Instrument Transformers (CTS, VTS) in The System - EEP

2/20/2016 Instrumenttransformers(CTs,VTs)inthesystem|EEP
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Instrumenttransformers(CTs,VTs)in
thesystem
Instrument transformers from ABB
ThreemaintasksofCTsandVTs
The three main tasks of instrument transformers are:
1. To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value to a value easy to handle for relays
and instruments.
2. To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
3. To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated currents and
voltages.
Instrument transformers are special types of transformers intended to measure currents and voltages.
The common laws for transformers are valid.
Here we will cover six important aspects of using instrument transformer in the power system:
http://electricalengineeringportal.com/instrumenttransformersctsvtsinthesystem 1/11
Terminal designations for current transformers 1.

2. Secondary grounding of current transformers
3. Secondary grounding of voltage transformers
4. Connection to obtain the residual voltage
5. Fusing of voltage transformer secondary circuits
6. Location of current and voltage transformers in substations

Different substation arrangements
1.Terminaldesignationsforcurrenttransformers
According to IEC publication 60044-1, the terminals should be designated as shown in the following
diagrams. All terminals that are marked P1, S1 and C1 are to have the same polarity.
Figure 1 left Transformer with one secondary winding Figure 2 right Transformer with
two secondary windings
Figure 3 left Transformer with one secondary winding which has an extra tapping Figure 4
right Transformer with two primary windings and one secondary winding
Go back to main aspects
2.Secondarygroundingofcurrenttransformers
To prevent the secondary circuits from attaining dangerously high potential to ground, these circuits
have to be grounded. Connect either the S1 terminal or the S2 terminal to ground.
For protective relays, ground the terminal that is nearest to the protected objects. For meters and
instruments, ground the terminal that is nearest to the consumer.
When metering instruments and protective relays are on the same winding, the protective relay determines the point
to be grounded.
If there are unused taps on the secondary winding, they must be left open.
If there is a galvanic connection between more than one current transformer, these shall be
grounded at one point only (e.g. differential protection).
If the cores are not used in a current transformer they must be short-circuited between the
highest ratio taps and shall be grounded.
It is dangerous to open the secondary circuit when the CT is in operation. High voltage will be
induced.
Figure 5 left Transformer Figure 6 right Cables
Figure 7 Busbars
3.Secondarygroundingofvoltagetransformers
To prevent secondary circuits from reaching dangerous potential, the circuits shall be grounded.
Grounding shall be made at only one point on a voltage transformer secondary circuit or galvanically
interconnected circuits.
A voltage transformer, which on the primary is connected phase to ground, shall have the secondary
grounding at terminal n.
A voltage transformer, with the primary winding connected between two phases, shall have the
secondary circuit,
which has a voltage
lagging the other
terminal by 120
degrees, grounded.
Windings not in use
shall be grounded.
Figure 8
Voltage
transformers connected between phases
Figure 9 set of voltage transformers
Go back to main
aspects
4.Connection
toobtainthe
residual
voltage
The residual voltage

(neutral displacement
voltage, polarizing
voltage) for earth-fault
relays can be obtained
from a voltage
transformer between
neutral and ground,
for instance at a power
transformer neutral.
It can also be
obtained from a three-phase set of voltage transformers, which have their primary winding connected phase to
ground and one of the secondary windings connected in a broken delta.
Figure 10 illustrates the measuring principle for the broken delta connection during an earth-fault in a
high-impedance grounded (or ungrounded) and an effectively grounded power system respectively.
From the figure, it can be seen that a solid close-up earth-fault produces an output voltage of
Ursd = 3 x U2n
in a high-impedance earthed system and
Ursd = U2n
in an effectively grounded system. Therefore a voltage transformer secondary voltage of
U2n = 110 / 3 V
is often used in high-impedance grounded systems and U2n = 110 V in effectively grounded systems. A
residual voltage of 110 V is obtained in both cases. Voltage transformers with two secondary
windings, one for connection in Y and the other in broken delta can then have the ratio:
for high-impedance and effectively grounded systems respectively. Nominal

voltages other than 110 V, e.g. 100 V or 115 V, are also used depending on
national standards and practice.
Figure 10 Residual voltage (neutral displacement voltage) from a broken

delta circuit
5.Fusingofvoltagetransformersecondarycircuits
Fuses should be provided at the first box where the three phases are brought together. The circuit
from the terminal box to the first box is constructed to minimize the risk of faults in the circuit.
It is preferable not to use fuses in the voltage transformer terminal box, as this will make the
supervision of the voltage transformers more difficult. The fuses in the three-phase box enable a
differentiated fusing of the circuits to different loads like protection and metering circuits.
The fuses must be selected to give a fast and reliable fault clearance, even for a fault at the end of the
cabling. Earth faults and two-phase faults should be checked.
6.Locationofcurrentandvoltagetransformersinsubstations
Instrument transformers are used to supply measured quantities of current and voltage in an
appropriate form to controlling and protective apparatus, such as energy meters, indicating instruments,
protective relays, fault locators, fault recorders and synchronizers.
Instrument transformers are thus installed when it is necessary to obtain measuring quantities for the
above mentioned purposes.
Read more // Location of Current Transformers in HV Substation
Typical points of installation are switchbays for lines, feeders, transformers, bus couplers, etc., at
transformer neutral connections and at the busbars.
Figure 11 Current and voltage transformers in a substation
Location in different substation arrangements
Below are some examples of suitable locations for current and voltage transformers in a few different
switchgear arrangements.
Figure 12 Double busbar station
Figure 13 Station with transfer busbar
Figure 14 Double breaker and double busbar station
Figure 15 Sectionalized single busbar station
Reference: Instrument Transformers Application Guide ABB

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power substations, buildings and
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2/20/2016 Instrumenttransformers(CTs,VTs)inthesystem|EEP

Home Technical Articles Article Categories El. Enginering Guides

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Terminal designations for current transformers 1.

6. Location of current and voltage transformers in substations

Go back to main aspects

Figure 5 left Transformer Figure 6 right Cables

Go back to main aspects

transformers connected between phases

Figure 9 set of voltage transformers

The residual voltage

in a high-impedance earthed system and

in an effectively grounded system. Therefore a voltage transformer secondary voltage of

for high-impedance and effectively grounded systems respectively. Nominal

Figure 10 Residual voltage (neutral displacement voltage) from a broken

Go back to main aspects

Read more // Location of Current Transformers in HV Substation

Figure 11 Current and voltage transformers in a substation

Go back to main aspects

Location in different substation arrangements

Figure 12 Double busbar station

Figure 13 Station with transfer busbar

Figure 14 Double breaker and double busbar station

Figure 15 Sectionalized single busbar station

Go back to main aspects

Reference: Instrument Transformers Application Guide ABB

Edvard - Electrical engineer,

2015 EEP - Electrical Engineering

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