Metro Manila

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the National Capital Region of the Philippines. For the capital city, see
Manila. For other uses, see Manila (disambiguation).

Metro Manila
Kalakhang Maynil
Kamaynilaan
Metropolitan Manila / Greater Manila

Metropolis / Region

National Capital Region (NCR)

Clockwise (from upper right): Ayala Avenue, Quezon

Memorial Shrine, NAIA Terminal 3, Manila Cathedral,
Bonifacio Global City, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, a station
of the Manila MRT Line 2
 Political map of Metro Manila

Metro Manila
 Location within the Philippines

Coordinates: 1435N 12100E14.58N 121ECoordinates:

1435N 12100E14.58N 121E

Country Philippines

Metropolitan Manila Development

Managing entity
Authority

Established November 7, 1975[1]

Cities of Manila:[show]
Composed of

Area

Total 613.94 km2 (237.04 sq mi)

Population (2015 census)[2]

Total 12,877,253

Density 21,000/km2 (54,000/sq mi)

English: Manilan;
Spanish: manilense,[3] manileo(-a)
Demonym(s) Filipino: Manileo(-a), Manilenyo(-a),
Taga-Maynila
French: Manillais / Manillaise

Time zone PST (UTC+8)

IDD:area code +63(0)2

ISO 3166 code PH

HDI 0.837 (Very high)

HDI rank 2nd (2009)

Website www.mmda.gov.ph

Metropolitan Manila[1][4] (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan), commonly known as

Metro Manila or simply Manila, is the official and administrative definition of the urban area
surrounding the Philippine capital city, Manila. It is the capital region of the Philippines, the seat
of government, and the second-most populous and most densely populated region of the country.
Also officially known as the National Capital Region (NCR), it is composed of the City of
Manila, Quezon City, the country's most populous city, and the cities of Caloocan, Las Pias,
Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Paraaque, Pasay, Pasig, San
Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, including the only remaining municipality of Pateros.

The National Capital Region, with an area of 619.5 km2, has a population of 12,877,253,[2]
making it the second most populous region in the Philippines, as well as the 9th most populous
metropolitan area in Asia. The total urbanized area, referring to its continuous urban expansion
into the provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal and Batangas, was listed as having a
population of 24,245,000 by Demographia,[5] making it the 4th most populous urban area in the
world. These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of
the newly counted census of 2015.[2]

The region is the center of culture, economy, education and government of the Philippines. NCR
is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National
Economic and Development Authority.[6] Designated as a global power city, NCR exerts a
significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education,
and entertainment, both locally and internationally. It is the home to all the consulates and
embassies in the Philippines, thereby making it an important center for international diplomacy
in the country.

Its economic power makes the region the country's premier center for finance and commerce.
NCR accounts for 37.2% of the gross domestic product of the Philippines.[7]

The region was established in 1975 through Presidential Decree No. 824 in response to the needs
to sustain the growing population and for the creation for the center of political power and the
seat of the Government of the Philippines.[8]

The Province of Manila, the predecessor entity of the region, is one of the first eight provinces
that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines at the end of the 19th century.
Manila's role in the Revolution is honoured in the Flag of the Philippines, where the sun's eight
rays symbolise the eight revolutionary provinces.

Contents
[hide]

1 History
2 Geography
o 2.1 Climate
o 2.2 Parks
3 Government and politics
o 3.1 Public safety
o 3.2 Independent cities and municipality
o 3.3 Districts
o 3.4 Future expansion
o 3.5 Partition of Cavite
4 Demographics
 o 4.1 Slums
5 Economy
o 5.1 Central business districts
o 5.2 Tourism
6 Culture and contemporary life
o 6.1 Arts
o 6.2 Sports
7 Human resources
o 7.1 Education
o 7.2 Healthcare
8 Infrastructure
o 8.1 Transportation
8.1.1 Roads and highways
8.1.2 Railway systems
8.1.3 Air
8.1.4 Buses
8.1.5 Ferry
o 8.2 Utilities
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

History[edit]
See also: History of Manila
Further information: Capital of the Philippines

Map of the Province of Manila (1898)

A historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of
Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila (Intramuros)
serving as the center of colonial power. In 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other
municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 18981899, just as when the
sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States. The province was dissolved
and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901.

Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the original global cities. The
Manila galleon was the first known commercially traveled trade route that sailed the Pacific for
250 years, bringing to Spain their cargoes of luxury goods, economic benefits, and cultural
exchange.

During the American period, at the time of the Philippine Commonwealth, American architect
and urban designer Daniel Burnham was commissioned to create the grand Plan of Manila to be
approved by the Philippine Government. The creation of Manila in 1901 is composed of the
places and parishes of Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Manila, Pandacan, Quiapo,
Sampaloc, San Andrs Bukid, San Fernando de Dilao, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana de
Sapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo. Meanwhile, the towns and parishes of Caloocan, Las
Pias, Mariquina, Pasig, Paraaque, Malabon, Navotas, San Juan del Monte, San Pedro de
Macati, San Felipe Neri, Muntinlupa and the Taguig-Pateros area were incorporated into the
province of Rizal. Pasig serves as its provincial capital.

In 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital
city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed. The establishment of Quezon
City meant the demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the
establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the
developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, the loss of more than 100,000 lives at
the Battle of Manila in 1945. Later on, Quezon City was eventually declared as the national
capital on 1948. The tile was re-designated back to Manila in 1976 through Presidential Decree
No. 940 owing to its historical significance as the almost uninterrupted seat of government of the
Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has
always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the
Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture.[9]

During the war, President Manuel L. Quezon created the City of Greater Manila as an emergency
measure, merging the cities of Manila and Quezon City, along with the municipalities of
Caloocan, Las Pias, Mariquina, Pasig, Paraaque, Malabon, Navotas, San Juan del Monte, San
Pedro de Macati, San Felipe Neri, Muntinlupa and the Taguig-Pateros area. Jorge Vargas was
appointed as its mayor. Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater
Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was
Quezon's principal lieutenant for administrative matters, would have a position of authority
recognized under international military law. The City of Greater Manila was abolished by the
Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied
regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro
Manila and the administrative functions of the Governor of Metro Manila that was established
during the Marcos administration.
On November 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.
824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region.[8] On June 2,
1978, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, the metropolitan area was declared the National
Capital Region of the Philippines.[10] When Metro Manila was established, there were four cities,
Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay and the thirteen municipalities of Las Pias, Makati,
Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Paraaque, Pasig, San Juan, Taguig,
Valenzuela and Pateros. At present, all of these municipalities except for one have become an
independent charted city, only Pateros remains as a municipality.

President Ferdinand Marcos appointed his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos as the first governor
of Metro Manila. She launched the City of Man campaign. The Cultural Center of the
Philippines Complex, Metropolitan Folk Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention
Center, the Lung Center of the Philippines, Philippine Heart Center, the Kidney Center of the
Philippines and the Coconut Palace are all constructed precisely for this purpose. The City of
Man campaign was discontinued when the Marcos were ousted from power after the People
Power Revolution.

After the eight years of dictatorship, President Marcos was overthrown in a non-violent
revolution along EDSA, which lasted three days in late February 1986. The popular uprising,
now known as the People Power Revolution, made international headlines as "the revolution that
surprised the world".[11]

In 1986, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392, reorganizing and changing
the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to the Metropolitan Manila
Authority. Mayors in the metropolis chose from among themselves the chair of the agency. Later
on, it was again reorganized in 1995 through Republic Act 7924, creating the present-day
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. The chairperson of the agency will be appointed
by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position such as mayor. Former
Laguna province governor Joey Lina was the last to serve as the Officer-In-Charge governor of
Metro Manila.[12]

By late 2014, then-MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino proposed that San Pedro, Laguna be
included in Metro Manila as its 18th member city.[13]

Geography[edit]
See also: Geography of Manila
Riverbanks Center with Eastwood City at the background.

Metro Manila is located in the southwestern portion of Luzon. The region lies along the flat
alluvial lands extending from the mouth of the Pasig River in the west to the higher rugged lands
of Marikina Valley in the east. The region is geographically divided into 4 zones: the Coastal
Margin, Guadalupe Plateau, Marikina Valley, and the Laguna Lowlands. The Coastal Margin
that faces the Manila Bay possesses resources for offshore fisheries and fishpond development.
The various reclamation projects in the area are meant for mixed-use urban development. The
Guadalupe Plateau is the most adaptable to urban development activities not only because of its
solid geographical foundations but also because of its existing infrastructure links with the rest of
Luzon. The Marikina Valley has fertile land suitable for crop cultivation while the Marikina
River provides water for industrial uses and discharge. The Laguna Lowlands is not only suitable
for agriculture and aquaculture but also for industrial activity.[14]

Metro Manila is prone to earthquakes because it is surrounded by active faults including the
Marikina Valley Fault System. Other distant faults such as the Philippine Faults, Lubang Faults,
Manila Trench and Casiguran Faults, are a threat as well.[15] Because of the natural disasters that
poses a threat to Metro Manila, Manila was ranked as the second riskiest capital city after Tokyo
to live in according to Swiss Re.[16]

Climate[edit]

According to the Kppen climate classification, NCR features tropical wet and dry climate and
tropical monsoon climate. Metro Manila has a relatively short dry season from January through
May, and a lengthy wet season from June through December.

[hide]Climate data for Metro Manila

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high 32 33 35 37 38 38 38 37 37 35 33 32 38
C (F) (90) (91) (95) (99) (100) (100) (100) (99) (99) (95) (91) (90) (100)
Average 28 28 29 32 34 33 32 32 32 31 30 29 30.8
high C (F) (82) (82) (84) (90) (93) (91) (90) (90) (90) (88) (86) (84) (87.5)
Average low 19 18 19 21 22 23 24 24 24 22 21 19 21.3
C (F) (66) (64) (66) (70) (72) (73) (75) (75) (75) (72) (70) (66) (70.3)
Record low 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 18 17 16 15 18
 C (F) (57) (57) (57) (59) (61) (63) (64) (64) (64) (63) (61) (59) (64)
Average
27 4 10 60 109 215 346 398 323 272 163 96 2,023
precipitatio
(1.06 (0.16 (0.39 (2.36 (4.29 (8.46 (13.62 (15.67 (12.72 (10.71 (6.42 (3.78 (79.64
n mm
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
(inches)
Source: WeatherSpark

Parks[edit]

See also: List of parks in Metro Manila

The Rizal Monument in Rizal Park

There are two national parks in Metro Manila which is managed by the National Parks and
Development Committee, the Rizal Park and Paco Park in Manila. NPDC used to manage Fort
Santiago in Intramuros and the Quezon Memorial National Park in Quezon City. Because of a
tripartite agreement between the Quezon City Government, the National Historical Institute and
the NPDC, the management of Quezon Memorial National Park was transferred to the Quezon
City Government while the maintenance of Fort Santiago is transferred to the Intramuros
Administration.[17]

NCR has three listed protected areas, these are the Rizal Park, Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife
Center and the Manila Bay Beach Resort.[18]

Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is considered as the largest urban park in Asia.[19] In the
Tourism Act of 2009, Rizal Park along with Intramuros are designated as flagship destination to
become a tourism enterprise zone.[20] A new attraction called Paseo de Manila is expected to rise
in Rizal Park.[21] On the other hand, Paco Park is a recreational garden which was once Manilas
municipal cemetery built by the Dominicans during the Spanish colonial period.[22]

Founded in 1959, Manila Zoo is the oldest zoo in Asia. It is the home to more than a thousand
animals from different 90 species including the 40-year-old elephant, Mali. The zoo has an
average of 4,000 visitors weekly. An estimated 40,000 tourists visits the zoo each month.[23]

La Mesa Ecopark is a 33-hectare well-developed sanctuary around the La Mesa Watershed. It

was established through a joint partnership between the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System, ABS-CBN, and the Quezon City Government. La Mesa Ecopark, along with the Ninoy
Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center, are important nature reserves in the Philippines.

The Las Pias-Paraaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) was declared as a
critical habitat by the Government of the Philippines in 2007[24] and was listed by the Ramsar
Convention as a Wetland of International Importance in 2013.[25] LPPCHEA is composed of the
Freedom Island in Paraaque and the Long Island in Las Pias that covers 175 hectares and
features a mangrove forest of eight species, tidal mudflats, secluded ponds with fringing salt-
tolerant vegetation, a coastal lagoon, and a beach.[26]

Government and politics[edit]

Further information: Administrative divisions of Metro Manila
See also: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

The Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City is the seat of the House of Representatives.

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is the agency responsible for the
delivery of public services in Metro Manila. Its services are limited to traffic management and
garbage collection.

A bill was introduced in 2014 proposing the creation of a new governing body in Metro Manila
to be known as the Metropolitan Manila Regional Administration (MMRA). Unlike the MMDA
which is limited to being an administrative coordinating body, the proposed MMRA will have
police and other typical municipal powers and is more akin to the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao.[27][28]
Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, is the seat of the Government of the Philippines. All
the main offices of the executive departments of the country are in Metro Manila. The
Department of Agrarian Reform, Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, National Housing Authority and Philippine Coconut Authority has their main
offices based around Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City.

Manila, the capital city of the country, is the home to the Malacaang Palace, the official office
and residence of the President of the Philippines. The city is also the home of the Supreme Court
of the Philippines. Important national institutions based in Manila are the Court of Appeals, the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and the Departments of Budget and Management, Finance, Health,
Justice, Labor and Employment and Public Works and Highways. Meanwhile, the Department of
Science and Technology is based in Taguig while the Department of Tourism has its
headquarters in Makati. Important economic and financial institutions headquartered in the
region are the Asian Development Bank, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Development Bank of the
Philippines, Land Bank of the Philippines and the National Economic and Development
Authority.

The main office of the Government Service Insurance System in Pasay serves as home to the
Senate of the Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Representatives of the Philippines, is based
in the Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City along with the Sandiganbayan. The Coconut
Palace once served as the official office and residence of the Vice President of the Philippines in
2010 - 2016. The Quezon City Reception House now serves this purpose since 2016.

Public safety[edit]

Camp Crame, the headquarters of the Philippine National Police situated in Quezon City.

The Philippine National Police is responsible for law enforcement in the country. Its
headquarters is located at Camp Crame along Bonny Serrano Avenue, Quezon City. The
National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is the regional branch of PNP that operates in
NCR. Its headquarters is located at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig. Under the
supervision of NCRPO, Metro Manila is divided into five police districts. The five police
districts are the Northern Police District (Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela), Eastern
Police District (Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, San Juan), Manila Police District (City of
Manila), Southern Police District (Las Pias, Makati, Muntinlupa, Paraaque, Pasay, Taguig, and
Pateros) and Quezon City Police District (Quezon City).[29]
Metro Manila has the highest rate of crime in the country in 2014, with 59,448 crimes reported
(excluding crimes reported in barangay level) with 25,353 of these crimes committed against
persons.[30] Following criticisms of high crime rate in Metro Manila, the Philippine National
Police launched a relentless anti-crime drive that resulted in the decrease of crimes in the
metropolis.[31][32] As of March 2015 Metro Manila's crime rate is down by 50%. From an average
of 919 crimes reported weekly, it has gone down to 412. Recorded robberies and theft also
decreased by 63 in just a month.[33] All the 159 police community precincts of Metro Manila will
be using the electronic blotter system in recording crimes starting June 2015.[34] The Bureau of
Fire Protection National Capital Region provides fire protection and technical rescue as well as
emergency medical services to the metropolis. It is broadly organized into five firefighting
districts: Manila, Quezon City, District II, District III and District IV.

The headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is located at Camp Aguinaldo, along
with the Department of National Defense, in Murphy, Quezon City. Aside from Camp
Aguinaldo, other military bases situated in the region are Camp Atienza and Fort Bonifacio.

The Philippine Army has their headquarters at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig. The Villamor Air Base in
Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the home to the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force
while the headquarters of the Philippine Navy is located at Roxas Boulevard, Malate, Manila.

The Philippine Coast Guard has their headquarters at Port Area, Manila. The Coast Guard NCR
District has its headquarters in Manila and has another Coast Guard Station in Pasig. It also has a
base in Taguig and maintains several detachments located in Navotas, Paraaque, Tangos, Vitas,
Manila North Harbor, Manila South Harbor and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.[35]

In 2012, the AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region was launched to ensure peace and
stability in Metro Manila, bearing the same function of the deactivated National Capital Regional
Command, although it operates on a much smaller size than its predecessor.[36]

Independent cities and municipality[edit]

The seventeen local government units of Metro Manila are administratively equal to provinces.
They are composed of sixteen independent cities, classified as highly urbanized cities, and one
independent municipality: Pateros.
 City or
Population Incorporat
municipalit Area[a] Density
(2015) [2]
ed (city)
y
sq /sq
km2 /km2
mi mi
12.3 30,00
Caloocan 1,583,978 53.20 20.54 78,000 1962
% 0
18,00
Las Pias 4.6% 588,894 32.02 12.36 47,000 1997
0
27,00
Makati 4.5% 582,602 21.73 8.39 70,000 1995
0
23,00
Malabon 2.8% 365,525 15.96 6.16 60,000 2001
0
Mandaluyo 35,00
3.0% 386,276 11.06 4.27 91,000 1994
ng 0
13.8 42,00 110,00
Manila 1,780,148 42.88 16.56 1571
% 0 0
20,00
Marikina 3.5% 450,741 22.64 8.74 52,000 1996
0
12,00
Muntinlupa 3.9% 504,509 41.67 16.09 31,000 1995
Primary local government 0
units of Metro Manila, 2012 22,00
Navotas 1.9% 249,463 11.51 4.44 57,000 2007
0
14,00
Paraaque 5.2% 664,822 47.28 18.25 36,000 1998
0
22,00
Pasay 3.2% 416,522 18.64 7.20 57,000 1947
0
24,00
Pasig 5.9% 755,300 31.46 12.15 62,000 1995
0
36,00
Pateros 0.5% 63,840 1.76 0.68[b] 93,000 Not a city
0
Quezon 22.8 165.3 18,00
2,936,116 63.83 47,000 1939
City % 3 0
21,00
San Juan 0.9% 122,180 5.87 2.27 54,000 2007
0
18,00
Taguig 6.3% 804,915 45.18 17.44 47,000 2004
0
14,00
Valenzuela 4.8% 620,422 45.75 17.66 36,000 1998
0
12,877,25 613.9 237.0 21,00
Total 54,000
3 4 4 0
a. ^ Land area figures are from the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience
 Australia.[37][38]
b. ^ Land area of Pateros from the Municipality of Pateros
official government website.[39]

Districts[edit]

Unlike other administrative regions in the Philippines, Metro Manila is not composed of
provinces. Instead, the region is divided into four geographic areas called "districts."[40] The
districts have their district centers at the four original cities in the region: the city-district of
Manila (Capital District), Quezon City (Eastern Manila), Caloocan (Northern Manila, also
informally known as CAMANAVA), and Pasay (Southern Manila).[41] The districts serve mainly to
organize the region's local government units for fiscal and statistical purposes.

Districts of Metro Manila

Districts of Metro Manila

District Cities/Municipality Population (2015) Area

Capital District 42.88 km2

Manila 1,780,148
(1st District) (16.56 sq mi)
 Mandaluyong
Marikina
Eastern Manila District 236.36 km2
Pasig 4,650,613
(2nd District) (91.26 sq mi)
Quezon City
San Juan
Caloocan

Northern Manila District (CAMANAVA) Malabon 126.42 km2
2,819,388
(3rd District) Navotas (48.81 sq mi)
Valenzuela
Las Pias
Makati
Muntinlupa
Southern Manila District 208.28 km2
Paraaque 3,626,104
(4th District) (80.42 sq mi)
Pasay
Pateros
Taguig
613.94 km2
Metro Manila 12,876,253
(237.04 sq mi)
Sources:

Population[2]
Land area[42][43]
Pateros area[44]

Future expansion[edit]

There is a high clamor for the inclusion of San Pedro, Laguna in Metro Manila. Support groups
from the local government and non-government organizations are striving to incorporate San
Pedro into Metro Manila by the year 2015. Once incorporated, San Pedro will be the 17th city of
the National Capital Region.

During the first cityhood anniversary of San Pedro last December 29, 2014, Guest of Honor
MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino said in his speech that San Pedro is being eyed as the 18th
member of Metro Manila. He also said that the proposal will push through at the first meeting of
the MMDA Council of Mayors in January 2015.[45][46]

Partition of Cavite[edit]

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte will sign into law through charter upon the annexation of Bacoor
into Metro Manila. Support groups from LGUs ang NGOs are striving to incorporate Bacoor into
Metro Manila by the year 2017. Last February 20-21, 2017, MMDA General Manager Thomas
Orbos planned to push through at MMDA headquarters to approve for the annexation of Bacoor.
Bacoor will become the 19th member of the National Capital Region.

Demographics[edit]
 Population of the
National Capital Region

Year Pop. % p.a.

1980 5,925,884

1990 7,948,392 +2.98%

1995 9,454,040 +3.30%

2000 9,932,560 +1.06%

2007 11,553,427 +2.11%

2010 11,855,975 +0.95%

2015 12,877,253 +1.59%

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[47][48][2]

The National Capital Region has a population of 12,877,253 according to the 2015 national
census. Its total urban area, composing of the urban agglomeration which refers to the continuous
urban expansion of Metro Manila into the provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Batangas
has a population of 24,123,000.[5] It is the most populous region in the Philippines, the 7th most
populous metropolitan area in Asia, and the 3rd most populous urban area in the world.

The most populous cities in Metro Manila are Quezon City (2,936,116), Manila (1,780,148),
Caloocan (1,583,978), Taguig (804,915), Pasig (755,300), Paraaque (665,822), Valenzuela
(620,422), Las Pias (588,894), Makati (582,602) and Muntinlupa (504,509).

Slums[edit]

Main article: Slums in Manila

In 2014, there are an estimated four million slum dwellers living in Metro Manila. Homelessness
is also a major problem in different cities of Metro Manila.[49]

Economy[edit]
The Makati Central Business District is the Philippines' seat of corporate power and also hosts
the highest daytime population for a CBD.

Ayala Tower One, the headquarters of the Philippine Stock Exchange

The National Capital Region accounts for 37.2% of the gross domestic product of the Philippines
in 2013.[7] Furthermore, it has the highest per capita GDP of the country at 183,747.[50] The
employment rate of NCR is at 89.6% as of 2012.[51] According to Brookings Institution, the 2014
share of output by industry in Metro Manila is as follows: trade and tourism: 31.4%,
business/finance: 28.6%, local/non-market: 15.6%, manufacturing: 12.5%, transportation: 4.9%,
construction: 4%, utilities: 2.8%, and commodities: 0.3%.[52]

Old downtown district of Manila.

Metro Manila will add 1.85 million square meters of office spaces between 2015 and 2017 in the
central business districts in Makati, Taguig, and Quezon City as more global firms such as
Google and HSBC seeks to outsource business process in the Philippines.[53] The vacancy rate for
office spaces remains low, at less 3% in the year-end of 2014.[54] Manila remains as the least
expensive capital city in the Asia-Pacific to occupy prime office space at an average rent of $22
per square meter per month.[55]

Metro Manila makes it to the "Global Top 30" cities according to property consultancy firm
Jones Lang Lasalle, citing its economic scale, vast population, large gross domestic product and
BPO specialization as its competitive edge.[56] Furthermore, the region ranks 3rd for the top
business process outsourcing global destinations, next to Bangalore and Mumbai.[57] The region's
retail sector remains strong, bolstered by remittances abroad, BPOs, and its tourism sector.[58]

Historically, the main business district of the metropolis was Binondo, where commercial trading
flourished since the 15th century. By the 1960s, economic activities shifted from Binondo to
Makati. It transformed Makati it into one of the leading financial centers in Asia. Still, Binondo
remained as a cultural and financial center because of the vast Chinese population residing and
doing business in the area.

The minimum wage of Metro Manila is at 481 ($10.77) for non-agricultural workers and at
444 ($9.94) for those working in the agricultural sector,[59][60] the highest minimum wage among
all the 17 regions of the country.[61]

Central business districts[edit]

Ayala Avenue, looking eastward, in the Makati Central Business District.

Prime business and commercial centers in the metropolis are Makati, the country's premier
financial center, Bonifacio Global City, Ortigas Center, Manila, Pasay and Alabang.

Metro Manila has plenty of mixed-use developments owned and developed by private
corporations such as the Ayala Corporation, Megaworld Corporation and SM Prime Holdings.
Ayala Land owns and develops Arca South in Taguig, Ayala Center in the Central Business
District, Circuit Makati, and The Cloverleaf, Vertis North and U.P.Ayala Land TechnoHub in
Quezon City. Meanwhile, the Lucio Tan led Eton Properties owns and develops Eton Centris in
the corner of EDSA and Quezon Avenue in Quezon City.

Makati, the sixteenth most populous city in the Philippines, is the premier business and
commercial center of the Philippines. The Central Business District is the headquarters to most
of the multinational corporations residing in the Philippines as well as the country's biggest
commercial firms and BPO companies.[62] The Central Business District has an office stock of 1.1
million square meters of Grade A and premium office space.[63] It is the home to the tallest
skyscrapers in the region as well as in the country.

Ortigas Center, showing the portion of Barangay San Antonio in Pasig.

Bonifacio Global City is the newest business district of Manila and is the premier financial and
lifestyle center of the metropolis. It is located in the north-western part of Taguig City. It used to
be a military base known as Fort Bonifacio. The Bases and Conversion Development Authority
(BCDA) privatized the property and its income from the sale was intended to be used for the
modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Upon its privatization, the place was
transformed it into a business hub featuring numerous tourist attractions such as The Mind
Museum, high-end shops, towering office skyscrapers, and luxurious lofts and condominiums.
Bonifacio Global City will soon overtake the Makati Central Business District as the premier
financial center of the country in the future. One of the reasons for it is that the Philippine Stock
Exchange will relocate its headquarters in BGC. Also, it has more spaces and land for future
developments. It is also the most active business district, generating over 50 percent of the
growth in property market and has more available space for rent or lease and sale than Makati.[63]

Ortigas Center is the central business district located in Mandaluyong and Pasig, with a small
portion of it located in Quezon City. Landmarks in Ortigas include the EDSA Shrine, Shangri-La
Plaza and the SM Megamall. Furthermore, The Medical City has its main campus in Ortigas
Center. Important financial and national institutions headquartered in Ortigas are the Asian
Development Bank, Union Bank of The Philippines and the National Economic and
Development Authority. Ortigas is also the home to the headquarters of San Miguel Corporation,
Jollibee Foods Corporation, Lopez Group of Companies and The Manila Electric Company.

The Araneta Center, Eastwood City, both located in Quezon City are the secondary business
districts of Metro Manila. Araneta Center is a secondary business district developed by the
Araneta Center, Inc. which is owned by the Araneta family. Its centerpiece is the Smart Araneta
Coliseum, one of the largest indoor coliseums in Asia and the main venue of the Philippine
Basketball Association. Eastwood City, located at the Bagumbayan area of Quezon City,
meanwhile is a state-of-the-art residential, commercial, business and entertainment complex
developed by Megaworld Corporation in Bagumbayan, Quezon City. It is the first cyberpark in
the Philippines.[64]
Main Central Business Districts

Makati Central Business District

Ortigas Center
Bonifacio Global City
Pasay City
Manila
Alabang

Mixed use Developments

Araneta Center
Arca South
Ayala Center
Bay City, Metro Manila
Capitol Commons
Century City, Makati
Circuit Makati
Eastwood City
Entertainment City
Eton Centris
Greenfield District
Newport City, Metro Manila
Riverbanks Center
Robinsons Cybergate
Rockwell Center
San Lazaro Tourism and Business Park
Triangle Park
U.P.-Ayala Land TechnoHub

Tourism[edit]

Main article: Tourism in Manila

The City of Dreams Manila, a 6.2-hectare integrated resort and casino complex in Paraaque
City.
Tourism is a vital industry of the region. Metro Manila is the main gateway to the Philippines.
Trade and tourism represents 31.4% of share of NCR's output by industry according to
Brookings Institution.[52] Metro Manila welcomed 974,379 overnight visitors in 2012, making it
the top overnight tourist destination of the country.[65] Manila is visited by the majority of
international tourists coming to the country registering a total of 3,139,756 arrivals in 2012.[66]

Metro Manila has opened 4,612 hotel rooms in 2015. It is also expected to exceed the 3,500
annual addition of hotel rooms in the next two years.[67][68][69] Global Blue ranked Manila as one of
the "Best Shopping Destinations" in Asia.[70][71] Metro Manila is home to some of the largest
shopping malls in the world, three of which are in the top 10. SM Megamall in Mandaluyong
ranks as the 3rd largest shopping mall in the world, followed by SM City North EDSA in
Quezon City bagging the 4th place. Meanwhile, SM Mall of Asia in Pasay ranks as the 9th
largest shopping mall in world. Other shopping malls in Metro Manila in the list of the largest
shopping malls in the world are the Ever Gotesco Commonwealth Center, Festival Supermall,
Greenbelt, Market! Market!, SM Aura Premier, SM Southmall and TriNoma.

Gambling in Metro Manila has also become a popular tourist attraction in the region. Metro
Manila is a popular gaming destination in Asia,[72] rivaling other major gaming destinations such
as Macau and Singapore.[73][74] There are around 20 casinos in the metropolis,[75] featuring
luxurious casino hotels and integrated resorts. Its thriving local gambling market makes Manila
attractive to casino operators.[76] Popular gaming destinations are Entertainment City in Bay City,
Paraaque which contains the City of Dreams Manila and Solaire Resort & Casino, and Newport
City in Pasay.[77]

Founded in 1571, Manila Cathedral has been rebuilt at least eight times, with its current
incarnation completed in 1958.

Intramuros is the historic center of Manila. Originally, it was considered to be Manila itself at the
time when the Philippines was under the Spanish Empire colonial rule. Owing to its history and
cultural value, Intramuros and Rizal Park are designated as flagship destination to become a
tourism enterprise zone in the Tourism Act of 2009.[20][21] Intramuros is managed by the
Intramuros Administration (IA).

The architecture of Intramuros reflects the Spanish colonial style and the American neoclassical
architectural style, since the Philippines was a colony of Spain and the United States before it
was granted its independence in 1946. Kalesa is a popular mode of transportation in Intramuros
and nearby places[78] such as Binondo, Ermita and the Rizal Park.
Popular tourist destinations in Intramuros include the Baluarte de San Diego, Club Intramuros
Golf Course, Cuartel de Santa Lucia, Fort Santiago, Manila Cathedral, Palacio Arzobispal,
Palacio de Santa Potenciana, Palacio del Gobernador, Plaza Mexico, Plaza de Roma, San
Agustin Church and its newest tourist attraction, the Ayuntamiento de Manila.[79]

Some of the country's oldest schools are founded in Intramuros, these are the University of Santo
Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620), and Ateneo de Manila University (1859).
Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo
Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola
Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952. Other prominent
educational institutions include the Manila High School and the University of the City of Manila.

Culture and contemporary life[edit]

See also: List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila and Annual events in
Metro Manila

Metro Manila is widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for mostly Filipino
books, movies, and television programs. Flores de Mayo is widely celebrated throughout all the
places in Metro Manila. The yearly Metro Manila Film Festival, inaugurated in 1966, is the
forerunner of all Philippine film festivals.

Arts[edit]

Main article: List of museums in Metro Manila

Interior of the Tanghalang Pambansa at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.

"Spoliarium", displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines

Metro Manila is the home to the National Museum of the Philippines, the national museum of
the country. It operates a chain of museums located in the grounds of Rizal Park just outside
Intramuros, such as the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology
and the National Museum of Natural History. The National Museum complex occupies the place
and buildings that were a part of a new capital center proposed by Daniel Burnham in 1901.
Prominent museums in Metro Manila include the Ayala Museum, Bahay Tsinoy, Casa Manila,
Lopez Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Manila, The Mind Museum, Museo Pambata, Museo
Valenzuela, Museum of Philippine Political History, Pasig City Museum and the Rizal Shrine.
Museums established by educational institutions are the Ateneo Art Gallery, Jorge B. Vargas
Museum and Filipiniana Research Center, Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,[80] UP
Museum of a History of Ideas, and the UST Museum of Arts and Sciences.

The national theater of the Philippines, known as the "Tanghalang Pambansa", is situated on a
62-hectare (150-acre) cultural center called the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex. The
complex is located between the cities of Manila and Pasay. Aside from the CCP, other popular
performing arts venue include Cuneta Astrodome, Mall of Asia Arena, Rizal Park, Quezon
Memorial Circle and Smart Araneta Coliseum. Other venues used are the UPFI Film Center and
UP Theater in the University of the Philippines Diliman. The famed Manila Metropolitan
Theater, also known as The Met, was constructed in 1931 and was known as the "Grand Dame"
among all the Art Deco theaters of Manila. Years of neglect forces its closure in 1996. The Met
will be restored through a tripartite agreement with the National Commission for Culture and the
Arts, the National Museum of the Philippines and the Escuela Taller.

Sports[edit]

A Philippine Basketball Association game held at the Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay.

The National Capital Region is the home to the headquarters of the ASEAN Basketball League,
Baseball Philippines, Philippine Basketball Association, Philippine Super Liga, Shakey's V-
League and the Philippines Football League. Collegiate leagues based in the National Capital
Region are the Colleges and Universities Sports Association, National Athletic Association of
Schools, Colleges and Universities, National Collegiate Athletic Association, National Capital
Region Athletic Association, State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association, Universities
and Colleges Athletic Association, University Athletic Association of the Philippines, Women's
National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Men's National Collegiate Athletic Association.
Two national sports complex is located in the region, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and
the PhilSports Complex. The Wack Wack Golf and Country Club has hosted major tournaments
such as the Philippine Open and the World Cup. Prominent sporting venues in Metro Manila
include the Smart Araneta Coliseum, Mall of Asia Arena, Filoil Flying V Arena and the Cuneta
Astrodome. The Greater Manila Area is also home to the Philippine Arena, the world's largest
indoor arena.[81] It is located in Bocaue, Bulacan and it has a maximum capacity of 55,000
people.[82]

Metro Manila's, and in general the country's main sport is basketball. Another popular sport in
the city are cue sports, and billiard halls are found in many places. Baseball, volleyball, football
and swimming are also widely played sports. NCR has been the champion of the Palarong
Pambansa for 13 straight years.[83] Manila Storm are a rugby league team training out of Rizal
Park (Luneta Park) and playing home matches at the Southern Plains Field, Calamba, Laguna.
The Metro Manila area is also home to a number of rugby union teams such as the Alabang
Eagles, Makati Mavericks, Manila Nomads Sports Club and the Manila Hapons.

Human resources[edit]
Education[edit]

See also: List of universities and colleges in Metro Manila

University of the Philippines Diliman is the flagship campus of the national university of the
Philippines.

Since the colonial period, Manila has been the center of education. The University of Santo
Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) and Ateneo de Manila University (1859)
are some of the educational institutions established during the colonial period. The country's
national university, the University of the Philippines, along with several state colleges and
universities calls the region as its home. Manila's University Belt in the form the largest
concentration of higher education institutes in the Philippines, making Manila the center for
higher learning in the country.

Prominent secondary schools in Metro Manila include the Philippine Science High School in
Diliman, Quezon City, the national science school of the Philippines and the Manila Science
High School in Ermita, the forerunner of all the science schools in the country. Primary and
secondary education is in the region is governed by the Department of Education-National
Capital Region (DepEd-NCR). Meanwhile, the higher educational institutions are under the
CHED-National Capital Region.

NCR has the highest literacy rate among all the regions of the Philippines, with 99.2% in 2008.
Literacy rate for males is at 99.0% while literacy rate for females is at 99.4%.[84] For the school
year of 20082009, Metro Manila has 511 public elementary schools and 220 public secondary
schools. There are 309 tertiary (public and private) institutions as of the year-end of 2009. For
the said school year, enrollment in public elementary schools is at 1,219,333, public secondary
schools at 661,019 and 687,096 for tertiary (public and private) institutions.[51]

Healthcare[edit]

See also: List of hospitals in Metro Manila

St. Luke's Medical Center Global City in Taguig, named as one of the best hospitals in the
world.

Healthcare in NCR is mostly provided by private corporations. 72% of Metro Manila's hospitals
are privately owned. As of 2009, the region has 179 hospitals. Quezon City has the most number
of hospitals while Valenzuela and Pateros do not have any.[85] In 2008, government health
workers in NCR comprises 590 doctors, 498 dentists, 4,576 nurses, and 17,437 midwives.
Furthermore, Metro Manila has 27,779 beds with a ratio of 2.47 per 1,000 population as of
2008.[86] NCR has the lowest malnutrition rate among all the regions in the country.[87]

The headquarters of the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, and
the World Health Organization Country Office for the Philippines are in NCR. The main office
of the Department of Health, the national health department, is also in the region.

NCR is designated by the Department of Health as the pioneer of medical tourism, expecting it
to generate $1 billion in revenue annually.[88] However, lack of progressive health system,
inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances for its
growth.[89] Under the Philippine Medical Tourism Program, there are 16 participating hospitals
(private and public) in Metro Manila with a total number of 6,748 beds as of 2013.[90] Five out of
six hospitals in the country accredited by the Joint Commission International are in the region,
these are the Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Makati Medical Center, St. Luke's Medical
Center Global City, St. Luke's Medical Center Quezon City and The Medical City.[91]

East Avenue in Quezon City is the location of prominent national health centers: the Lung
Center of the Philippines, National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Heart
Center. Other national special hospital in Metro Manila include the Philippine Orthopedic Center
in Quezon City, and the National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong. The Philippine
General Hospital, the country's premier state-owned tertiary hospital is located at the City of
Manila. The St. Luke's Medical Center which operates in Quezon City and Taguig, is a private
tertiary referral hospital cited as one of the best hospitals in the world.[92][93]

Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]

Main article: Transportation in Metro Manila

See also: Metro Manila Dream Plan

According to the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, public ridership in
Metro Manila composes of the following: 46% of the people go around by jeepneys, 32% by
private vehicle, 14% by bus, and 8% use the railway system.[94] Transportation development in
Metro Manila follows the Metro Manila Dream Plan, which consists of building short-term to
long-term infrastructure lasting up to 2030 and addressing its issues on traffic, land use and
environment.[95][96]

Roads and highways[edit]

Main article: List of roads in Metro Manila

A flyover at EDSA on its intersection with Quezon Avenue.

The roads of Metro Manila is built around the City of Manila. Roads are classified as local,
national or subdivision roads. There are ten radial roads branching out from the city. Also there
are five circumferential roads forming a series of concentric semi-circular arcs around Manila.
The circumferential and radial roads are systems of interconnected roads and highways. A
problem with the circumferential roads are the missing road links. These are the roads that are
not constructed (yet) to give way for development due to Metro Manila's rapid urbanization. The
metropolis is resolving this problem through the completion of missing road links or through the
construction of connector roads.

An important circumferential road is the Circumferential Road 4, the Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue or more popularly known as EDSA. It traverses the cities of Pasay, Makati,
Mandaluyong, Quezon City and Caloocan. MRT Line 3 follows the alignment of EDSA, from
Taft Avenue in Pasay up to TriNoma, terminating before it reaches Caloocan. Circumferential
Road 5 serves the people near the regional limits of Metro Manila and also serves as an alternate
route for Circumferential Road 4.

Prominent radial road include the Radial Road 1, composed of Roxas Boulevard and the Manila-
Cavite Expressway (Coastal Road) that connects Metro Manila to Cavite, Radial Road 3 or the
South Luzon Expressway that connects Metro Manila to Laguna, Radial Road 6, composed of
Aurora Boulevard and Marcos Highway that runs up to Rizal and Radial Road 8 or the North
Luzon Expressway that serves as the gateway to the north.

The radial and circumferential road system are being supplanted by a new numbered highway
system implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways, and new signage are
being placed with its implementation. Expressways are being signed with numbers with the E
prefix. National roads are assigned 1 to 3 digit numbers, except for those classified as tertiary
national roads.

At present, the construction of the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 and the NAIA Expressway
Phase 2 is ongoing, which are part of the Metro Manila Dream Plan. Other ongoing projects in
the dream plan include the rehabilitation of EDSA, and the construction of the missing road links
for the circumferential roads (e.g. Taft Avenue Flyover, Metro Manila Interchange Project Phase
IV).

Railway systems[edit]

Further information: Manila Light Rail Transit System and Manila Metro Rail Transit System

System map of the Manila LRT and MRT (current as of July 2015)
The J. Ruiz Station of the LRT 2

Metro Manila has three railway lines managed by two entities. The Manila Light Rail Transit
System (LRT) operates the LRT Line 1 (Green Line) and the LRT Line 2 (Blue Line). On the
other hand, the Manila Metro Rail Transit System operates the MRT Line 3 (Yellow Line) which
traverses EDSA.

Line 1 has a weekly ridership of 560,000 people.[97] In February 2014, a total of 14.06 million
passengers took Line 1 while 6.13 million took Line 2.[98]

The Manila Metro Rail Transit Line 7 (Red Line) is under construction. When completed, it will
connect Metro Manila to the province of Bulacan. Furthermore, a common station, connecting
Line 1, Line 3 and the future Line 7 is planned, although bureaucracy in the Department of
Transportation and Communications, corporate feud and issues related to its proposed location
are hindrances of its construction.[99][100][101][102]

LRT Line 1 is planned to be extended up to Bacoor in the province of Cavite.[97] A second

extension, the LRT Line 6, would link Bacoor with Dasmarinas further along Aguinaldo
Highway. Currently, the LRT Line 2 East Extension is under construction. The east extension
will connect Metro Manila to the province of Rizal. It will also be extended westward in the
future, thereby increasing connectivity to areas of Divisoria and in Pier 4 at the Port of Manila.

The Philippine National Railways operates a commuter rail service in Metro Manila called the
PNR Metro South Commuter. Its main terminal, Tutuban, is located in Tondo. When the LRT
Line 2 West Extension is completed, Tutuban may become the busiest interchange station in the
metropolis, adding another 400,000 people from the current 1 million people Tutuban Center
attracts.[103]

Air[edit]
Faade of Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3, the busiest airport in the country.

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) located in the cities of Pasay and Paraaque is
the premier gateway in Metro Manila. It is the only airport serving the region and it is the
country's busiest airport.[104] The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is divided into four
terminals namely: the Terminal 1, Terminal 2 which is exclusively used by the Philippine
Airlines, Terminal 3 which is the newest and largest in the NAIA complex and the Terminal 4
which is also known as the Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal. The other airport that serves
Metro Manila is the Clark International Airport located in Angeles, Pampanga.

Buses[edit]

Bus franchises in the region are regulated by the Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board. The Express Connect Bus is the express bus system that runs from its dispatch
terminal in Fairview up to the central business districts along EDSA. It aims to cut travel time
substantially and provide a faster, safer and more convenient bus service to commuters, who are
usually caught at the heavy traffic across the metropolis.[105][106] A second express bus link from
SM North EDSA, Trinoma and SM Megamall to Makati City opened in December 2015, and by
January 2016 was the line on which, for the first time in nearly three decades, a double-decker
bus traveled on EDSA, to the delight of motorists, followed by a 3rd link, this time from
Robinsons Galleria to the Ayala Center complex in February 2016 and a 4th in March linking the
Ayala Center to the Alabang Town Center in Muntinlupa via the Metro Manila Skyway. As of
the present express buses also link the Market Market mall to both the Nuvali residential
township and the Pacita Village complex in San Pedro, both in Laguna, in services launched in
2014, while intercity express buses have been in operation since 2015 to alleviate traffic on
EDSA.

Metro Manila will have its bus rapid transit system operational by 2018. The 27.7 kilometer
proposed BRT system will traverse Commonwealth Avenue up to the Manila City Hall. The
planned BRT system costs 4.9 billion ($109.5 million) and will have a fleet of 300 buses and 32
stations.[107][108]

Ferry[edit]

Main article: Pasig River Ferry Service

The Pasig River Ferry Service run by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority is the
ferry shuttle system of Metro Manila. It traverses the Pasig River from Plaza Mexico in
Intramuros to Barangay Pinagbuhatan in Pasig. Although it was referred to as a ferry, it is more
akin to a water bus. It has 17 stations, but only 14 are operational.

Utilities[edit]

Further information: Water privatization in Metro Manila

Water zones for Metro Manila and the surrounding areas. Maynilad Water Services operates in
the red areas while Manila Water operates in the blue areas.

Meralco is the sole electric distributor of Metro Manila. It generates its power from the National
Power Corporation and other independent power producers in Luzon. The Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) was responsible for the supply and delivery of
potable water and the sewarage system in Metro Manila. It was privatized in 1997 and the region
and its immediate surrounding areas was split into the east and west concession. The winning
corporations provides the same function of MWSS.

The Maynilad Water Services took over the west zone, which is composed of Manila (excluding
the southeastern part of the city), Caloocan, Las Pias, Malabon, Muntinlupa, Navotas,
Paraaque, Pasay and Valenzuela. It also operates in some parts of Makati and Quezon City.
Manila Water operates on the east zone, comprising the cities of Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig,
Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. It also operates in large areas of Makati and Quezon City and the
southeastern part of Manila, which was excluded from the west zone.

For garbage hauling, the region spent 4.221 billion ($93.855 million) in 2013. Quezon City
spent the most at 994.59 million ($22.115 million) while Pateros, NCR's only municipality,
spent the least amount of money on garbage at 9.478 million ($210,747).[109]