Computer Introduction

CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
TOPIC
What is Computer?
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
A computer is a device capable of performing

computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human
beings can.
Computer is an electronic machine which is use for

data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as
Information.
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TOPIC
Why Computers?
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TOPIC
Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)

First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Second generation (1955 to 1965)
Third generation (1966 to 1970)
Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
Fifth generation (1980 to present)
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TOPIC
Mechanical calculators was developed as

computing device.
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TOPIC
In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic

Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by
Mr. J.Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at
University of Pennsylvania.
It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot
space.
It produced large amount of heat.
Its speed was very slow.
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TOPIC
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TOPIC
In this second generation vacuum tubes was

replaced by transistors.
Speed / performance of this generation computers

was improved in comparison to first generation
computers.
Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using

transistors.
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TOPIC
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TOPIC
In this third generation transistors was replaced by ICs

(Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of thousands electronic
components on single silicon chip ).
Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
Speed / performance was high in comparison to third
generation.
Heat produced by computers was reduced.
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TOPIC
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TOPIC
In this generation ICs are replaced by LSI (Large Scale

Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic
components on silicon chip)
These are low cast, small size and high performance in

comparisons to third generation computers
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TOPIC
In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very

Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
Size and cost of these computers is very less and

performance is very high
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TOPIC
A computer can be divided into two main categories:
1. Hardware
Hardware is basically anything that you can touch
with your fingers.
2. Software
For computer hardware to work it must follow a set
of instructions that is supplied to it as software.
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TOPIC
Hardware refers to the computers physical components,

Computer Case
CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)
Monitor
Keyboard & Mouse
Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
Hard Drive
Memory (RAM)
Speakers
Printer
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TOPIC
The term software refers to the set of instructions

that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.
1. System Software Application
Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software System
Software (OS)
Hardware
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TOPIC
1. System Software/Operating System

System Software are used to control all
components of computer and serves as an
interface between user and hardware.
1. Control all Components of Computer

2. Interface b/w user and Hardware
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TOPIC
2. Application Software
Application software is used or design for the
specific purpose of the user.
for example
MS-WORD MS-POWER POINT
MS-EXCEL Acdsee
Corel Draw Paint
Game MS-ACCESS
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TOPIC
3. Utility Software
Utility Software is used to remove any problem or
solve a complex situation in computer.
for example
Partition Magic Backup utility
Antivirus Data Recovery
Security Software Win Ghost
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TOPIC
Bits n Bytes
Bit:
One digit, either 0 or 1
Byte:
any combination of 0 or 1.
also called an octet.
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TOPIC
Computer only understand 0 or 1
0 OFF
1 ON
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TOPIC
The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
25 = 00011001 =
The number 179 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
179 = 10110011 =
The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:
A = 01000001 =
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TOPIC
Information for the Exam

INPUT
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Exam Results!
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TOPIC
Information Processing Cycle
Consists of four parts where each part involves one

or more specific components of the computer.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage
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TOPIC
Input Processing Output
Storage
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TOPIC
Input: A computer receives
Input data via an input device

Processing Output such
Data Information
as the keyboard.
Storage
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TOPIC
Processing: A computer
program performs operations
Data
on the data to transform
Information
it
into information.
Storage
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TOPIC
Output: A computer produces

the output through an output
Input device such
Processing as the monitor to
Output
Data Information
display the result of the
processing operations.
Storage
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TOPIC
Storage: A computer stores

the result of the processing
operations in a storage device
Input Processing
such as the hard disk. Output
Data Information
Storage
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TOPIC
Note book
Adds each item
RM 4.50 each
cost together
Eraser
RM 0.80 each Organizes data
Pen Computes total
RM 1.50 each due

Stapler
RM 2.20 each
Storage
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TOPIC
So
Computer is an Electronic device which can:
1. accept data
2. process it
3. give the result after that processing
4. and also store processed data Input

Processing
Output
Storage
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TOPIC
PC four major functions are:

Input data
Process data
Output information
Store data and information
INFORMATION
DATA IN
OUT
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TOPIC
Data vs. Information
Data is a representation of a fact or idea

Number examples of data
3547 Ahmad Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Word
examples of information
Picture
Roll No. 3547 Name-Ahmad City-Kuala Lumpur
Sound
Country-Malaysia
Information is data that has been organized or

presented in a meaningful.
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TOPIC
Data vs. Instruction
2+2=4
DATA Instruction Information
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A Typical Personal Computer TOPIC
A Personal Computer:
System unit Display device
External device External device
Input devices
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TOPIC
3 All processing and storage

1 User type KLMU are done in binary form
4 Transmission to
printer is in binary
form
KLMU_
_
KLMU
2 Keyboard converts
characters to a binary
5 Printer converts binary code
code; bits are transmitted
to characters before printing
to memory and to CPU for
processing
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TOPIC
Input Output
Monitor
RAM
Webcam
Temporary
storage
Speaker
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Permanent Printer
Scanner storage
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TOPIC
Enter data to be processed

Keyboard
Scanners
Mouse
Trackball
Touch screen
Microphone
Game Controller
Digital camera
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TOPIC
System Unit
Cabinet that houses all components
Motherboard
CPU
Memory modules System Unit
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TOPIC
A processor present in system unit is the part that is

like a computers brain.
A system unit is a personal computer component that
houses other devices necessary for the computer to
function.
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TOPIC
The System Unit

Disk drives
Power Supply
Cooling device
Microprocessor
(under cooling device)
Ports
Adapter Card
Memory chips
Chassis
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TOPIC
Display Device
A display device is a personal computer component
that enables users to view the text and graphical data
associated with a computer program.
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TOPIC
Input Devices
An input device is a personal computer component
that enables users to enter data or instructions into a
computer.
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External Devices
TOPIC
There are several categories of external devices:

Microphone
Digital camera
Scanner
Speakers
Printer
Network device
External drive
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TOPIC
System Unit Components

The system unit itself has several important sub-
components, such as:
System Board
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
System Bus
Storage devices
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TOPIC
The System Board

The system board is the personal computer component that
acts as the backbone for the entire computer system.
Ports
AGP slot
Expansion slots CPU
RAM slots
Drive interfaces
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TOPIC
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes
called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the
calculations take place.
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TOPIC
Memory
Memory is the personal computer component that
comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or
non-volatile.
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TOPIC
The System Bus

The system bus is the main communication path
between the CPU and memory.
CPU
System Bus
Hard Drive Video

Memory
Controller Controller
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TOPIC
Storage Devices
A storage device is a system unit component, such
as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for
reuse at a later time, even after the personal
computer is shut down and restarted.
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TOPIC
Power Supplies
A power supply is an internal computer component that
converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC
power needed by system components.
External view Internal view
Power switch
Voltage switch
Socket for power cord Fan Wires from the power supply
to the system board and drives
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TOPIC
Cooling Systems
Computer systems contain several components that
require cooling:
The computer case
The CPU
The power supply
Some adapter cards
Some hard disk drives
Fan
Heat sink
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TOPIC
Adapter Cards
An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install
into a slot on the computers system board to expand
the functionality of the computer.
Circuitry
Phone line
connection
Circuit to
connect to
phone line
PCI bus
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TOPIC
Riser Cards
A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system
board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards..
REAR PCI/ISA slots on riser
Peripheral
connectors
Memory slots
CPU
FRONT
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TOPIC
Storage Devices
The various types of storage devices used in personal
computers are:
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
Optical Drives
Tape Drives
Solid State Storage devices
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TOPIC
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads
data from, and writes data to, removable disks made of
flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating
and enclosed in a stiff, protective, plastic case.
Front view 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
Rear view of floppy disk drive
Data cable
Power cable 3.5-inch floppy disk
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TOPIC
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses
fixed media, which means that the disk is built into the
drive and the drives are not removed from the computer
unless you are performing an upgrade or a repair.
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TOPIC
Optical Disks
An optical disk is a personal computer storage device
that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.
A CD-R disc
An external DVD drive
An internal CD-ROM drive
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TOPIC
Types of Optical Disks and Drives

Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD+R DL
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
DVD-RAM
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TOPIC
Tape Drives
A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that
stores data magnetically on a removable tape that is
enclosed in a tape cartridge.
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TOPIC
Solid State Storage

Solid state storage is a personal computer storage
device that stores data in special types of memory
instead of on disks or tape.
Compact Flash
card fits in here
36mm
43mm
USB adapter connects the

Compact Flash reader to
the computer
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TOPIC
Personal Computer Connection Methods

The various PC connection methods are:
Ports
Personal Computer Connections
Serial Connections
Parallel Connections
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections
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TOPIC
Ports
A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal
computer that enables devices to be connected to the
computer.
25-pin D-shaped connector
6-pin round
connector
15-pin D-shaped connector

Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.
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TOPIC
Personal Computer Connection

A personal computer connection is a means by which
a personal computer component is attached to other
components to provide computing capabilities.
USB Connector
Cable
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TOPIC
Serial Connections
A serial connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data one bit at a time over a single wire.
25-pin serial port

on a serial device
25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem

and 9-pin end connects to computers serial port
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TOPIC
Parallel Connections
A parallel connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data eight bits at a time over eight wires
and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.
Parallel connector
Parallel cable
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USB Connections
TOPIC
A USB connection is a personal computer connection

that enables you to connect multiple peripherals to a
single port with high performance and minimal device
configuration.
Type B connector Type A connector connects to

connects to USB device USB port on the computer
or on a hub
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TOPIC
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections

A FireWire connection is a personal computer
connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE
1394 standard.
FireWire device
FireWire port
FireWire 6-pin connector
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TOPIC
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)

Connections
A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection
that connects internal and external components to the
system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.
SCSI connector
SCSI cable
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TOPIC
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections

A PATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a parallel data channel from a disk
controller to the disk drives.
PATA connector
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Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

TOPIC
A SATA connection is a personal computer connection

that provides a serial data channel between the drive
controller and the disk drives.
SATA power cables

SATA data cable
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1.5 Categories of Computer
TOPIC
Mobile Computer
Personal
and Mobile Mid-Range Server
Computer
Devices
Mainframe
Supercomputer
Computer
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TOPIC
Personal Computer
A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output
and storage operations on its own.
Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and
workstation.
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TOPIC
Notebook Computer
Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap.
Also called a laptop computer.
Usually more expensive than a
desktop computer with equal
capabilities.
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TOPIC
Tablet PC
A computer that is shaped like a
slate or notebook.
Normally fitted with a touch screen
for users to enter input through a
stylus.
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TOPIC
Handheld Computer
A small computer that can easily
be fit in one hand and operated by
the other hand.
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TOPIC
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A small, portable computer built for
specific purposes such as for
keeping phone directories and
calendars.
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TOPIC
Mid-Range Server
More powerful and larger that a workstation and can
support up to 4,000 users at one time.
Formerly known as minicomputer.
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TOPIC
Mainframe Computer
Very powerful, expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
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TOPIC
Supercomputer
The fastest, most powerful, most
expensive computer.
Used for applications requiring complex
mathematical calculations.
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Computer Introduction

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Computer Introduction

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers

A computer is a device capable of performing

Computer is an electronic machine which is use for

Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)

Mechanical calculators was developed as

In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic

In this second generation vacuum tubes was

Speed / performance of this generation computers

Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using

In this third generation transistors was replaced by ICs

In this generation ICs are replaced by LSI (Large Scale

These are low cast, small size and high performance in

In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very

Size and cost of these computers is very less and

A computer can be divided into two main categories:

Hardware refers to the computers physical components,

The term software refers to the set of instructions

1. System Software/Operating System

1. Control all Components of Computer

Computer only understand 0 or 1

The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:

The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:

Information for the Exam

Information Processing Cycle

Consists of four parts where each part involves one

Input Processing Output

Input: A computer receives

Input data via an input device

Output: A computer produces

Storage: A computer stores

Pen Computes total

RM 1.50 each due

Input Processing Output

3. give the result after that processing

4. and also store processed data Input

PC four major functions are:

Data vs. Information

Data is a representation of a fact or idea

Information is data that has been organized or

Data vs. Instruction

DATA Instruction Information

A Typical Personal Computer TOPIC

System unit Display device

External device External device

3 All processing and storage

Enter data to be processed

A processor present in system unit is the part that is

The System Unit

There are several categories of external devices:

System Unit Components

The System Board

Expansion slots CPU

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The System Bus

Hard Drive Video

External view Internal view

Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

Power cable 3.5-inch floppy disk

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

An internal CD-ROM drive

Types of Optical Disks and Drives

Solid State Storage

USB adapter connects the

Personal Computer Connection Methods