RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Dethi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 (NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 1 1.1 Matrices and their properties Def, Transpose of a matrix : If A is any matrix of order m x n , then a matrix obtained from A by inter changing its rows and columns is catled the transpose of the matrix 4 and is denoted by 4’ or A” which is of order n x m. The operation of interchanging rows with columns is called transposition. Symbolically "i A =[ Gy Jey then A= {a Ioan, ¥Se CJ)th element of A= (j, ith element of 4’. Properties of transpose : If-4’ and B' denote transpose of 4 and B respectively then @@y=4 (i)(A+ BY = 4'+B" , where 4 and B are conformable for addition, (ili) (k4y = kA’ , where k is any number, real or complex. / (iv) (AB) = B'A' , where A and B are conformable for multiplication, (¥)(4") =(A)'.A being a square matrix and n is a positive integer. Def. Conjugate of a matrix : If 4 is any matrix of order m x n hose elements are complex numbers, then a matrix obtained from 4 by replacing”€ach of its elements by their corresponding complex conjugate is called the conjugate of A and is denoted by A where A is also of same order m x n. Symbolically, if As[a,],., then A= a] where Z, is complex conjugate of a, . Note : If the elements of the matrix A are all real numbers then A Properties of conjugate : If 4,ard B denote the conjugate of A and B respectively then The greater the obstacle, the more glory in achieving it. -Moliere| 2 Def. Transposed conjugate of a matrix : If A is any matrix of order m x 1, then the transpose of the conjugate of A is called transposed conjugate of A and is denoted by A? or A’. Symbolicaily if 4-[4y],.. en 4=[3,],,, od 4° = (4) =[].,.° Properties of transposed conjugate : If A’ and B’ denote the transposed conjugate of A and B respectively, then @(sy=4 (i)(4+B) = 4° +B", where A and B are conformable for addition. (iii)(kA)’ = & A’ , where k is any complex number. iv) (BY = B* A", where A and B are conformable for addition. () (4°) =(4°)', where 4 is any square matrix and n is a +ve integer; Note : If kis any real number then (4 4)’ = k A" because in this case k= Def. Singular and Non-singular Matrix : A square mattixe. is said to be singular or non-singular according as |4|=0 or |4|#0 Def. Adjoint of a square Matrix : Let 4 = [a,] be the square matrix of order n and Ay be the ‘| corresponding cofactor of ay in [dl then the matfix Ay Ax ae [AT = [4]J-]™ Ay is called the adjoint of 4 and is denoted by adj. A. Thus the adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of A. Def. Inverse of a square matrix : Let A be a square matrix of order n. If there exists a square matrix B of order m such that AB = BA = J, , then the matrix 4 is said to be invertible and the matrix B is called invers@ of the matrix A and is denoted by A”, Note : (i) If the matrix B is inverse of d then A is the inverse of B. (i For the products AB and BA both to be defined and be equal it is necessary that A and B are both square matrices of the same order. Thus non-square matrices cannot possess inverse. The following theorem shows that if a matrix possesses an inverse, then the inverse must be unique. Results : 1. If. be any n-square matrix, then (adj. A) = (adj. A) A =|4| Jn, where Jy is the unit matrix of order n. Add value to everyday. Sharpen your skills and your understanding.RISING ¥% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob: 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 3 | 2. If4 is anon-singular matrix of order n , then ladj. 4| = |4|"~'. 3. Adjoint of @ non-singular matrix in non-singular. 4, If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then adj. (adj. A) = |Al""74. 5. IfA and B are two square matrices of same order then adj. (AB) = (adj. B) (adj. A) 6. If is a square matrix then adj, 4’ = (adj. A)’, where 4’ is the transpose of matrix 4, 7. Inverse of a square matrix , if it exists, is unique. 8. A square matrix A is invertible if and only if is non singular i.e, |4| + 0. . 1 A 9. [fA isa non singular matrix then 4! = 7 r: 10, A singular matrix cannot have an inverse. aya An be non singular matrices of same 11, Reversal law for inverse : If A and 2 be non singular matrices they’ (4B)'= 12, Generalization of Reversal law for inverse : If Ay, A, order then (4,4,.. i A 13. If A is non singular matrix then (A*)"' =(47)‘, where kis any positiv integer. 14, 1f4 isa non-singular matrix then 15, If A isa non-singular matrix then (4')! = (471. 16, If A is a non-singular matrix then (adj.4)"=adj.”’ 17. The reversal iaw for multiplication holds for adjoint, inverse, transpose and transposed conjugate but it does not hold for conjugate, Def, Diagonal matrix A matrix A= [a, ],_ is called a diagonal matrix if ay=0 for V i#/ In other words, a Square matrix is a diagonal matrix if its non-diagonal elements are zero. Remark : An rowed diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are dh, ds, d, can be d,). Def. Scalar matrix : A square matrix is called a scalar matrix if A is a diagonal matrix and all represented as diag. (4, da, . diagonal elements of are equal. Mathematically 4 =[4)]., is a scalar matrix if @ 4, for all i# j (ii) ay=k, where & is any number Life is filled with possibilities.fo Def. Upper triangular matrix : A matrix is an upper triangular matrix if all eleménts below the principal diagonal are zero. Mathematically 4 =[a,] is a upper triangular-matrix if a, =0 for all > j. Def. Lower triangular matrix : A matrix is called lower triangular matrix if al! elements above the principal diagonal are zero. Mathematically 4 =[a, J... is @ upper triangular matrix if a, =0 for all a-[} ‘|: verify that (4B)" 1 verify that (i) (AB) = B'A' (i) (4B) = Ba" 23 . ay e 5. wae[; 3 verify that (4°) = (4 Action must be taken at once! There is no time to be lost. -Miguel Hidalgo8 243% 6 If A 645i 71 7. Express the matrix | 2. 3. 4 | asa sum ofa symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. os 1 0 3 2.1 61 . ee 8, Express 4=| 271 B8@sumofa symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix, 4-4 -20 9. Express the following matrices as a sum of hermitian and skew-hermitian mat 2 Mei 243i] + 7-452 345i @ | 2-8 1428-7 Gi] 31 GF 14s 2-4) 3-21 445i -3i 2-1 10. Show that the following matrices are orthogonal and hence find theiftiriverse. ee 304 33 3 7 35 «, 2 1 2 @ 43 OW pF 35 221 3°93 «3 toa it “1 BO aay 2 , 12 ii) i} 2 wy [= - 0 ii) 3) Gy) BK toi 4 EB 6 ‘Answers 7 7] ria 4 2) fo 1 1 -1 2 3| fo 5 2 > 5 ; 1 4 -S} J- 0 2 WZ 3 24/3 0 2 8. 2h 4 32 | 2 20 4 4 7 a) |e 0 co | 2 2.72 2 J 4 34 477] fo 9. @ 33-22 BH | HI Ae 3-8 4-Ti 3-1 8 -i 3-3) 107 1 — as H a i sl verify that) 4B=4.B (ii) (AB) = BA 2 NIE &. In the long run, we only hit what we aim at, - Henry David ThoreauRISING ¥* STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 9 | 14 2-3) 3487 8243) 342i i) Hoss 0 3-3] + ; 243) 12) -1-Si 3-81 343 6 -3+2i 1-51 0 or 12 2 {7 w. @]5 5) gto 1 2] a 42 aoe 3p 2 1 10 35 1,2. Orthogonal and Unitary matrices 67a Def. Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if A'A=I .Itis clear from the definition that if the matrix A is orthogonal then:4"' eg. cos@ -sind [cos@ sing = then 4’ = wa lee ol en A [-sne x Wn cos@ -sin@]{ cos® sind )/_ cos’@+sin?@ cos@sin@ ~sin@cos@ sind cos@ ||-sin@ cos®|” |sin@cos6-cos@sin@ _sin’@+ cos" 10 = =f ou 1, [2080 .si@ ][eos@ -sind] _[1 0 Also aa | oF lino we | [0 ae Hence A is an orthogonal‘ matrix, Remark: An.orthggonal matrix is always non-singular. Properties of orthogonal Matrix : Ty, The determinant of an orthogonal matrix is 21. OR ‘The absolute value of determinant of an orthogonal matrix is unity. Def. Proper and Improper orthogonal matrix : An orthogonal matrix is said to be proper or improper according as |4|=1 or |4|=-1 2._If. is an orthogonal matrix with |4| =1, then each element of 4 is equal to its cofactor in |4|. Believe that you have it, and you will have it. - Latin Proverb |10 3. IfA isa orthogonal matrix with |d| =~ 1, then each element of A is equal to negative of its cofactor in |Al. IfA is an orthogonal matrix, then 4’ is also orthogonal. IfA is an orthogonal matrix, then. 4" is also orthogonal. The product of two orthogonal matrices of same order is again orthogonal. Generalization : If 41, 42 Ay Ao Nays A, be n orthogonal matrices of same order then their product An is also orthogonal. Def. Orthonormal set : A set of vectors {v,,¥,,....,¥,} is said to be an orthonormal set if <¥,,v, >: for i# j and =I for all j. e.g. the set {(+1,0,0),(0,+1,0),(0,0,41)} is an orthonormal set. ay 8. A matri: is orthogonal iff its rows form an orthonormal set. , Example : Show that the direction cosines of the three mutually perpendicular lines in rectangular co- ordinate system constitutes the rows of orthogonal matrix. , Solution : Let /,, m,, n, (r= 1,2, 3), be the direction cosines of three mutuaily perpendicular lines. 4 om om ae) Let om, m| then A =| mom, m hom oy mh om om hom mith hob Now, Ad'=|h m, n,||m om, my A om mim mom T+ mp +n Al, + mm, +n, ly + mm, + ny Lh +mym +n B+mi+nd Lily + myn, + ny A +mym,+nn, bly tmym,+nn, Ep +m} +n} 100 0 it iej 0 1 0 ash1,+mm,+nn, { ae 001 1 if i=j Similarly 4'4=J => A is orthogonal Hence the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular lines in rectangular co-ordinate system constitute the rows of orthogonal matrix, Def. Unitary Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be unitary if 44° = A°A =I . Itis clear from the definition that if a matrix A is unitary then 4“ = A’. +i -14i Iti 1+ eg. 2 ] is a unitary matrix. There is no shortcut. Victory lies in overcoming obstacles everyday.RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near. Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 [NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 11 | «oiler -1si]afi-i 1-f1_ apa o]_fi o oe a alt “BES, nl {3 4 (t ‘}- Similarly 4"A = «Hence A is a unitary matrix, Note : If each element of the matrix A is real, then A= A 4=(3) AA = AA => dad's + Avunitary matrix whose element ae all real, is an orthogonal matrix, Remark : A unitary matrix is always a non-singular matrix. Def, Normal Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be normal if 44" = "A. Properties of unitary matrix : 1 The transpose of a unitary matrix is unitary. 2.The conjugate of a unitary matrix is unitary. 3.The transposed conjugate of a unitary matrix is unitary. |” 4. Inverse of a unitary matrix is unitary 5. The product of two unitary matrices of same order is again unitary. 6. Generalization : If 4,, A,,.. A Ay. 7. The determinant of a unitary matrix has absolute value 1. Exercise 1.2 A, be 1 unitary matrices of same order then their product A, is also unitary, 1. Check whether the following matrices are proper orthogonal or improper orthogonal : om, [ 3 Aa Bos a om 130 «13 es 35 @ Gi) “Sa iii) [ | 13°13 2. Prove that a matrix A=[a] of order 1 is orthogonal if and only if a= #1. 3, Show that the matix 4=|7 >] isorthogonalitt A=[% °] or [2 ©] whereas ?= 1 ed -b a} "1b -a 4, If 4 is an orthogonal matrix and if B = AP, where P is non-singular, then prove that PB” is orthogonal. 5. If is symmetric and P is orthogonal, then show that P™'4P is symmetric, The happiest life is that which consistently exercises and educates what is best in us. - Philip G. Hamerton ee12 6. If A and B commute, then C’AC and C’BC commute if C is orthogonal. 7. IFA is skew-symmetric and +4 is non-singular, then B=(I- A)(1+ A)" is orthogonal. 8. Show that the following matrices are unitary and hence find their inverse : (’ 7 a \* v2 VE. \ naa Iti i 34k ‘\ 2 Ve wis a i 1 443i ii) : (iv) 2 WB wisl) Ti 5h 2 “B wis} . atic -btid) wit Bfbtectsd? 9, Show that the matrix 4 =| 77" | is unitary ifand oniyif a2+6? +0? +d’ brid a-ic 10. Show that if 4 is hermitain and P is unitary, then P”'AP is hermitian. 11. If A is unitary and hermitian matrix, then show that 4 is involutory (4? = /). 12. If 4 is unitary and B = AP where P is non-singular then PB" is unitary. 13. If4 is skew hermitian and (d — /) is non-singular then (4 + J) (A — 1)" is unitary. 14, Show that the following matrices are titary': “i 0 0 100 io 6 oie oor @Jo + of Gd]os of G]Jo o 1F GH], 4 g} Mo +0 00 - 004 0-1 0 io i i 700d i 0 0 15, What do yclt noti¢e in above matrices. Answers 1, @) Improper orthogonal. (ii) Proper orthogonal i) The matrix is not orthogonal. 1 i o - F eof Y] w)e 2) waft i 0. tL V3U-i -1 OE Our aspirations are our possibilities. - Samuel JohnsonRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mab : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 13 4g 2 oo Bs Hie ME BI 1.3 Idempotent, Involutory and Nilpotent matrices Def. Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be idempotent matrix if 4? =A . e.g. Zero matrix and identity matrix.are always idempotent, The matrix [: ‘] isvalways idempotent. Results : 1, Determinant of an idempotent matrix is always 0 or 1. 2. Trace of a x7 idempotent matrix always belongs to the'set {0,1,2,...} Def. Involutory matrix : A square matrix 4 is said to be involutory matrix if 4? = J . e.g. The identity tO 2 0 a . oH. 0 . matrix is always involatory. The matrices are always involutory. oo. 41 Results : 1. Determinant of an involutory matrix is always'l or —1. 2. Trace of a nxn inyolutory matrix always belongs to the set {=1,—(1=1) uoy—1,0,1 2, Def. Nilpotent.matrix :'A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent matrix if there exists a positive integer k such’ ia) d! =O . e.g, Zero matrix is always nilpotent. Def. Index of nilpoteney : Let A be a nilpotent matrix then the smallest positive integer & for which ANZ 0 is called index of nilpotency of A. Results : 1, Determinant of a nilpotent matrix is always 0. 2. Trace of a nilpotent matrix is always 0. 3, All super lower triangufar and super upper triangular matrices are nilpotent. Life is built of the things we do. The only constructive material is positive action,14 4, Index of nilpotency of a nilpotent matrix cannot exceed its size. In other words if A isa nxn nilpotent matrix with index of nilpotency k then km. 5. 1f4 isa nxn nilpotent mattix then we must have A” = 6. If A isa nxn matrix such that A #0, A? #0,..., A” #0 then A cannot be nilpotent. Exercise 1.3 - 1, Show that the following matrices are nilpotent and also find their index of nilpotency. a 0 ior ooaso ere 2. Construct five different nilpotent matrices by taking hint from the matrix H in above question. a 6 3. Show that the matrix : ~a } 50 is always involutory. ma é 4, Show that the following matrices are idempotent : 0a00 : 0000 . {0 100 ..{9 000 los 00 Ol er. 0¢00 o000 5, What do you notice in above matrices,RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122, NET Linear Algebra 1 Page 15, Miscellaneous Exercise 1. Suppose 4 is invertible. Show that if AB= AC, then B = C.. Give an example of a nonzero matrix Assuch that AB=AC but B#C. 2, Find 22 invertible matrices A and B such that A+ Bs 0 and A+B is not invertible, 110 3. ve at ] and B=/0 1 1). (a) Find 4". (b) Find B". 001 4 21 > 1 4 4, Find all real triangular matrices A such that A?=B, where (a) af i (b) B [; | 52 ‘ 5. Let [3 i] Find all numbers & for which A is a root of the polynomial : () f(x)=x°-7x410 ©) e(x) (© A(x)=x?=4 1 0). , 6. Let B . Find a matrix A such that = 26 27 185 7. Let B={0 9 5], Finda triangular matrix'd_with positive diagonal entries such that 47=B. 004 8. Using only the elements 0 and 1, find the number of 3x3 matrices that are : (a) diagonal (b) upper triangular _ (c) non-singular and upper triangular. Generalize to nxn matrices, 9. Let D, =, the sealag mat belonging tothe scalar k, show that (@ Dazed 0) BD, = kB (© Dy+Dy=Dyay (@) D,Dy=Dy- 10, Suppose AB=C where A and C are upper triangular. (@) Find 2x2-nonzero matrices A, B, C where B is not upper triangular. (b) Suppose A is also invertible. Show that B must also be upper triangular. 2x 3 7 -6 2x 11. Find x, y, z such that A is symmetric, where (a) A=|4 3 y| (b) A=| yz -2|. z1 7) x 25 12. Suppose A and B are symmetric. Show that the following are also symmetric : (a) A+B (b) KA, for any scalar @ 4 Hi takes time to be a success, but time is all it takes.16 I @ A’, for n>0 (e) f(A), for any polynomial f(x). 13, Find a 2x2 orthogonal matrix P whose first row is a multiple of (a) (3, ~4) 6) (1,2) 14, Find a 3x3 orthogonal matrix P_whose first two rows are multiple of : (@) (1,2,3) and (0,-2,3) (®) (13,1) and (1,0,-1) 15, Suppose d and B are orthogonal matrices. Show tht A",4”', AB are also orthogonal. -4 1 16. Which of the following matrices are normal ? af ; ‘ | a-[ > 3 \7. Find real numbers x, y, z such that. A is hermitian, where A=| 3-2i yi 18, Suppose 4 isa complex matrix. Show that AA’ and A°A are hermitian ™ 19, Let A be a square matrix. Show that (a) 4+ .4” is hermitian, (b)e4— A" is skew-hermitian, (c) A=B+C, where B is hermitian and C is skew hermitian. 20. Determine which of the following matrices are unitary : Loni 147 get : oat)" Sh c ; fool da i Iti -147 0 21. Suppose A and B are unitary. Show that 4", 4”, AB are unitary. 22, Determine which of the following matrices are normal ait > ‘al and + ide ‘ . We4EIE) = ‘Do not settle for less than an extraordinary life.RISING * STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 1 . Page 17 5. (@)k=2, «bs 8, All entries below the diagonal must be 0 to be upper triangular, and all diagonal entries must be 1 (©) none tobe -non singular. (a) 8 ; 2” (be) 28; 2"? © 2; 20", 11 12 46 3 womh doef dob§ 11.@) x=4, 3, “(b) x=0,-y=-6, 2 any real number. 3 L 2 no 5h wm |e F 4 2-1 5 BS. 12 3 ya aa ia Via Via vi Vii it 2 3 1 -1 4@}o = wm} oo a i is V3 Ole vz 2 3 2 (ae -2 3 Vis? Vis? Vis7 Va a2 V2. 16.4,C 17, x=3, y=0, 2=3 19, (€) Hint: Let B= 20. 4, B,C 22. A Keys to success : Research your ideas, plan for success, expect success, and just do it, John S. Hinds |18 Sr. | Matrix Definition A‘B] AB | A ry ‘(Ay No. T | Diagonal =0, 147 2 | Scalar 0, fej ‘ a vey 3 [Lower a, =0, i] triangular : 3 | Super lower a, =0, 1S] triangular 6 | Super upper a, =0, i2j triangular 7 | Backward 0, itjentl diagonal % -(2 » itjentl 8 | Backward - > it pened scalar > itjangl 9 | Symmeirie 10_| Skew-symmetric 11 | Hermitian 12 | Skew-hermitiany, 13 | Orthogonal 5, 14 | Unitary 15 | Normal {16 | Tdempotent 17, | Involutory 18 | Nilpotent ae Out of difficulties grow miracles. - Jean De La BruyereRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Dellii Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 1_ | 2.1 Determinantal rank Def. Minor of a matrix : Let’ be an m x n matrix, then the determinant of every square sub-matrix of is called a Minor of the matrix 4 and the order of the sub-matrix is called order of minor. Def. Determinantal Rank : Let A= (a,],,.. be an m x.» matrix, then a non-negative integer ris called the determinantal rank of 4 iff (i) there exists atleast one minor of of order r which is not zero, (ii) every minor of A of order greater than r is zero. In other words, determinantal rank of a matrix is the highest order of a non-zero minor of the matrix. ‘The rank of a matrix is generally denoted by p(A) Results : 1. If isa matrix of order mx n then its determinantal rank is less than or equal to minimum of m andin ie. p(A) $ min.{m, n). For example, if a matri®'A is of order 3 x 5 then clearly the largest possible order of any minor of matrix A is 3 and hence p(A) $3 2. Determinantal rank of a zero matrix is always 0 because it has no non-zero minor of positive order. Determinantal rank of non-zero matrix is always greater than 0. 4, If isnon-singular square matrix of order n.then its determinantal rank is n because the determinant of matrix 4 i.e [is the.non-zero minor of highest order. 5. If isa singular square matrix of order m then its rank is less than n because there is only one minor of order » ie. |4l, which is zero, So highest non-zero minor of will be of order less than n. 6. If every minor of order r of @ matrix A vanishes then every minor of order r + 1 of A also vanishes. Itis so becayse every thinor of order r+ 1 is a sum of scalar multiples of minors of order r. Example 1 : If 4‘i8en rowed square matrix of rank (n - 1), show that adj 4 #0. Solution : As p(4) = n — 1, so there is atleast one minor of 4 of order (n -1) which does not vanish and hence there is atleast one element in A whose cofactor is non-zero, Also we know that elements of adj A are the co-factors of elements of A and hence adj 4 is a non-zero mattix. Example 2 : Show that no non-zero skew-symmetric matrix is of rank one. Sofution : Let us prove this result for a 4 x 4 skew symmetric matrix. The method of proof can be used for a skew-symmetric matrix of any order. All of our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them. - Walt Disney0 abe -a 0 de Let and of -c -e -f 0 If a,b,c, d,e, f areall zero, then p(4) = 0 which is not the case here. If at least one of these °| ofmatrix 4 is c* #0. elements say c is non-zero, then the second order minor -¢ Hence p(4) 2 2 and so p(A) #1. 11d Example 3 : Find the rank of the matrix | x yz |, x,y,z being all real. dp ) voy a rd Solution: Let A= | x y z/],s0ldJ=|x y 2) bh PMe—e+ +2) Now the following cases arise : Case (i) : Ifx, y, z are all different and x +y+z=0, then |4|=0 and so p(4) <2 But fs spare different ] So there is a minor of order 2 of 4, which does not vanish and hence p(4) = Case (ii) : If x,y,z are all different andx+y+z#0, then |4|s#0 andso p(4)=3 Case (iii) : Ifany two of x, y, z are equal (say x=) then |d| = 0. Now x= yz , then the minor —x#0 and so p (A) =2. ez tad Case (iv) :1fx=yazthen = As|x x x xoe xe Here every minor of order 2 vanishes but there is a minor of order 1, which does not vanish (*." 1 is an elenient of A which is not zer0) , so p(A) Example 4 : Prove that rank of transpose of a matrix is equal to the original matrix, Solution : Let A be any matrix of rank r. Then according to the definition, A has at least one non-zero minor of order r and all minors of order r+ 1 are zero. Now minors of 4’ are same as that of A because value of a determinant does not change when rows and columns are interchanged. Hence A’ It’s in your moments of decision that your destiny is shaped. - Anthony RobbinsRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 3 has also a non-zero minor of order r and all the minors of order r + 1 of A’ are zero. So, eA) =r =PlA) | Exercise 2.1 1, Find the rank of the following matrices 3 . 11 . @ {5 OF ] Git) [0 0-7 OF} i j 20 123 - . x (iv) }0 20 (w)|-2 4 -9 (wi) 4 7 002 306 4 7 ° a 6 3 0 -7 1 211 é oe (wi) 27 (wiiiy)| 0°32 wo|[° 7"? 39612 243 _ 00. al, 2. Find the rank of the following matrices 3412 0 sy 2 1 2 -1 3 @}321 4 fii}. 4°31 (i)|-2 -4 4-7 7624 UA 23 1 2 1 2 0661 1 6 222 , 8723 Gy {275 9 w) wi} 2 2 2 39 6 12 2301 222 3211 Pox x 3. Find the'rank of 4=|1 yy? la: 2 4, Let A and B be two square matrices of order n. If p(4) = p(B) = » prove that p(4B)=n and conversely. 5. IfA is a square matrix of order n and p(4) rank of every sub-matrix of it. 010 00 0 =0° 9. IfA= find p(4) and p(4?) . ° 1 0 0 ° 0 10. Show that rank of a matrix with each element unity is one. 0 11. Prove that if 4 is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order say n then 6() 1) isa linear combination of the preceding vectors. 11. A square matrix 4 is singular if and only if its columns (rows) are linearly dependent. Our intentions create our realis Wayne W. Dyer6 Exercise 2.2 1, Determine which of the following sets of vectors are linestly dependent and which are linearly independent (23, E1,4,-2), (4, 18,-4) (i) (0,2,-4),(1,-2,- 1), -4,3) Gii) 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), @, 1, 2) (iv) @,3,-1,-1),,- 1,-2,- 4), G1, 3,2), (6,3, 0-7) ned (¥) (1,-5.2, 3), (1, 0, 0-1), (1,0,2,4) (vi) (6-2, 2 1,-1),(7.- 4,0) (ii) ¢=(1,0,....0), € = (0,1, 0, 0.1) 2. (i) Find a if the vectors | -1 7 | are linearly dependent, (ii) Find p if the vectors He } * nia IC [: 3 -1) [3 (ii) Find aif the vectors 4 |, |.0 [are linearly dependent . 0} ba . 217 37 fs (iv) Find ki€the vectors | 0}, | -1] , | -1 lare linearly dependent . vel 5 1 236 3, Show that the three row vectors as well as the three column vectors of the matrix | 0 4 2 Jare 1S 22 linearly independent. 4, Prove that a square matrix A is singular if and only if its column (rows) are linearly dependent. _ __ Answers 1. @ Linearly dependent i) Linearly dependent _(iii) Linearly dependent (iv) Linearly dependent (v) Linearly independent _(vi) Linearly dependent (vii) Linearly independent 2.) a=1 (i)p=-1 ii)a=6 (iv) k=- Action may not bring happiness, but there is no happiness without action. - William JamesRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 ‘NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 7 2.3 Row rank and Column rank Def. Row rank ; The maximum number of linearly independent rows of a matrix A is called the row rank of A and is denoted by pq(A). Def. Column rank : The maximum number of linearly independent columns of a matrix 4 is called. column rank of A and is denoted by P(A) « Elementary operations : There are six elementary operations, three elementary row operations and three elementary column operations. These are given below: /) Def. Elementary Row operations : The following three types of operations on the,rows of a matrix are called elementary row operations. * (The interchange of any two distinct rows of a matrix. If the ith row is'interchanged with jth row, then itis denoted by R, ©, or R,,. ii) ‘The multiplication of any row (each element of the F0%) by a fixed non-zero scalar. If ith row is multiplied by k 0 then it is denoted by R, +k 8, or Rh). (iil) The addition to the elements of a row, a fixed scalar multiple of the corresponding elements of another row. If k times the elements ofth'Tow are added to the corresponding elements of ith row then it is denoted by R,>8, +R, of, 8, (k) - Def, Elementary column operations ‘The following three types of operations on the columns of a matrix are called elementary column opefations. (@ The interchange of any two distinct columns of a matrix. If the ith column is interchanged with ‘th column, then itis denoted by C, «>C,,of Ci.- (ii) The multiplication of any column (each element of the column) by a fixed non-zero scalar. If ith columns multiplied by & + 0 then itis denoted by C, >&C, or Ch). (iii) The addition to the elements of a column, a fixed scalar multiple of the corresponding elements, of another column. If & times the elements of jth column are added to the corresponding elements of ith column then itis denoted by C,>C,+C, or C,,(k). Def. Row equivalent matrices : A matrix A is said to be row equivalent to a matrix B if B can be obtained from 4 by applying, in succession, a finite number of elementary row operations on A and we write AB. Success is not where you are in life, but the obstacles you have overcome. -Booker T. Washington8 Def. Column Equivalent matrices : A matrix A is said to be column equivalent to a matrix B if B can be obtained from A by applying in succession a finite number of elementary column operations on A and we write A o(4)s3 2ola)s{4] [+p is always non negative integer] Def. Nullity of a matrix : The dimension of the null space of matrix is called its nullity. d 11. Rank-nullity theorem :Sum of rank and nullity of a matrix is always equal to its number of columns. Y) Def. Gram Matri Let A be any real matrix then the matrix A4' and "A are-called Gram Matrix watt. A Remark : The gram matrix is always symmetric. 4 12. p(4)=0(4')=p(4)=(4") = p(44')=p(4' 4) 13. If p(A)=n-I then pad} Proof : By Frobenius inequality, p(A)+ p(B) < p(B) + Taking B=adj A, we have P(A)+ pled A) < p(AadjA)+n => n-1+pladjA)s p(|4|J,)+" (Since A adj A= [4|J,] => = n-1+ pladjA) pladid) <1 (1). Since, o(4)=n-1 =>. adjAz0 => pladjA21 From (i) and (2), (adj Experience tells you what to do. Confidence allows you to do it. - Stan SmithRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET : Linear Algebra 2 Page 11 Exercise 2.3 1, Reduce the following matrices to the row reduced echelon form, Also find their row rank. nA 1234 0-12 of} 5 | diy |/3 41 2 diy} 4301 ~ 4312 423 -1 2000 Yo-l dal t 111 2 . 0-180 1-12 % 1 i 1 -3 -6 i a 2 1 000 Wl, a io 2 3-11 2 % 0 o001 ri -3 3 2. Reduce the following matrices to the column reduced echelon form, Also find their column rank. toi. 12 0 -1 ' 5 ' @/3 25 1 (i) |2 6 -3 -3 Gio | = A 044 -4 3.10 -6 35: ~ 33.0 3. Find the rank of the following matrices without using minors : 12-1 4 tid 24 3 @ |2 43 5 dis f1 -11 di) ft 2-1 -1 2 6 -7 211 -1 -2 6 me 1230 44 dv) m 43? i) |-2 3 Ae -1 B21 3 ” 1487 6875 1 12 -3 -1 1200 -1 (wii) [3 wii) J3 -4 1 2] Go |2 6 -3 -3 0 2 13 3 10 -6 -5 3-200 -1 -1 6138 0221 -s » {42 6 -1 i Oot 2-3-3 4 © \o3 9 7 o1 12 6 16 4 12 15 4. Using only 0s and 1's, list all possible 2x2 matrices in row reduced echelon form. 5. Using only 0's and 1's, find the number » of possible 3x3 matrices in row reduced echelon form. Everything you want is on the other side of fear. - Jack Canfield ne12 Answers 1 : loos 10-7 “: 1 [ 1 | atid py(A)=2 G}0 1 0 | | and py(4)=3 oor lt 9 2 ‘ 1000 Git) } 01-2 |, p,(A=2 (iv)|0 1 0 0} and p,(A)=3 d 000 oo12 1000 100 -1 2) 4, o100 010 0.8 id i ‘ad p_(A)=3 Jo 0 1 of md ents oo 1 oRy Pa(A)=3 0001 0000 2@2 @2 ii) 3 3.@2 G3 G2 G2 (3 WI3- Wid (il)3 GH2 C|H4 G2 slo illo olfe alfa alle o] = 2.4 Normal form Def. Normal form of a matrix : (Canonical form) : Any of the following form ofa matrix are called normal (canonical) form oO » U0), 7 where J is the identity matrix of order 7. jo : 0 ° 1, 0 I, . IA], or (i 1] or U, O], (5) then p(4)=r fl 7 hon . ft, O] ‘Theorem : If 4 is an m x n matrix of rank r, then A is equivalent to the matrix (i 3] which is normal form. Proof : If 4 is null matrix then clearly it is in the normal form so let A # O Your ability will grow to match your dreams. - Jim RohnRISING ¥*% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 13 Let ay = be anon-zero element of A. We can bring this to (1, 1) position i.e., top left position by interchanging the first row with the ith row and then the first column with jth column, Thus 4 is equivalent to matrix B with 4.’ 0 as its (1, 1) entry. Now operate 2, (4) so that first entry of B becomes 1, By subtracting suitable multiplies of first row from the remaining rows, we can make all elements 0 in the first column below the first element. / Similarly, by subtracting suitable multiples of the first column from the remaiting cofimns of B, we make all elements 0 except the first element in the first row. Let the néw matrix be C. 1 0_[h 0 Thus are [: alle a If D=0, we stop, othe-wise we repeat the argument with D. The row and.column operations will not change the entries in the first row and first column, roo), G ‘Thus, we can obtain A~|0 1 0}=|? O:F OOF Continuing the above process, after a finite number of row and column operations, we have 1 } «| Bi al 2: which is the normal form. Since p(4)=rand rank of |/* °}=k . Therefore r =k 0°80 Exercise 2.4 Reduce the following matrices to the normal form and hence find their ranks : 12 4), Pid 11d -1 3 1} -1 0.2 2. 1 3.]2 4 4-7 g 1% 3.11 3.11 2 ssc 12 10 9023 1-12 +1 teas 392 12 5.]015 6]/ 6/4 2 -1 2 Weg: 8}2 1 2 5 4530 22 20 7 1-212 Peas elCr 1-1 2-37, 9. 14 if g.{% 1° 2 682 4 0304 o 1 0 2 Answers 1 hy ps3 : 2 hs p=3 i, 0 : 2 Lp 5. 1, 0], p=3 6. 4, E ol p=2 [4], e 10 0 7. > i,p=3 8 | =3 9. [4 0], p=3 [5 shee [eahe [4 0], 2. Elementary Matrices Def . A matrix obtained from a unit matrix by a single elementary transformation is called an elementary matrix (or E-matrix). For example, if we operate R, <> Ry, Ry» Ry-3R, Ry» R, +2R, on the unit matrix 100 v1 100 J,= | 0 1 0 |, we obtain the following elementary matrices] 1.0 0], | 0 1 O}, 001 oo1 301 100 210 001 Notation for elementary matrices : (iE, will denote the elementary matrix obtained by interchanging the i and j* row of @ unit matrix, . (ii) F, willdenote the elementary matrix obtained by interchanging the ** and j* column of a unit matrix. . . (iii) E, (K) will denote the elementary matrix obtained by multiplying the * row of a unit matrix by a non-zero number k. : (iv) F (&) will denote the elementary matrix obtained by multiplying the / column of a unit matrix by non-zero number k. (v) £,,(&) will denote the elementary matrix, obtained by adding to the elements of the i row of a unit matrix the products by any number k of the corresponding elements of the j* rot You must learn from your past mistakes, but not tean on your past successes. - Denis WaitleyRISING *® STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 18 | (vi) F,,() will denote the elementary matrix, obtained by adding to the elements of the /* column of a unit matrix the products by any number k of the corresponding elements of the j* column. Remark : Here it should be noted that matrices obtained by interchanging the i* and j* row of a unit matrix or by interchanging the /" and /* column of a unit matrix are same. Therefore, we have 5, =F, Similarly , we have E(k) = Fk) But it is very interesting to note that E,;(k) =F, (k) Result 1: The elementary matrices are non-singular. Proof, We know that there are three type of elementary matrices, namely, E,, E(k) and E, Now, £, is obtained from identity matrix by interchange of two rows (or.columns), so [B= |=-140 ‘Again, E,(k) is obtained from identity matrix by multiplying the ith row (or column) by (#0), so [E()|= kIT] = klk #0 Finally, £,(k) is obtained from identity matrix by multiplying the jth row (or columtn), by k and then adding it to ith row (or column) so,b¥ properties of determinants, we have | £, (Wl =[1]=140. Hence, elementary matrices are nofsingular. Result 2: Let A and B are two matrices of order m x» and n x p. Then any elementary row operation applied on the pte-factor of 4B or on the product AB gives the same result, Another form of aboyé result: Let B= PA, where P and A are the matrices conformable for multiplication. Ifany elementary row operation is applied on B then on the right hand side it will be applied on pre-factor P only. Result 3 : If isan m x n matrix and an elementary row matrix of order m, then EA is the same as the matrix, obtained from A by applying the elementary row operation to which E corresponds. Result-4: Let 4 and B are two matrices of order m x n and n x p. Then any elementary column operation applied on the post-factor of 4B or on the product AB gives the same result. Result 5 : If 4 is an m x n matrix and F an elementary column matrix of order n, then AF is the same as the matrix obtained from A by applying the elementary column operations to which F corresponds. Result 6 : The inverse of any elementary matrix is also an elementary matrix of same type. Your habits will determine your quality of life.16 Result 7 : Inverse of elementary matrices : i) B=, (3) Git) (k)= 8, (-¥) k)= F,(-k) ORR ORO=A(t) 00 Result 8 : Two matrices 4.and B are equivalent if and only if there exist non-singular matrices P and A Q such that PAQ = B. aN Proof: Let A and B be equivalent. Then, Bcan be obtained ftom A by applying in succession a fitite number of row and column operations. Let E,, E;. E, 3 Fy Payson F, be the elementary riairides corresponding to the row and column operations which reduce A to B. Since each elementary row (column) operation of a matrix can be brought about by pre-multiplication (post-fiultiplication) with the corresponding elementary matrix, therefore, we have E, sows Ey E, AF, Fy F=B 2,E, and O= FF. => — PAQ=B where P=E, P and Q are non-singular matrices since the elementary mattices are non-singular and product of non- singular matrices is non-singular. Cor 1 : If is an m x n matrix of rank r, then there exist non-singular matrices P and Q of order m and n respectively, such that PAQ = (é ol ee _ [i, O], Proof : Since A is of rank r, A is equivalent to the matrix (< a in the normal form. «there exists non-singular matrices P and Q of order m and n respectively, such that PAQ (5 | : Cor.2: If isa square non-singular matrix of order n then, there exist non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ = Jy. Proof : Since every matrix is equivalent to its normal form so A is equivalent to Jy. -. There exist non-singular matrices P and Q (as in the above theorem) such that PAQ = Iy. Cor. 3: Every non-singular matrix can be expressed as a product of elementary matrices. Prool Let A be a non-singular matrix of order n, :. there exists non-singular matrices P and Q (by above theorem) such that PAQ = J, Let P= EB). and Q=FF, E, and RyRy. F, are elementary matrices. Thus, All leaders are readers. - Jim Rohn Uh enceRISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122. NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 17 | > A=E, Ee BO FO RM => Ais the product of elementary matrices since the inverse of an elementary matrix is an elementary matrix. Cor. 4: (i) If A is non-singular, then p(AB)=9(B) and p(BA) = p(B). (ii) If P and Q are non-singular, then p(PAQ)= p(4). Proof : () Every non-singular matrix can be expressed as the product of elenientary mas es VANS, elementary row (colimn) operations are equivalent to pre-multiplication (post mutipgod ywith the corresponding elementary matrices and elementary matrices do not alter thexzank of a matrix. Hence, the result. (ii) Directly follows from past (i). Result 9: The rank of the product of two matrices cannot exceed the rank of either matrix. ie. p(4B) < p(A) and p(AB) < p(8). Working rule to express a non-singular matrix as a product of elementary matrices : () First reduce the, given matrix A into the unit matrix by using elementary row operations and elementary column operations. , E, are the elementary matrices corresponding to the elementary row operations which are applied.in succession in above step (i). Similarly let F,, Fs. F, be the elementary matrices corresponding'to the elementary column operations which are applied in succession in above step (i). ii) Then we can write J, EB) A(R, wn) Here it should,be noted that the matrices £,'s are written in reverse order on left of 4 and the matrices F's are Written in direct order on right of 4. (iv) =By (1), we have A(F Fuk) (Ri Fyoook)" You can turn negatis consequences into positi rewards simply by changing your habits now.18 1 Example 1: Express =| -1 2 Solution : The given matrix is Operating R,>R,+2R, , Operating R,—> R,+R,, Operating C,-¥C,-2C,,C,C,-G, A Operating RR, Operating R,—> Ry -2R, Operating C,-+C,-7C; , Operating Rs > - W 21 0 2.| asthe product of elementary matrices. 13 1201 A=|-1 0 2° 2 3 121 A~|-1 0 2 o 17 124 A~]0 23 017 100 ~10 23 017 100 A~]O 17 023 0 0 A~|0 17 0 0-11 1 0 0 A~} 0 1 0 0 0 -11 100 A~]0 10 gal We note that applying the elementary operations BQ) Rays CBr Gls Bas Ras Gol-D» R(-4) we can reduce Ato I,. UE 3), Ey0Ds Fa(-2) FD, By By (-2, By, B(—) aethe onesponing elementary matrices then Remember, ‘you want a different result, do some! ig different.RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Cbhotu Ram N: gar Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 19 | s [=(-4) Ey(-2) By Ey) 5,0] 4[AC2 BCD Fa-7)] = 4-[6(-f) B29 By 60 BO] [Cd CD Hy-D] > Aa=(E,0)" (E00)" Bay" (Ex) («(-4)) (Axe DY" (BCD) (Fy = A= En(-2) Ex Ey En (2) B(-11) Ba) Fy) Fu(2) 1 0 O]f 1 0 0} f1 00] f10 0 =a4=| 0 1 off- 1 of Joo 1] joo a) 0-2 1{[ 0 o 1} [o1o} Lo2 JLo 0 -u 10 0)f1o01]f120 o17//o10;Jo10 oo1jloo ijloor Working Rule to find P and Q so that PAQ is in normal form : () If A isa mxn matrix then we write A= Ind In weal) where J, and J, denotes the identity matrices of order m and n respectively. (i) Check the entry a. If a, #0, its okay butif a11=0, then make it non-zero by suitable row operations or column operations. Any row operation which is applied on L.H.S. of (I) is also to be applied on pre ~ factor Jy af R.HL.S. of (1). Similarly any column operation which is applied on L.H.S. of (1) is also to be applied on post factor Jy of RH.S. (ii) Make a,, equal (8: by multiplying first row by + and apply the same row operation on the pre-factor of RH.S. (iv) Make 0°sBelow ayy by applying row operation and apply the same row operation on pre-factor RofRHS. c Fr (@), Make’0's on the right of a1, by applying column operations and apply the same column operations on the post factor of RLS. Everyday is a gift, that is why it is called the present.20 until all non ~ diagonal elements on the L.H.S. (vi) Repeat the above process on ayy 5 443 5 i ' 1, 0 , become zero and suppose we have obtained | (|= PA Qand then ris the rank ofthe matrix A. Example 2 : Find the non-singular matrices P and Q such that P4Q is in the normal form, where 12 3'-2 4=|2 213) . ~ 3041 y sy . é fl 23 2 : Solution: A= |2--2 1 3 | the matrix A is of order 3x4 , so we consider 30 4 1]% ‘ 123-2) flo0o0 ; 0 No] A=hAh ie [2-21 3]=/01 of aso gt 9 3.041 ool ooo1 Operating R, > R,+(-2)R, , Ry > R,+(-3)R,, we get fi 2 3 -2 100 5 i" Jo -6 -s 7/=}2 1 0l4|) 9 FG 0-6 5 7] [301 ' ooo01 Operating R, > R, +(-I)R, , we get fl 2 3 -2 10 0 sooo 0-6 -5 7/=/-2 1 ofa oo010 00 0 of [4-11 ooo1 Operating C, > C, +(-2)C, , Cy > C, +(-3)C,, C, + C, +2C, , we get 10 0 0] [1 0 o iT ee 9-6 5 7=|-2 1 Olay) 4 yg oo 0 of [ad 0001 10 0 0] [1 0 1 t)c, swe eet 01 -5 7/=|-2 Operating C, > (4 a 1 |, 4 o -t oO} 4 50 1) Jo 0 1 0 o 001 rrson you may be the world. - Paulette Mitchell To the world you may be one person, but to one,RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091, 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET ‘Linear Algebra 2 Page 21 Operating C,>C,+5C;, Cy >C,+(-NG, pha 1000 1 00 2 2) iL: 0 010 0} ={-2 10) 410-5 -E § > = PAQ 0000 -l-1 1 0 0 1 0 oO oO 00 @ 1 yi’l4 wt 100 5 3 is > =|- -{o 1-5 2 where P 2 1 0/,Q $66 -l +11 00 0 oo 0 1 Exercise 2.5 1. Find the elementary matrices corresponding to the following elementary operations. Also find the inverse of the elementary matrices and verify your answer. ORs Gi) RB) Gi) RA) GY) Gs ™ G6) Wi) G7) 2. Express the following matrices as.2 product the elementary matrices 12-1 Jory, 3 121 1-1-1 @/2 5 -2 (i) | 4 3 Gi) }3 1 2 @vy}4 2 2 1244 [134 012 220 3. For the following find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PQ is in normal form and hence determine the ras of. rid 112 Gi) 1-1 (i }1 203 3.4L 0-1-1 2-1 2 3 5-2 3 3 2 12 3 3 What have you done today to help you reach your rain Tracy22 Answers 10 O]f1 0 O]f1 0 o}f1 o -1/1 2 0 2@}2 1 0//o 1 offo 1 offo 1 o]fo 10 oo 1}l1 0 1ffo 0 ajo o 1Jlo o 1 10 0) [1 03]s130 01.0)}o1 of jo10 1o1f{oo1 o1 10 O}f1 0 O}71 0 O}f1 0 oF rio} 4 Giy)}3 1 o]fo -5 ofjo 1 offo 1 o oro) © o 1flo o 1flo 1 1}[0 0 9s 001 (iv) ‘ 1 0 O}[1 0 O}f{1 0 o7f1 0 OFFs o oF 1-1 0 4 1 0//o 1 oJ/o 6 o|fo 1 ofjo1 o o10 0 0 1)[2 0 1J[0 o 1J[0 4 1J[0 oO -2 oOo 1 3. Although the matrices P and Q are not unique here we are giving oe of the answers V3 "3 3 P(A) =2 Q ane [; -1/3 8/3 or-[ | = oe V2 1 0 1-2 -3 id O=|0 ta] Q 1 2 ]5 p(d=2 oo 1 1 0 0 1-1 (iii) P=] 1/2 -1/2 0 }and Q=)0 1 p(A) =2 -20 -1 14 ool 1.0 0 1-1 -1 (iv) P=|-1 1°0}andQ=]0 1 -1]; p(4)=2 -l1d oo 1 1 oi ae cae oe (vy) P=|0 1/3 -5/3| and Q= oo “nt O 3 p(A) =2 1-2/3) 1/3 0 0 0 1/31 ae ous wa as @pP=| 1 1 0 fand Q=)) gf PA =3 1/2 0 «1/25 ) lo 09 oO 1 The only way to discover the limits of the possible is to go beyond them into the impossible. - Arthur C. Clark [a" RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 2 Page 23 1 0 0 0 1-1 -1/3 3/4 wip pel V3 9 30] Ly ood -83 3/4} “lsn6 36-18 0f ™ 2=!o 0 1-3/4]? A= 1 0 01 00 0 1 You cannot have everything, but you can try. [aRISING KB SLAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 3 Page 1 3.1 System of linear equations System of non-homogencous linear equations : Consider a system of m linear non-homogeneous equations in m unknowns x1, 22).:eeus Sin 4%, +a: + OX, +X, This system can be written as a single matrix equation AX=B a Yn x 4 where 4’=| Ge! axel ™) yaa Ay) Ay Gow en Xn dost L oy Lara The matrix 4 is called the co-efficient matrix of the system of equations (1). Any set of values of Ms Xroonsondy Which simultaneously satisfy allfese equations is called a solution of system (1). When the system of equations has one or nidre séliitions, the equations are said to be consistent, otherwise they are said to be inconsisten’! a rr ae) Ay sae Day The matrix [4:B] = is called the Augmented matrix of the given Gm Gait Faun system. . Resultsi: te 1, ooThe s¥igtem of linear equations AX = B is consistent i.e., possesses a solution if and only if the co-efficient matrix A and the augmented matrix [A : B] are of the same rank. 2. IfA be ann x m square matrix and X and B be mx 1 matrices then the system of equations AX= B possesses a unique solution if the matrix A is non-singular (jce., if 4"! exists). Believe you will be successful and you will. - Dale Carnegie2 3. Working rule for finding a solution of a system of non-homogeneous linear equations AX= B : Write the augmented matrix [4 : B] and reduce it to row echelon form to find the rank of [4 : B] and 4. Now () If p[4: B] # p(A), the system of equations is inconsistent. (ii) If p[A: B] = p(A) = number of unknowns, the system is consistent and has a unique.solution. (iii) If pA: B] = (A) < number of unknowns, the system is consistent and has an infinite number of solutions. in this ease if there are m unknowns and p(4)=r, then by giving arbitrary yaues\to n—r unknowns, we get the values of r unknowns. Exercise 3.1 1. (i) Show that the system of equations 2x+6y+11=0 , 6x+20y-62+3=0 , 6y-18z+1=0 isnot Consistent. (ii) Solve the equations : xtyt2z+w=5 , 2x+3y-z-2w=2, 4x+Sye3ze7 Gii) Check whether the following system equations is consistent or not: Qunyszed , Ixnytz=6 , 4x—y+2: y ~xty—2=9 2. Check the consistency of the following system equations and find the solution if itis consistent : (@) 2x-3y42=9, xtytz=6, xoytz=2 (i) 4x+3y+2z=-7 , 2x+y-4zeAh , e+2y+z=1 (iil) x42y432440=0 , 2x+3~H4Z=1, Ixtdytr=2 , dxtz42 3. Check the consistency of the following system of equations and solve i (i) x43y-2=4 , Wxhytza7 , Wx-4y4+42=6 , 3x4+4y=11 (ii) x-4y—32=-16, 2x AIV+ 122248, 4x—y+62=16 , Sx—Sy+32=0 (iii) 2x-y +3; 4, For What values of a and b do the system of equations pxt2y-z-Swad , x43y-2e-Tw=5 x+y+52=0, x+2y+3az=b, x+3y+ have (i) no solution Gi) unique solution. infinitely many solutions. 5. For what value of @ and b do the system of equations xt2yt3z= » x43y+52=9, 2x+Sy+az=b have (i) no solution ii) a unique solution (iii) more than one solution? 6. Investigate the values of 2. and p1 so that the equations Qx+3y45z2=9, Tx+3y-2: » Qxs3y ta: haveKISSING KF SLANR AUCAVEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 [NET Linear Algebra 3 Page 3. 7. For what value of A, the equations x+y+z=1, x+2y+4z=A, x+4y+10z=/? havea solution and solve them completely in each case. 8. Show that the equations -2x+y+z=a, x-2y+z=6, x+y-2z=c have no solution unless a++c=0 in which case they have infinitely many solutions. Find the solution when a=l,b=1,c=-2. 1-2 -1)[x])f- 9. For what value of A, does the system|3 -1 2]||y|] 1 | has o 1 a}lella (@ no sotution (ii) unique solution (iii) More than one solution 10.Solve the system of equations Ax+2y-2z=1, 4x+2Ay-2=2, 6x+6y+Az =3considering specially the case when 4 = 2. 11, Determine whether each of the following systems is linear : (@) 3x—4y+2y2=8 (b) ext3y=n (©) 2x-3ythe=4 12, Solve : (a) m=2 (b) 3x42=5x+7-2x (©) 6x+2~4x=5+2x-3 13. Solve each of the following system: (@) 2x+3y=1 (®) “4x-2y= Sx+79=3 ~6r+3¥= 14, Consider each of the following systems in unknowns x and y (@) x-ay=l () ax43y= (©) x+ay=3 ax~4y=b Y 12x + ay=b 2x+5y=b For which values of ado: system have a unique solution, and for which pairs of values (a, b) does each system have more than one solution ? 15. Solve: : iy, sty +22=4 (b) x-2y+32=2 ©) x+2y432=3 2t3y+6z=10 2x-3y+82= 2x+3y+82=4 3x+6y+10z=17 3x-4y+13z=8 Sx+8y+19z=11 16, Solve: (@ x-2y=5 (b) x¥2y-3242t=2 (©) x4 2447-5133 2x+5y-B8z-6t=5 Bx-yt5z42=4 Bx+4y—S242t=4 Sx—4y+62+9=2 Take a risk - jump out of your comfort zone! —_—_—_—!17. Solve: (@) 2x-y-42=2 () x+2y-243t=3 4x-2y-62=5 2x+4y+42431=9 6x-3y-82=8 3x+6y—2+8t=10 18. Consider each of the following systems in unknowps x, y, 2 : @ x-2y=1 (db) x+2y42z=1 @ xtytar=l xoytas=2 x+ay+3z=3 x+aytz=4 ay+92=b x+lly+az=b ax+y+zeb ap For which values of a does the system have a unique solution, and for which pairs of values (a, b) does the system have more than one solution ? The value of b does not have aniy €ffect on whether the system has a unique solution. Why? 19. Write v as a linear combination of 1, 1, %, , where : (=) v= (4-92), 4=(,2,-1), m= (14,2), 4 =(1,-3,2)5 (b) ¥=(1,3,2), = 1,2 Ds t= (2,6, 5)s y= (1,7, 8) 3m ©) Y= (1,46), HAUL Ds t= (23,5 m= G58): Answers . (ii) Inconsistent system ii) Inconsistent ihe" 5 3 z . () a1, y=2, 25-7 Gis 9116 6,16 ee et ee en ees Gi xa-Zke yp, yen ghey, tek 4. 2 5. @) a=8,b#15 (i) @#8, bmayhaveany value (iii) a=8, b=15, . ) A=5, wed A#5,y arbitrary Gil) A=5, w=9 3k, z=k , for 2=2; x=2k, y=I-3k, z=k 6. 7. Fork=1; x=142k, y 8 . x=z-1, y=z—1 9. (i) A=I, (ii) A | (iii) More than one solution is not possible. ‘A, yak,z=0 11. (@) no, (b) yes, (©) linear x, y, z, not linear in x, y, z, ‘Success comes from having dreams that are bigger than your fears, - Terry Litwiller |KISSING SLAR AUCADEIVIEY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 [NET Linear Algebra 3 Page 5 | 122. @ a2, (b) no solution, (c) every scalar kis a solution. 13. (a) (2-1), * (b) no solution, (© 6,2), (d) (S+2a, a) 14, (@) @#42,(2,2), (2-2), (b) a#46,(6,4), (-6,-4), © a5 (5.6) 15, @) (aud), (b)no solution, (6) u=(~7a-1, 2a +2, a). Pea, 16. (@ G,-1), (b) w=(-a,1+2a, 4,0), (©) no solution 1.@ wa($ov2, a3] @) ws(4(7-56-40), 4, 5(0+8).2) 1 @ a#43,(3,3),(-3,-3), (b) @#5 and a#—1,(5,7),(-1,-5),. (© a#l and a#~2,(-2,-5) 19, (@) 2,-1,3 (b) 4,-2.1 (©),,not possible System of homogeneous linear equations : Consider a system of m homogeneous linear equations in n unknowns Gy X, + aX; +. Hba,,x, =O 4% +0pX; + +9 %, = OiyX, FY, +. + dyg%, =O This system can be writen as a single matix equation AX'= 0 sena(2) %, 0 .x=]"} ,0-[° tar Olen Ldn LOL ‘The matrix A is called the co-efficient matrix of the system of equations (1). Obviously %,=0, x)= ie, X=0 is always a solution of system (1). it is called a trivial (or obvious) solution of system (1). Man is not the creature of circumstances; circumstances are the creatures of man. - Benjamin DisraeliResults : . 1. Since zero solution is always a solution of a homogeneous system 50 the system of homogeneous linear equations is always consistent. 2. Linear combination of solutions of a homogeneous system is also a solution. Suppose Xj and X; are two solutions of (2). Then their linear combination k,X, +4,X; is also a solution of (2), where k, and fy are any arbitrary numbers. Since Xi and Xp are solutions of (2) AX,=0 and AX,=O => AChX,+hX;)=hAX, +A, = KO)+b (0) ° “\ Hence k X, +k, X; is also a solution of (2). Remark : Linear combination of solutions of a non-homogeneous system need not be a sohtition. inant of co-efficients 3. A homogenesus system of 1 linear equations in » unknowns , whose detern does not vanish, has only trivial solution. “ 4. A system of m homogeneous equations in unknowns has a solution otherthan trivial solution if and only if rank r of the coefficient matrix A is less than n, the number of unknowns . 5. The number of linearly independent solutions of m homogeneQus linear equations in n variables AX=O is ("—r), where r is the rank of the matrix A. 6. Working rule for finding the solution of the system of homogeneous equation AX =O Reduce the coefficient matrix 4 to echelon fort by applying elementary row transformations only and find the rank of the matrix A. Let it be #then)” @ If p(4)=n, the number of unknowns)ithen Zero solution (trivial solution) is the only solution. (iy If (4) no. of equations, then the system has infinitely many solutions. (i) Ifno. of variables < no. of equations, then the system has either unique or infinitely many solutions. Proof: (i) Let AX =0 be a system such that A is an mxm matrix, where > m.Then, r=rank of AS min{m,n}=m n-r>0 => n-r2l => system has atleast 1 free variable => system has infinitely many solutions, (ii) Let AX =0 bea system such that 4 is an mxn matrix, where nS m,, theny=rank of A n-r20. If n—r =0, then there is no free variable and hence system has a unique solution i.e., x=0, y=0, z=0 (only trivial solution) If n—r>0, then there is atleast 1 free variable and hence the system has infinitely many solutions. 10. Ina non-homogeneous system, 3 (i) Ifno. of variables > no. of equations, then the system has either no solution or infinitely many solutions. * (ii) Ifno. of variables < no. of equations, then the system may have no sdlution, unique solution or infinitely many solutions. f UL. (If A} maintained) or infinitely many solutions (if relation is maintained). =0 has infinitely many solutions, then AX. = B has either no soluticn (if relation is not (ii) If AX =0 has a unique solution, then AX = B bas gither unique solution or no solution. Exercise 3.2 1. Solve the following system of equations and show they can have only trivial solution: ® x-ytz=0 (0) x-ytz=0 x+2y-2=0 -3x+y-47=0 dxty+3z=0 : Tx-3y-92=0 4x-2y+52=0 2. Solve the following system of equations : @ x-y422-30=0 (i) x 42x +42, =0 3x, 42x, 430-42, = 4x-2y+9w=0 4x +x, —5,=0 3. Solve the following system of equations completely : @ — 3x-y-242w=0 (i) x-2y4z-w=0 (iii) 4x+2y4+243u=0 ~6x-2y+22+4w=0 xty-224+3w=0 6x43y442+7u=0 12x+3y-42-6w=0 xt y-52+8w=0 dxtytu=0 5x-Ty+2z-w=0 Things do not change - we change. - Henry David Thoreau4, (i) Find the value of & such that the system of equations x-+ky+3z=0, 4x+3y+iz=0, 2x+y+2z=0 has a non-trivial solution. (Gi) Find the value of such that the system of equations (3k-8)x43y+32=0 3x+(k-8)y+32=0 4 3x+3y+(3k-8)z=0 md é ‘5, Find the dimension and a basis of the general solution W of each of the following homogeneous has a non-trivial solution. o systems : ; (a) x-y+22=0 (b) x4 2y-32=0 () x¥2y43241=0 Qxty+2=0 2x-Sy+22=0 284 AVHT2+41=0 Sxty+az=0 3x-y-4z=0 3h46y +102 +5¢=0 6. Find the dimension and a basis of the general solution fof each of the following systems : (@) 43x, +2 -x,-x,=0 (0) \2%, Hs, +3x, -x, +2x,=0 \ 2x, +6x, + 5x, +x, —4,=0 3¥)—6x, + 5x, -2x, +4x,=0 5x, +15x, +12x +x, -3x,=0 5x, -10x, + 7x, —3x, +18x,=0 L@x 2.) x=k, ya Be, 4, ( k=0,3 Gk 5.(a) dimW’=1, 1,=(-1,1,1) (b) dim¥’=0, no basis, (c) dimI =2,u,=(~2,1,0,0), 4)=(5,0,-2,1) 6. (a) dimW =3, u, =(-3, 1, 0, 0, 0), u,=(7, 0, -3, 1, 0), 4 =(3, 0,-1,0 1) (b) dimW’ = 2, u,=(2, 1,0, 0,0), u, 12,0, 12, 14, 1) Imagination is more important than knowledge. -Albert EinsteinNG W STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 4 Page 1 4.1 Vector Space (Definition and Examples) Def. Vector Space : Let F be a field. A non empty set V together with two binary operations called vector addition “+ (internal composition in V) and scalar multiplication *.” (external composition in V over F) , is called a vector space over the field F , if following axioms are satisfied : 1. V isan additive abelian group : @ Vis closed under addition: u+veV forall uve V. (i) Associativity : u+(v+w)>(u+y)+w forall u,v, we , (iii) Existence of additive identity : There exists an element 0¢V such that _w+0=w=O+u forall weV. This element ‘0° is called zero vector. (iv) Existence of additive inverse : For each u €V , there exist an elementy ¢ V such that ut+v=0=v+u. v is called additive inverse of u and is dérioted by ‘-1 (v) Commutativity: w+v=v+u forall uve V. Il, Vis closed under scalar multiplication: aweV forall aeF,weV. IIL. Scalar multiplication satisfies the following properties : @ alu+y)=autay forallu,veV,ceF (i) (@+b)u=au+bu forall a, bef we ii) (a)u=a(bu) forall a, beF weV (iv) 1.w=u_ for all v€V_ where ‘1’ is the multiplicative identity of F. We, then , write that Vis a yeétor space over F or M(F) is a vector space. Remarks : 1. The elements of V are called Vectors and the elements of F are called scalars. 2. Here, by the word, “Vector”, we do not mean a quantity having magnitude and direction both. Similarly, by the word “scalar” , we do not mean a quantity having magnitude only and no direction. ‘These two definitions of vector and scalar are commonly used in physics and applied mathematics. In ayeetor space VF) , by the word ‘vector’ , we just mean the elements of V and by the word ‘scalar’ , we just mean the elements of F. 3. Inall , a vector space has ten properties, We have divided these ten properties into three parts. In part I , we have five properties of additive abelian group , in part II we have one property that scalar multiplication is closed and in part JI , we have four properties of scalar multiplication.2 Properties of vector space : If 0 denotes the zero element of F and 0 denotes the zero element of vector space V over F , then () a0 =0 forall aeF Gi) Ou=0 for all weV (ii) (-u = -w forall ueV (iv) a(-u) =-(au)=(-a)u forall aeF and ueV () a(u-v)=au-ay forall ae F and u,veV «\ (vi) av=0 = @=0 or u=0 (vil) au=bu and u#0 => a=b (viii) au=ay and a#0 => * Exercise 4.1 1. (Number system) : Which of the following are vector'spaces ? "= @ 22) @) Q(z) Gi) B®) Gv) €(2) ™ 2) w) Q@) i) R(Q) itt) C(Q) @ 2(R) QR” RR) oxi) C(R) (xi) 2(C) Gxivy (CP () R(C) * (vi) C(C) 2. (n-tuples) : Show that the following are the vector spaces : @ CC) ) c"(R) Git) €'(Q) Gv) R'(R) RQ) oi) QQ) Notation: My, @s| a, |... 2 €F} = Set of all mxn matrices whose entries are from F. 3. (Matrices) : Show that the following are the vectar spaces : @ M,,,(C)over C Gi) Myq(C) over R Gi) -M,,,(C) over @ (iv) M,,,(R) over R @) M,,(R) over @ (vi) M,,,,(Q) over Q - Notation : P,(F)={a,+a,x+....+4,x":a, € Fand n is a fixed non negative integer} = Set of all polynomials of degree atmost n with coefficients from F and the zero polynomial. They can because they think they can. -VirgilRISING W* STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhoty Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 4 : Page 3 | 4, (Polynomials of degree atmost rr} : Show that the following are the vector spaces : @ PC) over C . i) P(C) over R Gi) P,(C) over @ (iv) P(R) over R (v) P(R) over @ wi) P,(Q) over Q Notation: P(F)={a, +,x+....+a,x":a, € F and n is any non negative integer} = Set of all polynomials with coefficients from F. 5. (All polynomials) : Show that the following are the vector spaces : (@ P(C) over © Gi) P(C) over R Gi) P(C) over Q 7 Gy) P(R) over R (¥) °P(R) over @ (i) PQ over @ * 6. (Sunetions) : Show that the set V of all real valued continuous functions of x defined on interval [0 1] is a vector space over the field R of real numbers with respéct to.vector addition and scalar multiplication defined by (f+ A)e=K)+ A) forall 4 LEV (af)x= af(x) forall eR, he Vv ‘Show that the following are the vector spaces : 7. Finite vector spaces) () Zh overzZ, (i) M,,,(Z,)overZ, Gil) P,(Z, over Z, 8, Find the number of elements in the vector spaces given in above question. 9. Write all the elements of following vector spaces : @ ZhoverZ, (ii) ZhoverZ, (iii) Zover Z, (iv) ZhoverZ, () M,,(Z,)over Z, (vi) M,,(Z,)over 2, (ii) B(Z, jover Z, (viii) P,(Z,)over Z, (ix) B(Z,)overZ, 10, Show that €very field is a a vector space over itself. 11. Show that every'field isa a vector space over its subfield . 12, Let Rit be the set of all positive real numbers. Define the operations of addition and scalar multiplication as: u+v=uy forall uveR* and au=u* forall weR* , aeR. Show that R® isa vector space over R. 13. Let V= {(a, 6) : a, BER} then show that V is not a vector space over reals under addition and scalar multiplication defined as in each one of the following cases : @ @, 6)+(€,d)=(0, b+d) and Ka, b)=(ka , kb) That which is achieved the most, still has the whole of it’s future yet to be achieved. -Lao Tsu4 (il) (a, B)+(C, d)=(ate, b+d) and K(a, )=(0, kb) Gi) (@, b)+(€, d)=(ate, +d) and ka, b)=(ka, 5) (iv) (a, 6)+(¢, d)=(a+d,b+c) and k(a,b)=(ka, kb) (v) (a,6)+(c, d)=(a+e,b+d) and k(a,b)=(a, b) (vi) (a, b)+ (6, d)= (wii) (a, 6) +(c, d)= (ae, bd) and k(a,b)=(ka, kb) Foe (0,0) and &(a, 6)=(ka, kb) 14, Prove that the set of all vectors in a plane over the field of real numbers is a vector space aver R. with respect to vector addition and scalar multiplication, 15, Prove that the set of all matrives Of the form [ oa | where x,y € CWithe set of complex ae numbers , is a vector space over C with respect to matrix addition and Soalar multiplication. 16, Show that the set Q(V2) = {a+5V2: a,b e Q} is a vector space over () with respect to the vector addition and scalar multiplication defined as (a+bV/2) %(@+dy2) =(a+c)+(b+d 2 and a(a+bv2)=aa+bav2 wherea,b,¢,d and @ areall rational numbers. 17, Show that the set V of all polynomials with cosietant term 2 over R is not a vector space over R. Farther tell which fixed value can be assigned to.the constant term so that V can become a vector space. ie . 18, Let V be the set of ordered pairs (a, 4) Hfteal numbers with addition in V and scalar multiplication on V defined by (4,b)+(c,d)=(a+c, +d) and k(a, b)=(ka, 0). Show that V satisfies all the axioms ofa vector space except 1- Hence this axiom is not a consequence of the other axioms. 19, Show that the axiom u+v=v+u of a vector space can be derived from the other axioms. The great end of life is not knowledge, but action. -Thomas Henry HuxleyKRISING A SLANR AULUADE MEY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 [NET Linear Algebra 5 Page 1 5.1 Subspaces Def. Subspace: Let V(F) be a vector space. A non empty subset W of V is said to be a subspace of Vif W itselfis a vector space over F with the same vector addition and scalar multiplication as for V. Remarks at 1. For every vector space V , the entire space V and zero space {0} are always subspaces of V and'are called improper subspaces. All subspaces other than these two are called proper subspaces. 2. Itis clear that in any subset W of V , associativity of addition , commutativity of addition and four properties of scalar multiplication are always satisfied. .e., out of ten properti¢s of'a vector space , six are always satisfied in every subset. So to prove W a subspace our main emphasis is on the four remaining properties, namely, closure of addition, existence of additive identity , existence of additive inverse and closure of scalar multiplication. Def. Linear sum of subspaces : Let W; and W2 be two subspaces of a vector space V , then linear sum of W; and Wo is denoted by W: + W2 and is defined as: Wit We = y+, : we Wm, eW,}. Further a vector space V is said to be linear sum’ of its subspaces W, and W? if every v eV can be expressed as v=1, +, 3, € W,, ¥ €Wp. Def . Direct sum of subspaces : -A vector Space V(F) is said to be direct sum of its two subspaces W; and W if every ve V can be uniquely expressed as vew+w,; weW,, we W, We denote the direct sum GPW,"aid W2 by W,® W,. Def . Disjoint subspaces : Let V(F) be a vector space. Two subspaces W; and Wp of V are said to be disjoint if their ittersection is the zero subspace, i.e. W, AW, = {0}. Remark %, By two disjoint sets A and B we mean that their intersection is empty. That intuition should not bainixed up with the definition of disjoint subspaces. Results 1. A necessary and sufficient condition for a non empty subset W of a vector space V to be a subspace of V is that W is closed under addition and scalar multiplication. 2. A necessary and sufficient condition for a non ~ empty subset W of a vector space V(F) to be a subspace of Vis that aut+véW forall u,veW and aeF. You can change the way you feel by changing the way you think.2 3. A necessary and sufficient conditions for a non empty subset W of a vector space V(F) to be 3 subspace are: (i) u-veW forallu,veW (ii) ave W forall aeF,weW. 4, A necessary and sufficient condition for a non empty subset W of a yector space V(F) be a subspace of Vis that au+bveW forall u,veW; a,beF. 5. The intersection of two subspaces of a vector space V(F) is again a subspace of V(F). 6. The union of two subspaces of a vector space V(F) may not be a subspace of V(F) . e.g, Consider the vector space V3(R) where V3 = {(x,y,2):%,¥,2€R} then it can bee checked that W, = {(x,0,0):xeR} and W2 = {(0,y, 0): yeR} are both subsgackor ve) Now consider, W,UW, = {(, 0, 0)or(0,y, 0) wherex, yER} Now (1,0,0) and (0, 1,0) belongs to W,UW, but (1,0,0)+(0,1,0)=(1 41,0) WW, Hence W, UW, is not closed under addition and so it is not a subspace of Va(R). 7. The union of two subspaces is a subspace iff one is contained in the othét! 8. Linear sum of two subspaces is a subspace. 9. The necessary and sufficient conditions for a vector spite, V(F) to be a direct sum of its subspaces W, and W; arethat (i) V= W+W, \ Gi) WAW, = (0). ° OR The necessary and sufficient condition for a vector Space V to be direct sum of its two subspaces are that V is linear sum of these two subspaces and they are disjoint, Exercise 5.1 1, Let V be a vector space’given by V=R?= {(x,y,2) :x,y,z€R}then which of the following are subspaces of, V over R? @ We (79g)! Sxty-250,x,y,2€R} Gi) W= (Gy, Bi xty-2=0, 2ee3y-2=0, x,y, zeR} Gil) W = {@&,y, 2): x4y20,x,y, eR} (iv) W = {@.y, 2): +y 427s], x,y, 2eR} 2. Let V be the vector space of all n— square matrices over reals .Which of the following sets of matrices are subspaces of V. ( all scalar matrices (i) all singutar matrices (iii) all diagonal matrices (iv) all upper triangular matrices (v) all skew symmetric matrices. | When you b ‘yourself and dream big, anything is possible. “|RISING RK SLAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 5 Page 3 3. Prove that the intersection of any family of subspaces of a vector space isa subspace . 4. Let V=R? be the vector space over R. Prove that W is a vector sub space over R where = {(x,y,2) 1 axtbytez=0; x,y, zeR}. OR Show that any plane passing through the origin is a subspace of R°. 5. Let V(R) be the vector space of all function from R to R (reals). Prove that the following subats are the subspaces of V(R) (@) set ofall odd functions _(b) sét of all even functions (¢) set of all continuous functions. 6. Let V be the vector space of all functions from R to R (reals). Let W; and Wz denotes the subspaces of all even functions and all odd functions respectively . Prove that V is the direct sum of W; and Wo. 7, Let Mz.2(R) denotes the vector space of all 2x2 matrices over teals. Determine which of the following are subspaces of Mo,2(R). ow={ al :a,b,cen} (WW = {AeM,,) : (vil) W = {AeM,,(R) : Ais singular} 8. Let P,(x) denotes the vector space of all polynomials of degree at the most 4 over the field of real numbers, Determirie wiiich pf the following are subspaces of P,(x). @ W= (fe) eg t term of f(x) =1} GW = (7): deg f(x) =2} (ii) W =0{ (3): deg f(x) s2} (iv) W = {/(2): coeff. of x in f(x) is zero} @) W= {£@): £2) =S(4)=0} (vi) W = {F(&): constant term of f(x) =O} 9. Inthe vector space V=R?(R). Consider W, = {(x, 0) : xe R}, W, = {(0,x) : xR}, W, = {(%, x) : xe R}. Prove that W, , Wz, W3 are subspaces of R? (R) and prove that @ V= Wew, Gi) V= Wew, We cannot discover new oceans until we have the courage to lose sight of the shore. -Muriel Chen |4 10, Let V bea vector space given by: V=R?= {(x,y,2):x,y,£€R}. Which of the following are subspaces of V over R? @ W= {%,y, 2): x-3y4+42=0,x,y,2eR} Gi) W= {(x, 2y, 32): x,y, 2eR} (il) W = {x 2,2): xeR} (iv) W = {,y,2): x.y, z26Q) (vy) W = (x,y, 2): 220/29, zeR} (vi) W = {x,y 2): 0,2, y, ER} 11. Let ¥ be a vector space of polynomials of degree < 6. Which of the following are subspgoes bf V? Here f(x)eV wf @ W= (f@):f@=} Gi) W = {f@) + deg f(a) 4} Gi) W = {£() f=0,£G)=9} (iv) W = {f(2) : codfiicient of x? is 1 or -1} v) W = {/(a) + having positive coefficient ( {f 7 i bea 12. If a veetor spaceV is the set of all real valued continuous functions overR, then show that the set & me 13. Give an example to show that the linear sum of twa subspaces need not be always the direct sum . W of solutions of differential equations3. 5 +2y =0 is a'subspace of V. 14. Let V be the vector space of all nxn seal matrices. Let W, and W, be the set of all nxn real symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices respectively.. Then prove that GW; isasubspace of /. (il) M, is a subspace of V. V=W,OM,, The best way to predict your future is to create it. Mc ee ENf IMOLNG A DOEEAUIN LAN SAD Ee 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak Ph. 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra Assignment 2 Page 1 —--- $C Q-——— . Under which one of the following condition does the system of equations 12 4 ){[x] [6 21 2 (Fl. ‘] 12 a4) [2] [a] have a unique solution ? (@ forall aeR (©) forall aeZ (b) a=8 @ a#8 . The system of equations xtytzel 2x+3y-z=5 x+2y-ke=4 where ke R, has an infinite number of solutions for @H OF OR Oe (CSIR NET Dee 2012) |. What is the dimension of the vector space formed by the solution of the system of the following equations ? xia, +5 =0 x,+2x, =0 4-4 =0 @l (0) 2 @3 @o |. If the system of equations x (pt2)z=3,@ptl)y+ y-3z=1, inconsistent, @2 The system of equation and ke+y+z=1, xtkyte=k, x+y+ke =k does not have a solution, if Fis equal to @)0 — .(b)1 @-1 @2 6. The system of equations 4x, +x, -3x—x 2x, 43x +45 - 5x, x,-2x, 2x, +3x, = 0 has (a) no solution (b) only one solution (0,0,0,0) (©) infinite number of solutions (@) only two solutions . The system of equations x-y43i x+z=2 xt+y-z2=0 (@) a unique solution () finitely many solutions (©) infinitely many solutions (@no solution 4 s. Consider the equation AX = B, where and B=|°|, then 1 1 (@ the equation has no solution. ©) [7] is a solution of the equation (© there exists a non-zero unique solution (@ the equation has infinitely many solution . The system of the equations dx+y=5 x-3y=-1 3x+4y =k is consistent, when kis @1 (b)2 ©5 (10 10, The value of @ for which the system of equation x+y+z=0 y+2z=0 ax+z=0 has more than one solution is @-1 eo © @ 11. The system of equations x+2yt2=9 Qx+y432=7 can be expressed as1 @|, w/} DI 1 © li (d) None of these AD 3e42y+2=0 x+4yt2=0 Qetyt4z=0 be a system of equation, then (@) it is inconsistent (0) ithas only the trivial sofution x= 0, y=0,2=0 (©) it can be reduced to a single equation and 0a solution does not exist (@ the determinant of the matrix of coefficient is zero . Let M be a mxn(m rank'A . Let Abe a 3>3 matrix and consider the 1 system of €quation AX =| 0 |, Then, -1 (2) ifthe system is consistent, then it has a unique solution. (b) if Ais singular, then the system has infinitely many solution (©) if the system is consistent, then the jaz (@ if the system has a unique solution, then Ais non-singular . 4. system of linear equations x42y-z=1l, 3x+y—22 510, x-3y=5 (a) no solution (b) exactly one solution (©) exactly 3 solution (@ infinitely many solution ). Let Abe an mxn matrix and B= (b,,Byy.bg)! be a fixed vector. Consider asystem of m linear equations Ax = 5, where 25 Gitar)’ Consider the following statements, L Ifrank 7 the system has a unique solution, IL Ifrank Ar= bls ' 3) em ‘onpm infinitely many solutions for each vector bin . . (CSIR NET June 2016) Rr". IL. the corresponding homogeneous system ‘Ax = 0 has a non zero solution=> there is a eS vector bin R" for which’ 4x=bhas no 1. Consider a homogenous system of linear solution equation Ax=0, where A is an mxn real Choose the cortéct code matrix and n>m. Then which of the @) Land I are tue following statements are always true ? (b) [is true but It is false (1) Ax=0 has a solution (c) Lis false but IT is true (2) Ax=0 has no nonzero solution @ both I and I are false (3) 4x0 has a nonzero solution | (4) Dimension of the space of all solutions is 33, The system of equations a a xtytz=0 (CSIR NET June 2014) Bx+6y+2=0 ax+2y+2=0 2, Letd bea 3x4 and b bea 3x1matrix with teger entries. Suppose that the system Ax=b has a complex solution, Then A a has an integer solution. Oz @4 (2) Ax=6 has a rational sobation. 7 (3) The set of real solutions to Ax=0 has a basis consisting of rational solutions. has infinitely many solutions, then at is equal to @7 wtRISING (RR SLAN ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak Ph. 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra Assignment 2 Page 5 (4) If b#0 then A has positive rank. (CSIR NET Dec 2014)KLISUNG W® SLAR ACADEMY 1 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro St: , New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak Ph. 09728862122 NET oat § CQ wen Consider the real vector space V = R? and following of its subsets ={(x,2z)eV:x=y=0} HL T={(x,y,2)eV:x=0} IIL. W ={(x,y,2) eV :z #0} Which one of the following statement is correct? (@) S,T and W are subspaces (b) Only S and W are subspaces (©) Only 7 and WV are subspaces (@) Only 5 and T are subspaces ._ If Vis the real vector space of all mapping from R to R,K=(feV: f(-x) = f(@)} and V,=(feV: f(-x)=-S(2)}, then which one of the following is correct ? (a) Neither ¥;nor ¥, is a subspace of Y. (b) ¥; isa subspace of V, but J is not a subspace of V. (© V; isnota subspace of V, but Vy isa subspace of V (d) Both V; and V, are subspace of ¥. . Let R be the set of all real riumber and R?={(x,.x,):4, Rox, €R}! Then, which one of the followings subipace of Rover ® {(xem):22 0%, > 0} (b) {(233): x7 Rx, > O} © {(ex)!3 < 0.x, <0} () {(.9):x, eR} |. Suppose X = {(a,b,c,d):b-c¢ Y={(a,b,c,d):a=b+c} Z={(a,b,c,d):b=0,c=d} Which of these subset of the vector space Linear Algebra Assignment 3 . Let W, Page 1 | R'is /are subspace(s) ? @) Xonly (© X,¥and Z {b) Yand Z (@) X and Z 1, be subspace of a vector space V such that 17, n then w0, Gi) if m (ili) V = {(5).23.--4%,) #45 +2, 4.04%, =0 where & is the largest odd integer less than n} by for 1 Results : ; * 4 at total number of 1. Let ¥,(Z,) bea finite vector space of dimension n over the field Z,, Dy of distinct basis is 2. Let ¥,(Z,,) bea finite vector space of dimension n over the ke then the total number of (2=(e"-2) subspaces of dimension r is (Pally =n) 1, Find the number of distinct basis of the Mifowing vector spaces : © 22) Gy) Zz) i AZ). A(R) ) M3(2;) i) Mra(Zs) vii) R(Za) (viii) 2 (25) 2. Find the number of fdimé¥{siofial and 2-dimensional subspaces of the following vector spaces. Hence find thexotal‘number of proper subspaces and subspaces. Also write all the distinet basis and all somes ©, BG) i) A(Zs) 2; (2,) ae Answers 1. @28 (ii) 24 240 (iv) 1872 (v) 27998208 (vi) 1010880 (vii) 840 (viii) 1872 2. (i) 1-dimensional 7, 2-dimensional 7, total subspaces 16, no. of distinct basis 28. i) 1-dimensional 13, 2-dimensional 13, total subspaces 28, no. of distinct basis 1872. i) 1-dimensional 13, 2-dimensional 13, total subspaces 28, no. of distinct basis 1872. The path to success is to take massive determined action. -Anthony RobbinsRISING ** STAR ACADEMY} 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 7 Page 1_| 71.1 Row space, column space and null space of a matrix Def. Row space of a matrix : The space generated by rows of a matrix is called its row space. If 4 is a mx real matrix then its row space isa subspace of R”. Def. Column space of a matrix : The space generated by columns of a matrix is called its sal space. If A is @ xr real matrix then its column space is a subspace of R™. ? Mig Gin] oo wa=|%! 2 70 | then Ami Am oun. row space of A= ((241.2,--98q)s(@ay anon dann column space of 4 = (ue a0 Qent )y( O42 4290 Result : The dimension of row space and of the column s the matrix. Null space ofa 4 ={F:4 Clearly null space of A is a subspee = of R Result : If is a mxn matrix then djmension of null space of A is n~r, where ris the rank of the matrix 4. dentical subspaces : Let Ws be two subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space V and let S, and S; be théig spatinin¥’Sets respectively, Then Wy and Wz are identical ie. Wi= Wz if every vector of Si tan be expressed as linear combination of vectors of 2 and every vector of $2 can be Expressed a linear combination of vectors of S). Resilt 1. uppose A and B are two matrices such that 4B is defined, Then row space of AB is contained in thetow space of B and the column space of 4B is contained in the column space of A. 2. Suppose A and B are row reduced echelon matrices. Then 4 and B have the same row space if and only if they have the same non zero rows. The only difference between dreams and achievements is hard work, -Mayor Chris Bollwage2 Exercise 7.1 1. Find the dimension of row space and column space of each of the following matrices : 1325 4 12 3 2 112 4 35 13 2 0 455 ), 4 24 3f Pls 8 +.2f fs 1 27 3 6 123 2 1 -9 -10] A 22 2, Fork = 1,2,...5, find the number n, of linearly independent subsets consisting of & columns each of the following matrices : 11023 1210 7 @ 4-|1 202 5], @ B|1 230 13027 G 1150 121316 [: 2 243 8 315 2 3 7 | 7 B=| 3 1t@) At gs @ By 4. 4&8 6 16 7 32 396.779 For each matrix (where C,...sC, denote its column) : (Find its row canonical form M. ‘4 (i) Find the columns that are linear combinatfths of preceding columns, iii) Find columns (excluding C,) soaps for the column space. Gv) Express C, asa linear 7 the basis vectors obtained in (ii). 4, Determine which of the: satin rives have the same row space : 1-13 1-2 -1 -1 2 fh 2p 3 3h C=|2 -1 10 ff 30-5 1 5. Determine whith of the following subspaces of R? are identical : W Aspast(ts 1), (2,3,-1), G, 1,5), Wy=span{(1,-1,-3), G,-2,-8), 2, 1,-3)) me Ne LD, G13), G17] 6. Determine which of the following subspaces of R are identical: W,=span{(1, 2, 1,4), 2,4,1,5), (3,6,2,9)], W=span[(1,2, 1,2), (2,4,1,3)], W,=span((1, 2, 3, 10), (2, 4,3, 11)] True success in life is not measured by how much you make, but by how much of a difference you make,RISING *% STAR ACADEMY 28-4, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 7 Page 3 7. Find two different basis for () the row space and (i) the column space of each matrix M : oo 3 1 4 121 01 | 13121 1221 3 @ Ms 9 4 5 ob OM, 6 5 2 7h 412 8 8 7 24 1-10 4 8. Show that if any row is deleted from a matrix in echelon (respectively, row reduced echel then the sesulting matrix is still in echelon (respectively, row reduced echelon) form... 9, Let r=rank(4+ 8B), Find 2X2 matrices A and B such that : @ r 7.6 Quotient spaces Def. coupe 'V(F) be a vector space and W be a subspace of V , then for any ve V, then the set vi W fv w: we Whis called left coset of W formed with v or generated by v and the set W+v={w+v : we Whis called right coset of W formed with v or generated by v. Since the vector space V(F) is commutative w.r.t addition , so W+v=v+ Wand so it is known as simply coset of W formed with v. Results : 1. Let W bea subspace of a vector space V(F) and let V/W be the set of all cosets of W in V i.e. ‘Success is having your best day everyday.RISING * STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 NET Linear Algebra 7 Fage 9_| V/W ={v+W : ve V} then V/W isa vector space under the operations defined by (at W) ++ W)=(u+v)+W and a(u+W)=au+W and V/W is called quotient space of V w.r-. W. 2, Let W bea sub space of a finite dimensional vector space V(F) , then dim(V/W) = dimV —dimW . Remark : To find the basis of V/W we first¥extend the basis of W to form a basis of V anidthen t the cosets of W formed with additional vectors which are used for extension of basis,:T form a basis of V/W. ay Q Exercise 76 (Or 1, Determine dim V/W , where V=C(R) , W=R(R). & 2. Determine dimV/W where V=C?(R), W=R’(J 3. Let A= (x,y, 0), x, yeR} and B= {(0,y, ¥iy/zeR} be two subspaces of R*(R). Verify that dim((A + B)/A) = dim(B/A 8) 4, If Wisa subspace of R°(R) generated ny vw. a 5. IF V isa vector space of all Corp cover R and W is the set of all 2x2 diagonal matrices over R,, then show that W, i face of V. Also find dim (V/W). 2x2 matrices over C. Let waft z] :4,0, et}, e 0),(1,1,0)}, find basis and dimension of . Answers Ld 2.2 4, Basis= (W+(0,0,1)} , dim=1 5. » Fear begins to melt away when you begin to take action on a goal you really want, -Robert G. Allen10 True-False questions : ‘Answer true or false. if false, prove it with a counterexample. 1. If musts span V, then dim? =3. 2. If isa 4x8 matrix, then any six columns are linearly dependent. 3. Hf u,uast are linearly independent, then 1,1,,u, ,w are linearly dependent. 4, If u,,4 4 are linearly independent then dimV > 4. 4 5. If t4yitst span V, then w, t,t, span V. fn 6. If uygst th are linearly independent, then 1,,i4,1, are Hinearly independent. é 7. If any column is deleted from a matsix in echelon form, then the resulting matrixys still in echelon (3 form. : 8. If any column is deleted from a matrix in row canonical form, then the matrix is still in row reduced echelon form, ee 9, Ifany column without a pivot is deleted from a matrix in row effbnical'form, then the resulting matrix is in row reduced echelon form. tat We lift ourselves by our thoughts. We climb upon our vision of ourselves. -Orison Swett Marden[RISING %& STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Robtak , Mob : 09728862122 (NET Linear Algebra 8 Page 1 | 8.1 Linear transformations Def. Linear Transformation : Let U and V be two vector spaces over a same field F , then a function T: UV is called a linear transformation or vector space homomorphism if () Tus) = Tw) +T() forall uve U T(au)=a T(u) forall aeF,weU Remark: The above two properties in the definition of L-T. can be combined into a single propert, namely, T(au+bv) = aTw)+bT() forall qbeF and wyeU 3 3 Def. Linear Operator : A linear transformation is called a linear operator if the Veetor space on both ‘sides is same. A linear transformation is called a linear functional if the vector space on Def. Linear Functional the right hand side is the field of scalars. Def. Injective (one - one) Linear Transformation : A linear transformation T : U-+V is called injective or one-one ifforanyu,veU, T(u)=T(v) ¥ uev OR uty => T(u)#T() ie. different elembnts has different images. Def. Surjective (onto) Linear Transformation : A linear transformation T : U->V is called surjective or onto if foreach ve V_thetys an eldinent we U st. T(u) = vise, cach element of V has a pre-image in U. Y . Def. Bijective Linear Transformation ;-A linear transformation T : UV is called bijectve if it is ‘one — one and onto both. A bijective linear transformation is also known as vector space isomorphism. Exercise 8.1 1. Determine whith, net the following mappings are linear transformation. . © TRIP defined by Te ,y,z)=@, x+y) ) (ii) 7:R? + R° defined by Tey, z)=(Qxty,2,x,y41)> “RMR? defined by Tee, ») =, 9) (iv)7:R? + R? defined by Te sy 52) = (xl 92) (v) T:R? +R defined by Tx, y)=x°+y 2, Determine which of the following mappings are linear transformation. Further if a mapping is, linear transformation then find whether it is one-one or onto or neither or both. Take a risk-jump out of your comfort zone!4. . Translation mappii . Rotation mapping : ‘The mapping T:R° — R’ defined by .. Reflection mapping : The mapping T:R? > R? () T:R? + R?defined by T(x, »)=(ee0s0+ysind , -xsind + yeos) Gi) TR? + R? defined by Tey 2)=e-y,y-2, 2-2) (ii) T: CR) > C(R) defined by Te+iy)=x-iy (iv) TCR) > CR) definedby —Tew+) =x (v) TiR?+R_ defined by Te, »)= [2x+3y) (vi) T:R? + R defined by Te. yxy (vii)7:R? > B defined by Te sy, 2)=@+y, 32,0) : (viii) 7:R° + R defined by T(.y,2)=(x,qy,z), ais a non-zero real number. . Zero mapping : Let U and V, be any vector spaces then the mapping O:U —> Vj! defined by O(u)=0 for allueU is called zero mapping. Prove that zero mapping is 8 linear tfansformation. “9 Gefined by I(v)=y forall Identity mapping : Let V be any vector space then the mapping ve is called identity mapping. Prove that identity mapping is a lirieat transformation, . Projection mapping : The mapping T:R"-> R’ defined by T(#,y42) = (2,10) is called projection of space onto the xy -plane. Prove that T is a linear traisférmation. . Define the following projection mappings and prove thabthey are linear : (i) Projection mapping of space onto the yz ~plane. (i) Projection mapping of space onte the.xz—plane. (Gi)Projection mapping of space ont ¢axii (iv)Projection mapping of space onto y-axis. (v) Projection mapping of space onto z-axis. [he mapping 7: R’ — R° defined by T(x,¥,2) =(x+a,y+b,2+C) is called transtation mapping, where a;b,¢ are real constants, Prove that T is not a linear transformation. T(Ry,2) = (#0086 — ysind,xsin9 + ycosO, 2) rotates dvectorv about the z-axis through an angle 6 in anti clockwise sense. (28 shown inthe adjoining figure.) Prove that Tis a linear transformation. defined by 7(x,y) = (xe0s20-+ ysin28,xsin20- ycos20) reflects a vector v about the line passing through origin and making an angle @ with positive x-axis. ‘Nothing happens unless first a dream. -Carl Sandberga RIS STAR ACADEMY 28-A, Jia Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi, Mob : 07838699091 439/29,Chhotu Ram Nagar, Near Power House,Delhi Road, Rohtak , Mob : 09728862122 [NET Linear Algebra 8 Page 3 {as shown in the adjoining figure.) Prove that T is a linear transformation. 10, Mattix mapping : Let A be a mxnmatrix over a field F. The mapping T:F" > F™ defined by T(v) = A() for all v¢ F” is called matrix mapping. Prove that T is a linear transformation. 11. Derivative mapping : Let P(RR ) denotes the vector space of all real polynomials, A may D:P(R)—>P(R) defined by D(f()) = f"(x) forall f(x) € P(R) is called derivative mapping. Show that D isa linear operator on P(R ). Further tell whether D is one — one or onto of neither or both. coe 12, Integral mapping : Let V be the vector space of al integrable functions oni “Ih¢ mapping T : Vo R defined by TY) [f(2)de forall feV and a, be Reiscatled integral mapping. a i» ‘Show that T is a linear functional. 13. Let be the vector space ofall polynomials over R dng i a fixed polynomial in V. A mapping T: V > Ris defined by TY) = [/(.g(0 Ut where a,beR and feV ‘Show that T is linear functional. 14, Let My(F) be the vetor space of all én ‘agtrices over a field F. Let M be a fixed nxn matrix. Which of the following mappings T,; M(F) >M,(F) are linear : () TA) = AM forall AeM,(F) (i) TA) = MA “forall AeM,(F) (iii) T(A) = AM+MA ‘forall AeM,(F) Gv) TA) = MAtAM forall AeM,(F) (TA) = AMMA forall AeM,®) wi Taye AM forall AeM,(F) | (vil) TCA) = Mea forall AeM,(F) 15. Let Mz (R)} be the vector space of all 2x2 real matrices and P,(R) be a vector space of all polynomial of degree at most 2 with real coefficients. A mapping 7: M,(R)—> A (R)is 4 defined by r((: ‘). a+ (b+c) x+ds?, Show that T is linear transformation. Further We will either find a way or make one. -Hannibal