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    CSIR Net GATE IIT JAM TIFR JEST Notes

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    98 Ansichten130 Seiten

    IIT JAM Physics Past Questions Career Endaevour

    Hochgeladen von

    Swashy Yadav
    CSIR Net GATE IIT JAM TIFR JEST Notes

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    An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institute a be UTE 7 ae HSS ce) A High Quality Study Material aa Higher Level Exam for V.G. & P.G. Students Linear Aigebra Z ry Ph. : 011-26537527, 9999183434, 9899161734, 8588844789 y Chapter Lt 12 13 14 Ls 16 17 18, Chapter 2: Linear Transformation and Its Properties 2a 22 23 24 25 Chapter 3: Matrices and Their Properties Ba 32 33 34 38 36 BT Chapter 4 42 43 44 45 Chapter 5: Inner Product and Its Properties Ss. ‘ector Space and Its Basic Properties Definitions sven Properties on Vector Space Propositions on Subspaces sx Propositions on Direct Sum and Quotient Space jvm Properties of Linearly Independent and Dependent and Basi Counting of Ordered Linearly Independent Set and Subspace .... Examples on Vector Spaces and Their Dimension ‘Subspaces and Their dimension Definitions Kinds of Linear Transformation ‘Some Important Linear Operators .. Properties on Linear Transformations «nw System of Linear Equations Definitions Special Matrices . Properties of Matrices Properties of Determinants Properties of Inverse of a Matrix ‘Rank of a Matrix Properties of Trace of a Matrix . jen Values and Eigen Function Similarity of Matrices and Diagonalization Important Linear Operator / Matrices Canonical Forms Jordan Canonical Form Definition 5.2‘ Inner Product Space .... 5.3 Some Important Definitions er. 5.4 Quick Review on Inner Product Spaces ... Chapter 6: Bilinear Form and Quadratic Form 61 Bilinear Form . 6.2 Quadratic Form 6.3 Definite, Semi-Defi 68 65 Assignment Sheet - 1 Assignment Sheet - 2 Assignment Sheet -3 .. Assignment Sheet - 4 Assignment Sheet ~ 5... Assignment Sheet - 6 6 ;CHAPTER 1 7VECTOR SPACE AND ITS BASIC PROPERTIES B : Definitions Internal Composition: Let 4 be a set. Then the mapping f:4xA—> Ais | said to be internal composition and it also called vector addition Example: Consider B, the set of all real numbers Let f:RxR—R be defined as: f((a,b))=ab V(ajb)eRxR,a,beR Then f is an internal composition in R. External Composition: Let and be any two noi-empty sets, then the mapping f: VxF—> is said to be an extemal coniposition in V over F. ‘Also called scalar multiplication Vector Spaces: Let (F, +, .) be the given field then-the elements of F are called scalars, And let V, be a non-empty set) Hiei the elements of V are called vectors. Vis said to be a vector space over thésfield’ then the elements of F are called scalars where as if the following postilites are satisfied under vector addition '+' and scalar multiplication '«' 1. (V+) isabelian group 2. Vae F and VxeV,areV.Closed under scalar multiplication 3. ala+y)=axtayVae F and Vx,y eV 4, (atb)x-axtbx VabeFand vreV 8. (ab)x=a(bx),Wa,b eF &xeV 6. Lx=8)WreV Note: + Lis the unity element in the field F # 0s the zero element of V and 0 is the zero element of F. ‘+ The vector space of V over the field F is denoted as V(F). + V(F) isa real vector space if F is the field R. of real numbers. ‘+ V(F) is a rational vector space if F is the field Q of rational numbers. + V(F) is 4 complex vestor space if Fis the field C of complex numbers. “| L 13. (_ SRE Saarecrned ee Rete CSOs eg Properties on Vector Space 1. If xy, and than x=) € vectors in a vector space V such that x+z 2. Inany vector space V’, the following. statements are true a. Ox=0 foreach xeV “ b. Calx ~(ax) \(-x) for each ac F and each x eV. c. a0 =0 foreach ae F Subspace: A subset W of a vector space V over field F is called a subspace of Vif Wis a vector space over F with the operations of addition and scalar multiplication defined on ¥. Improper and Proper Subspaces: If V is any vector Space then V itself is | ‘a subspace of ¥”. The subset consisting of the zero vector aide i.e. [Ohis's subspace of V always, called the zero subspace of K~These-two subspaces are called Improper subspaces. The subspaces otier han-{0} and V are called proper subspaces. ‘Tests for Showing Subspaces — Two-Step Test: A subset IV of a vector space PF’) i8 a sub space of V iff o™~ 1. W is non-empty 2 veyeW ox yew 3. vaeF,xeW >axeW One-Step Test: A non-empty subset of a vector space V(F) is a subspace of V(F)iff ax +PyeW’.Va,BeF and vx, yeW Propositions on Subspaces = 1. Let V be a vector space over F. A nonempty subset W of V is a subspace of V if and only if av+PveW for all a,B 6 Any subspace of V that contains both 17, and H must also contain Wi +Whi.e., Wi +s the smallest subspace contains both Wand Wz Direct Sum: If H¥; & Wbe two subspaces of a vector space (F) then the intemal direct sum of Hf & W is denoted by HV; ®W¥ and each element of W, ©, can be expressed as a sum of unique clements of H; &I,.ie. If every element of can be expressed as a sum of unique element of HF, & 3 then V = W@W, 214, (rt Feria Sar Haut hos, Non LT, New Deli 10066 Ph (01) 2697527, Cel 944M & HPNIT,SERRETED " Note: If W, & W, be two subspaces of a vector space V(F) such that V = W@W then HW; & W,ate called complement to each other. Theorem: A vector space V is called the Direct sum of W;and W) if Wand Wa ate subspaces of V such that WAH ={0} and Wi +W=V .V is the direct sum of Wand W, then we writing V =H, @W, Example: Consider the vector space V =I? over real field R and W=((%0)|xeR}, Wy ={Oy)|veR} , Wy={(x,x)|xeR} are three subspace of V then V = 1, @W;,V =W ® Wand also V =, 8% Note: Complement Subspace may or may not be unique Orthogonal Complement Subspace: If 17, & Ibe tiva-subspaces of a |) vector space V(F) such that 7 = iW, 1%, then Mare "eall’d Orthogonal, complement of iF, subspace iff each veetor of 1 is Orthoginal fo each vector of Wy Example: S Let V= R? and let W = {(a, 0): @eR}. Y= {(0, 6): be R} and Wy = {(c, 0): ceRjihen V wen, i Quine y oN Note: Subspace and 1; are ortho; jontal.complement subspace. 17; and /, are complement subspace but tot orthogonal. as 2 Let V=R(R) and let =((xy,0):x,yeR} and W {( 0, 2): x, 2€R} be two subspaces of V.then V i+ Wy But V is not the direct sum of 1; and 3. IF Y is a vector. space of all real, valued function over R then it is a direct sum of its subspace of even and odd functions. 4. A vector space of all nixn-matrices is direct sum of subspace of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. 3 5S. A vector space of all x1 matrices with complex entries is direct sum ee of subspace of Hermitian and skew Hermitian matrices ; 6. If M, N; andN; are three subspaces of a vector space V such that 7. M@N,=MON,= V3 Ny# Ny BR? and = M={(a,6,0):a,beR}, {(0.0,c):e€ R} Example: Let ={(0,b,b):beR}, D MN ay m, [x] Polynomial space. «= over. «= Rand | P(x)€V 1 p(0)=0,p'0)=0,..,p(0)=0} where p(x) degotes the k” derivative of p(x) V B(x] is direct sum of W & W p(x) eV |deg(p(x)) <} then ( Ss { Sarigo soot! toon Ceruied rate 9. V=R" be a vector space over field. «-R_then -{ (44.49.08) [ati] iz Cosets of Subspace: Let W be a subspace of a vecior space V over a field F.. For any veV the set v+W ={v+w|wel} is called the coset of W containing v. Denote this coset by v+1 rather than v-+W. Quotient Space: Let W be a subspace of a vector spice V"over a field F } and =(v+W:veV} of all vosets of W then set S ix a.vecldr space over a field F with the operations intertal composition = (y+ )+(m +) = a(v+W)=av+W. This vector space is ealf@itho quotient space of 7 yt) +, and _ external Sreagiposton is | modulo and is denoted by Propositions: 2. LetW be a finite dimensional subspace of a infinite dimensional vector space V(F). Then ain } 3. Let W be aninfinite dimensional. subspace of aninfinite dimensional infinite dimension vector space V(F).Then din an be infinite dimension ot finite ; dimension. “ 1 Examples ; 1. Let V be the” vector space of all 2 x 2 matrices over C. And wef jeveee} « maffe Tporecl a VY the vector space D beh ain( 22 aa). inf 8 every) [ i {HALL (Flet Flor) Sa Sara, Hat Khas, Near LT. New Del eR rr Propositions Direct Sum and Quotient Space eaten 1. Let Mand 17, be subspaces of a vector space V. Prove that Vis the direct sum of and WY, if and only if each vector in V can be uniquely written as x, +x, where xm €W, and x €W, 2. v+W isa subspace of V ifand only if veW = ee 3. y+ 1) +W if and only if y—v, €W. 4. Let W be a subspace of a vector space V over a field F S=(v+W:veV} ofall cosets of W thena(v+W)=av+W Spanning of Vector Spaces: We're interested is spanning, down what it means for a vector space to have a basis, and that's described in terms of the concept of linear combination. Span and independence are.two inore related concepts. Sa Linear Combination: a linear combination is an bxpressioT constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a Cbnstant and adding the results (eg. linear combination of = andy-would Be atly expression of the form ax+by , where a and b are constagia)~bke~concept of linear ‘combinations is central to linear algebra and related fields of mathematics. ~~ S Let V(F).be a vector space over field Find Ss Ube a subset of V may be finite or infinite then for any vectdh@y. Aprennfq €S and scalars hyp 0g) ssscsseesGty EF implies xAEmgT is defined as linear ‘combination of vectors 2, X94....:///%q ©3°OF xis in linear combination of Vectors %1,%3--%q Example: Let ScV(F) where S = {x,%} and F is finite field say F ={ay,0,05}, then a3, 049%),05%,0)x, 449% etc. are different linear combination of the clements ofS. Linear Span or Spanning Set or Generating Set: The linear span of a non-empty subset Sof Vector space /(F) is defined as the set consisting of all linear eombinations of the elements of S and denoted by L(S).or <5 > or Span() oR “set of all possible Linear combinations of the elements of $ is called the linear span of S” In fact L(S) is the smallest subspace of V containing S in other words we can say that L() isthe intersection ofall the subspaces containing Theorem: Let V(F)be a vector space and SIR| fis function }then V is vector space over field R Under addition of functions and scalar multiplication to the functions VB) is infinite dimension vector space Ordered Bases: If is a finite dimensional vector space, then an ordered basis for V. is a finite sequence of vectors which is linearly independent and spans V. i.e, Wot $= {ayearajetsterens Ay} be a basis of V(F) then itis called an 2 ordered basis if the position of vectors in Sis fixed ic. the set Sis ordered, hence if S={m, xp, 3} is an ordered basis then the basis {x2, x, x} is considered as different ordered basis Properties on Linearly Independent and Dependent and Basis, 1. Every subset of linearly independent set is linearly independent. That is, Let V(F) be a vector space, and let SS) CV. If Sp is linearly independent, then S, is linearly independent 2. The empty set is linearly independent; hence every linearly dependent sets must be nonempty. 5 3. A set consisting of a single nonzero vector is linearly independent. For if {1} is linearly dependent, then au=0 for some nonzero scalar a 4. A set linearly independent if and only if the only representations of 0.as, linear combinations of its vectors are trivial representations ‘A set linearly dependent if and only if the only representations of Oas linear combinations of its vectors are non-trivial representations 6. Any set containing Ois linearly dependent. 7. Let V be a vector space, and let Sy If S, is linearly dependent, then Sy is linearly dependent 8 Let S be linearly independent subset of a vector space and let v be a ‘vector in.V that is not in S. Then SU{} is linearly dependent if and only if ve span(S) 9. Let u and v be district vectors im vector space V . then {u,v} is linearly dependent if and only if « or » is 3 multiple O the ther 10. Let V be 4 vector space over a field of characte sie BOCeqUaT ewe, a. Let w and w be distinct vectors in V then {a>¥} is linearly ‘independent if and only if { u+v,u—v} is-tinddtty independent. | b. Let uy and w be distinct vectors in, 7>Thee.t¥, 6} is linearly independent if and only if {u+¥) ) watw) in tinearly | independent 11 Let S=[tysiproate} be a finite soCof Yeeees. Thea Sis linearly dependent if and only if 1 =@om typ, Ovan({t,49,-...4}) for some kOsk

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