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5. Conclusion
2013-10-14 2
Why Grid Code Requirements?
Example, the challenge of frequency control
2013-10-14 3
Need for RPP Code -distribution
1. Main issue: going from one way to two way power flow
2013-10-14 4
Legislation Basis for the Grid Code
It ensures:
Non-discriminatory access to the IPS by both generators and loads
customers
Adherence to minimum technical requirements
System integrity & adequate service delivery
Defined accountabilities
Information availability where its needed
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Scope: what is regulated by the codes?
Connection process, for example:
Issuing of connection quotes by service providers
Minimum connection network redundancy and related charges
Agreements to be put in place between network service providers and
generators (e.g. connection, operating, Use of System, Ancillary Services etc.) ]
Dispatch of generation and demand side resources in line with the rules
Biomass
Biogas
Small Hydro Landfill gas
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Categories of RE Facilities
Applicability of Grid Code requirements depends on these categories
(i.e. size of the facility and connection voltage)
C 20MVA HV
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Steady state performance
52
Sub-Categories Voltage Limits
51
49
A2 -15% to +10%
48
47 A3
46
0.1
200ms
1
4 6
10
60
100 1000 B 10%
Duration of the incident, Seconds
C 10%
Minimum frequency operating range of a RPP (during
a system frequency disturbance Maximum and minimum operating voltages at POC
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HV/ MV grid code fault ride through
1.2
Area D
1.1
Continuous Operating Range
1.0 0.9 < Un < 1.1
Area A
0.9
Voltage (U) at POC
85%
0.8
[p.u.]
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
After fault clearance not to extract more inductive reactive power than
prior to fault
restore active power production to at least 90% upon clearance of fault
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Active power control / frequency support
Droop 1
Droop 2 fmax
o Bottlenecks or congestion
o Unintentional islanding
fmin
o Static or dynamic grid instability Pmin
f6
0
o Instability due to frequency increase 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00
Frequency [Hz]
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
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Reactive Power and Voltage
Control Functions
System generating plants to provide static grid support, i.e.
voltage stability, through reactive power
Cos () = 0.975 underexcited to 0.975 overexcited (Cat B)
Cos () = 0.95 underexcited to 0.95 overexcited (Cat C)
Voltage
Active power
Droop 1
Power factor control Q control Umax
Droop 2
Operating point
Operating point Umin
Inductive Capacitive
Inductive Capacitive Q-import Q-export
Q-import Q-export
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Monitoring and control
Communication is key to smart grid
- SO/ DSO communication
- DSO/ customer
- Plant Status
Out for maintenance
Out for high wind/fault etc.
- Meteorological Information
Current, past and (possibly) future (forecasts)
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Enforcement and compliance monitoring
Participants are ultimately responsible to ensure that their RE
facilities comply with all applicable codes
Enforcement :
Enforced by NERSA through licenses
Alternatively through agreements between parties
Parties must demonstrate compliance to applicable code
requirements prior to connection or commercial operation
Submission of information required as per Information Exchange
Code
Compliance monitoring:
This is mainly NERSAs responsibility. However. there is an
implied compliance monitoring role by other participants especially
the System Operator
2013-10-14 15
Conclusions
RE code sets out technical framework for integrating renewable
energy into the electricity grid
This ensures industry standardisation, network integrity and non-
discriminatory access to the grid (transmission or distribution)