -8 3 B1 = 2 B2 + B3
0 0 1 1 6 5
b)
0 0 0 1 3 9
0
0 0 0 0 0
B = -2 B3 + B1
1
7 0 2 4 7 1
0 0 1 1 6 5 B2 = - B3 + B2
0 0 0 1 3 9
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
7 0 0 -2 11 Maka SPL :
x1 + 7 x2 - 2 x5 = -11
0
0 1 0 3 -4 x + 3 x = -4
0 0 0 1 3 9 3 5
x + 3 x5 = 9
0
0 0 0 0 0 4
Peubah utama : x1 = -7 x2 + 2 x5 - 11
x3 = -3 x5 - 4
x4 = -3x5 + 9
Sehingga : x1 = -7 p + 2q - 11
x2 = p
x3 = -3q - 4
x4 = -3q + 9
x5 = q
1 1 2 8
B2 = B1 + B2
2. -1 -2 3 1
3 - 7 4 10 B3 = -3B1 + B2
1 1
2 8
0 -1 5 9 B2 = - B2
0 -10 -2 -14
1 1
2 8 B1 = - B2 + B1
0 1 -5 -9
0
-10 -2 -14 B3 = 10 B2 + B3
1 0 7
17
0 1 -5 -9
1
0 0 - 52 -104 B3 = - B3
52
1 0 7 17 B1 = -7 B3 + B1
0 1 -5 -9
0 0 1 2 B = 5B3 + B2
2
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 1
0
0 1 2
x1 = 3
SPL : x2 = 1
x3 = 2
11
1 3
1
- - 0
2 2
0
1 -3 0
3 11 B = - 3 B + B
0
0 3 2
2 3
2 2
1 3
1
- - 0
2 2
0
1 -3 0 1
0 0 10 0 B3 = 10 B3
1 3 3
1
- - 0 B1 = 2 B3 + B1
2 2
0
1 -3 0 B2 = 3B3 + B2
0 0 1 0
1 1
1
- 0 0 B1 = B2 + B1
2 2
0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1
0 0 0
0
0
1 0 x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 jadi merupakan penyelesaian trivial.
0
0 1 0
B. Matriks
k1 k2 k3 n
1 3 -1
A2 x 3 =
0 -2 4
Elemen-elemen :
an = 1, a12 = 3, a13 = -1
a21 = 0, a22 = -2, a23 = 4
1. Kesamaan Matriks
A = (aij) dan B=(bij) dikatakan sama A = B, jika ordonya sama (m x
n). sehingga berlaku aij = bij untuk setiap (i = 1,2,,m ; j = 1,2,
,n).
Operasi Matriks
9 -4
-7 3 -2 1
e. + tak terdefinisi
3 0 3 4
3 6
-1 4 0
-5 20 0
a. 5 =
15 -25 10
3 -5 2
1 12 -9 24
1 4 -3 8
b. B= =
3 18 0 -3
3 6 0 -1
1 -2 -7 14
0 3 0 -21
c. - 7 =
3 -2
-21 14
2 1
-14 -7
3 0 1 -2
2 -1 4
a). AB = 1 -2 2 3
-3 0 6
- 1 3 -2 - 3
6 + ( -1) + (-4) 0 + 2 + 12 2 + (-2) + (-8) -4 + (-3) + (-12)
=
-9 + 0 + (-6) 0 + 0 + 18 -3 + 0 + (-12) 6 + 0 + (-18)
1 14 -8 -19
=
-15 18 -15 -12
5 -1
3 0 1 -2
1 -2 2 3 -1 3
b). BC = 2 0
-1 3 - 2 - 3
-2 1
15 + 0 + 2 + 4 -3 + 0 + 0 - 2 21 -5
5 + 2 + 4 - 6 -1 - 6 + 0 + 3 = 5 -4
=
- 5 - 3 - 4 + 6 1 + 9 + 0 - 3
-6 7
16
5 -1
-1 3
2 -1 4
c). AC = 2 0 tidak terdefinisi
- 3 0 6
-2 1
21 -5
2 -1 4
d). A(BC) =
- 3 0 6 5 -4
-6 7
42 - 5 - 24 -10 + 4 + 28 13 22
= =
-63 + 0 - 36 15 + 0 + 42 -99 57
3. Matriks Partisi
a11
a12 a13 a14
B= a24
=
a21 a22 a23
c1 c2 c3 c4
a31
a32 a33 a34
c1 c2 c3 c4
3 0 4
-3 + 0 + 12 9
-1
2 1 6
-2 + 2 + 18
x 2 =
18
a). =
1 -3 7
-1 - 6 + 21 14
3
0 + 4 - 3 1
0
2 - 1
0 -1 5 6 1
b). [ 1 -3 7] x 8 2 -2 4 0
5
3 7 2 3
= [ 0 - 24 + 35 -1 - 6 + 21 5 + 6 + 49 6 - 12 + 14 1 + 0 + 21]
= [ 11 14 60 8 22 ]
3 0 4
18 + 0 + 8 26
6
2 1 6 x
12 + 4 + 12
28
c). 4 = =
1 -3 7
6 - 12 + 14 8
2
0 2 -1 0 + 8 - 2 6
18
0 -1 5 6 1
d). [ 0 2 -1] x 8 2 -2 4 0
5
3 7 2 3
= [ 0 + 16 - 5 0 + 4 - 3 0 - 4 - 7 0 + 8 - 2 0 + 0 - 3]
= [ 11 1 -11 6 -3]
Maka
A + B A + B
A + B = 11 11 12 12
A21 + B21 A22 + B22
Perkalian dengan matrik partisi disebut juga perkalian blok dari
definisi yang sama, dimana syarat :
Jumlah kolom matrik A = jumlah kolom matrik B
Maka:
A B + A12 B21 A11 B12 + A12 B22 C C12
A.B = 11 11 = 11
A21 B11 + A22 B21 A21 B12 + A22 B22 C21 C22
19
Contoh:
1 2 2
1 4 5
2 4 1
A=
6 3 2
B=
3 1 2
5 1 2
1 2
1 4
A11 = B11 =
2 4
0 3
2
5
A12 = B12 =
1
2
A21 = [ 3 1] B21 = [ 5 1]
A22 = [ 2] B22 = [ 2]
a). Penjumlahan
1 2
1 4
2 6
A11 + B11 = + =
2 4
0 3
2 7
2
5
7
A12 + B12 = + =
1
2
3
A21 + B21 = [ 3 1] + [ 5 1] = [ 8 2]
A22 + B22 = [ 2] + [ 2] = [ 4]
2 6 7
2 7 3
Maka A+B =
8
2 4
1 2 1 4 1 10
A11 B11 = =
2 4 0 3 2 20
11 12
A11 B11 + A12 B21 = C11
2
2
10 21
7
A12 B21 = [ 5 1] =
1
5 1
20
1 2 5 9
A11 B12 = =
2 4 2 18 13
A11 B12 + A12 B22 = C12
2
4
20
A12 B22 = [ 2] =
1
2
1 4
A21 B11 = [ 3 1] = [ 3 15] A21 B11 + A22 B21 = [ 13 17 ]
0 3 C21
A22 B21 = [ 2] [ 5 1] = [ 10 2]
5
A21 B12 = [ 3 1] = [ 17 ] A21 B12 + A22 B22 = [ 21]
2 C22
A22 B22 = [ 2] [ 2] = [ 4]
Jadi :
11 12 13
7 21 20
AB =
13 17 21
1 2 2
1 4 5 1 + 0 + 10 4 + 6 + 2 5 + 4 + 4
2 4 1 6 3 2 = 2 + 0 + 5 8 + 12 + 1 10 + 8 + 2
AB =
3
1 2
5 1 2
3 + 0 + 10 12 + 3 + 2 15 + 2 + 4
11 12 13
7 21 20
=
13 17 21
Soal:
Hitung perkalian blok berikut
2 1 4
-1 2 1 5 -3 5 2
A = 0 -3 4 2
B=
7 -1 5
1 5 6 1
0 3 -3
21
-1 2 2 1
A11 = B11 =
0 -3
-3 5
1 5 4
A12 = B12 =
4 2
2
7 -1
A21 = [ 1 5] B21 =
0 3
5
A22 = [ 6 1] B22 =
-3
-1 2 2 1 -8 9
A11 B11 = = -1
23
0 -3 -3 5
9 15
A11 B11 + A12 B12 =
37
-13
C11
1 5
4 7 14
A12 B12 = =
4 2
2 28 2
-1 2 4 0
A11 B12 = = -10
0 -3 2 -6
A11B12 + A12 B22 =
8 C12
1 5 5 -10
A12 B22 = =
4 2 -3 14
2 1
A21 B11 = [ 1 5] = [ -13 26] A21B11 + A22 B21 = [ 29 23]
-3 5
C21
7 -1
A22 B21 = [ 6 1] = [ 42 -3]
0 3
4
A21 B12 = [ 1 5] = [ 14]
2
A21 B12 + A22 B22 = [ 41]
C22
5
A22 B22 = [ 6 1] = [ 27 ]
-3
Jadi,
-1 23 -10
37 -13 8
AB =
29
23 41
3 2 -15 19
AX = 4 0 1
22
3 =
- 1 5 2
2
14
3 2 -1 15 6 -2
19
5 4 + 3
0 + 2 1 =
22
20 + 0 + 2 =
-1
5 2 -
5
15 4
14
3 2 -1
[ -2 3 -1] =
4 0 1 [ 7 9 3]
-1 5 2
-2 [ 3 2 -1] + 3 [ 4 0 1] - 1[ -1 5 2]
= [ -6 -4 2] + [ 12 0 3] + [ 1 -5 -2 ]
= [ 7 -9 3] sama
4 5
3 6 4 3 2 1
A= AT =
2 7 5 6 7 8
1 8
Soal.
2 -1 1
5 -2 1 3 4 0 2
A= B=
1 3 4 -1
1 2 -3
-3 1 -1
Apakah ( AB ) = BT AT ?
T
2 -1 1
5
-2 1 3
4 0 2 = - 6 0 -5
AB =
1
3 4 -11 2 -3
21 6 -4
-3 1 -1
24
5 1
2 4 1 3
-2 3
A =
T B =
T
-1 0 2 1
1 4
1 2 -3 -1
3 -1
5 1
2 4 1 3 -6 21
- 2 3 = 0 6
BT AT = -1 0 2 1
1 4
1 2 -3 -1
3 -1 - 5 - 4
6 5 8
A=
3 -1 2 tr ( A) = 6 - 1 + 9 = 14
-2 2 9
1 d -b
A-1 =
ad - bc
-c a
Contoh :
2 3
Jika A =
3 5
a). Gunakan substitusi
b). Gunakan rumus invers
c). Gunakan pembalik Matriks
Jawab.
-1 a
b
a). misal A =
c
d
-1
A A=I
2 3 a b 1 0 2a + 3c 2b + 3d
1 0
= =
3 5 c d 0 1
3a + 5c 3b + 5d
0 1
2a + 3c = 1 pers 1
2b + 3c = 0 pers 2
3a + 5d = 0 pers 3
3b + 5d = 1 pers 4
26
2a + 3c = 1 x3 6a + 9c = 3 c = -3 2a + 3c = 1
3a + 5c = 0 x 2 6a + 10c = 0 2a - 9 = 1
-c = 3 2a = 10
c = -3 a = 10
2b + 3c = 0 x3 6b + 9d = 0 d=2 2b + 3d = 0
3b + 5d = 1 x 2 6b + 10d = 0 2b + 6 = 0
-d = -2 2b = -6
d=2 b = -3
Jadi,
5 -3 -1 5 -3 2 3
1 0
A-1 = A A=I =
-3 2
-3 2
3 5
0 1
1 d -b
b). A-1 =
ad - bc
-c a
1 5 -3
=
2.5 - 3.3
-3 2
1 5 -3 5 -3
= = sama
1 -3 2 -3 2
c). [ A MI ] [ I MA]
1
2 3 1 0 B1 = b1
2
3 5 0 1
3 1
1 0
2 2 B = -3b1 + b2
2
3 5 0 1
3 1
1
0
2 2
1 3
0 - 1 B2 = 2b2
2 2
3 1
1
0 B1 = - 3 b2 + b1
2 2 2
0
1 -3 2
1
0 5 -3 -1 5 -3
jadi, A =
0
1 -3 2
-3 2
27
n faktor
n faktor
1 3
1 3
1 3
A3 =
1 4
1 4
1 4
4 15
1 3 19 72
= =
5 19
1 4 24 91
4 -34 -34 -3
A-3 =
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
19 -154 -3 91 -72
= =
-5 4
-1 1
-24 19
19 72
( A)
-3
=
24 91
19 72 91 -72
A3 A-3 =
24 91
-24 91
28
Keterbalikan Transpos
(A ) = ( AT )
-1 T -1
( AB ) T
= BT AT
(A ) T T
=A
Maka:
( A ) A = A ( A ) = ( AA )
-1 T T T -1 T -1 T
= IT = I
A ( A ) = ( A ) A = ( A A)
-1 T -1 T -1 T
T T
= IT = I
-5 -3
Diketahui : matrik A =
2 1
Buktikan ( A-1 ) = ( AT ) dan AT ( A-1 ) = I
T -1 T
Jawab
1 3 1 -2
( A -1 ) =
T
A-1 =
-2 -5 3 -5
sama
-5 2 1 -2
( AT ) =
-1
AT =
-3 1 3 -5
-5 2
1 -2 1 0
AT ( A -1 ) =
T
=
=I
-
3 1 3
- 5 0 1
Misal :
x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 = 3
2 x1 + 5 x2 + 3 x3 = 1
x1 + 8 x3 = 4
29
1 2 3
x1
3
2 5 3
x2 =
1
1 0 8
x3
4
x = A-1.B
x1 -40 16 9
3 -68
x2
1 =
= 13 -5 -3 22 jadi x1 = -68, x2 = 22, x3 = 9
x3
5 -2 -1
4
9
1 2 3 2 1
2 5 3 3 4 B2 = -2b1 + b2
1 0 8 5 - 4 B = -b1 + b2
3
1 2 3 2 1 B1 = -2b2 + b1
0 1 -3 -1 2
B = 2b + b
0
- 2 5 3 -5
3 2 3
1 0 9 4 -3
0 1 -3 -1 2
B = -b
0
0 - 1 1 -1
3 3
1 0 9 4 -3B1 = -9b2 + b1
0 1 -3 -1 2 B = 3b3 + b2
2
0 0 1 -1 1
1 0 0 13 -12
x1 = 13 x1 = -12
0 1 0 -4 5 jadi, (i) x2 = -4
(ii) x2 = 5
0 0 1 -1 1
x3 = -1 x3 = 1
30
Matrik Diagonal
Matrik Segitiga
1). Matrik segitiga atas adalah matrik bujur sangkar yang
anggotanya dibawah diagonal utama adalah nol.
a11 a12 a13
A = 0 a22 a23
0 0 d33
2). Matrik segitiga bawah adalah matrik bujur sangkar yang
anggota-anggotanya diatas diagonal utama adalah nol.
a11
0 0
A=
a21 a22 0
a31
a32 d33
4 10 2
AB =
0 6 -2
0
0 -10
3). Invers matrik segitiga atas adalah matrik segitiga atas
Invers matrik segitiga bawah adalah matrik segitiga bawah.
2 4 1
A=0 1 2
0 0 3
1
2 4 1 1 0 0 B1 = b1
2
0
1 2 0 1 0
0
0 3 0 0 1
1 1 B = -2b2 + b1
1 2
0 0 1
2 2
0 1 2 0 1 0
1
0 0 3 0 0 1 B3 = 3 b3
7 1 7
B1 = b3 + b1
1 0 -
-2 0 2
2 2
B = -2b + b
0 1 2 0 1 0 2
3 2
1
0 0 1 0 0
3
1 7
1 0 0
-2
2 6 Matrik segitiga
2 atas
0 1 0 0 1 -
3
1
0 0 1 0 0
3
32
Matrik Simetris
4 3
4 3
Dikatakan simetris karena matrik yang lain saling bercermin
dibatasi diagonalnya.
3 4 1
4 -1 2
A=
1
2 - 5
1 2
2 -3
A= B=
2 4
-3 5
-4 7
-4 -8 -4 - 8
( BA ) =
T
AB = , BA = sama
-8 14
7 14 7 14
Jika A matrik bujur sangkar yang dapat dibalik maka, A-1 adalah
Misal :
2 3
5 -3 5 -3
A=
3 5
A-1 =
-3 2
(A )
-1 T
=
-3 2
A-1
2 3 5 -3
( AT ) =
-1
AT =
3 5 -3 2
T
Jika Amxn A nxm
Misal:
2 1
2 -3 5
A= A =
T
-3 2
1
2 1
5 1
2 1
2 -3 5
38 1 (bujur sangkar + simetris)
=
AA =
T
- 3 2 1 6
1 2 1
5 1
2 1 5 -4 11
2 -3 5
AT A = -3 2 =-4 13 -13 (bujur sangkar + simetris)
1 2 1
5 1 11 -13 26
34
BAB II
DETERMINAN
1 2 3
2 3 1 3 1 2
3 2 3 1 2 1
2 3 4
3 4 2 4 2 3
4 3 4 2 3 2
1 3 4
3 4 1 4 1 3
4 3 4 3 3 1
1 2 4
2 4 1 4 1 2
4 2 4 1 2 1
1 2 3
2 3 1 3 1 2
3 2 3 1 2 1
36
dengan (j j ... jn )
1, 2,
Determinan A3 x 3
1). Det (A) = a11 , a22 , a33 + a12 , a23 , a31 + a13 , a21 , a32 -a11 , a23 , a32
37
2 1 3
4 5 1
A= det(A) = 33 25 = 8
1 1 2 det( A) = det( AT )
2 4 1
1 5 1
A =
T T
det( A ) = 33 25 = 8
3 1 2
2. Jika semua anggota dari baris (kolom) merupakan nilai 0, maka
det (A) = 0
0 0
A = det (A) = 0
3 7
3 4 0
2 5 0
B= det (B) = 0
1 7 0
3. Jika dua baris / kolom saling ditukar maka determinannya
B B2
berubah tanda 1
1 4 1
2 2 3
A= det (A) = 70 45 = 25
5 1 4
2 2 3
1 4 1
A1 = - det( A1 ) = 45 70 = -25
5 1 4
38
2 4 5
0 9 1
Misal: A = det (A) = 2.9.3 = 54
0 0 3
0 1 5B 1 B2
A=
3 -6 9
2 6 1
3 -6 9
0 1 5
A= -
2
6 1
-3
1 -2 3
A=
0 1 5
2 6 1 B = -2 B1 + B3
3
-3
1 -2 3
A=
0 1 5 B = -10 B + B
0
10 -5
3 2 3
-3
1 -2 3
A=
0 1 5
0
0 - 55
(-3) ( -55 )
1 -2 3
A=
0 1 5
0
0 1
= (-3)(-55).det (A)
= (-3)(-55)(1) = 165
40
( 1)
i+ j
Bilangan .M rj merupakan kofaktor anggota aij , yang
Misal:
5 7 9
A= 4 6 2
tentukan semua anggota Minor dan kofaktor dari A!
8 3 1
6 2
M 11 = = 6 6 = 0 C11 = (-1)1+1.0 = 0
1 3
7 9
M 21 = = 7 27 = -20 C21 = (-1) 2+1. - 20 = 20
3 1
7 9
M 31 = = 14 54 = -40 C31 = ( -1) 4 . - 40 = 40
6 2
4 2
M 12 = = 4 16 = -12 C12 = ( -1)3 . - 12 = 12
8 1
5 9
M 22 = = 5 72 = -67 C22 = (-1) 4 . - 67 = -67
8 1
5 7
M 23 = = 15 56 = -41 C23 = (-1)5 . - 41 = 41
8 3
4 6
M 13 = = 12 48 = -36 C13 = (-1) 4 . - 36 = -36
8 3
5 9
M 32 = = 10 36 = -26 C32 = (-1)3+ 2 . - 26 = 26
4 2
41
5 7
M 33 = = 30 28 = 2 C33 = (-1)3+3 .2 = 2
4 6
Jadi Cij = M ij papan periksa
+
- + L
- + - L
C11 = M 11 ; C12 = - M 12 ; C13 = M 13 dst
+
- + L
M M M
a11
a12 a13
a23
Jika A =
a21 a22
a31
a32 a33
Det (A) = a11 , a22 , a33 + a12 , a23 , a31 + a13 , a21 , a32 - a13 , a22 , a31 -a12 , a21 , a33
-a11 , a23 , a32
Perluasan kofaktor sepanjang kolom pertama
det (A) = a11 ( a22 a33 - a23 a32 ) + a21 ( a13 a32 - a12 a33 ) + a31 ( a12 a23 - a22 a13 )
det (A) = a11 ( a22 a33 - a23 a32 ) + a12 ( a31a23 - a21a33 ) + a13 ( a21a32 - a22 a31 )
= 110 30 8 = 72
3 5 2 5 2 3
det (B) = -4 + 2 -6
7 1 3 1 3 7
= 128 26 30 = 72
ADJOIN MATRIKS
Jika matriks A bujur sangkar dan Cij adalah kofaktor anggota aij
maka matriks
c11 c12 L c1n
c c L c2 n
A = 21 22
M M M
cn1 cn 2 L cnn
2 6 4 6 4 2
c11 = = -40 c12 = - = 14 c13 = = 22
7 1 3 1 3 7
3 5 2 5 2 3
c21 = - = 32 c22 = = -13 c23 = - = -5
7 1 3 1 3 7
3 5 2 5 2 3
c31 = =8 c32 = - =8 c33 = = -8
2 6 4 6 4 2
-40 14 -22
32 -13 -5
Matrik kofaktor =
8
8 -8
-40 14 -22
32 -13 -5
adj (B) =
8 8 - 8
INVERS MATRIKS
2 3 5
-40 14 -22
B=
4 2 6
, adj (B) = 32 -13 -5
3 7 1
8 8 -8
-40 14 -22
1
-1
B = 32 -13 -5
72
8 8 -8
44
40 37 8 5 4 1
- -
72 72 72 9 9 9
14 13 8 7 13 1
=
72
- = -
72 72 36 72 9
22 -
5 8
- 11 -
5 1
-
72 72 72 36 72 9
ATURAN CRAMER
1 3 -1x1
0
3 4 -2 x2 = 10
0 1 1
x3
-
6
det (A) = 1 7 = -6
45
0 3 -1
A1 =
10 4 -2
det( A1 ) = 26 54 = -28
-6 1 1
1 0 -1
A2 = 3 10 -2
det( A2 ) = 28 12 = 16
0 -6 1
1 3 0
3 4 10
A3 = det( A3 ) = -24 + 44 = 20
0 1 -6
Sehingga
det( A1 ) -28 14
x1 = = =
det( A) -6 3
det( A2 ) 16 8
x2 = = =-
det( A) -6 3
det( A3 ) 20 10
x3 = = =-
det( A) -6 3
Tugas!
1. [ A MI ] = [ I MA]
1
b1 = b1
2
4 3 2 1 0 0 0 2
3 6 5 2 0 1 0 0
2 5 2 -3 0 0 1 0
4
5 14 14 0 0 0 1
1 3 1
1
1 0 0 0
2 2 2
b = -3b1 + b2
3
6 5 2 0 1 0 0 2
2 5 2 -3 0 0 1 0 b3 = -2b1 + b3
4
5 14 14 0 0 0 1 b4 = -4b1 + b4
1 3 1
1
1 0 0 0
2 2 2
1 3
0 0 -1 - 1 0 0 b2 b3
2 2
0 1 -1 -5 -1 0 1 0
0 -3 8 10 -2 0 0
1
1 3 1 b = -2b2 + b1
1
1 0 0 0 1
2 2 2
0 1 -1 -5 -1
0 1 0
1 -1
0 0
-1 1 0 0
2 2
0 -3 8 10 -2
0 0 1 b = 3b2 + b4
4
7 5
1
0 11 0 -2 0
2 2
0
1 -1 -5 -1 0 1 0
1 -1
0
0 -1 1 0 0 b3 = 2b3
2 2
0
0 5 5 -5 0 3 1
7
b1 = - b3 + b1
7 5 2
1
0 11 0 -2 0
2 2
0
1 -1 -5 -1 0 1 0 b2 = b3 + b2
0 0 1 -2 -3 2 0 0
b = -5b + b
0
0 5 5 -5 0 3 1 4 2 3
47
1
0 0 18 13 -7 -2 0
0 1 0 -7 -4 2 1 0
0 0 1 -2 -3 2 0 0 1
b4 = 5 b4
0
0 0 5 10 -10 3 1
1
0 0 18 13 -7 -2 0 b1 = -18b4 + b1
0 1 0 -7 -4 2 1 0 b = 7b4 + b2
2
0 0 1 -2 -3 2 0 0 b3 = 2b4 + b3
3 1
0 0 0 1 2 -2
5 5
64 18
1
0 0 0 -23 29 - -
5 5
26 7
0 1 0 0 10 -12
5 5
6 2
0 0 1 0 1 -2
5 5
3 1
0 0 0 1 2 -2
5 5
[ I : A]
3 -4 2 -4 2 3
3. a). det (A) =1 +1 + 5
-4 2 0 2 0 -4
= (6 - 16) + (4 - 0) + 5(-8 - 0)
= -10 + 4 40 = -46
b).
-4 2 0 2 0 -4
c11 = = -18 c12 = - =2 c13 = =4
-1 5 1 5 1 -1
3 -4 2 -4 3 2
c21 = - = c22 = = 14 c23 = - =5
-1 5 1 5 1 -1
-11
48
3 -4 2 -4 2 3
c31 = = -10 c32 = - = -4 c33 = = -8
-4 2 0 2 0 -4
-18 2 4
-11 14 5
Matrik kofaktor =
-
10 - 4 - 8
Sehingga transpose matrik kofaktor =
-18 -11 -10
14 -4
Adj (A) = 2
4 5 - 8
-1 1
c). A = .adj ( A)
det ( A)
9 11 5
23 46 23
-18 -11 -10
1 1 7 2
= 2 14 -4 = - -
46 23 23 23
4 5 - 8
2
5 4
- -
23 46 23
49
BAB III
Vektor
P
O = titik awal / titik pangkal
P = titik akhir / titik ujung
Syarat vektor :
_ _
1. Jika U dan V dikatakan ekuivalen jika besar dan arahnya
sama, maka :
U V
_ _
2. Resultan U dan V adalah U + V
U
V
V
U
-U U
V -v v
50
v
3v -2v
Diketahui :
_ _ _
_
a b _
d e
c
Tentukan : a. a + b 2c + d
b. 2b 3d + e
Jawab.
a). _
a _
b
_
d _
-2 c
b). _
2b
_
-3d
_
e
51
Vektor pada R 2
U1 = V1 dan U 2 = V2
V = ( V1 , V2 ) dan W = ( W1 , W2 ) maka :
V + W = ( V1 , V2 ) + ( W1 , W2 )
y = ( V1 + V2 ,W1 + W2 )
( V1 + V2 ,W1 + W2 )
V2 ( W1 , W2 )
W2 ( V1 , V2 )
W
V x
V1 W1
Selisih V W = ( V1 , V2 ) - ( W1 , W2 )
= ( V1 - V2 , W1 - W2 )
52
KW = K ( W1 , W2 )
= ( KW1 , KW2 )
y
KW2 KW
W2
W
x
W1
KW1
P(x, y, z) = (3, 4, 5)
o 4 x
Jumlah v + w = ( v1 + w1 , v2 + w2 , v3 + w3 ) y
P1 P2
v w = ( v1 - w1 , v2 - w2 , v3 - w3 ) P1 = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) P2 = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
hasil kali kv = ( kv1 , kv2 , kv3 )
o x
53
= ( x2 - x1 , y2 - y1 , z 2 - z1 )
Soal .
1). Gambar dan tentukan tiik koordinat dari
a). (-3, 4, -5)
b). (3, -4, 5)
2). Cari komponen vektor yang merupakan titik pangkal P1 dan
titik ujung P2 :
-3
o
4 y
-5
54
x
z
5
b). p
-4 o
y
x
2).
a). P1 P2 = OP2 - OP1 b). P1 P2 = OP2 - OP1
= ( x2 - x1 , y2 - y1 ) = ( x2 - x1 , y2 - y1 , z2 - z1 )
= (3 4, 7 8 ) = (3 (-2), 5 (-7), -4 -2)
= (-1, -1 ) = (5, 12, -6)
3). a). 5(v 4u)
5[(4,0,-8)-4(-3,1,2)]
5[(4,0,-8)-(-12,4,8)]
5(16, -4, -16)
= (80, -20, -80)
b). (2u 7w) (8v + u)
[2(-3,1,2) 7(6,-1,-4)] [8(4,0,-8) (-3,1,2)]
[(-6,2,4) (42,-7,-28)] [(32,0,-64) + (-3,1,2)]
(-48,9,32) (29,1,-62)
= (-77, 8, 94)
TRANSLASI SUMBU
y y
P (x, y)
(x, y)
x
o (K, L)
(o, o) x
o
55
Pada R 3
3 persamaan pergeserannya adalah x = x k, y = y l, z = z m
dengan (k, l, m) merupakan koordinat (x, y, z) dari koordinat asal
(x, y, z), dalam sistem xyz dimana titik awalnya pada (k, l, m) dan
titik ujungnya pada (x, y, z), sehingga :
OP = (x, y, z)
OP = (x k, y l, z - m)
Maka : x = x k, y = y l, z = z m, merupakan persamaan
4=x5;8=y3
Koordinat xy(4,8) maka x = 4 + 5 ; y = 8 + 3
x=9 y = 11
jadi,(x,y) adalah (9,11)
4. U + (-U) = 0
5. K(lU) = (Kl)U
6. K(U + V) = KU + KV
7. (K + l) U = KU + Kl
8. 1.U = U
Dapat dibuktikan dengan :
1. Vektor Analisis
Misal U = (U1U 2U 3 ) , V = (V1V2V3 ) dan W = (WW
1 2W3 )
Akan dibuktikan (U + V) = W = U + (V + W)
(U + V) + W = [ (U1U 2U 3 ) + (V1V2V3 ) ] + (WW
1 2W3 )
= ( U1 + V1 , U 2 + V2 , U 3 + V3 ) + (WW
1 2W3 )
= [( U1 + V1 ) + W1 , ( U 2 + V2 ) + W2 , ( U 3 + V3 ) + W3 ]
= [ U1 + ( V1 + W1 ), U 2 + ( V2 + W2 ), U 3 + ( V3 + W3 )]
= (U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ) + [( V1 + W1 ), ( V2 + W2 ), ( V3 + W3 )]
= U + (V + W)
2. Vektor Geometris
U W
(U + V) + W
U + (V + W)
U = AB ; V = BC ; W = CD
U + V = AC (U + V) + W = AD
V + W = BD U + (V + W) = AD
Sehingga (U + V) + W dan U + (V + W) adalah sama.
Norma Vektor
Panjang dari suatu vektor dinamakan juga sebagai norma vektor
yang dinyatakan V
58
x1
R 3 y V
2
= (OR) 2 + ( RP ) 2
P( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (OQ) 2 + (OS ) 2 + ( RP ) 2
= x1 + x2 + x3
2 2 2
x3
2
x2 S z V = x12 + x2 2 + x32
x1
Q
x R
U 0 dan V 0
U.V = 0 U = 0 dan V = 0 (Vektor
U .V
Ortogonal). Sudut antar Vektor cos = .
U V
= 9 + 4 + 36
= 47 = 7
V = 42 + (-3) 2 + 12
= 16 + 9 + 1
= 26
U .V 0
Cos = = =0
U V 7 26
q = 90
Latihan
Jika diketahui U = (2,-2,3), V = (1,-3,4) dan W = (3,6,-4) maka
tentukan :
a). U + V
b). U + V
c). -2U + 2 U
d). 3U - 5V + W
1
e). .W
W
1
f). .W
W
jawab.
60
a). U + V = (3,-5,7)
U +V = 32 + (-5) 2 + 7 2
= 9 + 25 + 49
= 83
= 4+4+9 + 1 + 9 + 16
= 17 + 26
c). -2U + 2 U
16 + 16 + 36 + 2 4 + 4 + 9
68 + 2 17
2 17 + 2 17 = 4 17
d). 3U - 5V + W
= 3 ( 2, -2,3) - 5 ( 1, -3, 4 ) + ( 3, 6, -4 )
= ( 6 - 5 + 3 ) , ( -6 + 15 + 6 ) , ( 9 - 20 - 4 )
= (4,15,15)
= 42 + 152 + 152
= 16 + 225 + 225
= 466
1 (3, 6, -4) 3, 6, -4 3 6 -4
e). .W = = = , ,
W 3 + 6 + (-4)
2 2 2
61 61 61 61
2 2 2
1 3 6 -4 9 36 16 61
f). .W = + + = + + = = 1
W 61 61 61 61 61 61 61
61
Proyeksi Ortogonal
W2 U W2 W2
a W1
W1 a
Selisih
W2 = U - W1
W1 + W2 = W1 + (U - W1 )
=U
W1 / / a dan W2 ^ a
Maka :
Vektor W1 disebut proyeksi Ortogonal dari U pada a atau W1
merupakan komponen Vektor dari U yang sejajar dengan a yang
dinyatakan dengan
U .a
Pr oyaU = 2
.a
a
62
U .a
U - Pr oyaU = U - 2
.a
a
Misal
Tentukan jarak titik (2, -3) ke garis 3x + 4y 2 = 0
63
U1 U 2 U 3
Maka :
V1 V2 V3
U2 U3 U1 U 3 U1 U 2
UxV = , - ,
V2 V3
V1 V3 V1 V2
= ( U 2V3 - U 3V2 ,U 3V1 - U1V3 ,U1V2 - U 2V1 )
Misal : U = (2,3,1) dan V = (4,1,5)
2 3 1
UxV =
4 1 5
3 1 2 1 2 3
= , - ,
1 5
4 5 4 1
=(14, -6, -10)
Teorema
Jika vektor U dan V dalam R 3 maka :
1). U.(U x V) = 0 U x V orthogonal terhadap U
2). V (U x V) = 0 U x V orthogonal terhadap V
Misal:
1). U.(U x V) = (2,3,1) (14,-6,-10)
= 28 18 10
=0
2). V.(U x V) = (4,1,5) (14,-6,-10)
= 56 6 10
=0
- ( UV ) identitas lagrange
2 2 2 2
3). UxV = U V
j (0, 1, 0)
y
i (1, 0, 0)
x
1 0 0
ixj= = (0, 0, 1) = k
0 1 0
0 1 0
jxk= = (1, 0, 0) = i
0 0 1
0 0 1
kxi= = (0, 1, 0) = j
1 0 0
0 1 0
jxi= = (0, 0, -1) = -k
1 0 0
1 0 0
ixi= = (0,0,0) = 0
1 0 0
ixi=jxj=kxk=0
contoh :
4k x 5i = 20 j
65
i j k
U1 U 2 U 3
UxV =
V
1 V 2 V
3
U 2 U3 U U3 U U2
= i - 1 j + 1 k
V2 V3 V1 V3 V1 V2
= ( U 2V3 - U 3V2 ) i - ( U1V3 - U 3V1 ) j + ( U1V2 - U 2V1 ) k
= ( U 2V3 - U 3V2 ) i + ( U 3V1 - U1V3 ) j + ( U1V2 - U 2V1 ) k
V = ( V1 , V2 , V3 )
= V1 ( 1,0, 0 ) + V2 (0,1, 0) + V3 (0,0,1)
= V1i + V2 j + V3 k
Contoh :
U1 U 2 U 3
= V1 V2 V3
W1 W2 W3
Teorema (identitas Lagrange) L jajar genjang
UxV = U V - ( UV ) , karena UV = U V cos
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
= U V - U V cos 2 q
2 2
= U V (1 - cos 2 q )
2 2
= U V . sin 2 q
UxV = U V sin
Misal:
Tentukan luas segitiga yang ditentukan oleh titik-titik
p1 (2, 2,0), p(-1,0, 2), p(0, 4,3)
p3
p2
p1
x
1
Sehingga luas segitiga = U x V
2
uuuur
P1 P2 = P2 - P1 = (-1, 0, 2) (2, 2, 0) = (-1-2, 0-2, 2-0) = (-3, 2, 2)
uuuur
P1 P3 = P3 - P1 = (0, 4, 3) (2, 2, 0) = (0-2, 4-2, 3-0) = (-2, 2, 3)
67
-3 -2 2
P1 P2 x P1 P3 = = (-6-4, -(-9+4), -6-4) = (-10, 5, -10)
-3 2 3
= 100 + 25 + 100 = 15
1
Luas segitiga = P1 P2 xP1P3
2
1 15
= .15 =
2 2
Bidang-bidang dalam R 3
z
n = (a, b, c)
P
Po y
uuur
P0 P ^ normal
uuur uuur
n. P0 P = 0, karena P0 P = ( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 )
(a, b, c) ( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 ) = 0
a ( x - x0 ) + b( y - y0 ) + c ( z - z0 ) = 0
Yang dinamakan sebagai bentuk normal titik dari persamaan
ax + by + cz +d = 0
Misal.
1). Tentukan persamaan bidang yang melalui (3, 4, 2) dan tegak
lurus terhadap normal vektor n = (2, 1, 3)
uuur
n. P0 P = 0
68
Pers. Bidang ax + by + cz +d = 0
a + 2b c + d = 0 . . . (1)
2a + 3b + c +d = 0 . . . (2)
3a b + 2c + d = 0 . . . (3)
Pers. 1 dan 2
a + 2b c + d = 0 x2 2a + 4b 2c + 2d = 0
2a + 3b + c +d= 0 x1 2a + 3b + c + d=0
b 3c + d = 0 . . . (4)
Pers. 1 dan 3
a + 2b c + d = 0 x 3 3a + 6b 3c + 3d = 0
3a b + 2c + d= 0 x 1 3a b + 2c + d = 0
7b 5c + 2d = 0 . . . (5)
Pers. 2 dan 3
2a + 3b + c +d = 0 x3 6a + 9b + 3c + 3d = 0
3a b + 2c + d = 0 x2 6a 2b + 4c + 2d = 0
11 b c + d = 0 . . .(6)
Pers. 4 dan 5
b 3c + d = 0 x 7 7b 21c + 7d =0
7b 5c + 2d = 0 x 1 7b 5c + 2d =0
-16 c + 5 d =0
-16 c = - 5d
5
c = d
16
69
Dimasukkan ke pers. 4
b 3c + d = 0
5
b 3. d +d =0
16
15
b- d+d=0
16
1
b+ d=0
16
1
b=- d
16
ke pers. 1
a + 2b c + d = 0
1 5
a + 2(- d) d+d=0
16 16
2 5 16
a- d- d+ d=0
16 16 16
9
a+ d=0
16
9
a=- d
16
1 9
misal : - d=t a =- d
16 16
d = - 16 t 9
=- . 16 t = 9t
1 16
b=- d
16 5
c = d
1 16
=- . 16 t = t
16 5
= . 16 t = -5t
16
Maka :
ax + by + cz +d = 0
9tx + ty 5tz 16t = 0
Garis-garis dalam R 3
z P
70
Po
(a, b, c) z
v P
y
Po
r
r0 (a, b, c)
x
v
PoP = t.V
( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 ) = t (a, b, c)
( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 ) = (ta, tb, tc)
x = x0 + ta
y = y0 + tb Persamaan Parametrik
z = z0 + tc (- ~ < t < ~)
Soal.
1). Tentukan persamaan parametric dimana garis yang melalui
titik (-2, 0, 3) sejajar dengan V = (4, -7, 1)
PoP = t.V
( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 ) = t (4, -7, 1)
( x + 2, y - 0, z - 3 ) = (4t, -7t, t)
x = -2 + 4t
y = - 7t
z = 3 + t (- ~ < t < ~)
2). Carilah persamaan parametric untuk garis L yang melalui
( x - x0 , y - y0 , z - z0 ) = t(3, -4, 8)
-3 3
= =
7 7
4). Carilah persamaan bidang yang melalui titik
P1 (-2,1,1), P2 (0, 2,3), P3 (1,0, -1)
P1 (-2,1,1)
P2 (0, 2,3)
72
P3 (1, 0, -1)
2 1 2
P1 P2 = (2, 1, 2) =
P1 P2 x P1 P3 3 -1 -2
P1 P3 = (3, -1, -2) = (0, 10, -5)
n P1 P = 0
Soal.
Tentukan himpunan mana yang merupakan ruang vektor dari
operasi penambahan dan perkalian skalar. Jika bukan ruang
vektor aksioma mana yang tidak terpenuhi.
1). Himpunan semua tiga pasangan bil. Real (x, y, z) dengan
operasi
(x, y, z) + (x, y, z) = (x + x, y + y, z + z)
k(x, y, z) = (kx, ky, kz)
V = R3
V = (x, y, z) ; x, y, z bil. Real
(x, y, z), (x,y,z), (x,y,z) V
x, x, x, y, y,y,z, z, z R
Aksioma 1
(x, y, z) + (x, y, z) = (x + x, y + y, z + z)
x + x, y + y, z + z R
maka (x, y, z) + (x, y, z) V (tertutup +)
Aksioma 2
(x, y, z) + (x, y, z) = (x + x, y + y, z + z)
= (x + x, y + y, z + z)
= (x, y, z) + (x, y, z)
74
Aksioma 3
(x, y, z) + [(x,y,z) + (x,y,z)]
= (x, y, z) (x + x, y + y, z + z)
= [x + (x + x), y + (y + y), z + (z + z)]
= [(x + x) + x, (y + y) + y, (z + z) + z)]
= (x + x, y + y, z + z) + (x,y,z)
= [(x, y, z) + (x, y, z)] + (x,y,z)
Aksioma 4
(0, 0, 0) V (0, 0, 0) + (x, y, z)
= (0 + x, 0 + y, 0 + z)
= (x + 0, y + 0, z + 0)
= (x, y, z) + (0, 0, 0)
= (x, y, z)
Aksioma 5
(x, y, z) + (-x, -y, -z) = (x + (-x), y + (-y), z + (-z))
= ((-x) + x, (-y) + y, (-z) + z)
= (-x, -y, -z) + (x, y, z)
= (0, 0, 0)
" (x, y, z) V $ (-x, -y, -z) V (x, y, z) + (-x, -y, -z)
= (-x, -y, -z) + (x, y, z)
= (0, 0, 0)
Aksioma 6
k sebarang scalar k (x, y, z) = (kx, y, z)
dimana kx, y, z R
maka k(x, y, z) V tertutup x
Aksioma 7
k(U + V) = kU + kV
k[(x, y, z) + (x, y, z)] = k(x + x, y + y, z + z)
= (kx + kx, y + y, z + z)
= (kx, y, z) + (kx, y,z)
75
Aksioma 8
(k + l) U = kU + lU
(k + l)(x, y, z) = (kx, y, z) + (lx, y, z)
[(k + l)x, y, z] = (kx + lx, 2y, 2z)
[(k + l)x, y, z] ((k + l)x, 2y, 2z) tidak memenuhi
Aksioma 9
k(l(x, y, z)) = k (lx, y, z)
= (kl)x, y, z
Aksioma 10
1(x, y, z) = (x, y, z)
Karena Aksioma 8 tidak memenuhi, maka V bukan ruang Vektor
soal.
1). Semua Vektor berbentuk (a, 0, 0). Apakah W merupakan
V = R3
W = (a, 0, 0)
U, V W U = (a, 0, 0) , V = (b, 0, 0)
(i) U + V = (a, 0, 0) + (b, 0, 0)
= (a + b, 0, 0) W
(ii) k.V = k (a, 0, 0) = (ka, 0, 0) W
Jadi, W merupakan sub ruang dari V
z kU
77
z
k
U+V
V U
U
y y
x
x
ruang dari R 3 ?
V = R3
W = (a, 1, 1)
U, V W U = (a, 1, 1) , V = (b, 1, 1)
(i) U + V = (a, 1, 1) (b, 1, 1)
= (a + b, 2, 2) W
(ii) k.U = k (a, 1, 1)
= (ka, k, k) W
Jadi, W bukan merupakan sub ruang dari V
3). Semua Vektor berbentuk (a, b, c) dimana b = a + c. apakah W
V = R3
W = (a, b, c), dimana b = a + c
U, V W U = (a, b, c) dimana b = a + c U = (a, a + c, c)
V = (d, e, f) dimana e = d + f V = (d, d + e, f)
(i) U + V = (a, b, c) + (d, e, f)
78
= (a, a + c, c) + (d, d + e, f)
= (a + d, (a + c) + (d + f), c + f)
= (a + d, b + e, c + f) W
(ii) k.U = k (a, b, c)
= (ka, kb, kc) W
Jadi, W merupakan sub ruang dari V
Soal
a b
1). Semua matrik berbentuk dimana a, b, c dan d adalah
c d
a b
W= ; a, b, c , d z
c d
a b
e
f
UV W U = , a, b, c, d z, V = , e, f, g, h z
c d
g
h
a b
e
f a+e b+ f
(i) U + V = + = W
c d
g
h
c + g d + h
a b
ka kb
(ii) kU = k = W, karena K R
kc kd
c d
Jadi, W bukan merupakan sub ruang dari M 22 atau V
2). V = R 3
W = (a, b, c) dimana b = a + c + 1
U, V W U = (a, b, c) dimana b = a + c + 1 U = (a, a + c
+ 1, c)
79
Kombinasi Linier
Suatu Vektor W dinamakan sebagai kombinasi linier dari Vektor-
2 k1 +4 k2 = 2
- k1 + 2 k2 = 7
80
1 6 9 1 6 9 1 6 9
1
2 4 2 -2B1 + B2 = 0 -8 -16- 8 B2 = 0 1 2 =
B + B3
-1 2 7 1 0 8 16 0 8 16-8B2 + B3
1 6 9
0 1 2
0 0 0
k1 + 6 k2 = 9 k1 = 9 12 = -3
k2 = 2
Jadi, k1 = -3 ; k2 = 2
Karena mempunyai penyelesaian dan memenuhi syarat maka W =
k1U + k2V merupakan kombinasi linier di (9, 2, 7) = - 3U + 2V
W = k1U + k2V
k1 + 6 k2 = 4 3 3
k1 + 6 =4 -5 + 6. =4
2 2
2 k1 + 4 k2 = -1
3
- k1 + 2 k2 = 8 2(-5) + 4. = -4 tidak
k1 = 4 9 2
Pers. 1 & 3 sama
= -5
k1 + 6 k2 = 4
- k1 + 2 k2 = 8 3
5 + 2. =8
2
8 k2 = 12
3
k2 =
2
jawab.
W = k1U + k2V
a). (3, 3, 3) = k1 (1, -1, 3) + k2 (2, 4, 0)
k1 + 2 k2 = 3 Substitusi
- k1 + 4 k2 = 3 1 + 2.1 = 3
-1 + 4.1 = 3
3 k1 = 3 3.1 = 3
k1 = 1 Jadi, (3, 3, 3) = U + V
k1 + 2 k2 = 3
1 + 2 k2 = 3
2 k2 = 2
k2 = 1
1
k2 = -
2
hunungan k1V1 + k2V2 + ... + knVn = 0 , dengan syarat paling tidak ada
satu scalar k 0
k1 = ...k3
Misal: Nilainya bergantung pada k3
k2 = ...k
nilai k1 = k2 = ... = kn = 0
1). Tunjukan bahwa himpunan Vektor-vektor berikut bebas linier
V1 = (1, 0, 0, 0)
V2 = (0,1, 0, 0)
Diket :
V3 = (0, 0,1, 0)
V4 = (0, 0, 0,1)
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
k1 = + k 2 = + k3 = + k 4 = =
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
k1 = 0
k2 = 0
Diperoleh :
k3 = 0
k4 = 0
2 k1 + k2 = 0 x2 4 k1 + 2 k2 = 0
4 k1 + k2 = 0 x1 4 k1 + k2 =0
- k2 = 0
k2 = 0
2 k1 + k2 = 0
Karena k1 = k2 maka V1 , V2
2 k1 + 0 = 0 merupakan bebas linier
2 k1 = 0
k1 = 0
Merentang
Suatu himpunan vector-vektor dalam ruang Vektor dimana
W = rentang { V1 , V2 ,...Vn }
Syarat:
1). Kombinasi linier
2). Konsisten
det( A) 0 A dapat dibalik
V1 = (1, 0, 0)
1). Diketahui : V2 = (0,1, 0)
V3 = (0, 0,1)
1 0 0 b1
k1 0 + k2 1 + k3 0 = b2
0 0 1 b3
k1 = b1
Didapatkan k2 = b2 sehingga V1 ,V2 , V3 merentang di R 3
k3 = b3
W = b1 + b2 + b3 kombinasi linier
1 1 1 b1
k1 0 + k2 1 + k3 1 = b2
0 0 1 b3
k2 + k3 = b2
k1 + k2 + k3 = b1 (1)
k2 + b3 = b2
k1 + k2 = b2 ...(2) k2 = b2 - b3
k3 = b3 . (3)
Pers. 1
k1 + k2 + k3 = b1
k1 + b2 - b3 + b3 = b1
k1 = b1 - b2
Koreksi :
k1 + k2 + k3 = b1
b1 - b2 + b2 - b3 + b3 = b1
b1 = b1
k2 + k3 = b2
b2 - b3 + b3 = b2
b2 = b2
1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
A = 0 1 1 , A =1 -1 +
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1
=100
=1
det (A) 0
jadi, V1 ,V2 ,V3 merentang di R 3
Basis
= (ii)s merentang V
Contoh :
Merupakan basis R 3 ?
(i) k1U + k2V + k3W = 0
1 0 0 0
k1 0 + k2 1 + k3 0 = 0
0 0 1 0
k1 = 0
k2 = 0
k3 = 0
1 1 1
k1 0 + k 2 1 + k3 1 = 0
0 0 1
k1 + k2 + k3 = 0
k 2 + k3 = 0
k3 = 0
Pers 2 k 2 + k3 = 0 Pers 1 k1 + k2 + k3 = 0
k2 + 0 = 0 k1 + 0 + 0 = 0
k2 = 0 k1 = 0
Karena k1 = k2 = k3 = 0 , jadi V1 + V2 + V3 dikatakan bebas linier
(ii) idem dengan no 2 contoh merentang
87
1 1 5 0
k1 1 + k2 2 + k3 3 = 0
2 5 4 0
k1 + k2 + 5k3 = 0 ..(1)
k1 + 2k 2 + 3k3 = 0 (2)
Pers 1 & 3
k1 + k2 + 5k3 = 0
- k 2 + 2 k3 = 0
k 2 = 2 k3
k1 + k2 + 5k3 = 0
k1 + 2k 2 + 5k3 = 0
k1 = -7 k3
k3 bergantung k3
1 1 5 a
k1 1 + k2 2 + k3 3 = a
2 5 4 a
k1 + k2 + 5k3 = a1 ..(1)
Pers 1 & 2
k1 + k2 + 5k3 = a1
k1 + 2k2 + 3k3 = a2
-k2 + 2k3 = a1 - a2
k2 = 2k3 - a1 + a2
Pers 1 k1 + k2 + 5k3 = a1
k1 + 2k3 - a1 + a2 + 5k3 = a1
k1 + 7 k3 + a2 - 2a1 = 0
k1 = -7 k3 - a2 + 2a1
R 3 atau
1 1 5
2 3 1 3 1 2
A = 1 2 3 =1 -1 +5
5 4 2 4 2 5
2 5 4
= -7 + 2 + 5
=0
det (A) = 0 , maka ( V1 ,V2 , V3 ) tidak merentang di R 3 maka ( V1 ,V2 , V3 )
Tugas 2
89
a a + b
1). Himpunan semua matrik 2 x 2 berbentuk dengan
a+b
b
penjumlahan dan perkalian skalar. Apakah V merupakan
ruang vektor (buktikan dengan 10 aksioma)
2). Semua polinom a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 dimana a0 , a1 , a2 dan a3
Jawab.
1). a). Aksioma 1
a + 0 a + b + 0
=
a+b+0
b+0
a a + b
0 0
= +
a+b
b 0 0
e). Aksioma 5
a a + b -a -(a + b) a - a a + b - a - b
+ =
a+b
b - ( a + b) -b a +b-a-b b-b
-a + a -a - b + a + b
=
-a - b + a + b
-b + b
-a -( a + b )
= +
- ( a + b)
-b
a a + b
a+b b
0 0
=
0 0
91
a a + b -a - ( a + b) a a + b
" V , $ "
a+b
b -( a + b )
-b a+b
b
-a - ( a + b)
-( a + b) -b
-a -(a + b) a a + b
= +
-( a + b)
-b a+b b
0 0
=
0 0
f). Aksioma 6
a a + b ka k ( a + b)
k sebarang skalar k =
a+b
b k ( a + b) kb
ka k ( a + b)
dimana R
k ( a + b)
kb
a a + b
maka k V, tertutup x
a+b
b
g). Aksioma 7
a a + b a ' a '+ b '
k +
= k
a+b
b a '+ b ' b'
ka k ( a + b)
= +
k ( a + b)
kb
a a + b a ' a '+ b '
= k
+
a +b b a '+ b ' b'
h). Aksioma 8
a a + b a a + b a a + b
(k + l) = k +l
a+b
b a+b
b a+b b
(kl )a (kl )a + b
=
( kl )a + b (k + l )b
ka k ( a + b) la l (a + b)
= +
k ( a + b)
kb l (a + b ) lb
ka + la k (a + b) + l (a + b)
=
k ( a + b) + l ( a + b)
kb + lb
(k + l )a (k + l )( a + b)
=
( k + l )(a + b)
( k + l )b
i). Aksioma 9
a a + b la l ( a + b)
kl = k
a +b a l ( a + b) lb
(kl )a (kl ) ( a + b )
=
(kl ) ( a + b )
(kl )b
a a + b
= (kl)
a+b
b
j). Aksioma 10
a a + b a a + b
k = 1 1 =
a+b
b
a+b b
karena semua aksioma terpenuhi maka V merupakan ruang
vektor.