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Cl
mo
WK
MV
wk
%
MU
10
pr
90% wi ZU
%
yaar
20
Ma
rb
80% NG
tur
%
30
e
Wa mv
70%
%
ter
40
ng
s
60%
%
50
ws
50%
%
60
s
40%
ter
Pe
%
ma
Wa
rip
70
he
30%
nic
ral
%
lca
80
Wa
Vo
20% zu
Figure 2: Cl-F-B ternary plot from OBrian et al.
ter
%
90
s
fn
ra
10%
(2009).
Steam Heated Waters
SO4 HCO3
ln
80
20
10
90
70
60
50
40
30
%
%
%
FigureOH
zu
ZU
mv
MV
tg
TG
wk
WK
oh
1: Cl- SO4-HCO3 ternary anion plot. Data Tnkm
from Giggenbach and Goguel (1989).
The Na-K-Mg graphic is probably the most widely
used cation geothermometry plot, a ternary
Although high temperature bicarbonate reservoir
combining the sodium-potassium (Na-K)
fluids provide valid geothermometry in fields like
geothermometer with the potassium-magnesium (K-
Beowawe, Nevada, this type of reservoir is
Mg) geothermometer. Immediately after being
uncommon near andesitic volcanoes. In this volcanic
presented by Giggenbach, successive versions of this
context, a bicarbonate hot spring with some sulfate
plot were adopted by the geothermal industry so
and no chloride is more likely related to groundwater
rapidly that it became known as the Giggenbach
heated by steam from a deeper reservoir. A high
plot, although it was merely the most widely used of
sulfate spring is likely to be associated with a deeper
many effective cross-plots developed by Giggenbach.
boiling zone. Of course, such possible associations
The version here is similar to that of Giggenbach
are more definitive when combined with analyses of
(1991a). Giggenbach called this type of plot a
other water and gas constituents and with other
geoindicator because it organizes the plotted data
geoscience data sets, including geology, alteration,
points in a manner that illustrates both the evidence
resistivity and structural patterns. These types of data
that supports the interpretation of equilibrated water
provide an underlying context for the geochemistry
at high temperature but also the influence of shallow
interpretation that should always be considered.
processes and possible equilibration at lower
temperature.
Tclb
The ternary of chloride, lithium and boron in the
form presented in Giggenbach (1991a) is used to Na
distinguish fluids from different sources, to reveal
%
10
180ya
50
ar MU
60
ZU
sources. 280
70
30% 300 wk
320 Partial Equilibration fn
%
Seawater
80
340
20% rb
pr
%
20
10
70
60
50
40
30
%
%
%
relatively rare fluorite with which to re-equilibrate, Figure 3: Na-K-Mg ternary geothermometer plot.
WK
MV
OH
TG
mv
ZU
wk
oh
zu
tg
fluoride can be expected to be conservative. Figure 2
shows an example where this ternary was used to Some interpreters directly interpret mixing from this
illustrate different sources of two closely associated plot but because re-equilibration can produce a
sets of hot spring water in New Zealand. similar pattern, to verify such a claim, species
characteristic of the proposed mixing process should influence of shallow, low temperature processes,
be plotted. which have particular influence on the apparent Mg-
Ca equilibrium. It may be appropriate for reservoirs
Numerous case histories have illustrated the utility in carbonate rocks or fluids dominated by rock
and limitations of this plot for interpreting the chemistry rather than geothermal equilibration.
chemistry of neutral water from thermal springs and
exploration wells. Barnett et al. (2005), Mariner and XClHqtz
Janik (1995) and Maturgo et al. (2000) demonstrate This is the commonly used chloride-enthalpy
that extrapolations of a geothermometer trend based diagram for hot spring samples, with enthalpy based
on shallow samples can have excellent agreement upon quartz geothermometer temperature. Enthalpy
with both geothermometers and measured is derived from the Fournier and Potter (1982) quartz
temperatures from produced wells in the reservoir. A geothermometer using a fourth order polynomial
very recent case history by Casteel et al. (2010) curve fit of the enthalpy of pure water between 80C
illustrates the utility of this plot in the exploration of and 340C. The position of steam (2800 kJ/kg) is set
hidden geothermal systems and the development of with a data point on the enthalpy axis,
conceptual models. representative of steam separated between 200C and
260C. Considering the scale of the enthalpy axis, the
Xkms error introduced by steam separated at different
This cross-plot of the K-Mg geothermometer and the temperatures will be small. This plot is commonly
quartz (conductive) geothermometer is from useful in areas where steam separation and dilution
Giggenbach and Goguel (1989). The plot uses the are suspected and where there are many fluid sources
chalcedony geothermometer, which is often more for sampling, including wells. Maturgo et al. (2000)
appropriate to use than quartz for water from a lower demonstrate an application.
temperature source. By comparing two low
temperature geothermometers, it increases confidence Iso
in both if they agree. Disagreement between these This is a standard cross-plot of the stable isotopes of
two geothermometers might be due to dilution, water (18O D). It includes the World Meteoric
equilibration with amorphous silica, or perhaps some Trend line, the range of andesitic water as proposed
residual effect of an acid zone that invalidates the by Giggenbach (1992a) and a cluster showing steam-
geothermometry even though the water has been water equilibrium fractionation end members at
neutralized. different temperatures based upon data from Henley
et al (1984). The positions of the meteoric trend line
Xkmc label and the fractionation cluster can be modified in
Giggenbach and Goguel (1989) refer to this cross- cells above the isotope data entry columns on the
plot as a geoindicator rather than a geothermometer input sheet.
plot because it juxtaposes the potassium-magnesium
geothermometer with a measure of the partial 0
WK
g Lin
e
Mixin
dissolved Ca+2 and K+ on the other. The purpose of wk WK
140 C
oh
-40 120 C
Delta Deuterium - per mil
100 C Steam
en
pressure (PCO2) assume equilibrium between calcite -120
ric
Tr
eo
and the other mineral phases, PCO2 of analyses -140 M
et
GRID RH = -2.8
equilibrated vapor case, a number of the analyses from Rotorua plot on
3
the grid, but do not make a coherent pattern. Again,
15 23
23 26
equilibrated liquid this grid needs an accurate gas/steam ratio to be
350
2
325
36
38
discharges.
300
2228
275
1 40 43 8
Argon Error 41
250
16 5
42 12
225
30
0
FT-H2S
200
3
175
150
-1
LR
FT-H2S is similar to the CO2 version, but with the
125
100