Chapter 5 Matter

Definition Anything that has mass Mass Matter has mass, therefore it has weight under the influence of Earths gravity
and occupies space Occupies space Matter also occupies space - therefore it has a certain volume
Matter has different Physicals properties The properties that can be Boiling melting point solubility Heat Ductility Malleability Densi
measured points conductivity ty
Chemical properties The properties of that Rusting combustibility Effect on Effects on Reaction with Reaction
undergo chemical reactions acids and lime water water with oxygen
when matter reacts with alkalis
other material

Kinetic theory of matter 1 All material is made up of minute particles that cannot be seen with the naked eye
2 The particles are discrete, exists individually and can be separated
3 All particles in pure substance (such as gold, are of all the same)
4 All particles in matter have kinetic energy, whether vibrating or moving freely

States of Matter Solids liquids gas

Condition

Space between particles Close together Further apart Very far apart
Arrangement of particles Arranged regularly & very close Arrange irregularly & close Arrange irregularly & very loose
Movements Only vibrate and cannot flow Move freely, randomly and slowly, can flow Move freely, randomly, very rapidly, can flow
Likely to collide with one another Very likely to collide with one another
Density Denser than liquid and gas Denser than gas but less denser than solids Less dense than liquid and solids

Characteristic of Matter
Shape Fixed shape Follow the shape of the container Follow the shape of the container
Mass Fixed mass Fixed mass No fixed mass
Compressibility Cannot be compressed Difficult to compressed Can be compressed easily
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume Do not have a fix volume
Diffusion A process whereby particles of matter disperse in all directions, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
 The random movement of liquids and gases cause diffusion.
Rate of diffusion Depends on the size of the space between the particles in matter
The larger the space between particles, the greater the rate of diffusion
Solid liquid gas
The rate of diffusion is low due to the The rate of diffusion is moderate due to the High diffusion rate due to the rapid dispersal
spaces between the solid particles are space between the liquids particles are of the particles of gas
very small moderately big
Changes in the states of
1. Matter can change from one state to another
matter
2. Matter changes states when the surrounding temperature changes
3. When the surrounding temperature rises, the particles of matter absorb heat from the surroundings
4. When the surrounding temperature drops, the particles of matter release heat to the surroundings.

Heating solid liquid gas

1. The particles of solids absorb heat
2. Heat energy transforms into kinetic
energy
3. The particles of solids vibrate more
strongly
Cooling
solid
7. The particles of solids release heat
8. The kinetic energy is very low
9. The particles of solids only vibrate
in fixed position
4. The particles started to move freely from the
fixed positions
5. Solids turn into liquids
6. The particles of liquids move freely and away
from each other.
liquid
4. The particles of liquids release heat
5. The kinetic energy reduces
6. The particles of liquids move more slowly and
closer to each other
7. The particles absorb more heat
8. Liquids turn into gases
9. The particles of gases move rapidly,
randomly and further away from each other
gas
1. The gas particles release heat
2. The kinetic energy of the particles begin
to reduce
3. The particles of gases move slower
The effect of heat on matter

Melting Solid absorb heat The particles obtain Heat is use to break the Particles move freely when the temperature
(Solid -> liquid) during heating energy and vibrate attraction force between the reaches melting point
faster particles
Boiling Liquid absorb heat The particles obtain Heat is use to break the Particles move freely and randomly when the
(liquid -> gas) when heated energy and move faster attraction force between the temperature reaches boiling point
particles
Happens when the
temperature of the liquid is
reaches the boiling point of
the liquid
Evaporation Liquid absorb heat The particles obtain Heat is use to break the Liquid is evaporated slowly and turns into gas
(Liquid -> gas) from the surroundings energy and move faster attraction force between the
particles
Can be occur at any
temperature
Condensation Gas release heat when The particles lose Particles stop to move and When the temperature reaches below boiling point.
(gas -> water) it is cooled energy and move vibrate at a fixed positions Gas will turn into water
slower and closer to
one another
Freezing Liquid release heat The particles lose Particles stop to move and When they reaches freezing point. Liquid turns into
(liquid -> solid) when it is cooled energy and move vibrate at a fixed positions solids.
slower
Sublimation Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) changes into white smoke
(solid -> gas)or (gas -> solid)

** During these physical changes, the mass remains constants because the quantity of particles does not change when heated or cooled. The only change that occurs is
the kinetic energy of the particles.
Chapter 4 Reproduction

Definition The process of producing new individuals from living organisms.

Reproduction Sexual Asexual
Involves reproductive cells Does not involved reproductive cells
Production of offspring through the fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a
Production of offspring without involving gametes
female gamete (ovum) to form zygote
Involves 2 parents of different sexes male & female Involves a single parent
differences During fertilisation, the nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote No fertilisation involved
Offspring are different from parents and show genetic variation The offspring produced have the same characteristics as the parent
(genetically identical)
Produce less number of offspring Produces large number of offspring
Less rapid produce of offspring Rapid produce of offspring

Common Produce new individuals

Ensure the survival of a species
Occurs in Human simples organisms Amoeba, Hydra, Paramecium
Vertebrates - Mammals, birds, fish, reptile, amphibian Plants (Onions , ginger, potato)
insects
Flowering plants

The 1. Ensure the survival and continuity of a species

importance of
Reproduction 2. Helps to maintain a balance ecosystems
2. Transfer the genetic information to the new generation

** Every baby born is the gift from God. Persecution and abandonment of babies are very cruel acts and should not happened

Types of fertilisation
Internal fertillisation External fertilisation
Fertilisation occur inside the body of the female Fertilisation occur outside the body of female
During mating, the male deposits his sperms into the females body Both sperm and ovum are release into the water simultaneously by the male and female
parents. After the sperm reaches the ovum, ferltilisation takes place in the water
The sperm from male reproductive organ will be release into female The sperm swims towards the ovum and fuses it.
reproductive organ which has the ovum and fuses to form a zygote

Most mammals, reptiles, birds and insects are internal fertilisation All aquatic animals like fish and amphibians are external fertilisation

Binary fission Budding
Division of a single Forming a bud on the
parent cell into two organisms body
daughter cell
Start off as a swelling then
develops and breaks off as
a new young
Type of Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration Spora formation Vegetative reproduction
Occurs from the ability of The process of producing Producing new plants from a vegetative part of a
the fragments of some spores in the sporangium plant
organisms ti grow dan
1.
develop into completely After the sporangium
2. underground stems potatoes
new individuals breaks, the tiny and light
3. runners grass
spores get scattered by the
4. bulbs onions
wind
5. leaves .
When they land on a moist
place, they grow into new
plants Vegetative parts

Leaves Stems Roots

Bryophyllum, 1. bulbs onion carrot, sweet

begonia 2. Rhizome potatoes
**except flower lotus
3. Tubers
Potatoes
4. Runner-grass

Example Bacteria, Hydra, yeast Flatworm, starfish, planaria Algae, fungus, fern
Amoeba, Paramecium
Human Reproductive System

Part Function Part Function

Seminal vesicle Secretes nutritional fluid for the sperms Fallopian tube Place where fertilisation between sperm and ovum occurs

Urethra Channel to discharge sperms and urine from the body Ovary Produces female gamete (ovum) and female sex hormones

Sperm duct Transports sperms from the testis to the urethra inside the Uterus (womb) Place where the embryo develops and grows
body
Penis Transfer sperms into the vagina of the female during Cervix Produces mucus to enable sperms to swim into the uterus
copulation
Scrotum Holds and protects the testes Vagina Receives sperms and as a channel through which a baby is born

Testis Produces male gametes (sperms) and male sex hormones

Prostate glands Secrete fluid which contains nutrients and protects sperm
cell
****Puberty The early stage of the maturity of the reproductive system
Boys (14 17 yrs old) girls ( 10 12 yrs old)
Physical changes voice Vocal cord enlarges and voice become deeper Breast grow
body Moustache and beard begin to grow Hips become firm and broader
Hairs grows on the face, armpits and chest Hairs grows on armpits
physiological Testis produce sperms and male sex hormones Menstruation and ovulation begin
Comparison between the Male and Female Gametes
sperm ovum
Reproductive cell
similarity
Contain nuclei that carry generic information to be transfer to the offspring

differences The structure of sperm The structure of ovum

Smallest cell in the males body Largest cell in the females body
Can live for 3 to 4 days Can only life for 1 to 2 days
Male gamete Female gamete
Able to move Cannot move by itself
Shaped like a tadpole Spherical in shape
About 300 million sperms are produced in a testis everyday Normally ovum is released every 28 days in the ovary
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual The breakdown of the lining of the uterine wall and discharge of blood through the vagina
Menstrual Cycle Refer to a series of changes that occurs in the uterine wall and the ovaries. It also involves the formation and release of mature ovum
This process is control by the brain and endocrine system which secretes hormone. Which means it can be affected by nutrient intake, abrupt
change in body weight, emotional changes and mental pressure
A normal cycle lasts for 28 days
Phases in the MC Day 1 -5 Day 6 - 11 Day 12 - 17 Day 18-28
Menstrual phase Repair phase Fertile phase Premenstrual phase
Irregular menstruation Infertility
may have negative effect Having difficulties in planning pregnancy
Health problem such as aneamia

The process of fertilisation and embryo implantation

1. Sperm will swim into 2. If an ovum is present in the
the vagina during Fallopian tube, fertilisation may
copulation occur. Sperm will fuse with ovum
in Fallopian tube and form a
zygote
3. After fertilisation, the zygote
will divide itself and become a
ball of cells known as embryo.
The embryo will be implanted on
the uterine wall at the uterus
The implanted embryo will grow and become a foetus that resembles
a human (baby). This process is known as pregnancy. After about 38
weeks the foetus will be born.

The importance and functions of the placenta and the umbilical cord
Factors Affecting the Development of a foetus and Baby

Substance Effect
Cigarette Baby may have low birth weight Miscarriage of foetus may happen
Baby may have a higher mortality rate
Baby may become retarded and have physical disabilities
Baby may be born premature
Alcoholic drink The baby may be born with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
Foetal development may be delayed
The brain , nervous system and the heart may be damaged
Drug Foetal defects may occur
Importance of Breast Milk Breast milk contains all the essential nutrients for a baby
Breast milk contains antibodies that can protect a baby from certain diseases
Relationship between mother and baby will become closer and it is important for the emotional developmentof the baby
Baby who consumes breast milk has better digestion compared to formula milk
Infertility and Contraception
Infertility Inability to produce offsprings

Factors of sterility in males and females

Male Both Female
Testes cannot produce sperms Hormone imbalance Ovaries cannot produce ovum
Low sperm count Defective reproductive organs or organs infected with Blockage in fallopian tubes
Produces low quality sperms disease Abnormal uterus
Impotent Health problems like diabetes Tumour in the uterus
Method to overcome sterility 1. Hormone treatment
2. Surgery
3. In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Mehod of contraception 1. Contraception pills 4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
2. implants 5. Vasectomy
3. Use of condom 6. Ligation

Plant Reproduction
Structure and Function of Each Part of Flower

Pollination

There are 2types of flowers, bisexual and unisexual flowers

Unisexual Bisexual

Pollination
The process of transferring matured pollen grains from anther to stigma.

Pollinating Agents