5

5.1
.

. (-
--, ),
( , )
.
,
:
( ) ,

, ,
.


.
( -
),
.

(down-the-hole operations DHT
operations) :
(Roller Cone Bits-RCB Rolling Cutter Bits rock
bits)
(diamond bits)
(Polycrystalline Diamond Compact bits-
PDC)
augers ( )
(drag bits),
.
.

5.2 (drag bits)

.
(two-blade fishtail bit). ,
(cutter blades) ( 5.1).
 ,
.

(i)

(ii)

5.1. (i) (ii)

(hardfacing)

(gummy), .
,
.
(bit nozzles),
.

.

5.3 (roller cone bits-RCB rolling

cutter bits rock bits)
(cones) (cutters) ,
1920, .
,
. ,

59
 ,
( ).
:
(shank), (bit legs), ,
(journal pins).
(interfit) .
(milled
teeth bit) ( 5.2) , (tungsten carbide
insert bit) ( 5.2).

() ()

5.2. : () , ()

,
.

.

.

,
.
( 5.2)
(milled).
(leading face)
.
, ,
,
.
,
.

60

, ---.
() ( 5.2)
(inserts) (buttons)
.
,
.
, (sharp, semi-
pointed) ,
.
:
(two cone bit),
,
(
).
(three cone bit),
, .
(four cone bit),
(26 in
), .

5.2.1 (three cone bit)

,
, ().
(pin)
. 5.3 5.4
, .

,
. (
),
.
.
,
. ,
.

.
.
,

( 70%
). .
. ,


.
(interruption)

61

.

K
B
(tooth crest)
(tooth root)

. 3
(interrupted tooth)

(reaming groove)

. 2 (spearpoint)

L
(gage with L configuration)

( )
[Cutter groove (intermesh area)] [trailing flank (full hard facing)]

( )
[leading flank (full hard facing)]
(tooth deletion)

T
. 1 (gage with T configuration)
( )

5.3. (milled teeth bit)

. 2 (flats)

(pitch break)

(nozzle opening)

(chisel crest inserts)

[intermesh area or groove]

. 3
. 1


(extended chisel crest insert) (gage row chisel crest insert)

(inner row inserts)

5.4.
(tungsten carbide insert bit)

62

.

.

.
1 ( , ) ,
.
,
.
:

1. () (journal
angle) ( 5.5)


(ball bearing)


(thrust button)
(gauge point)

(roller bearing)
.

(journal angle)
.

,
-, .

(journal angle) , 0
45,


. ,

.
-
5.5.
(journal angle) 33 36, .

2. ( ) (cone offset size)

,
5.6b.
.
,
. .
.
,
. ,
.
1
() , (journal).

63

( ---
).
, ,
. (scraping), ,
.

5.6. (a), (b)

( ).
4 0
.

3.

. :
() (interfitting)
.

.

.
(
5.7)

, .
() . ,

,

() .

5.7.
,

64
 ,

.


,
.
() .
, -
.

.


, -
.


( - ).
, -
(
5.8). (chisel-
shaped)
, -


5.8. .

.

( )
.
, .
.

(jet nozzles),

( 5.5
5.6).

, ,
, .

( 5.9).




, ,
5.9. .

65

- (International Association of
Drilling Contractors-IADC) 1972
. ,
(3) . 1987 IADC
( 5.1). 1992,
.

. (milled tooth),
1 3, , ,
. ( 1) ,
. ( 2)
.
( 3)
.
4 8,
, 5.1.

1 4.
.

, .. , ..

, , (seals),
.
33/8
25 in. ,
.

5.4 (diamond bits)

, :
,
(polycrystalline diamond compact bits
PDC bits),
(thermally stable
polycrystalline diamond bits TSP bits).

.
1.
( 5.10).
,
, .
,
.
,
, (.. ,
).

66
 5.1. IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors)
 5.10. (a) (), (b)
, (c) , (d)

,
.
(cutting interaction).
,
, (core barrel)
. ( 130
/)1,
.
. , 200-4500 /,
18-50 mesh,
.
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
10
Mohs . Mohs 1

1
1 = 0,2 gr

68
 (), 10 ().
,

.
.. 80000 bar (
50000 bar, C.45
15000 bar). (3650C), 1450C
().
, (
)
.
.
200 / .
5.11 .

,
,
-
().

,

.
-

. ,
(
)
( / -
) -

-
. -
, -

. -

() ,

. -
,
. -
-


.

5.11. ,
.

69
 ,
.
:
1. ,
, .
2. (1,5 m/h ),
,
.
3. 6 in ,
.
4. .
5. .
6. (),
.

,
.
.
2. (Polycrystalline Diamond
Compact PDC Bits)
(drag fishtail bit) .

. (
) () (
) ,
.
.

.

, (studs)
(-cutters) ( 5.12).

:
.
.
, .

.

( ) 3-4
,
( ) 2/
3/ .

800C.

70
 5.12.

3. (thermally stable
polycrystalline diamond bits TSP bits)
. ,
TSP

.

( 5.13). TSP

.

5.13.

71
5.4.1

,
- (International Association of Drilling Contractors-IADC)
,
.

:
D :
M : PDC
S : PDC
T : TSP
O :
1 4
.

1 4.
.
1 9
( , ,
, ). 5.2
.

15 in. .

5.5
,

, ,
, .
.
,
.

.
, ,
.
. 5.14
.
(bit weight force)
. (turning force)

.
(thrust force).
( -shear strength),
.

72
 5.2.
 5.14.

(bottom clearance
angle) .
, ,
( ), ---/
.

(offset) ,
, .


.
Maurer (1965),
(-)
. , ,

( 3 ).
, ,
, -
.
, Maurer 5.15.
(bit tooth) [ 5.15-()],
,

(crushed wedge) [ 5.15-()]. ,

(solid rock), ,
(fracture)
[ 5.15-(C)].

74
 5.15.
( )

75
 , ()
(broken rock) [ 5.15-
(D)]. , (ejection)
[ 5.15-(E)].
[ 5.15-( F,G)].
,
[ 5.15-()].
,
[ 5.15-(F,G)].
.

(offset) .

offset ( ).
.

,
(shearing) (crushing). Appl, Rowley Bridwell
(1974)
. ,

. (plowing
action) ( 5.16).

5.16.

(PDC bit) 5.17.
,

.
, (micro chipping)
, ,
.
.

76
 5.17.
(PDC bit)

5.6
H ( )

:
:
o (---, ,
)
o ( , , -
, , ..)
(, , )
,
. ,
.
.

. ,
,
.
.

.
,
( 11).

, ,
,
,
.

.
, .

, :

.

77
 ,
,
, .
,
,
.
1 8,

.
() , 4/8
-4 ( 5.18).

5.18.

, ,
(
),
. .

. .
,

.

5.6.1

.

,
,
(W) ,
(R).
,

(
) ( 5.19).
:
1 ,
,
3 ,
.
5.19. ,

.

78

. ,
.
,
:
, ,
, .
, ,
.

.
, :
,
,
,
(dip angles).
,
.
,
. ,
.

(undergauge).
.

.
.

.


-
( 5.20).
, 300 rpm

.

.


(
75 rpm). -
,

. -
5.20. ,
.

:

79
 (
)
( )
. .

5.6.2

. (flow rate)


.

.

.
, :
, , .
.
, (annular velocity)
20-25m/min .
:
: 30-40m/min
: 25-30m/min
,
:

(in) (l/min) (m/min)

17 3.000-4.000 21-28 (1)
12 2.000-2.600 32-41 (1)
97/8 1.500-1.900 42-53 (1)
8 1.000-1.600 43-69 (1)
6 600-800 51-68 (2)
(1)
5 in
(2)
3 in

. (jet nozzles)

.
80 m/sec, 80
150 m/sec.


.

80
. (, , , )
,
.
(
).
, ,
. ,
( 5.21).

() ()
5.21. () ()

( 5.22).


.


.



.

.

.
5.22. , ,
.

81