TUTORIAL 1

1. A petroleum reservoir has an areal extent of 20000 sq. ft and a pay zone
thickness of 100 ft. The reservoir rock has a uniform porosity of 35%.
What is the pore volume of the reservoir?

Solution:
Bulk volume of the reservoir = 20,000 X 100 ft3 = 2 X 106 ft3
Pore volume of the reservoir = 2 X 106 x 0.35 ft3 = 7 X 105 ft3
 2. Assuming unit formation thickness, determine the average porosity for
following system when a = 0.20, b = 0.11, c = 0.29, L1 = 0.35L and
ha = hb = 0.5hc.

Sol.
From the given figure,
iAi = a (ha X L) + a (hb X .35L) + b (hb X .65L) + c (hc X L)

= a (.5hc X L) + a (.5hc X .35L) + b (.5hc X .65L) + c (h

= hc X L (.675 a + .325 b + c )
= hc X L (.675 x .20 + .325 X .11 + .29) = .46075 X hc X L

Ai = 1.35L X ha + .65L X hb + L X hc = hc X L (1.35 x.5 + .65 X .

= hc X L (.675 + .325 + 1)
a, ha
b, hb L1
c, hc
iAi
L Area-weighted average porosity = ----------
Ai
.46075hcL
= ---------------- =.23 or 23 %
2hcL
3. A 37.5485 g cleaned and dried core plug was flooded with a 0.75 g/cm3
crude oil for several days to ensure complete saturation. On termination
of the flood, the plug weighed 44.4178 g. What is the oil storage capacity
of the plug?

Wet weight of the core plug (WW) = 44.4178 g

Dry weight of the core plug (DW) = 37.5485 g
Density of the crude oil = 0.75 g/cm3

Weight of the crude oil saturated the core plug = WW DW

So, BV X (Pore volume) X = WW DW

Pore volume = (WW DW)/ = (44.4178 37.5485)/0.75 cm3
= 9.1590 cm3

Oil storage capacity of the core plug = 9.1590 cm3

4. Assuming a sandstone grain density of 2.65 g/cm3, calculate the porosity of a
3 inch long sandstone core sample of 1.5 inch width and breadth, respectively,
if the core weigh 250.0 g?

From the dimension of the core sample.

Bulk volume (BV) of the core sample = 3 X 1.5 X 1.5 X (2.54)3 cm3
= 110.612 cm3

Grain volume (GV) = 250/2.65 cm3 = 94.339 cm3

Pore volume (PV) = Bulk volume Grain volume

= 110.612 94.339 cm3 = 16.273 cm3

Porosity = (PV/BV) X100 = (16.273/110.612) X 100 = 14.71 %

5. Calculate the weight of 1 m3 sandstone of 14% porosity, assuming a sand
grain density of 2.65 g/cm3.

Bulk volume of the sandstone cube = 1 m3 = 106 cm3

Pore volume of the sandstone cube = .14 X 106 cm3

Grain volume of the sandstone cube = (1 0.14) X 106 cm3

= 0.86 X 106 cm3

Weight of the sandstone cube = 0.86 X 106 X 2.65 g

= 2.279 X 106 g = 2279 kg
 6. Calculate the arithmetic average and thickness-weighted average porosity
for the following core data:
Sample No. Depth (ft) Porosity (%)
1. 3705.5 40.1
2. 3706.5 35.1
3. 3707.5 39.3
4. 3708.5 36.5
5. 3709.5 29.1

Arithmetic average porosity = n/ n = (40.1 + 35.1 + 39.3 + 36.5 + 29.1)/5

= 36.02 %

Thickness weighted average porosity = hii/ hi

= (40.1 + 35.1 + 39.3 + 36.5 + 29.1)/5
= 36.02 %
 Problems
1. Calculate the arithmetic average and thickness-weighted average from
the following measurements:
Sample Thickness, ft Porosity, %
1 1.0 10
2 1.5 12
3 1.0 11
4 2.0 13
5 2.1 14
6 1.1 10
Solution
Arithmetic average
10 +12 +11+13 +14 +10
= --------------------------------- = 11.67 %
6

Thickness-weighted average
(1) (10) + (1.5) (12) + (1) (11) + (2) (13) + (2.1) (14) + (1.1) (10)
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1+1.5 +1+ 2 + 2.1+1.1
= 12.11%
 Problems
2. A. Calculate the oil content of one acre-foot of reservoir rock which has a
connate water saturation of 25 percent and an effective porosity of 10 percent
B. Calculate the oil content if the effective porosity is increased to 30 percent.

Conversion factor : cubic feet to barrels per acre-foot

43560ft2/acre
------------------- X 1ft = 7758 bbls/acre-feet
5.62 ft3/bbl
Solution:
A = areal extent of reservoir, acres
A. Oil content (bbls/acre-feet)
h = average thickness of reservoir, feet
= 7758Ah(1-Swi)
= effective porosity, fraction
= 7758X1X1X0.1X (1-0.25)
Swi = connate water saturation, fraction
= 582 bbls/acre-feet

B. Oil content (bbls/acre-feet)

= 7758Ah(1-Swi)
= 7758X1X1X0.3X (1-0.25)
= 1746 bbls/acre-feet
 Problems
3. An oil reservoir exists at its bubble-point pressure of 3000 psia and
temperature of 160F. The oil has an API gravity of 42 and gas-oil ratio
of 600 scf/STB. The specific gravity of the solution gas is 0.65. The following
additional data are also available:
Reservoir area = 640 acres, Average thickness = 10 ft
Connate water saturation = 0.25, Effective porosity = 15%
Calculate the initial oil in place in STB.
Temperature
D ew
po in Single phase region
t cu r
Two-phase region v e (Gas)
Bu
bb within the phase
le - envelope
po
int 3a
cu 1
Pressure

rv e a

2a

Single phase region b

(Liquid)
Critical point
Cricondenbar b
Cricondentherm 1i
2i 3i

Oil reservoirs Gas reservoirs

Solution
Step 1. Determine the specific gravity of the stock-tank oil from Equation
141.5
( 0API = -------------- - 131.5)
o

141.5
o = ------------------- = 0.8156
42 + 131.5
Step 2. Calculate the initial oil formation volume factor by applying
Standings equation
0.65
o = 0.9759 + 0.000120 [600(----------)0.5 + 1.25(160) ] 1/2
0.8165
=1.306 bbl /STB

Standings Correlation
Standing (1947) presented a graphical correlation for estimating the oil
formation volume factor with the gas solubility, gas gravity, oil gravity,
and reservoir temperature as the correlating parameters. This graphical
correlation originated from examining a total of 105 experimental data
points on 22 different California hydrocarbon systems. An average error
of 1.2% was reported for the correlation.
Standing (1981) showed that the oil formation volume factor can be
expressed more conveniently in a mathematical form by the following
equation:
g
o = 0.9759 + 0.000120 [Rs(-----)0.5 + 1.25(T-460) ] 1/2
o

where T = temperature, R
o = specific gravity of the stock-tank oil
g = specific gravity of the solution gas
 Step 3. Calculate the pore volume from Equation

Expressing the reservoir pore volume in barrels gives:

PV = 7,758 Ahf, bbl

Pore volume = 7758 (640) (10) (0.15) = 7,447,680 bbl

Step 4. Calculate the initial oil in place.

Initial oil in place = 7,447,680 (1 - 0.25)/1.306 = 4,276,998 STB
 TUTORIAL 3
1. In an experiment similar to that of Darcys, the flow rate of water was observed
to be 5.0 cm3/min. If the experiment were repeated with oil, what would be the
flow rate for oil ? The difference between the upstream and downstream hydraulic
gradient h are the same for both the experiments.
Additional data:
Oil viscosity = 2.5 cP, oil density = 0.85 gm/cm3
Water viscosity = 0.8 cP, water density = 1.0 gm/cm3

kA P kA hwg kA P kA hog
Qw = - ----------- = - -------------- Qo = - ---------- = - -----------------
wL wL oL oL

Qw wo Qw ow
------ = ----------- Qo = ----------------- = 1.3594 cm3/min
Qo ow wo
 TUTORIAL 3 Contd

2. Brine flood in a 1.9 in-long and 1.5 in-diameter core plug from the North Sea
resulted in a stabilized pressure drop of 46.05 psi. The flood was carried out
at 0.05 mL/min with brine viscosity of 0.443 cP. Determine the absolute
permeability of this plug in millidarcies.

L = 1.9 inch = 4.826 cm

A = 22/7 X 15/2 X 15/2 X (2.54)2 cm2 = 11.395 cm2
P = 46.05 psi = 46.05/14.7 atm = 3.1327 atm
Q = 0.05 cm3/min = 0.05/60 cm3/sec
= 0.443 cp

kA P
Q = - -----------

L
QL 0.05 X 0.443 X 4.826
K = -------- = -------------------------------- = 4.99 X 10-5 Darcy = 0.0499 md
AP 60 X 11.395 X 3.1327
 TUTORIAL 3 Contd

3. Three beds of equal cross section have permeabilities of 100, 200 and 300 mD
and lengths of 50, 15 and 85 ft, respectively. What is the absolute permeability
of the beds placed in series?

Li
Kavg = --------- i= 1 to n
Li
--------
ki

50 + 15 + 85 150
Kavg = ------------------------------------- = ------------ = 175.4385 md
( 50/100 + 15/200 + 85/300) 0.855
 TUTORIAL 3 Contd

4. The beds of 50, 110 and 795 mD, and 7, 7 and 15 ft thick respectively, are
conducting fluid in parallel flow. If all are of equal length and width, what is
the average permeability?

kihi
Kavg = --------- i= 1 to n
hi

( 50X7 + 110X7 + 795X15)

Kavg = -------------------------------------- = 431.20 md
(7 + 7 + 15)
 TUTORIAL 3 Contd

5. Following data were obtained during a nitrogen flood in a 1.5 cm diameter

and 3.0 cm long core plug sample. Determine the Klinkenberg corrected
absolute permeability of the core. Nitrogen viscosity g = 0.02 cP,
downstream pressure (P2) is maintained atmospheric.

Run Number Qg (cm3/s) Upstream pressure, P1 (atm)

1 5.11 1.95

2 18.15 2.45

3 35.61 3.11

4 62.31 3.55

Solution is not given

 TUTORIAL 4
1. A petroleum reservoir has an areal extent of 55,000 ft2 and oil pay zone
thickness of 100 ft. The reservoir rock has a uniform porosity of 25% and
the connate water saturation is 30%. Calculate the initial oil in place.

Sol.
Bulk Volume = 55000 X 100 ft3 = 55 X 105 ft3
Initial oil in place = V X x ( 1 Sw)
= 55 x 105 X 0.25 X 0.7 ft3
= 962500 ft3
= 962500 X Conversion factor for bbl
2. A chalk core plug having a pore volume of 17.0307 cm3 is fully saturated
with reservoir brine. A synthetic oil (Isopar-L) flood is conducted on this plug.
It is found that 12.25 cm3 of reservoir brine was displaced from this plug by
the Isopar-L. After reaching this value, no further reservoir brine could be
displaced from the core plug. What is the connate water or irreducible water
saturation of this core plug?

Sol
Pore Volume = 17.0307 cm3
Volume of brine displaced = 12.25 cm3

Volume of connate water = 17.03070 12.25 cm3 = 4.7807 cm3

Thus, Connate water saturation = 100 X (4.7807/17.0307) = 28.07 %

 TUTORIAL 4 Contd

3. For the following core plugs, gas floods were carried out using nitrogen.
The oil produced from plug 1 and 2 for the gas flood was 9.0 and 6.9 cm3,
respectively. What is the residual oil saturation (Sor) in these two plugs?

Plug Initial Saturation (%) BV grain o w g

No (cm3) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (g/cm3)
(%)
So Sw Sg

1 64.64 35.36 0 38.27 63.05 2.719 0.723 1.0216 0.001

2 71.93 28.07 0 34.63 51.05 2.724 0.723 1.0216 0.001

Plug 1
Volume of the oil produced = 9.0 cm3

PV = 63.05 X 0.3827 = 24.129 cm3

Volume of initial oil in the sample = PV X Soi

= 24.129 X .6464 cm3 = 15.597 cm3
Volume of the residual oil = (15.597 9.0) m3 = 6.597 cm3
Hence, Residual oil saturation = 100 X (6.597/24.129) = 27.34 %

Plug 2
Volume of the oil produced = 6.9 cm3

PV = 51.05 X 0.3463 = 17.679 cm3

Volume of initial oil in the sample = PV X Soi

= 17.679 X .7193 cm3 = 12.717 cm3
Volume of the residual oil = (12.717 6.9) cm3 = 5.817 cm3
Hence, Residual oil saturation = 100 X (5.187/17.679) = 32.9 %
 TUTORIAL 4 Contd

4. A dean-stark extraction is performed on the North Sea chalk core plug sample,
which extracted 5.77 cm3 of water. The core plug has a porosity of 36.1 % and
bulk volume of 24.5 cm3. The wet and dry weights of the sample are 50.64 and
42.33 g, respectively. The gas, oil and water densities are 0.001, 0.85 and
1.035 g/cm3, respectively. Calculate the gas, oil, and water saturations in the
core plug sample.
 Solution

Pore Volume (PV) = Bulk Volume (BV) X Porosity () = 24.5 X 36.1 cm3 = 8.8445 cm3

Now , WW DW = Mo + Mg + Mw
50.64 42.33 = Soo + Sgg + Sww = 0.85Vo + 0.001Vg + 1.035 X 5.77

8.31 = 0.85Vo + 0.001Vg + 5.979

Or, 0.85Vo + 0.001Vg = 2.331 --------------------------1

Now, PV = Vo + Vg + Vw
8.8445 = Vo + Vg + 5.77
Or Vo + Vg = 3.0745 -----------------------------------2

Solving equation 1 and 2,

Vo = 2.742, Vg = 0.3325

Hence, So = 100 X (2.742/8.8445) = 31 %

Sg = 100 X (0.3325/8.8445) = 3.76 %
Sw = 100 X (5.77/8.8445) = 65.24 %
5. The following data is available for the end trim of a chalk core plug sample:

Sg = 5%, So = 48% and Sw = 47%, grain = 2.713 g/cm3, = 38.31%.

Additional data include gas, oil and water densities 0.001, 0.8532 and 1.0351 g/cm3.
The bulk volume of the core plug sample (in a preserved state), from which the end trim
was taken, is 65.91 cm3, and its measured weight (trimless) is 133.0 g. No additional
data are are available for the core plug sample. Perform an assessment check to evaluate
if the end trim data is also valid for the core plug, so that the core plug sample can either
be used or discarded for SCAL test.
Solution

Sg = 5%, So = 48%, Sw = 47 %
grain = 2.731, = 38.31 %, Bulk volume = 65.91 cm3,
Measured weight = 133.0 g
g = 0.001g/cm3, o = 0.8532 g/cm3, w = 1.0351 g/cm3

We know that
Weight of the Core = weight of the grain + weight of fluids

Pore volume = 65.91 X .3831 cm3 = 25.25 cm3

Grain volume = 65.91 25.25 cm3 = 40.66 cm3

Weight of the grains = 40.66 X 2.713 g = 110.31 g

Weight of the fluids = 25.25 x 0.48 X 0.8532 = 22.626 g

Calculated weight = (110.31 + 22.626) = 132.936 g

Calculated weight (132.936 g ) ~ measured weight (133.0 g)

Hence the core plug sample can be used for SCAL test