Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
n
By:
Nimas Mayang Sabrina S., STP, MP, MSc
Outline
-> C Cycle
-> H Cycle
-> O Cycle
-> N Cycle
Part of all living things
CaRBON (and some non-living stuff)
C - cycle
1 c
4
Combustion
a
2
3
1. CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE
1
CArbon
www.esrl.noaa.gov
1. CO2 IN ATMOSPHERE
Carbon Cycle Has Been In Balance for Millions of
Years
But in the last century CO2 levels have been
creeping up.
Why?
- (burning of fossil fuels).
The carbon cycle
with and without humans
In 1750, WITHOUT industry & vehicles, In 2007, WITH industry & vehicles,
there was around 280 CO2 molecules there is now 380 CO2 molecules in
in every million air molecules every million air molecules (35%
increase)
Atmosphere Atmosphere
Burning
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Animals Animals
2
Biological Pump(s)
The ocean plays a major role in the global carbon
cycle, exchanging CO2 with the overlying
atmosphere.
Uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans is driven
by physicochemical processes as well as biological
fixation of inorganic carbon species.
The biogenic production of organic material and
carbonate minerals in the surface ocean and their
subsequent transport to depth are termed the
"biological carbon pumps".
Biological Pump(s)
3
CO2
Litosphere
The long term organic carbon cycle
c
4
Combustion
a
b
Plants Use Carbon Dioxide
Plants pull carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and use it to make food
photosynthesis!! (a)
The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored
food).
-> C Cycle
-> H Cycle
-> O Cycle
-> N Cycle
Hydrogen
-> C Cycle
-> H Cycle
-> O Cycle
-> N Cycle
Definition of Oxygen
-> C Cycle
-> H Cycle
-> O Cycle
-> N Cycle
Some Uses
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N-cycle 1. Fixation
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N cylce 2. Ammonification
Ammonification is a transformation of N (organic) to the form
of N (ammonium)
Example :
urease
CO (NH2)2 + H2O 2NH3 + CO2
Nitrogen Cycle
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N cylce 3. Nitrification
Nitrosomonas autotropic bacteria converts
ammonia to nitrite
NH3+ --- NO2-
NH4+ + 1,5 H2) - NO2- + 2 H+ + H2O
(Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosolobus)
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N cylce 4. Assimilation
Nitrate ion can be transformed to organic matter
by microbes through a process called nitrate
reduction assimilation.
A group of heterotroph microbes including bacteria,
fungi and algae are able to reduct nitrate.
This process utilizes the system of reductize nitrite
and nitrate enzyme to form ammonium which is
synthesized as protein.
Nitrogen Cycle
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N cylce 5. Denitrification
In the absence of Oxygen, nitrite ion play the role as
the last acceptor electron . It is called as Nitrate
Respiration.
2 types of Denitrification :
ion NO3- NO2-
(Alcaligenes, Escherichia, Enterobacter)
ion NO3- NO dan N2O
(Paracoccus, Thiobacillus)
Nitrogen Cycle
4
1
Fixation 5
6
Mineralization
2 3
N cylce 6. Mineralization
Organic matter
Decomposers
(bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi)
Ammonia(NH4+)
and (NH4+) Ammonium salts
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