A1G5

EUKARYOTICS

1. glycocalyx (components external to the plasma membrane)

2. Ribosomes

Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis.

3. Golgi apparatus

A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membrane surrounded bags) carry materials from the
RER to the Golgi apparatus.

-Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

-Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations including
secretion or membrane localization.

4. Lysosomes

A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell, and
also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell.

5. Mitochondria

-Functions in energy production through metabolism.

-Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

6. Cristae

A double membrane with series of folds that surrounds the mitochondria.

7. They are both surrounded by a double membrane. They also contain DNA, and is believed to have
originated as a captured bacterium.

8. Both chloroplasts (plastids) and mitochondria believed to have originated as captured bacterium.

9. what does the nucleus contain?

NUCLEUS

There's generally only one nucleus per cell. It contains DNA held together by proteins. If you think the
nuclear pores are spaced too regularly, check the real electron micrograph of a nucleus.
10. are the pores regularly, or irregularly, spaced?

11. what is the combination of Dna and proteins called??

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelope with pores shown in the upper part of the image. O - outer membrane; I - inner
membrane of the nuclear envelope. Inside the inner membrane (I) is the region where DNA and proteins
comprising chromatin may be found.

12. what does chloros mean?

CHLOROPLAST

Now we really know we are dealing with a plant cell. It has a number of green organelles called the
chloroplasts. They have a strange name, because chlo ros means yellow in Greek. This is where the hard
work of producing sugars from carbon dioxide goes on. In the process oxygen is released. Can you see
the bubbles coming out (just kidding, oxygen is actually dissolved in the fluids around and in the
chloroplast). The process, of course, is photosynthesis.

13.What else is produced by photosynthesis apart from sugars?

Oxygen is also produced from photosynthesis

14. grana is the plural of granum. A granum is a stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts--they look like
stacks of pancakes (thylakoids). Grana is multiple stacks of thylakoids found in chloroplasts in the cell.
The light reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoids stacked in grana

15. The fluid which surrounds the membranes is called the stroma, and it contains the enzymes and
activities of the Calvin-Benson cycle.

16. mitochondrions produce ATP which can be used to run other important processes in the cell

17. The surrounding fluid (matrix)of the mitochondrion is the site of Krebs' cycle enzymes and activities.
18. The membranes inside the mitochondrion are termed cristae, and are the site of electron transport,
where most ATP's are generated.

19. It is possible to see the cristae, invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane in this
micrograph. This is the site of NADH oxidation, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The
fluid space in the mitochondrion is called the matrix. It is the home for Krebs cycle enzymes, responsible
for carbon dioxide production and generation of NADH and other reductants.

C.

20.The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane.

21. The nucleus communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores.

22. The DNA is similar in every cell of the body, but depending on the specific cell type, some genes may
be turned on or off - that's why a liver cell is different from a muscle cell.

23. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus to positions on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis.

24. What is the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in
short, they are the power centers of the cell. They are about the size of bacteria but may have different
shapes depending on the cell type.

25. What is one similarity between mitochondria and nucleus?

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane. The
outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae)
as seen in the cross-section, above.

26. why are the cristae folded?

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane. The
outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae)
as seen in the cross-section, above. The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane's surface area

27. what is the primary energy source for the cell?

It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy
source for the cell.

28. Hydrophilic : Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water. Water-loving.

Common examples of hydrophilic compounds include salt and sugar.

29. yellow

30. The ions are sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-)

31. The ER membrane is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and its function suggests just
how complex and organized the eucaryotic cell really is.

32. The smooth ER is responsible for the control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction.

33. The smooth ER is responsible for the breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells