G.

Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Eurocodes
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels

Eurocode 4
Composite Columns

Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal
Germany

1
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Contents Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: General method of design
Part 3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve
Part 4: Simplified design method
Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear

2
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 1: Introduction

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 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Composite columns Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

concrete encased
sections

concrete
filled hollow
sections

partially concrete
encased sections

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 G. Hanswille
Concrete encased sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

advantages:
high bearing resistance
high fire resistance
economical solution with regard to
material costs
disadvantages:
high costs for formwork
difficult solutions for connections
with beams

difficulties in case of later

strengthening of the column

in special case edge protection is

necessary

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 G. Hanswille
Partially concrete encased sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

advantages:
high bearing resistance, especially in case
of welded steel sections
no formwork
simple solution for joints and load
introduction
easy solution for later strengthening and
additional later joints
no edge protection
disadvantages:
lower fire resistance in comparison with
concrete encased sections.

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 G. Hanswille
Concrete filled hollow sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

advantages:
high resistance and slender columns
advantages in case of biaxial bending
no edge protection

disadvantages :
high material costs for profiles
difficult casting
additional reinforcement is needed for fire
resistance

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 G. Hanswille
Concrete filled hollow sections with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
additional inner profiles Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

advantages:
extreme high bearing resistance in
combination with slender columns
constant cross section for all stories is
possible in high rise buildings
high fire resistance and no additional
reinforcement
no edge protection

disadvantages:
high material costs
difficult casting

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 G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections Institute Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
for Steel and
and additional inner core-profiles Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Commerzbank
Frankfurt
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 G. Hanswille
Design of composite columns Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
according to EN 1994-1-1 Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Verifications for composite columns

Resistance of the member for

structural stability

General method

Simplified method

Resistance to local Buckling

Introduction of loads

Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load

introduction

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 G. Hanswille
Methods of verification in accordance Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
with EN 1994-1-1 Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Methods of verification

general method:

any type of cross-section and any

combination of materials

simplified method:

double-symmetric cross-section
uniform cross-section over the member length
limited steel contribution factor
related Slenderness smaller than 2,0
limited reinforcement ratio
limitation of b/t-values

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 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Resistance to lokal buckling Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

bc
concrete encased cross-sections cy b cy
cz
40 mm
Verification is not necessary where cz
b/6 hc
h
y
cz
concrete filled hollow section
z
t
d d t
max = 90 2 d max = 52
t d
t

partially encased I sections

fyk,o d
= max = 44
fyk t
t
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
b
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 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 2:
General design method

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 G. Hanswille
General method Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Design for structural stability shall take account of

second-order effects including residual stresses,

geometrical imperfections,
local instability,
geometrical
wo cracking of concrete,
imperfection
L creep and shrinkage of concrete
yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement.
L
wo = The design shall ensure that instability does not occur for the
1000 most unfavourable combination of actions at the ultimate limit
state and that the resistance of individual cross-sections
subjected to bending, longitudinal force and shear is not
E exceeded. Second-order effects shall be considered in any
+ - direction in which failure might occur, if they affect the structural
+ stability significantly. Internal forces shall be determined by
residual
elasto-plastic analysis. Plane sections may be assumed to
stresses due
- remain plane. Full composite action up to failure may be
to rolling or
assumed between the steel and concrete components of the
welding
member. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected.
The influence of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks
on the flexural stiffness may be taken into account.
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 G. Hanswille
General method of design Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

c
F e fcm

0,4 fc concrete
Ecm
c
w fct c1 c1u

cracked concrete s
fy ftm
plastic zones in structural steel
fsm
-
reinforcement
Es
+
fs - s
stresses in structural steel section
fc a Ev
fu
- - - - - fy
-
+
- Ea structural
steel
stresses in concrete and reinforcement
a
v
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 G. Hanswille
Typical load-deformation behaviour of Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
composite columns in tests Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

F [kN] e
A concrete encased section and
bending about the strong axis:
1600 F Failure due to exceeding the
e=100mm
ultimate strain in concrete, buckling
A of longitudinal reinforcement and
w spalling of concrete.
1200
e=160mm
B concrete encased section and
B
bending about the weak axis :
800 Failure due to exceeding the
F
ultimate strain in concrete.

400 concrete filled hollow section:

C e=130mm C
cross-section with high ductility
and rotation capacity. Fracture
of the steel profile in the tension
0 20 40 60 80 100 zone at high deformations and
local buckling in the
Deflection w [mm] compression zone of the
structural steel section.
16
 General Method Safety concept based G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
on DIN 18800-5 (2004) and German Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
national Annex for EN 1994-1-1 University of Wuppertal-Germany

c fcm s a
ftm fu
Ev
fsm fy
0,4 fc Ecm concrete
reinforcement Ea structural
Es
s
c1 c1u c v
a
steel
fct
u : amplification factor for ultimate
system capacity Rpl,m
R =
Rpl,d
Verification u R
N
E geometrical Residual
Imperfection stresses
u Ed
Rpl,m e +-
Ed
+
Rpl,d
NEd -
Ed wo=L/1000 wo

M -
wu w +
MEd 17
 G. Hanswille
Composite columns for the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
central station in Berlin Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

800
t=25mm 550

S235

t=50mm

1200
700
S355
buckling curve a

1,0
buckling curve b

buckling curve c

0,5 buckling curve d

-

Residual stresses

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0

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 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part IV-3:
Plastic resistance of cross-sections and
interaction curve
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 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Resistance of cross-sections Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

fyd fcd
fsd
Npla,Rd Nplc,Rd Npls,Rd
y

z Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls,Rd

Design value of the plastic
resistance to compressive forces: Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A c fcd + A s fsd

Characteristic value of the plastic

Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + A c fck
resistance to compressive forces:

Design strength: fyk fsk fck

fyd = fsd = fcd =
a s c
Increase of concrete
strength due to better = 1,0 = 0,85
curing conditions in case
of concrete filled hollow
sections:

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 G. Hanswille
Confinement effects in case of concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
filled tubes Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

fck ,c concrete
structural steel fck
a2,Rd + a2, a,Rd a2, = fyd
2
fck,c
c,r 1=1,125
2.0 2= 2,5
a,Rd = a fyd 1=1,00
1.5 2= 5,0

a fyd c,r 1.25 c,r

1.0

fck ,c = 1 fck + 2 c ,r c ,r
0.5
fck
a a 0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
t d d-2t

For concrete stresses c>o,8 fck the Poissons ratio of concrete is higher than the
Poissons ratio of structural steel. The confinement of the circular tube causes radial
compressive stresses c,r. This leads to an increased strength and higher ultimate
strains of the concrete. In addition the radial stresses cause friction in the interface
between the steel tube and the concrete and therefore to an increase of the
longitudinal shear resistance.
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 G. Hanswille
Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces t

taking into account the confinement effect: y
t fyk d
Npl,Rd = a fyd A a + A c fcd 1 + c
d fck

z MEd
e=
Basic values for stocky columns ao = 0,25 co = 4,9 NEd
centrically loaded: MEd
NEd
influence of a, = ao + 0,5 K 1,0
slenderness for
0,5 c, = co 18,5 K (1 0,92 K ) 0
fc
influence of load e e
eccentricity : a = a, + 10 (1 ao ) c = c, 1 10
d d fy
e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0

22
 G. Hanswille
Plastic resistance to combined bending and Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
compression Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

N The resistance of a cross-section to combined

interaction curve compression and bending and the corresponding
Npl,Rd
interaction curve may be calculated assuming
rectangular stress blocks.
NEd The tensile strength of the concrete should be
neglected.
Mpl,N,Rd= Mpl,Rd
The influence of transverse shear forces on the
resistance to bending and normal force should be
M considered when determining the interaction curve, if
the shear force Va,Ed on the steel section exceeds 50%
Mpl,Rd of the design shear resistance Vpl,a,Rd of the steel
fyd 0,85 f section. The influence of the transverse shear on the
cd
fsd resistance in combined bending and compression
zpl NEd should be taken into account by a reduced design
y - steel strength (1 - ) fyd in the shear area Av.
+ - VEd
(1-) fyd Mpl,N Rd Va,Ed 0,5 Vpla,Rd = 0
z 2
2 V
Va,Ed > 0,5 Vpla,Rd = a,Ed 1
Vpla,Rd
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 G. Hanswille
Influence of vertical shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Va,Ed Vc,Ed The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed

fyd 0,85fcd the resistance to shear of the steel section.
VEd The resistance to shear Vc,Ed of the
fsd MRd
zpl - - reinforced concrete part should be verified
fyd in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.
fsd NEd
+ Unless a more accurate analysis is
used, VEd may be distributed into
MRd= Ma + Mc+s NEd = Na +Nc+s Va,Ed acting on the structural steel
and Vc,Ed acting on the reinforced
concrete section by :
Ma fsd - Mc,+s
- zpl - Ma Mpla,Rd
Na Va,Ed = VEd
Nc+s MRd Mpl,Rd
fsd
fyd + Vc,Ed = VEd Va,Ed

Verification for vertical Mpl,a,Rd is the plastic resistance

moment of the steel section.
shear:
Va,Ed Vpla,Rd Vc,Ed Vc,Rd Mpl,Rd is the plastic resistance moment
of the composite section.

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 G. Hanswille
Determination of the resistance to normal Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
forces and bending (example) Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

b fyd Naf 0,85fcd

tf Ns
Naw,c VEd
As Nc Mpl,N,Rd
- zaw,c zpl - zs
y tw zc
hw zaw,t NEd
fsd zs
(1-) fyd Naw,t
+
Ns
Naf
Position of the plastic neutral axis: Ni = NEd
NEd + h w t w (1 ) fyd
Nc + Naw,c Naw,t = NEd zpl =
(b t w ) 0,85 fcd + 2 t w (1 ) fyd
(b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 ) fyd t w (h w zpl ) (1 ) fyd = NEd
Naw,c = zpl t w (1 ) fyd
Plastic resistance to bending Mpl,N,Rd in case of the Naw,t = (h w zpl ) t w (1 ) fyd
simultaneously acting compression force NEd and the
vertical shear VEd: Naf = b t f fyd

Mpl,N,Rd = Nc zc + Naw,c zaw,c + Naw,t zaw,t + Naf (hw + t f ) + 2 Ns zs Nc = (b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd
Ns = 2A s fsd
25
 G. Hanswille
Simplified determination of the interaction curve Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

0,85fcd fsd fyd

N Npl,Rd
A - -
A -
Npl,Rd
0,85fcd fsd MB,Rd = Mpl,Rd
C fyd
zpl - -
Npm,Rd hn
-
B +
Npm,Rd +
D fyd
2
0,85fcd fsd MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd
B fyd
M zpl - -
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd C 2hn
+ Npm,Rd
fyd
As a simplification, the interaction 0,85fcd fsd
curve may be replaced by a polygonal fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd
diagram given by the points A to D. zpl - - fyd
D
+
0,5 Npm,Rd

26
 G. Hanswille
Resistance at points A and D Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Point A Nplc,Rd Npls,Rd Npla,Rd

Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd
- M A ,Rd = 0
-
- b
fcd fsd fyd tf
Point D tw
hh
bc 0,5 Mplc,Rd Mpls,Rd
Mpla,Rd
- zsi - fyd ND,Rd = 0,5 Nplc ,Rd
hc fsd + MD,Rd = Mmax, Rd
0,85 fcd + zsi

(h 2t )2 t
Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd Mpla,Rd = Wpl,a f yd = f w + b t (h t )
f f f yd
4

Mpls,Rd = Wpl,s fsd = [ A si z si ] f ys

Wpl,a plastic section modulus of the
structural steel section
Wpl,s plastic section modulus of the cross- b h2
c c
section of reinforcement
Mplc,Rd = Wpl,c 0,85 fcd = Wpl,a Wpl,s 0,85 fcd
Wpl,c plastic section modulus of the concrete 4
section 27
 G. Hanswille
Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd ) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

At point B is no resistance to
- 0,85fcd 0,85fcd - 0,85
compression forces. Therefore
+ hn fcd
the resistance to compression
forces at point D results from the
additional cross-section zones in
fsd + + + compression. With ND,Rd the
2 fsd - depth hn and the position of the
hn plastic neutral axis at point B can
+ = + be determined. With the plastic
fsd bending moment M
n,Rd resulting
from the stress blocks within the
+ + + depth hn the plastic resistance
- moment Mpl,Rd at point B can be
- + hn calculated by:
fyd + 2fyd fyd +
Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd Mp ln,Rd
Point D
ND,Rd Mpln,Rd zpl
zpl + hn = Mpl,Rd
hn
MD,Rd ND,Rd Point B
28
 G. Hanswille
Plastic resistance moment at Point C Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

- 0,85 fcd 0,85fcd 0,85fcd

- The bending resistance at point C
- 2hn is the same as the bending
resistance at point B.

fsd + + + MC,Rd= Mpl,Rd

-
2 fsd
+ 2hn = fsd The normal force results from the
stress blocks in the zone 2hn.
+
+ +
fyd
2fyd
+ NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd
- - 2hn -
+ +
fyd

Point B Point C
zpl Mc,Rd
+ 2hn = 2hn
Nc,Rd
hn Mpl,Rd NC,Rd
29
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 4:
Simplified design method

30
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Simplified Method Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Methods of verification acc. to the simplified method

Design based on the
European buckling curves
K
Axial
compression

Design based on second order

wo
analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections

Resistance
of member Design based on second order
in combined analysis with equivalent geometrical wo
compression bow imperfections
and bending

31
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Scope of the simplified method Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

double symmetrical cross-section

uniform cross-sections over the member length with rolled,
cold-formed or welded steel sections
steel contribution ratio
A a fyd
0,2 0,9 =
Npl,Rd
relative slenderness
Npl,Rk
= 2,0
Ncr
longitudinal reinforcement ratio

A
0,3 % s 6,0 % s = s
Ac

the ratio of the depth to the width of the composite cross-

section should be within the limits 0,2 and 5,0
32
 G. Hanswille
Effects of creep of concrete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

e
Load
F [kN] F The horizontal deflection and
Fu = 2022 kN the second order bending
short term test
2000 moments increase under

L = 800 cm
wt
Fu = 1697 kN permanent loads due to creep of
wo concrete. This leads to a
1500 long term test reduction of the ultimate load.

30 cm
1000
The effects of creep of
30 cm

Fv = 534 kN concrete are taken into

500 account in design by a
permanent e=3 cm reduced flexural stiffness of
load the composite cross-section.

0
20 40 60 80 100
deflection w [mm]
33
 G. Hanswille
Effects of creep on the flexural stiffness Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

The effects of creep of concrete are Ecm Secant modulus of concrete

taken into account by an effective
modulus of elasticity of concrete NEd total design normal force
Ecm NG,Ed part of the total normal force that is
Ec,eff =
NG,Ed permanent
1+ ( t, t o )
NEd (t,to) creep coefficient as a function of the time at
loading to, the time t considered and the
notional size of the cross-section for notional size of the cross-section
the determination of the creep
coefficient (t,to)
2 Ac In case of concrete filled hollow section the drying of the
ho =
U concrete is significantly reduced by the steel section. A
good estimation of the creep coefficient can be
effective perimeter U of the cross-
achieved, if 25% of that creep coefficient is used, which
section
b b results from a cross-section, where the notional size ho
is determined neglecting the steel hollow section.

h h
t,eff = 0,25 (t,to)

U = 2 (b + h) U 2 h + 0,5b
34
 G. Hanswille
Verification for axial compression with the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
European buckling curves Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

NRd
buckling
=
cross-section Npl,Rd a
curve
1,0
buckling about b 0,8
strong axis Npl,Rk
= 2,0
= 0,85 0,6 Ncr
buckling about c
weak axis 0,4 b
= 0,85 Npl,k
a 0,2
c =
s 3% = 1,00 Ncr
0,2 0,6 1,0 1,4 1,8
3% < s 6 % b NEd
= 1,00 Verification: 1,0
NRd

= 1,00 b
Design value of NRd = Npl,Rd
resistance
b Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A s fsd + A c fcd
= 0,85

35
 G. Hanswille
Relative slenderness Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

fck relative slenderness:

fcd =
c
Npl,Rk
= 0,85 = 2,0
Ncr
characteristic value of the plastic
resistance to compressive forces
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A c fck + A s fsk

fck elastic critical normal force

fcd =
c 2 (EJ)eff
= 1,00 Ncr = 2 - buckling length factor
( L )

effective flexural stiffness

(EJ)eff = (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + EsJs ) Ke=0,6

36
 G. Hanswille
Verification for combined Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
compression and bending Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

N wo equivalent Verification
Npl,Rd
geometrical bow
imperfection max MEd MRd = M Mpl,Rd
NEd M= 0,9 for S235 and S355
wo
M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
M Mpl,Rd
bending moments taking into
Mpl,N,Rd
M account second order effects:
1
MRd Mpl,Rd max MEd = NEd w o
N
1 Ed
fyd 0,85fcd Ncr
Mpl,N Rd
2 (E J)eff ,II
- - NEd Ncr =
2L2
(1-) fyd +
Effective flexural stiffness
fsd VEd
The factor M takes into account the (EI)eff ,II = K o (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + Es Js )
difference between the full plastic and the
elasto-plastic resistance of the cross-section with K e,II = 0,5 K o = 0,9
resulting from strain limitations for concrete. 37
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Equivalent initial bow imperfections Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Buckling curve

a b c

3% < s 6%

s 3%

Member imperfection
wo= L/300 wo= L/200 wo= L/150
38
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Imperfections for global analysis of frames Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

sway imperfection Global initial sway imperfection acc. to EN 1993-1-1:

NEd,1 NEd,2
= o m h

o basic value with o = 1/200

h
h reduction factor for the height h in [m]

2 2
h = but h 1,0
h 3
m reduction factor for the number of columns in a row
equivalent forces
1
NEd,1 NEd,1 NEd,2
NEd,2 m = 0,5 1+
m
m is the number of columns in a row including only
those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not
NEd,1 NEd,2 less than 50% of the average value of the column
in a vertical plane considered.
39
 G. Hanswille
Frames sensitive against second order effects Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

imperfections Within a global analysis, member imperfections in

NEd,1 NEd,2 composite compression members may be
neglected where first-order analysis may be
Npl,Rk used. Where second-order analysis should be
> 0,5 used, member imperfections may be neglected
L1 NEd,2
1 L2
within the global analysis if:
2

Npl,Rk w0 Npl,Rk
0,5 0,5
NEd,1 NEd,i

NEd,1
w Npl,Rk
NEd,2
4 o NEd,2 =
L2 Ncr
NEd,1 1 NEd,2 2
2 (EJ)eff
equivalent
q=8
wo
NEd,2 Ncr =
forces L22 L2i
NEd,1 1
NEd,2 2 w (EJ)eff = (EaJa + 0,6 Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )
4 o NEd,2
L2 40
 G. Hanswille
Second order analysis Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Bending moments including second order effects:

N
r MR
r MR r sin (1 ) + sin cos (0,5 )
M() = MR + Mo 1
sin cos ( / 2)

M r cos (1 ) + cos sin (0,5 )

EJ Vz ()= R + Mo 1
L sin cos ( / 2 )
q wo 1 NEd
L 2
Mo = (q L + 8 N w o ) = L
Mmax (E J)eff ,II
2
M dM

Maximum bending moment at the point M: d = 0

1+ c 2
Mmax = [0,5 M ( 1 + r ) + Mo ] M0
cos(0,5 )
MR
M (r 1) 1
c= M = 0,5 +
arctan c
MR M (1 + r ) + 2 Mo tan (0,5 )

41
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Simplified calculation of second order effects Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

k Exact solution:
r=1,0
r MR N
4,0
r MR 1+ c 2
r=0,5 Mmax = 0,5 MR ( 1 + r )
cos(0,5 )
r 1 1
r=0 c=
3,0 EJ 1 + r tan (0,5 )
r= - 0,5
L M Mmax arctan c NEd
M = 0,5 + = L
(E J)eff ,II
2,0

simplified solution:
MR
1,0
MR Mmax = 0,66 + 0,44 r
exact method k= =
MR 1 NEd
simplified method
Ncr 0,44
N
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 Ncr
42
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Background of the member imperfections Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

NRd NEd=NRd Bending moment based on second

N =L order analysis:
(EJ)eff ,II
8 w o (EJ)eff ,II 1
M= 1
L2 cos( / 2)
NRd
wo Resistance to axial compression
based on the European buckling
Mpl,Rd curves:
NRd = Npl,Rd

Bending resistance:
M
MRd Mpl,Rd MRd = M Mpl,Rd

The initial bow imperfections were Determination of the equivalent bow

recalculated from the resistance to imperfection:
compression calculated with the
M d Mpl,Rd L2
European buckling curves. wo =
1
8 (EJ)eff ,II 1
1 cos ( / 2)
43
 Geometrical bow imperfections G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
comparison with European buckling Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
curves for axial compression University of Wuppertal-Germany

NRd ( )
j =
NRd ( w o ) 1 C20/S235
500
1,2 2 C40/S355
1
2 3
400 1 3 C60/S355
1,1

2 1,0
300
0,9
L 3 wo= l/300
j=
200 wo 0,8

1,0 2,0

0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0
The initial bow imperfection is a The use of constant values for wo leads to
function of the related slenderness maximum differences of 5% in
and the resistance of cross-sections. comparison with the calculation based on
In Eurocode 4 constant values for w0 the European buckling curves.
are used.
44
 Comparison of the simplified method with non- G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
linear calculations for combined compression Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
and bending University of Wuppertal-Germany

N
Npl,Rd Resistance as a function of the
related slenderness
k = 0,50
1,0
Plastic cross-section
resistance
k = 1,00
Npl,Rk
0,8 = k = 1,50
Ncr
k = 2,00
0,6

0,4 general method

0,2 simplified method

M
Mpl,Rd
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

45
 G. Hanswille
Resistance to combined compression Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
and biaxial bending Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

The resistance is given by a three-

N dimensional interaction relation. For
NEd simplification a linear interaction
Npl,Rd
Npl,Rd between the points A and B is used.
Interaction
Mz, N Interaction My,Rd (NEd ) = dy Mpl,y,Rd
My, N Mz,Rd (NEd ) = dz Mpl,y,Rd
z,Ed y,Ed
dy Interaction My,Ed = y,Ed My,Rd
B
dz My, Mz, NEd
Mz,Ed = z,Ed My,Rd
A
Approximation:
y,Ed z,Ed approximation for the
+ 1,0
dy dz interaction curve:
y,Ed z,Ed
My + 1,0
dy dz
Mz Mpl,y,Rd
Mpl,z,Rd Interaction My,Ed Mz,Ed
+ 1,0
My, Mz dy Mpl,y,Rd dz Mpl,z,Rd

46
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Verification in case of compression an biaxial Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
bending University of Wuppertal-Germany

N
For both axis a separate verification Npl,Rd
is necessary.
NEd
My,Ed Mz,Ed Npl,Rd dy
M M
dy Mpl,y,Rd dz Mpl,y,Rd
My,Rd
Verification for the interaction of biaxial Mpl,y,Rd
bending.
N
My,Ed Mz,Ed Npl,Rd
+ 1,0
dy Mpl,y,Rd dz Mpl,y,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd dz
Imperfections should be considered
only in the plane in which failure is Mz,Rd
expected to occur. If it is not evident Mpl,z,Rd
which plane is the most critical,
checks should be made for both M= 0,9 for S235 and S355
planes. M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
47
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 5:
Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles

48
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Composite columns General Method Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Commerzbank Frankfurt

Millennium Tower Vienna

New railway station in Berlin

(Lehrter Bahnhof)
Highlight Center
Munich

49
 G. Hanswille
Composite columns with concrete filled Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
tubes and steel cores special effects Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Resistance based on stress blocks (plastic

MRd
resistance) M =
Mpl,Rd
tube core concrete
fy fy fc Cross-sections with
M massive inner cores have
a very high plastic shape
factor and the cores can
N
have very high residual
stresses. Therefore these
Non linear resistance with strain limitation for concrete
columns can not be
design with the simplified
strains fy fy fc method according to EN
1944-1-1.
M ED

r
50
 G. Hanswille
Residual stresses and distribution of the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
yield strength Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

distribution of yield strenght

ED [N/mm2] fyk fy(r)
300
250 fyk characteristic value
of the yield strenght
200 U = dk 2
fy (r ) r
150 A = dk2 / 4 rk
fyk
= 0,95 + 0,1
rk
100 dk

50
U/A [1/m]
10 20 30 40 50
dK [mm] residual stresses:
ED
400 200 130 100 80
2r2
E (r ) = ED 1
rK
2
dK d
r, rk
51
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
General method Finite Element Model Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

stresses in the tube

load introduction initial bow imperfection

cross-section stresses in concrete

52
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Part 6:
Load introduction and
longitudinal shear

53
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction over the steel section Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

NEd load introduction by headed studs within the

load introduction length LE

d minimum transverse dimension of

2d
LE the cross-section
L / 3
PD LE < 2,0 d L member length of the column

sectional forces of the cross-section :

Nc,Ed Ns,Ed Npl,a Npl,s Npl,c
Na,Ed = NEd Ns,Ed = NEd Nc,Ed = NEd
Na,Ed Npl,Rd Npl,Rd Npl,Rd
Aa
As
required number of studs n resulting from the
sectional forces NEd,c+ NEd,s:
d Ac
Npl,a VL,Rd = n PRd
VL,Ed = Nc,Ed + Ns,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd

PRd design resistance of studs

54
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction for combined comression and Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
bending Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

sectional forces due to NEd

und MEd sectional forces based on plastic theory

MEd NEd MRd = Ma,Rd + Mc + s,Rd NRd = Na,Rd + Nc + s,Rd

0,85fcd MRd
Ma;Rd fsd Mc,+s,Rd
zpl - -
N + =
Npl,Rd fyd
+ Na,Rd Nc+s,Rd NRd
1,0 fsd

Ed Na,Ed Ma,Ed Nc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed

Na,Ed Ma,Ed NRd = = = =
Rd Na,Rd Ma,Rd Nc + s,Rd Mc + s,Rd
Npl,Rd
Nc,Ed +Ns,Ed
NEd
Npl,Rd Rd M
2
N
2
Mc,Ed +Ms,Ed M Rd = Ed + Ed
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
Ed Mpl,Rd

MEd MRd 1,0

2 2
Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd M N
Ed = Rd + Rd
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd

55
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction Example Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

sectional forces based on stress blocks:

fyd
fsd fcd -Ns,i
Nc + s,Rd = Nc + Nsi
- Ma;Rd -Nc Zs
zpl - Mc,+s,Rd
Mc + s,Rd = Nc zc + Nsi z si
zc
Na,Rd Zs
-Nc+s,Rd
+
fsd Ns,i

shear forces of studs based on elastic theory shear forces of studs based on plastic theory

2 2
N Mc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed N M
max PEd = c + s,Ed
+ xi + zi max PEd = c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed
n ri
2 r 2 n eh 0,5 n
i

n number of
PEd(N) zi studs within the
xi
Ped,v ri load introduction
eh
Ped,h P (M) length
Ed

Nc+s,Ed Mc+s,Ed
Mc+s,Ed Nc+s,Ed
56
 G. Hanswille
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
to the web of partially encased I-Sections Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

PRd

Dc

PRd / 2 PRd / 2

Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a fully or

partially concrete encased steel I-section or a similar
VL,Rd = PRd + VLR,Rd
section, account may be taken of the frictional forces that
develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the
concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance may
be added to the calculated resistance of the shear
connectors. The additional resistance may be assumed to
be on each flange and each horizontal row of studs, where
is the relevant coefficient of friction that may be assumed.
For steel sections without painting, may be taken as 0,5.
VLR,Rd = PRd PRd is the resistance of a single stud.
57
 G. Hanswille
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
to the web of partially encased I-Sections Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd

VLR,Rd/2

< 300 < 400 < 600

1
PRd,1 = 0,29 d2 fck Ecm
v
VL,Rd = n PRd + VLR,Rd VLR,Rd = PRd PRd= min
d2 1
PRd,2 = 0,8 fu

4 v

In absence of better information from tests, the clear distance between

the flanges should not exceed the values given above.
58
 G. Hanswille
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
to the web of partially encased I-sections Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

F F F F
F [kN]
3500

3000

2500

2000
test series S1 test series S2
1500
test S3/3
1000
test S1/3
500
w [mm]
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

59
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction longitudinal shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
forces in concrete Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

NEd NEd Longitudinal shear force in section I-I:

Npl,a A c1 0,85 fcd + A s1 fsd

VL,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd A c 0,85 fcd + A s fsd
Dc Dc
Longitudinal shear resistance of concrete struts:
Zs
LE D c y 0,85 fcd
Zs Zs c VL,Rd,max = 4 LE =45o
cot + tan

= 0,6 (1 ( fck / 250 )) with fck in N / mm 2

I I

I longitudinal shear resistance of the stirrups:

I
As
VL,Rd,s = 4 fyd cot LE
cy bc cy sw
sw- spacing of stirrups
not directly connected concrete
area As1
As- cross-section area of the stirrups
60
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction longitudinal shear Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
forces in concrete test results Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

F [kN]
2000

Fu = 1608 kN

1500

1000 F
F
w test I/1

500

w [mm]
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 61
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction Examples Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
(Airport Hannover) Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Load introduction with

gusset plates

62
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction with partially loaded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
end plates Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Load introduction with

partially loaded end plates

63
 G. Hanswille
Load introduction with distance plates for Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
columns with inner steel cores Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

distance plates

Post Tower Bonn

64
 G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Load introduction Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

stiffeners and
gusset plate distance plates
end plates

Stiffener
c
c
Distance c
plate

65
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Mechanical model Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ac t fy
PcR,m = fc A1 1+ cL
A1 d fc c
a
A1

Effect of
Effect of partially
confinement by the Ac
loaded area
tube

c,r
a,t
a,t
c,L = 3,5 c,L = 4,9
66
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Typical load-deformation curves Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

P [MN]

series SXIII
2.5 Pu

2.0 Pu,stat
P
1.5
P [MN]
1.0 Pu series SV
5.0
0.5
[mm] 4.0 Pu,stat

0
P
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 3.0

2.0

1.0
[mm]

0 5 10 15 20

67
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Test evaluation according to EN 1990 Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

re [MN]
10,0 Pc,Rm

8,0
41 tests
Vr= 0.14
6,0
Pc,Rk = 0.78 Pc,Rm c
4,0 a,x
A1

2,0 Pc,Rd = 0.66 Pc,Rm

rt [MN]

2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 Ac

t fy Ac c,r
PcR,m = fc A 1 1+ cL
d fc A1
a,y a,y
68
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Load distribution by end plates Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

~1d

F [kN]

Fu
6000
ts tp
Fu = 6047 kN
4000 Fu,stat = 4750 kN
c
u = 7.5 mm

2000 bc

[mm] bc = t s + 5 t p
5,0 10,0 15,0
69
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Design rules according to EN 1994-1-1 Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

ts Load distribution 1:2,5

t fyk A c A c fcd tp
c,Rd = fcd 1+ cL fyd A1
d fck A1 A1

fck concrete cylinder strength Ac

20 c,Rd
t wall thickness of the tube A1
d diameter of the tube
fyk yield strength of structural steel bc bc
A1 loaded area bc = t s + 5 t p
Ac cross section area of the concrete
c,L confinement factor
c,L = 4,9 (tube)
c,L = 3,5 (square hollow sections)

70
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Verification outside the areas of load introduction Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

F
Outside the area of load introduction,
A longitudinal shear at the interface

pure bond
between concrete and steel should be
(adhesion) verified where it is caused by
transverse loads and / or end
moments. Shear connectors should
B be provided, based on the distribution
of the design value of longitudinal
mechanical
interlock
shear, where this exceeds the design
shear strength Rd.
In absence of a more accurate
method, elastic analysis, considering
C
long term effects and cracking of
friction concrete may be used to determine
the longitudinal shear at the interface.
r
71
 G. Hanswille
Design shear strength Rd Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

bc
cy b cy Rd,o= 0,30 N/mm2

concrete cz Rd = Rd,o c
encased c
h hc c = 1 + 0,02 c z 1 z,min 2,5
sections cz
y
cz cz- nominal concrete cover [mm]

z cz,min=40mm (minimum value)

concrete filled tubes flanges of partially

encased I-sections
Rd= 0,55 N/mm2 Rd= 0,20 N/mm2

concrete filled webs of partially

rectangular hollow encased I-sections
sections Rd= 0,0 N/mm2
Rd= 0,40 N/mm2
72
 G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany

Thank you very

much for your kind
attention
73