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(1\0 r() (>\ - l'dr \ (\;)
,f=- ~i-'1!t +tto1mo~hQm~C Eq,llOI tilin oa- ~ 8-kt:b. ..

we know t-hCt.J:: from .f-t.U... (flC-\.X wQJ.l ~~-

dE =. T d s. - Pd V s' . t , ~

br'f.f. Sot-b S,'de wr'+n ..!HL?l?e~ to EJ l~

V , Ot..:l Lon>.-toni J:.a..ro p
-V. -T
A

l~)
av T
:. T
av / - P (~)
(.!i) T .w, T
dE ::: Tds --PdV

(~)T :: T (~) -f

?Iv T

. : (~)
av r
: : (2..)
. \)\1
(-~ e) - T (d3TP ) v
T -,
P
:tr "

E)
l,d
av,..
=9. TnfennctO. 9..)1 e SoS u,)u... 031.. ..".
.
C tmf J

\'
~)
l ~" T
a! a. co~-t:-l- T ~ wu.d.

change jJ, :tnie)1nCUl ~~ UJith Chdnge fn VQ.lJ..J...hU.

cU: ~ .coru 4;-1.. dt.rn~. In COLlJ.,Ld 9n--1 e.tIno..O. p.).UJV)U)'t.t.

+ CQ.l..c.u. Lot.:t.1hn &(1. an ten MJL p>wv.> lA.HJL ffl .OJn 8 cUa.Q. ga.t"

Pv ::: RT P = RT
V
) _ t..)(~
RVV
1!'.
( 91
I~) ::::T'lCldf) -r ttT v - y d.:r
\ d" T dT 'J ! ,

.\r

~ Wr)u ~ t
L~ \
~ If-i rci.! \ T __ p,;( - h
*' PI-f1 S:r:cAL 8X(fWrF:tC.I\NcE OF TW'TERNAt. ~RESStJ~E' RbI?
IN :X:D~~LCi AS !:,

." ,.. . -,, ,, ., ., .. \

1'\ . (
....'-.,.i'" " ------::> I' T
T
. Sf
(XWbIcd) E-z....
C. "4-t 'NiU)
'E c{ T
.fctr r~,~ 7
~E=O C!)'r [dEca)

g.'nee we KnoUJ f-ho... ~ '3cUotO. <1~ ~ k flo

5nte>1ec::J:1on blUl mo.JJt~..,)...O nlo ~':.f ..iJJ UJCU)4--e.d

o:nclen to . . . _
'urnr oUe:rJu>me +u.t.. .9nteJi e.ett:D"~ u.n 9..so+-h..u1 moUt 'X.)?ett'VV)ion
~ ,
ftrf om 9d...locJt .~~ +tu.J..u.: \.l.J.)' No c.nOfnI)Je ~ ~e.'ln~

tJ'UJ-'t..f~ b Ito ~nl'+"a.a.. ~ "i-rnc&. ~~.

80,
r-[6-e-::.0-)
O'r
IoS == 0]

~ . C e tt.\.t c. ~ e. ~ ft>'l fen n&.O. ~ ~ '\.U; +h-

GhrJnge J.n vo.lU.rn e ot.:l. t.ONH ~p' .J.o

&tu.cd. j;o l:.e.)1 o

(~) =0
\av T
:r~~~J

<-

~ In-le.nnct.O P..k.uv)U>U. ;lei" oth 3~ 9~ zeno

C70
 - - (;; ,,'-'.,,1 I/''''''n f'",''' DnTJ ~d f'Ql.U",,'dfl.(f?
~-tQ~ 1VfIT?-n-ow CYI i ~ u o.rr~f~)-Q \-WJ? -rot 2. ~ ~ ~
v\
~~ r~~~--~--

'---1:~

p
1
-t,f\
jr_ .~ +~
J$4'~~
d- ~~ ("-E- t-d)
. \
'1;1\
..l.bl = (q-I\) (10 .... d J
 0::::
~(~)
;:-,9/=
~
d- ~cf ::
(4-A)
d - -..l.~ :::
d-
.(q-Aj ::
'c:f x-L ~(-:~)
(q-.I\)
,
::: n(~:j
- '?J
..J:Y I\k~J) _ I\(~)
.JF ~\ ~ - dP
(q:~) = d
.L~ =qd- Ad
.L~ ;:; (q-AJd
u)
lJ-Q;):::pon'b~ ~b P .J..od-. -n..m1cVT1"6'd -otaU I-CIf-US "'0111' T-flOTl'"Q-p::rJ
"'t 1\/0 at Qllmda V('> I'T' 'f1l Ci) O)..(d 2. CQ: I-G f\ d U U l4> cn-m ~<Illii'd GlflL(i-Gtl\f
, "

~7JOOW tlJ~JlrYl1 cnlq Ua~dlGtlJ.9 Q1: --mp ~ ~LtOJ am 08

~~ ,

.~ ~ 0Ltt- miG

'1..f <ffrJdl{d-; ~ 1JVft:' 7IU4<::J) I-Q n Q o:r ~Q cr-r pat<nO tI\ vr' Rhnua 01'1i- ~
i'WflS (R~ "1"Yt+ ~4-ns !lOt. Lto4-(n
0, ~ ~ ~ Vf1"' ~~O .l I
~ ~
"t' 1\ ' dltu:S: ~ ,
~ tlo'v'}f ~JlI/cY;).liJu~:rt t()~ n vr roB Q"lOl1 ~ .A.Ofn-mwrn-d oUlU.(afllJ
 . .1(..Lt)
f\"" l\e..L - ::: ..
dP/\ +spJ. = HP
~ UQ~ 1S"f')cY\ ~)JUJ wo"::} < ~ (Y\QU~ 'dM
. : ~S f.Ep ~o:r.ronb:i D,IWtoUPrpaW~t pU Q ")3S -f'
 \\Ir .
,. GKi4e>-lia.. 10 ::)1 S po n <\-eI n e.l~ : ..

9 H _ p

/ /G
(Ll s () _V ---:r
A
liN

B~Seefn.9 +ta 3\'9)") OJ chcmge t'n Hw1moolynClrrdc. pCOtCUll-U:eJj

we QoIn 'p..91 e otrcl +tu.. p..9{.O~ s 1'0 n +lneow> I .9t.!LVe.nAOtbb.,

o.n. &:tUill b.91.ltt rn

E.n<1roPM chan8e.:.. \i"e)

(~S)4IV '> 0 t: Spontettu.n~J

(/).s) ttlJ :: 0 [Re v.e.nsctblL 0'" E:qJ.A1Ji~u"'J

Chc.tn~e uJ.> En4-hoJpij

C<1H]S,P<. -v ls porHe!hD-o~J

l6H)s,p =0 [t<.e.,v~ ~ E~I't/mJ

ChQnae Lin al\bb~ f.xtl..l En.o1..9~

rt.lG)
\f P,T
<:: 0 [Sp0n\elneJWJJ

( AIn ) :::
t,T
0 {E.e v e-'tACLb.J.L -n- E c:v.u. J
:hQh 9e Jb J-taJ.. hOLm 0-\ 'Z f.)1.D.A c.h.u1g:f.

(p. A)"'rT <: 0

[ Spon.] .

. ~ A) "'T=0 [ R e.v ... Eq,w" J

:harts e ~ 9nttrtncu. e:.~'if..

(AE)v,s< 0 r SpOOl]

(At.)Vt~ =p [Rev. <t f9.u.t,J

 .l(~) A(.l..~
I\e "to (l1 .:1.. - :=
-
A ..l.' 1>-
I\J.~
[. W +1 J ~ - J\:)-4:J
d( ..ls..) "(!:1 1\ .... _ d.....
I\e cJ e J ...L - .., v
@ Cp- tv::: .,. (~) . (~)
~,. v 'OT P

1'''100::1-::::> S::: f C TI' 'iJ)

To ttd. di.ff'e.n-i-l ot1.

dS := (dS)dT+
dT v
(~) a'll
JV T

PI'vl'de bO+h S(de b~ dT Cf.:t t.o~~n-t f~1..(XQ.

S
(J~)"l
( cJ )
JT p
_
- dT v + (~ 1 (av)
J
()\f T ~dT r
f\,u.tUjM{1 bo ttl S,'d e b~ T

T (dS)
dT P
: : T. ( ~ ) V ~T
+ T.(~) . (. dV) P
3V T JT

... T ds;: d q, Gue \c,.now t-ho.+ .fY 0 tn E.ntfop'1- ChC!.th.,e)

(~\
aT)p
;: O'tv)
( ~T )v
+ (o<t;:)
aV}T
(OV)
aT p

l': 3"\-a.:t torutt ,::. a H.. ':aCJ. cu. to 1'\1)\:1.' V .::3E]

( :~.), .:: (!..)

3T v
.+ T (li) aT ~
(.EY..)
~T P

,..
L' ~ . I~ ..-
J=)"om m~1- wW- ~Y) '"

[( ~)T =U:)vJ
Cp --- Cv ;- ~ (~ ) ~ (*) p

Cp_ Cv = T C:~)~ (~) p

*- Cp - Cv :::: R r -fOr ct n IolL.ot.Q.. - ~ey ]

f..l100d ,--t

Cp-Cv = T, (ap) (E) P ;)T v 3T

Pv =- RT r::r d.lU. gcu Eq, tJ.DtJ;:;i0'1l J

.. (~~)v ~ -Vf<
..
'
( JV)
. ;;:::_
3T P
R
r

Puf +w. vCLl...U..LZ> In CLb"ove Cifh

Cp- C:~ :: To R
-'
V
-PR "

C'p-c" := TR " R
rv
- CJ;> ... cv :::: (W' ~
W

[ Cp-t'v t~l.

,,;

~:
 ~~--'-----.--.--... -----
I
i
6
I
II\. '-r.'F'.L - A)~
/ 1 .
.J<" e,,,,x.,.)
,"")o'.L
u -::
.l(~", d(t!. )
I\e) .1.(
.1(~) = .L (~) J(:~)_
t-" .l (~) y~~ rc:)
(0

...
J\(.J.e )
. dE'
,,
.l-(~) (~) J..- ::. 1\) -d~
/\e b de
 :::>
"J - cf J I
~

~J ;
~~f~
(q-A;
-d ')(.
~ -Y ...L - -d)
"-:>
-'?dJ - d( ~~ ~
.):(i J
0+ J.f~'d - d( ~;)
d
q. +- J.. '?J
== A
q
---
.1 'd -:::: ('1 -1\) .
.Q
(q-A)
- ~
~ (Cj-.I\j
=

J.i? - 'd h( ~~ )
(~ -AI
-

J.~ :::d
 Cp - Cv :: R [ I + ~Q.. 1 fu J1..t.OLl 90L.&"
P..TV

ll> . . .qV2.) (V-b) :.::. RT -(j)

..
Cp - CV -= T ( ;~) V' (~ Jr -

B~ CD

( ~) -?

dT)V

(P+ft) (Y-b) =RT

V2

lp+~J = -
RT
( Y-b)

-- p RT Q.
l \I-b) \72.

'l~)
dT V
d
dr
[R..T
M -
Q..]
V~ v

Po )(
()v .:
( V-b) ! - 0

(if)v - l~b)
R -t i i)

( ~)
dT P
~
0'+ .~) ::: -
RT
< .v-b)

(:1" [ p+ .'l_ 1 ). : ELRr~l

.
b + C~)
V3
(c!!')
dT P
Rx 4 C'i>t. (V-by-I]
d, 1: ll'

- R x [1. tv-b' .... + TX

(-I f~J
&"-bJ\.~ r p
1
-~ (~)
\/3 . CI, P
:::: _R
l\r-b) Rr
tv -b)'1.
(dV)
CiT P

- ~J(~)
~

r~
~ vs \drp
R
(\J:b)

liT, C)t:65 - aQ(V-b)Jl~) : . 1

[ f.. CV-b)"a. ". V9 d,.. P

2-.
.[ LV-b) .
!lq CV-b)l l~
12 J dT)P
\ =- 1.

(~~)p =
-
!:

l~
.
t.':f-b)
_2q CV-b2 ]
V3. R
....
ptA): ~ \J ctU.U j.k) E.<:VA~ -+

Cp- Cv
= TX R
~-b)
')t [J T _
.
2Q(\I-b)
]
L\I-b) V3~ R

Cp-(v ,:: Tx ~ (
l'v-b)
 T~ul..~ -- Th otn.8.t>n.- E J;= F B :, ~ ~

VO~OL.U ~~

~I~' PL~:
I

_~~-'.II-'--f~\I~,~p'l - B I 4 'v.; ..-" .

'-l'O\ti 4~"f)>. 4-03- t'\

Wltl"k ta doru... b~ 4U.L. l'::1Uem
':iVl\l exAt~, +('. h" t~ lp~V")
c: Wb'J'\t. ,'I.. do tv.. 0" ru-t- S~ a+emJ ~f,,, ~

'* tit 5f tM a. ex..p enirJUX)~ '()b~~va1:iDn ~~h 8~

~ ~CA. <jClJ) Jo Cl.i.lX)we.d -to xp~nd o..dA'cLbcd:i~

thod"
f+u.. d:Q.tn pi 0jJ- t-ta.
from ~ ~ p~esS W-t4- ct..o J...ow p~essUXJ2.

cv.. In 4-\AL ~lnoc..Q... ~+cctt. c.hCln~eA,..

.
*" ... JbulL-Thomum &..ffe.c+ In CL ..lJ)o En+hc.t.J.pI'c.' P...l10C~

[Net wO-'t",done = f , V,-I'2.V2.}

Stnte.we-knoUJ+had)iYon, :n+ J.D.LLu 03- +h.J.nmoc.4l nctm ,'CA

bE. = q,..+w
q, =- 0 c. q d 1~Cl.ba.::b.C:.. f-'t..O Y2.l.A4J

E'2.-E lC p,V, -Pl.VL

1_-_

E'2.+ f2.V'2,. =- EI+ P,vl

[H'2. = lid
4H =- 0 J
01'

1C) 1; '= ~J

 'InVertSlon. J::unp. ~~

.. The -:lett)~, b e..Lot& l..&h.i"ch... .+tu. 9~ beta me Co 0.9. d.Dul h

~ e~CU\M\ 0 n -' +h.at::L teh'>Pf J.o Co. l.lD..aI rn ven.Mon Temp.

-11> AJi.. +tte... 'd~e'> .ohow ~oJ..ina E-fFeDt 'E.x.ce.l't

Hychn 9e.n.. t J-tQl.iurn. bUYZ.. Jhv&V>t'On d:D.hip. O(J-

{k) omd J-lQ. ~.An ..lo t.e

Ji C9tn!..t te. Q.ch~\le

ct. .R/To

.l'e +h-L{} 8 hI> UJ fu.ct;tin 8 e.-fff!c+

rmi DERIVAT'ION' Or:- TsOENTftAl.-PTr:. Tou LE-THoMSON COr::.t=:t Cl:ENT : ..

~ po S e. H 1',& ,\)5. .j..u.n tiLe 11.- o:J. P Cttfld T ~)

H '= :f 'C P, T) 4
.1Y
.- d H = Ld. H) d.F t- f,J..,) dT'
CoJ~ T '(aT r
..>Un~eck +0
I

&Ff. both side UJ,'(-h dr a.:;t: WnM{' ,.,

dH=f.dH)JP+ C.... dr
*
o "ell';

o = LdH) -x,1 + cp .(~)

\dP ~ dp ~

- Cp (~~)~ = (i!!.)
ap r

( J
~ ()P
T) H
=- ll;r.T. ::
~'~-~<.
~ (..ll:!)
C" ~ dP T
J
L
~.-~--

LLTo T ~ To-tLlQ... -100m So n. cot1-, 'ct'eu...:t

 0t-J<;)j;t;3 "'LIOS' W Q 4J.. - "01'1 0.. en Q 4 ~
.J.ou rnqp ~ omJOB ~ \'t'l'1Q4S 9':rrn~'b4 c.:4-l
-=

-~ T ;:
r(:4~~+ ~(it) l
<.I;:>
J. [ Cn4 +4"3\ ~] - 1 - =
I\d + 3 ::: H : ..
- ~lf+ ma(J~ -am aJuJf'

-
-:J........... _
H(dQ)
~lf - lR
\ .
 <J (..l.P) d;:)
[1\- AP LJ T
d{'J
..L( Hel::: d( J.pAp \)J... - 1\
i ( d (' '\ d(J.P~
Hf ) 1- f'.Pj.J.:. 1\
J.[~
I-tp ]
 \.
(6)
-c.-1. 'd d
[ h}Wh1<NJ) 0 + +
"lJ ~ ,-;ft,

L"'d =I'J .:J
~ d
Q (It + (~) {' -+ 'i
:m
I
I
1,
-
( led d
(t>
J - q + '=b - 1}j :: f\
1\
~ - qd +- i) -..L'd = I\d
-
. 11\ 1\
1.)i == V; - b +- qd - Ad
= .1(~~) _ :,
 Pu. +tu. U Q..Lu..e. &.::f Cb 1 i h Eq" - { l )

It.:r:r ::: _1
c p
[ !.9._
RT
*1- b-/J
It.7 . r_ ::; _1 [2..~
_._._..b J'.
Cp RT

conti.tt.h\on t)j JoulJL-ThoJ'\llSOn. Gffe.c-t: '=t

Ia..ll.ou. geM clo~'nt Show Tou1.t. Tho/llson Sffec.+

lL1.T fo..- fln 9d.tot.Q.. Cj~ ~ Eq,UOlQ. do ZeJ10

Iso -En+hc:t.lPic JOuLe... ihotmoh. . {()j~,'c.Ie..J:t. tk &t,UOt.l -to J.t:.:,-.

(l!) c)p If
= J.t'[:T- ;;: -1
c."
f d..,l
l Ir

l4ll ~CU)a C\.:t 'R/T ,. hot.U& c.oD..l..ih a : Ffet..+ Except ''''yd'1'Ogell.

-;r.T
-t ~m bt0z i-LL.Uv ~vetUl'on ..:h.h')~. d..o ~ not Q.Ch ive.b..U cct. RIT

<J n ....hi. ~ e 03- R-eWL fj c..tJ.,. +w.. ncd::l..u-u.. OJ J.L:r. To

J,tJr. = +.i.. [~-1>J

Cp R'T

-I' 3n +tuL (JJtA.Q... OJ- ~ CjC(J.> 11i-tu. hodJ...u..u.. ~ ...l..t.r."'f. J:., +ive J .i.:L.~

f-ha.t LOO J.tn8 .tol:le.s ~te.

<3 ~ +h..e V a.1..tu. ~. ...It:,. T.....an - i v e J:l m.to.ru -th04J:. I-U.oJ: I' n 9 ~ '(. p..tm f e.
j~ i-UL \J cU.lu.. 01 ..It:r.T. ~ zen 0 ,'+ m -e.~ n..\ f-h oU::- n.D..i +h VI .I-lt.ocf:.i" ,.

nO!T1 c..cC!)...li.n3 Od- ~~:lot.ke-. p..!D(te

...It'T.T' :::(dr)
ap
: : +lve
H
C. (fjO .J.1~J

J..l !Tc t ~;).., :: . . lve ( I-wu ;h8)

 A te I1l ~. ott. u9tu'c. tt. gcu JM...oUJ l tu1. then h li.llltin 9 n &.91 c..ooii ns.
+hct d4.tn~. .ib tee I uJ f hU e)'(.,\ t' 0 n. t.e..m ~.

J.t.T T. :: .!. [~ -b]

Cp R.T

o ::: ..L [:l-' - bJ

c.p RT

2.q
=b
Rr.

l.~ = T. 1 TC' ~ :t:nv~I'()n +em~.

A-bove Tt' -\-U..L <jm ~hOlUA ~ t..f'Fen-t~

cmd. .- b e.lOw ~ J:.n v enhf\~r1) ..tun", gClJ ~ho~ coo-tirv;;

Cf.fec.+

90 J-~ E-Ff~t, +~ <dcu 10 Cl~ ~*and hm

~ ~ p.9-UM\.U'(L au J..oU) .~.!1U.N) UhL ) t-h.u--u..- ~ a Qhol"f~
1b O~, +ho- E~ 0(1- cha~ cl.t.f;>end upon J..nf+lClQ.
Ternp') p~J)~ clt ffe)i1l.Ol!e ) . hO:t::l..u-u... ~- ~ LU\.tet.
 ISOTHER MAL 'PROCESS

I
-t: 1
Re\1-vv,CJ.h.R4 r~C/b...tt..

1 $
I
"
EXPUrw:Oh
"l
toM \,!:rUM lo h
f~ 8lt..f>etvli Ot')

Tt'l
I
+eJ1 rn.tQ1 h::f:b,
'.
.'.
i

.r I
l
~)tpervn/o h (j)1'I):>~I! Of')

Iso+h.o1mctO.. Reven~ E:X:pU'V)i on 0-'1 oom"~I'on {l)Y 00 IoluJt.Q gCtf:

. tn E")(p~lon. ~ cS..utP03e Q.. Stl s+em totu'c.n (Dn+a.ih Qh ~ctLoJL ~~

~and Jno+tu.nrn~ -Nom v, to V2. ~ ~ (OI.AA. Jt.h?p. ...}<.unoltt

Sarna .~ C(, ~ ~~t be abSO!tl' b~thL SW1.:nC1Jnd"~.

i
I

q .....
s,q.e.t'\MJ'ott
..
'. ot*

~(''
. . II
".
'"

, ..

v,..
.;> .. .. , : i "
J .. ..."f,."",-- ~

"T. Vi ~ Pex T
Sow,c.e
[.f.q.] 2,.

(. u.l..~Jtbb t'(f A E :?

5n ttu. CfWlt. 01 9d..l.cU ~~ ,EW, a 3u..neHon 0(1 -Ie...,.,,,.

db .Jem~. ~a.itU. )lame ..!.hi Hc& ~ ... ~,rtctJl. Sted..L
C.hcUlqe. db "aYltV1NAD... e~ ';l J., fCf,t.t.acL .i.o ZeJto

1:4E:ll]
91"1 +hi. o..Olc:tIlcd:t'c S!jsteJ'))'

"Terrlt, ~ SQhI e I ~ E clESt,lt)ot c.hah,e..

e8l.
 OY')~ ~~
.~J- . t?~ ~ ~ ~ -t". Of \/\
. ~p ~OJ( ~dy;~' ~ ~\
~ "-1~ '1?t-"CV\ ~M XJ. /JIrwMnf '~x3 cD
~(rfl 'W ~ ~ ,~--;".~~) Ffj~ ~~
~ ~f.~.
~~
\.
YJi~1l1
 av=~ ~\7J
COy ;~'ll 0-:00 .L\l
..L:'1.'$ -+ 3q- -:: tA.\l
(-1. (j) v ~ 3q 3 y\ \}
(Ad) \I 4.- 3\] ::\\\1
. )9J ~ ,IJ
~ IvJ~Jf;
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I~'
.,"i
41
0- ~fl
ra~~ "vl
.J .) f
.
, ~ ~ '" .l \
[~~J.~__~id .
1\PJ dE h ~
a~;J'V
 pof)1O ~ Oft. Of ~~;40>
f~~O)! ~ .~~i'f;~~.
~~ -
I~ WOl~U~~J
.C1 :::< h~
.~ !
..
~
&-1
~I
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 G-al;]
0.,.. b ..".~ a
Q.. -:::> \1\\'0 ' 0 ~ 3\J d "'\I.
Q d ::1 \0 I () -d 3\1 H\j' 3'1
'OYlJ~
~}JOchJouJ ~ Irt1~~{ ~. oM
v

~~)rvrvd >fj o"CUJ --Yo . wrm J101'
 [?<1\-1~}J~~bJ c8J
C\*'l -: : . 0
f\J Cl +- b ::. 3'J
"I'>l~ ~r"'d <')i1f:;~ JIj - '1\ ~ c'\ J
{,t~
~
~(IA~-tt\)tb-~j
,LI .. Cf'> 4- b '" 0 ~
.a:
c!\ *'~ :.- 3~ ~ ~:
~)~
'~~~
~\\~~~
6:
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8:
i~.<>
~~
J
i~

1 (~

\j'< \ (~

. t~
~ -pf'O ~ \@~
~~~ 1
fe;.'M"O()~ Clp.rp-wYOf'16J ~
('W~~};~~)Q'3\ ~
vJ L 1a
I '
-t.J _ .
-t.o' ""- "VJ\
I
I
l7J -: :; iiA1.( "
Jv..IJ\ I
.1
("III y.fIld ;<J" ) "cq--- ~ '.1\ - < <A ) -t.<l - '" 1)\
T7T
~ r4YOl- "':; l:;'~ ~ Cf(p:;;-;v(J)" , 'Ofrl'0:!' "00"1'i'j0-KO~
~G-U) ,I
\.II
~
(we O"fl J .,...-<J ~ '/\ 'd '," -o:.l.. CI
(
A
. ~ LrO .lGllA -' :;- C'1
dki ~ :;. ~MYi
~?t,WYQf~~~
---wtr) ~ Yf1~~) ~ .!{((y~0" Jf(fYf
rF1J of cA
(t1\_11\) 'J. -l( (\I\~--Cl\l~d -:. C'\
 .'5f.J I a I, <# ["?,, b b'l } :: b ]
--z; ~ .. , <; b U'<i - " 6
-
'J-~ ~t1 fV~ 8 ~d
L CC6 au t...l + ,r
-::; 7;
.:, .-z::$
a IG r .7J X't Il 'b" u)4 cl.D,J ~ h ti <9 ""'"
0-'1
tA; vvo o..Q 1:, '/JI) 1'[. &l ~ ::;
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[r,f -L)-<l ] vro ~(1 ~ ~
~
&.
.~
e;
~-:;
e;;r::
Ct.~
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e::
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~
~
~'"
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'
~ ..
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t
1

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I
. :~
~(j)
(if- I
Pr ~ J~(}\)
<:.J "\ .
~J -to ~
.
('1\ -~I\ J :OJ ~
 ,fj);
\~
,"
..
..'
~
~
F"+1 }\1%~S @ f9
('1-7 Wub \'5 .(J;) :~
@:
~~t'\))O~ ::: b-:::C'\ ~ t~
q::; "'v G1 ~
Q.- ~ 3'7 G:J .'~
,1
.
~
~
~
~
~
() -: :. h @c
'0' ~ C"\ ~) )0 v\\?pus.. (C\-) 'io "Vp (~ @
\) <.; ~q (1.7-) ~ \A;~~it5 ~ (b~\ :)6 4>,':> (" :
Q~3q
I ' rI\-:J. Q ~
~VV{~~~-:'.~' b
~-L(J ~ 3 CI -:=. b ("i
\1,.::>\\<1 ~:
Q~ ~')l \"'If . ~ r:l(} ~
Q..-_ .::::l
Q..~3~ <::1 ~~"e
~t:Jy--""
~ [~1 ~~
~~
~,
~
I .'.
~
~
& A., ~
7/J. Sl 1AP~~rQ ~~J...II }o>pj.kJa' ~ ~
~?~~I~~ =;~~.~
 .
I
Jvvt'oL ~~ fO ~f,) ~
1-1OQf"'~ fl7. ~f.~.~ N) !
--~
. ~ "',:. ,. -: VIP\~~~ ~ril -
" J. ~ ....
I ~
. --- .....
I,
 [2"OC.+obeJ1,2.0\sJ

-: Adict.bcd:i.c P.910CeM fey om TollctO.. <;.tcLt: :.:

Re\1 ens i b..l.t.

1
:t: ':J.
~:lC)et\MI' 0 h c..o""PX4f>j, 0 11 . \J'Qccom In +c.n 1'IUAlJc.t
01'
~
I ~
f~ 2,q, eINv') (0 I'\.
~~eb, c.oW)~

Ad-icth. [

~ Ac.licthaJic R.e. v e>1Ai bk' Eq, t 9<U.b

.. ~'() n... 0';} tl e

Pex

O!l1 U)riI -IVy a n Icl.t.ot.L

fc" ,
\\ \.

N/l CV \:\ .' " ,

\tt:'Pi' t'..\', I>

-~--~-.-y , ,I '\ t .. , 't

~ > !"1'
E x~ i:lLt\rv)1 01'1. ... ~ 'I' - .,. \. ~ 1'2.
::- ('.
"" ", \\ .....
.. ,
"'(J \. , ..., "/ I'

.c ~IJ

Pex I
, <'
" .. Pl,:"
'( .............
(. \ ...

...
, (..om t~ ,'on. > ,.. .....

~1i
. . .' ~v

12.

~>I7

Ai nee we KnoUJ +hcd In QdlCWcA.he P.:ti..bCfN) fLu

S~tem S:?C..p ~ COtY.Iv~'t. d +u..u-u..

.
\..l? &E. fa1{e
ftJ..ac.r.e Gwld te.m~, Oc.Uo ChQ~u..

So fllE ~- ~~~::,1i' J
.. 9 n e:x.t>. ., T'l- c::: T. , ~ Jt> Co rn p, ;. T 2. .,. T,
Ccdc.,IOLb'on O"';f Chang e J..n e.ntho.l.t>'J- ( AI:!>~

~n+hoJ.. ~ Cna n~ ~ d-w,.' n8 flu.. p..HOc.e.&& ,bc.1)"Z. En \-hol.lht J.:.t.l"m

8nClUclt. 8rr\-eJ1 htlll en.t!H.! ~ 0 ~ a...l!.o c h cmgB5

r: .t; f1 '= h (1' ur" - r,) I

So, in E)( rt1V\? ,'on T'l.- LT,
'\.~l
lh c..oWl~.x.tMI\Ol?, T').."7",
'.

Cct.lC.uJ.otJ:. n c>j W o,)"ti.:l. oI..D h.CL ~ .,.

in Gtdt'ct.~Olb.f p.:rwceM we.. ~..)t..II)wf a ~Cl'\. C. 1'\...4.. ~ C4J, . q,"J
J.,inte pj = K -= t.o~tant:
'l 9 A+moC.t\~ 0cJ- ~~

om d S~ S 4-1."tt\. ca 0 e!.. ,firom ..in i +t'd S'fet.b. fo di nQl... S to1:t

\::>IV~ = f,.vt :p k

.rint e we knbW +t"l0l.t. -f<rT tw. e.o.lC .at.:ti.on II CJ3. -'UVe1. Wdrl<. olohIL-

VL.

W -= . J f dv
VI

'It. k .dv
:: - S Vi
'\I,

."J,.
= -\<. S V-I dv
'It

[ V-y. +I] V'L-

-
;:: - k
(-ttl'
VI

:-K [ -'t.t! - 'VI-t+l]

Vl.
-
[-"(.,+1]
I ... r v .. \1, 1
 = ~ [P,2.. VL - f, ", J

C-t-tl J

-! C t} RT2,. - n RT, J

[-l-tl]

r---
tT2.-~
t =
- , ,-
nR
[t-I]
--~---1
!

fa", ~~ din. ~ Ii > T2,

itrt c.ct'1) ",. .. T 2.. .,. T,

wO'1k tan a.1JLo be Q':dtu.lDthA_ a.dtCtbctlic su..v LUO.5'r~ done

Cern a...lA..O -be LctJ-c..uJ.aL+e.d t 1"\ +~Ynh t);J.. Change...ib

~n t'>t~ ~tf

jyo m -3-i ~ + .....loWJ'" Vj. '++un mo ~ IlCtm ,'cx.

,?O CA cUe-. ''T()C~J
8E. = /'-" -+ w
@t = W]
\ hCvtT2,.-T,)::W 1
~: 1<~ l\. bIw Tero p. 4- \I olttroe In WL C/2LQ v-;t 1A-cttCLba:!-.U
SUlJ~\bJL p~te,8A :=+

Adlai

t;tll 'VI
d/t.-::6
ct.,...o
-7
\ '
~TL
' W,

'1 , PI

since LU e ,know U..,ct.t &om D+ JJ.wJ- tlj +hv1m~notmJ'c;&

du.: dC\,~ ~d V

du.=. 0 - pdv

Cv.dr = - RT d~':' [~oru.mcl.a.t-~, .9d~~]

v
1:nt~, bo~ Sl'd e

'l
C. JT. eLr
T
~ ~"k.'! ~
,'. V
1i 'VI

Cv j.I}. T1-
, 11 = - R ..ttJ. hV,
J.t\.- ~ =, -{cp - cv2 J.rJ V2
1i CV v, (: C'p ~ t)
ell

(t-O do
..La
-Tr
T'l..
":
Vz.

V.

.Q.~
-1i
T....
= ~ (~Ji-( ,
..f-o.ka'h8 ctn+i.J..oa Of) bo+-h side
----,
1i =
"Ti..
l /-l'i::
".

r~ y-,
,\

 .r.)t)1 e.!l1en.& I b-k

-!-
Vac c u rn b.9L f.9-u.JL I! x.;o.t n.JI.? I~
'----

PC.lI :;: 0 .

v~ 'ol.f

~
<..
.. " '''to c.
t:
4
1.'.'
... C.

f;
......... ,
.......... .,:t< ..
.

.i... .,:".

hi::: Pex" ely

II ':. n.
o 0

llE. r.;t+;t

16e:~ 0 t'
'l1H:: .6 4- PAV
~H :::-
llE + A CR'rJ
L::. \-f .::. b. E -+ R. tJT C\-{.u.uL No lAJCYf'1t No LhCIt'''Ce I'n

L::.H ':: AE -t- '0

<f-e.tn~. .to ilT ... ~ J

-l ~'H ::: AE =u J
CaKt..tlotum o-a fh.o.t rn 0 04:1n omu'c 1'c.V-C.CU.1'1\.U:et1 ,',., i-lLt. Ctl-u..L ":f AdlCtbcU:tt.
f~ '~~GmNion ~.h.. ~qhl\?ton in vaccul'l):

t i} COt.Lc..uJatb..O~(~E) ~ ,we. 'Know +*U2..;I:. in '\IOIt.ct.ltl) r.H.A/)~w-u...k "Zenn.J S.c>

1+u.>-t:A i}.. no c.hOf"':!'e.lh ~teJ1 hot.O- E:..tum~ ~ e~CUV>Alon omd +hau:- ~

~ J:o (Ae <:::0)

tii) t~on 01 ~ti ~ 9}'\tornao. ~~ J;, a ~w.d oa En~~,,,to

L:~

Ii J,., aJ..t.ohot e.hCJn9~ d..t...t9-u'rf eu.pQnl J.n Vqc.cum,

~o) \AH 20)
Oib t~ ~ wo'"'* ~! -:) <&> 'VqCCUVo ~~qtv\?rot1 o~ P~w-u.. J,., ze;v.c
o~ +t.u.. rJ).U.N)ID<Jl. ~ tl" atDjCJbv.lt +0 ~ S'}U-eKn ~ c:en.o) ~o j'\h~
+h-u-UL ~ 'nO UJ~ cUlha.- J-" \IC\IUU m ~~"h)m'cm,
YhoJ:;--le.mW::L~) W:: - fc'!l' c:\111
fe:~.::: 0 ('\fUCtum J
 :r~Vem"bh p!K.D~
J
'I:h+VHY\~d..t.tt.tt. r~oce&

-r- 1
Ex pCUVv'\ l E) 1\ t
U:J ""fT eM. 'on..

A I; = "cv CT,. - ii)

lHI",= net> C"i -li)

w = - Pex (V').._",)

::: - p~)( r" RTQ,.

--
P1..-
~]
t'l

.W :::.
- 1'2. [h RT'2, _

~RT!J
Ii 1',

T2.. .t...Ta ~ f" E~a n..Al>l'''''''

12. > Ti .., -fr:rr. CD tflf~'

d) c.a.LCU1c:ttiOl1 01- AEf. ..

.------------------
~E
= h tv C. T1. -Tt)
T2, ~ 1;

T:t.>1i
(

Crl) (a1..CulIU:tl19'T) va- 4 H ~ !

,;t'

[ LlH-= .l'1Ep CT~-Tj)y

liil) Cct.lc.u..La.U:iOh &J. wtN1'-. cJ..e-ne. ".

W= -P1 [OP.T'l._ hRTIJ

1\ P,.. 1'1

.: ~n Co. se t:Ij. e~qn 5 S I'b n.. ,r

(''2.. ~ V,

f 9h COAL ~ to m ""'.wHO n...

 fflo noo.i:o ml'c;
<9tw>: ~ Otu. rnD...lL C)j. Clh "9d..tCt4-r~~ a...t '2":;f<lC ex.pa npend,!. ..9-UUJett. ~ A-cLh.bl~
tl;om a \I Ql.u.~ 1.0 d em:! +0 ')..0 dc..tn'1..

to1.cu.l.otJ;t. , q., /l.Q, AH ,w crnd 0vy>LLlJ\"- o\..W>tL ~ z i R]

.. , cl' - ()f =: R

c~ - 3'R '::. R

'-

Cp:::. . R

'.1.

.6E = .;L+w -: : W

iH:: = h Cv C T!)....-<r,)
, ' '1!i';;'
. '.: ,t v.,., t ( ~ /;J"
,... 1>--" ,

.6E :;: -"' I CV CT'2.- 300 K'

At& z' Cv (. T'l- - 3(0)

Jl ': r \f'J..)t-1
'\
0.,
.
~ ~VI
.,. .
t ..-'"'<t'!;: ~~~ ;; ,-- .(~-

21 c:: l~) '{.-J

"'f.i- 10

"2}. :::: L~ )"t..

1

M.

'5
_R
t -; --
-
S :::.\d,
:l-. :::. ~
C'I
~It.
-v

to:;: l~) \,(.-"

t -=:. l~) 0 d,
.... (').,)0"::: "S' s
'3t>o (2)'" b
--;::.
T~ ::; 300 ;:: IS8.9 ~ \B.9 K
T1.-
J.5IS

..n..n 300 - .ih,2.--= O. ' .....2.0 ~

 = 3 'i7
"t
(0 0 E - oJ. )'~1. ~ ~ t. I -::. "3 V
(!.1.-l:.L) "'J'u..:: 39'
H V '0'1 V 'M r 'b '-r.poyrrypcQ fj~ Q""(. o.t- 'i,IVtJ P 01 W
l1.tf1arol\ !t..tQ.,y 'tU4='I'O 1. +P n.m wrn-4 ~U..!IG4x3 'rT<c\.tcr;) ~ ~~
~JP:>q1O,llOlO Itta<tart> :Jotz 1'"b na~ ~~ u'O -f.o ~ TUQ 'h'\9
..r: S:t \. LQE Z ..... l-\V
(j
l:t'h\'}h-:::.
-r,
(OQ ~- 6 B \ J 'f l to & }I.. 9 ~ \ :::
(lJ..- "f:.L J cI :J' q ::: H V
M+Q = 5lV
J: v8c. \-=
(n I) }(.Sol't l- =
S'~
S ~ tte~8)( 5' S5 :::
"t:
[lll-1 "~'8 X = 39'
-r,
(GOt. G91 ) ~~ = 3\1
 o @
btc,;l-t W

1\ E- ~ VII

W'=- -Ve~. [\l1,.-'JI'J

Wz. -1.['20-\01

W -:. - \ 0 ct::I:::YO' dcxn '3

w': -10)( g'?'''..1

0,082

w _ - I 012. b -:Toul.t.

p...5"10ee5~ I\~ j~.

l:t. E '= W :: -lo\Q. ~

.6E ;:! C.v ('-1j...-7/; =-10112.,.(.

:!. R(T'J,..-3ool<:.) == _10\Q.b

2

3 't 8,'314 [T'l.-- 30'1) J !;:. -IO\ll, t

1. J;
1Q..I.I"t I

TIJ..- - 30 0 ::::. -I () '2. lo/t '2..

a.BIU '" 3

T2-- '300 -= -IOI(l..,~ ')(2. = lit-a I" qt,

"'-*q".~l-

"'f').. = 2 ltj. '1\4.

A~ ':: her C T'l-_T"

=- H- 2~ 81314
'l..
r 2187- 31>0]

'::
~ , S 'I. 8 t 3l\.\ L

:;;.
_ \~S\. 85t4 Jou..lJ

 '1--:.::.1
';>I Q 0 B ;;;. '>l !) t . -:.:.""tJ.
01:;
~=-
.vb' sbb'l
- hb(: b-c.
"'-0.5 k 71 - "-.L
f\-;J
'A ;::; d;)
Z,(OI)
.>
oS L ::::~
(';bf9~ ::: .J\ j)
~
I\? ;::; hlC;'@ -t~?P60 '_'1(01)
= oSL
~ =AJ - J,)
:::: "ll..
l-1 (of) osL
--
f\-:J
'....l OW ""~dlllQ..c.tti'bt: ::; 4,:)
>I os L. Vf' '4 Ufd+
(f'"};}.'+,'O.,1 f.~ 'ljl(,fV po J 0+ ~w"JP 1 l.U Q~ ~rroCflO:llOIO
.~ 'I\'m(:; P"/Tp'Uobca ~1O~6 I..tO f..o TrOW ~o _:~
~~'bbl
21- I Ot..tobe.Jt. , 2015

COn1protLson. btw ISDi-he;J:1mct.l c:md adlh.bcdt'c p.}1t:1ce~.&:-at

" (compruUs,ot:') 01 Iso- ~ qd,Q. f~pOlhMl!o-oJ

(CUt -J ~ when 0.. S\js+ern Sh::u1+ed C P~lJ.J-tL (fl') omd V~ (v.')] J.J>
.:\:too di f fen en t ~1+ucttiO n tilru. J;, Q ell'a 00t:bC. crY)d ClYOGl ttw1 J.o I":

Iso+h.01 maO.) d..u~n9 bot /') qq nMl'oh :HI'lCtO. f..HtN)t..O-tL Pt J..,

SOl t'lU- In bo+h ;-ru.. Si +t.tsd.iP n..

t':t- Viio
~
. y.:r;",:
.~
.'
f!'''
4'

"'II'
",,\

..

~(~~r .
Pi ~i
~ Pf'Jadfq

t:o ~ JAo +ttt>fmC\9. E')t In::! ru.t.>\'on. -:)

rt RT::: Pive = P.f Vta o. --CD

Be(C1.W)e .:h.mp, tit> ~rYle fo!)1.. acl..iabcdic ~e.e8A

'l
Pi VLY. = P.f Va.dl'CL -CiD

t.)"}orn \.b ~

! == ( \n~e)"' .----'@
Pi CVl
f:JU) Nl - llt) l
~ =: ryQdfCl~) _~)

"4 ~,u

':
 d
~
( tiJ"IPbl\ < .O'<:!f\ 1
~ .~
'b!Pb" < Q"ii.'f\
....
~I\

.::: 1'/i)\IP~ J\l~ ')..

Th.e o.bove ~uJ. 8how.3 thot.L i-W... ~1'f"\Q..L VCll.t.Ltn.a. ...in +tu- CDl.U.

OJ 9so\-h.U1mcu. c'.:!C.fClnAtU'On r. VI'.s 0.1 J" 8.9Uat..;le.n i-t1aJ.n .:ir'nClSl

vo!u..rru.. ~ tht. Cot.U. c.:e ad l'ct ba.:tic. +ttiA ~o p.n.ove +n CO:

, L~
wo'" 'b. ol.O ru. ~ +tu.. ~ e. 01 :r:$oftu,:J\tncd.. f.x.pCI(\J\J) Ibn \.Y.) ~eJ1
(

+ban WD""k done J.b +no.. CCWl ~ AclL'ctbct1J.c ~~CltlMl'01}o

Ccut- It
When ~'~ncti Vfll.umL JJ, both .th.Q. Cbu\ el. OJ..

tqcUQ.. <tJ -:tsoth.) 6}u.. Some (V; ,_

.fo~ :tso tt\J,)1mOl.O. p-'10c.e~.&

Pl'Vi. ---,) PL~oo Vf .... <D

fcrr Ad fet. p.:>toc e&a

't.

p, ,,~ ~ PQd.Oqo V.fl. -@

-from l~)

PC:
fl'S.O
= ~ll
Vi.
_ (Dt)

t::

from C'It)

1
fi
PC'.k:Ja o
= l2)
\I t
----{Ill)

-----
 "UO.l W \H"'41c3 ~ l:) 1pb f.(l ~ ?IYl--t tA} 7\-O'l~~d
~u.lj lAl11\ft J.G~6 '1' UQ!W\.tlOthc.~ VOWlmoC+ OS.:I, W -mt1)
-m+ cty' "n(Y)Wl1'6'd ""OlO\J,I~ -.v}f 'f11I\.tf 'i'cnovro ~Yl').(" al\oq kl ~4+
'~lp~J < .OV.I c1
.'~
O'i'.'tt q,""d
<
7 7

(
~) '1 f"1~ J
_J
-1
- h'\ornWWnS
4f-~ CAL co LA.,.:rON OF THERNODV MAMIe PARAf\1E.TE'R IN c flSE 0 F-.

ISO THE R. M t:\L ~6'Vt5'Q.srBlE PRoc~ss FtlR AN REAl. qAS : -:II

01 CC\lculJ:lU:io n c)j OJ 0 91f< d..&tu...

we ~ h6W +hDtJ:;

fe... n n,01.a.. .,.

( p+ ~~l..) (V _ h b) = n RT

p -=
-n RT _
lv- hb) -
00'1..,
V '1.

W:::. - 5 V2-
p. dV
VI

..... W:::.
j V
[ nRT
(v -nb) -
-an~ ] dv
'11-

\IV :=
- J
[ "I 'ORT
"1.
dv
(V-hi
ah~ ~]1 v...

w - n RT J..h..(V2,.-h ~ + 011.2- C J:.. - 1.) ]

[ tv, _ hb) Vt. VI
 "'1\ 1 ,.lH'J -
T - T -- 391
I(11\
I~[ f\ ]
"'11\ r -e YO - - av
1,/\
~~ f 'ttl t> -::::
I\p 3P J
"t,/\
~P.lS 4-\9 'drU:r.,
-r./\
/\ p . i,lIb = 3p
 CcLtc.u1.a.ti.o n. <!1J .6 H

!ihte we know fh.ot1::

_'. Dl..l.)1..i h a I'h,\ t-,'t:U-. S+<:ctJ.

H. = EI + p,v, -IT>
f t no.L ,lf6...tt.

~h :::. E"l + P2. V2.. -

trD - (:J:)

l-h- H, ::; E'1.- E, + P2.V~ - P.v,

..oH = AI:. + P2. VI. - ,,v.
.
~

f ::: OIlT
lv- hb) - abt..
v~

.., Pl ::: nRT an'\..,

. --'--
lv, -hb) -v?
... f'l. :: nRT
-lV2.- hb)
Q)')'2...

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W~UIL = n,RTJ.hV2--hb +0"''1. (2..-1..J - (1]

CR-ev.l '" - h b VI" V,

t l)J o !Itl clOh.t. J.n :r:d..tDt.l. <Jd.L..oJ

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7 ~I 7' VI
r 1.. -1 ]
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par{-o'lS rna h C"~ -

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:= S'4trU 'I Ob'12. + 20 1 '33 t 80.C.1 ~O'Dfi1

::. 2..8S3 4 J 'kim ot:'

:::. 2- e. 9 "J" "'..., mOl~1 [1>J

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L\S :=
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~ovel'! +w.n ok

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AccC)~~ 1'0 +ru.... +h01d ~ '-, THE SNlR.OPy Of:. PER FECTLY

G'ISTTIL'I.~ E S'UB!'TANCE AT ABSOLUTE Ok

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= - I 99.~ J" IK moJ.

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Note;=} DJThe p~Dpe.>-t.l{e.! ~ In DCCun &n ttu... Pu.xt ..Qkt1:t cJd.

4tAJ- ern, do dif-leJ(.(UA.;t ~.9L i-tu. ~pW-Ul. S~ steJr)
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+0 btl>'Z. vtt cli f f e.n.o..u..t 90 te}Ut<:.t;W n .::l:oLt<. e. p-toL ce.

t
CHEMICAL 'PoTENT.rAL

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Te.., ... D
:~-~rr: .rMo..o.. 1.t t -= .5..
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J.t~. =~~tnf J..epenckv.A:)

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If Cu'bb'J. i.9UL h.0t9~ cnangeJ wr't-h f-hL c.hange -in tJ~ Cornt;orwhl

~ c..o N tc1n t T + P w h.o-u. QJ.l t9 f-h.u1 CD mpo fl..Ul t c:O-Q. Co tq tel nt

thCLt In ~~~ChOnlIl'c.otD. poten+fctQ.

~ fo:Jt (). pw-u. 8+o.t.t f~ 81'\.U-\g~ pex.rn.o...tt c.h C"c.tl1.Ld Ch.e./nt'catQ.

potenH'a.Q..o jl-etndW1d ~c.od pot~ COn be ou:;fr'ru.d

fo9-L 0.. pw-u ~ 0:1 Q. CD rfI po un d) q m6 u n+ .l m QU. } ! Qt;;t;hl' pSC.UVHtJ

CU::. arua tetop, f-l1.Qh J.i Ji,. c.aU.U.d Jl:lemdJund c..h..tun..o;CfJtil pot~

(J.t0] = t.'n.

+ ~+andOO1d Ci"ulmlCQfA.. ro+enJ:ia.t~ o~ attpendJ.r. upot) ..ur1~.

~ Ch.UY\iCQ{Q pote.vctict2. ~ a pe.lltti.c.ul.oot U)t1>;oru..n::'...:h _a.
8mpL1>U- !tab- d.LPef'Jd).. ~on T <P P both

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- 3'J.. q
':IT ~L'
::: a.LLl
.,. "T'
-QJ
 d:Ci:: V ti p- Sd T

r\.dT
o~)
('
=-$

~~ CD omd
o'1.G - .- CdS)
,mj
ohi+,aT -
{()!L~) :: - S
a~4 =- Si -@ ", ~ ()T P . l
'Ohi~T
~o

IA~

~ ~ \ soJid"

JJ.l
I
1
J..l.'ct,t..u' a

diM
Tm 1S Tb
Temp. -l'

Ts::: Su..bJirncU.loi'l Jim}>'

Tb::: BoUlna ..:lltnp'

ro e.l.ti'ha ...ttml>'
\.f~tl:~ V~on ~ c..hctn~e.
/' Tm "'"
clu.micw.. poteHc:U. wt+-h. I'", t-et"tlP'

::1" cltYrto8 PhtX.,\e 1fc.maf.tJ11 Ch..Unfau.e.. pote..llUit.t9. .)Utncuh 4rlSCI m e 'iOlr bO.fU. iU> ,hIM $.
Cw Ju"u.. T, V, '" tUl 0 tkc1 comJ1oN-1..1.t a.o-u. c..D ~+el~ J "

:9
Mnte we Know thod C, In ~ .fu.nUOh }J) .i:L rfI,lW't ,fcl.wUl

E~ l~ ttuo.5i.Qli r
, --------.
1

0 (J.t0) := - Sl.
( aT f
'J""nmp'
#t Ca.ltu1ct.tion ttl- th..u-nnod,&nCltnfe.- PcetCtfl'lf.iVl [~H"'ll!tll~ JjVrr; l\S/l)~' n.A~~,lqlJ
Jh ita ~e OJ 9cllCt! gcu~

:4 ~-2. toJ"llplllJd ~ if 11
JI1
._"
. ~ .. . .... .... ..... .... "" . '\ "
'-.~ ~', ,.~f'~
...

: ~:~ "............... ",.

#' ...... ..
'"
. . . . .~
--</(, "',""" '",

... ...
~r+~ .9tttnovir'llJ~~~ -,'t;"
-, .., '" . \}
'\
~ \\),'J.
..." "
,t
t.
"', . . . It
\\, \ ... \ r
0,,'\.' ~n,.~;: \ n3~ :, JIlt <:' CCIU'fl VWrtmen-l) ( " "", ~ " ' \ ~ \:" 't\. \.\ ~
. '.
I.~t. . -~.., ~ ... 0:-...."
"~-,,
t
.~ ~ , ..
'\.\ \ \ . \ '"
.\
t t

[~ c.ompW<..tment
to :... ,. : ....,. ....
'\ \.
'" ,.;.\ , .. r
. . . . :-t.
....
.. J \'"
.. ,,"
't t . ......
~':... '\.. \. ... \~,-",~,~ ... ~ ... ,~,
15'5' o.,eh dX ~ < \. \ ",,- \ ..
-.

. . "t"'( ..';.. ..... ~, ,! ... "<... <

~

~J

X ."~\"" .' \., '

...... ~ , ........." .... ,\ .......\., ~ " '" ,t ,.,

~e ~ (lIf.u,""'n~ LA f~ ml,~,.ng)

11, CfU.ttt s tcW.J *' - -.- 11 l ': .lt~ + RT ..Ln ')(~

JJ~ = CI 112- =.t4 ... RT ...ln~

PI
1)2. .1(1 cJtj -+ )t TJ.l} 't.3
) '0
..l.!z. = Ct .u.4 ::. ltt' +- p:rJ.n Xl{
n2.
h3,
Jt3 = Ch n,Jt, + h~2-+ ..n3..4,+ .h..,..tt..,
n3 GThted-:;
CAHen rnfx,trtJ
hlf, .ll.4 ::: U4
n~

GtTO.fo.l:: .nlJ..if+ n,.J.t~ +n~j.h4- OqJ.ff

(gefo.9Q nlhrn9J

Ll tnY'llfltrn3:= GTokd. C; Tutc.U.

CAF+e)1 ( Befo".ut
mhcing) rnhd"!1 )

::: Cn,.J.l, + 01-1.11 ,.. "'hA3 ... -' \) -C. OlJt,o + Oz...J..Iao+OJ..I.Il+--.

-= n I (~IO + RT Jll'l X, ) -... n 2. C...u: +- RT.JL f> X.0 + "3 ( JJ10 t. r.f}nJ
-t
- (hI oUt + 02. J.iLo + ... y

=
"I R. T .Q,., XI 7- n.d<'T .on x.2. T _ ......
 C9

~G::
~~,
I<. T L 1',,' J.tl ')( r

AGtnht :: R znr Jln~i

T

1. r~ <S;rnhl'.] =: RJ"!(hl\J.hft))
aT l T f JT r

-- 64 mf')( +..L (lJ CA,4mr,.), ':: 0 -Q)

T aT k

': AGml)(.:: l\Hmr~. + T (a(tJlim~.))

aT P

Di'v,\de, both stcle bM T"l. +-na.J'),

~Groh. flHmf~' -\- .J'jJdCAl1~f't.)

--~ ... ,2- ~L ()T P
T2-

-- LlHmtJ, AGrn~'1t 4:-..l.-

T~ T
(0dr(A~mhl) )p '\ _ @
T"2

\
"<
g~ Eq,,1l- CD ~

~Hmr~.
-
T 'l
::: 0

!.6limr>i. ~u 1
;
;
l:~
-,' ~ -fD ;:;:'!:I 9
. '.fly
6 = --roT ~.L \I
 ~t8
;;::::::::::::=
2 mob.. O:i N2..

'3 m. oJ.. e.. I>cf. -.H 2-

2.- moll- oa- N H.3

MrnI,in8""" a,SIu.)( ~ S-h CiJ {~).lln (!) -tL:-) .9-hC~) J

.- e.3't.\~)(~,303 [2.JAJil ~+
:or
3~3.'t +?-~~)]

- lQt '3IU ~ ~I 303 ')( [. 4 ~ 2:.+

.,.
'3.J..ut1 g':f J
_ - B,31U ~ 2.1303'1.. [- t, .~,,~ + t- br'3' ox .'n]
~ _ 8, '3' u. ~ Q.. ~ 03 [ - 2.,,, 2 - I t 0 3 q ]
_ S.3IU ~ <fg03(~<8o)

b Q.80 -;r K-I

~e~~
~~
-=::
., ~di,,
oW \I eM

~ I.r'U rctr 6fiVt

--
U ft'lon(Jtoml'c. e.)(pc4D'

ci.L(;Uo I'm't,.
Oldra
. do-I~ ~
U .tr
f ')t~" .
L i'lo. <!II :} ~ 0(, fl.o ttdiln' ,-< V " ';;;:;:::i
f\-I.tl, V} cGfo m.. IXJ I-Lt.ot;t. CDt-ptl..J) I! ~
..p Tm <Tp -< Tr
l'\1 0 t'lO CI.J'o'rrl.L'c. :;;i) I.e-m p. ~ d.t-p e,bdJ!,M-l-

.....
 (R~ "'~~.fV\ O"N
\.{O~d:fY1T. C~
tfl=' h-I\-'") U::U: IP+~
~ .: ; =-...~- ;. _. ,
0
1.1 O~..v; ....0 1.(0.>1'11.<'ltYq1" Gu "!' "'1"1"'1+ cr( .......,.,...au.t ~ (T\ 1'\ Q ff'" Ja\ uS
04 (J'j' LC}'nIt ~NJCC; W\ltO 1I~t'l3 1.1+1 00 ~UpqUA 1(.)f(X)5 1lJIPB D U<l4M ~
c::nu~S 'l",I':IIl('OcYl ~~ "" LTI1I\Ul>-n.ttOs ) 2019 J'
i "1.l\l.I~~u.H;1 V . = 1](J!K~.t t1 'Q 1
[ IX. "T',IXZ. '!I -- ~ """"""4' INjll'"S\i' ]
p~ \J~1L11 tf

 ~' 0 he m o..tJ.. tJ;f Ce2, ,0 tu. mQ.lL V1- NO '2- <t d:UJo ~ OJ.. 0,2.

u.w-u.. 0"" )( -e.d OU:; '300 k c..a,.lCUJ..QA.te. -k..u- ...h hot1'i ~ m hl',J

AH rni-d,t)f I)vm'~t'., ~Ami.ltt". A

.L -malA- Od- Colt.

.L rtl 0.0- ua- N 02
'l- m Q.lJ.. oct C 2..

ACt = RT [ fJ.h l:. +

.,.
I J.n 1 +
4-
2. ..l.n ~
'if 2.
1

t.1 ~ == RT [ 9....l.n t + 2....th-i:]

6'\ :::. it T X ~'1l03 t "-..!U.'!4: + J.~ !:)

6q :' 8,314~ '300''')( -<'303.X [;!t')( CO.tb) - ';t')( (b,?t)) 1

:. BIg)", 'l(St1'O ~ ~"ol~ [-1'2.. --o,c.)

;;: ~'~JL!)t SttO )C~t~o>~ (:..-1'8)

:: _'0, ';1 ....

GH*~. 0)- ACt::: A A :: - 10J 3:'14

:::. -10' 3'+4 KJ"

65 :: -M :: ... '341'58 -;;r
T

0'11..
!l\lrn";tin2f ~ 0
~ 1)$-::: bRJ.n'l..

&tlJlri
 t .2t, kl.:::.
kl
r. [T~-1j]
R lIT2-
r 1+-'11.,i n,'nUb Eq~
eJtt1 fe~rn O";t ~ Co~ 1-qvtt]

&h kp, -= ~H~ Tl.-

l<Pfl. R
[
Tt:Ti
nJ Ih te.r,m OJ kj/ ['1u.i. Cof1A1:tJ

\J~ n1- HOff RJJ)j).1:!,o 1)

JLr> .tee, = ~ ~o [li-1i 1 [ 11, +enn~C!J- kc J

kcz. fl. 1l./.1.

-::} fo~ c.ru.xnlc.a& <tUil.ib~um i-t''+ C.onclifl'On., S~tem rnvJ) + be

c.1o se r T. U/) Dtf nc:rrru1: JJ; NcLt::to-u.. J

1<1
A 'C ~ &
K2. d\e'\')
\"~
<?'<fl ~0 Xi'()~e..
k o-~ ;{~
,>~e&f> C~-~)
:1)

.
k)(-1
J ./ vf\\ ~ ~

Kp ',<t/' SM 4M
;f) I[1t
~I
\;)('\ if
QX \ f k~ ~ [~ll{) 4
k'" ,
'{'
'3A- ~4B
eXIt]J
~~o0
~~ }J' , k.c.. '" (cI>J4-
t. C..t'n re'" Yfl 1J1rO.-cJ.}VI~~
. -/)~ ~JIl.yY A 1 ~I

~v \Y' #
-
'/<1--
::=
[(J.tJ3 1\ :::: Hu.n m ~ r\CI nu'c.
.9t,W~
\

Cv vd tJ..el\l))
'{--~~
\~ /, cf Kf.:: ,..L~ s J" Cdnll t~ ,...,u~ 1
\\1 \ \ lJUi"::,
r

~ ~,<,o ~:; I
cU.l .
f
P

: ,

, .
 1
[05.q>1,9. 015

-\
1. (JLn \<Pl = AHI)

q'f
~1'2-

1-. CJlh kt) -=. ,l)E o

dT
R'Tl..

L -- -

-: 'CLAS:r.IHJS- C.LAYPI:.RoHR1;:{ATl;o N

" Ll4 = tct

0 , 'OOtk4mJ
E't}-till

[Pha.oe- "".... -IO.,h~'~.~'.'::;J.. ~O+~ <0 J-(t:u>Z <d 1'qJJb)

<\1' .0(1-=0

CJct,.,\.ew, r--(JI'-~""Vh
~Ol J.th')i,()h 0 U fit ~iI"I ...
U;) et.Nilid1'h~ 1091 GJ~ phone
nCtM&mctJL'on Ct. t:>h.lW)e +.J-tatrUfi'yroa.b-bh tAJ11jch tk at
,'nu'cll'c1i.t p.9-tOt..eM.) ~ +ttit> ttJ..L ,f:9X'(lr') r.9<..tl'Y)~J

~ b.9tl\tm ton Q. , f -'1.U Etlt.tl.:! ~ t'l(I-- ctwo <il'ff exJlh t ):> h ou) eJ

Eic. ()}U f.q tw..O..

joll ~'3' 0::) ThJxa. tiD OL J..ot O"J- photM. !f'feLhJ)fe:n

tb A(So..Ud) ~~uid)
"'"

t'ri) AQ-'twa) '::

~ A(g~)

@
~), ~ A~~)

s" ... ~
Sf'll
MoW'ocJ1,.{ ~
Ithtnltk
~n. S~~LlCq,uid &tuL.
Ii CS~l , > A CJ.iltu.t'clJ

~ SttUid
c.hClne~ Jntu ~d a.:;l +tt.U'r tyt.tlf-fna: point
~ +tW> ~ oth..uJ%b ~ cd Q M~H ,p~1.tK.Il

from +tu ~unolina cl.tu-U-nf) ~ pOMe -a~-fuymCLttbn

. 0 p
tho.. J,1~8n &j- \-l.la..t ctbAOShb tJ.D -H ve.

C'3-1TR tl..t'q,LU'd .ct SOlt'd t..r1Td1 ell -tve]

A rS} -..... '). A Ct.)

...
6,(')) ~ C,CA J ['l:I: t.oru,tt T.p P.)feM.W<.t..J -ill

A.J a.. .-tJi't lAX "In c..9-U.OU) ~ -oa ..nmp I (T + d:r ~ P-+ d p).

G;CS) -t dOtes) ~ t.(.Q; -+ cft1tc.D.) -GD

iTom CD cf

d Gte S) 4= dtrt C,J.}

...,
apPJ,J., in, mQ~ welt ECJwx.t.lon...,

~Gt)d f' - SO) d T - Vet) dp- Sr...., dr

-df
dT
c As _Q!9
\J cj; - vrS) .j

fA"vO ~e... AS = AH -(IV)

~-\"" .
r\~ 'o"~.-v. ~ T

~~~~~~ r ~ " .:_~. ) ;r:~~Qj A~~": ~_

 j..Q
J(!
(Bi\ ~.L _ J..p
-/;V - JP
(ci)1\ - rr&l\) -=:h.. '--
I Hy
. ,
.Lp
-SV ::: Jp
...
(B) tJ :=.
. . ===:-'
 -

'~
:J."J.._ J"
[ 11. - 'tJ..
 ~rUGAc:tTy :9 ,
# . ,
~ ~ ~
ta!l'cll ~
I~w.""~1<1W (,"""'eo,,,,j r~.;.,- "'-........ ~"1) ~"f) (;"'3" u: "IJ r,..c:'

Jl. 'I.
(SCCLp"na ~cttJ .

* II & Q Co~ect-d P..9ttMUHJ2. tt9ttic:h Lit.> LtAUl ~ sunJ! ~ru

"* ~C\ct'11 0-& (). ~ 9~ tonWn CLl.l \f.UL ~ec.J:ion t&hich

Jo .::l!:Ut -e j:U!lt lh ~oD.. 8~ .

"* IJ: cr.n ctlt\o be un c\ w4eln d m Q.L sco.tptn a fu olW tlt cJ<J Q

~~.

*" -ttttlllllUu 1l"UJ)

N'ewa "te.nm.l. ..in 8 fveh b)j
tt
t;. N. Lew I~

~ Q JJ)w p..9UM w-u. ~ p~ tu-u dlhl1lihfl towCt}td C:eJW

~ %t ~ ~ be.iuuve w CL eJdtDtl~.

-'

we know tho.Lt f JJ Cl ~OlUf<d f P ..in

. r~t\}(.i

tJ~~ fir> = ~ [ ~ctti*O ~'c1ent)

J.L'm ;I Ip := L [: 'i~l
p~o

B
Tnt ~ be.hctvi~ ~ Q CUD& ~.
M~rnCW:W ~n "d ~ctu+lJ ::?

We know <\-hot.tJ

{s-ttD.. erlbt9~ .-fvy on 3Cl..!.\Q. (ja.1 at ().. f6Ctl'c.u..lout

.:ie h1 p. c..an be (JJ.stlJ:::lan CfJl -

Gt::: Gt + Rr .,i.t> P -G)

tl1..i:? <8.-x.pS.N>t'on COIn be. UlU...d .fe.-r .><.t.a.l ~ also

~ tI Bnttrocllld+:j (U. Y\Q.UJ- tenm 1')

Gt -= G + R. T ~f -

f.){jL En.o-tq~ 1<rr. an ~ ~ Cd:. P~+tb.tlo.o1

d:.1rn;. (OfF) be w~"'eh. CI bove..,

Ect'" ..a,} cllffen..o.nt(cd:t .~oth ..tid e uh .911+0 P a.

to ~ta n:t dimp'

( ~)
dPjT
:: '0 + RT [~~n;)J
dp l'

(~~)T RT .st (J. h

[ cjr 4)J T -em)

7).0

': d (f ::. \rdp - ~ LCl Co~H- T i d t""r.:::.O

(~i)T v.(~ c

pvJ; +to- VitLu.L trJ- )cl ~) f' Y\ G])

~dP i
 VMetU. = RT Cd cJl.t) f)

dP r

V-'t w.' d r :: RTed ..nn.f) - elY)

~ = Vm(r~) - V~(~)

f\tuL.Hp~ dp poth .Ll'de btl dp

O<.dp =- VIWI(7el~ d p- .
VW,(XUU) cl f

o{d P = -~ T d f - R T d (~h f)
p

~'. ":Inte. bo th g,'d e. . ,.

.Sf0/.. d P == RT S~ - ~ r 5d ~h 1)
o p

f 0(. 4 P = + RT J.h f - RT .A..n -1

r o
-(.elf = - RT r J. flp]
f
-2.
RT
S.( dp
0
'" J.h fIr
-
Jp')o os .1.11.._<3
J T
Jp')o os .1.11.._<3
J T
~ C/vf""K'J WI
,
J
d P GJ--z.)
o
J P GJ-Z) ~J -= J/f trr
~ J
~ C/vf""K'J WI
,
J
d P GJ--z.)
o
J P GJ-Z) ~J -= J/f trr
~ J
d
Ltf
I "'" - l.~
'n ,~ 117
J.}A;:: ~d - Ad
J.(j::: (q-~II)d
3~ -:; ['31dCIGWdf\b
.... a hot(3 P'l'O'tt~
'8~'O' ., - ?
J
(1-1 (il U4.t";ll ~ .. -al\~+::> H'i7
(1-1 Q U4.c}l 16....) ql\J :::. HV "v r - a+tJ
1'\
--.1'O\l.11~( q6'QUJ. \1)
"'4-+ l'O9 XJ:rPM
(LLO,mwn-s -moj.dfj )
, ...
, '.
~ --- . '
)

;
" ............ . -
I
.
.. . " , . -. -. .. ...
 ~ llkfl'va:.tion I2hena~ 2. lh&u~ Ert()'t.g~ _ AVU1~e p, \::1 etJ. 'R~+elnt

.::} 1h.L p~ol.J...u;(;, ftrrtn JJJ E:.'~ ott'uJltn ,'e. R.. ~ h In +tun m 004; oQltyn'~..!.."I:oLbU-

"* ie..tnr 0 ~ tM ng-12. tL.~ I-Ud.t th F votlJe.d OT otb-S 0 -'1 b

::

(~1 r k r'W.tt\CJJt.LL~ eon~ f~ J

ll,
,ff2. fcnrrn " I:'n.a t.C-W ,'JtI ~ ci
tn'\l) ~o~bJ..(... b t.c'l "tiCIl!tHf e
, ./L. .
,~,\,,,~L.O s--u...OLU C\~
hr!)z: f' <:'1
~ h"o'-4,ttJ ~)n Vet\.~ ,M<'jYl I
....'(~
AI1 '=
HJl. -It,!:;.' ",,'ve f t rno..u !I!t, 't1_U f~\,u't..t. ~
;:0 h"I H. 90 +?\'I'Il,.i o~e.
-OM AH J

R~n b/w 6H omd AE {'n +he COvu.. Ui- "L::t.4d~t e"l

Co nJ)tI;,~ v..'rr 1

n"At "" 7/
~ n& 13(t)

PVJ!I -= hI\- RT rRettt:taht] -tJ)

nil RT Cp~J
1"
PVa ::. @ vr f..~ ft
e1' d
{(1
",e. yI'
~ clI .~ '9 f'lf' \
l1r) -C';}:) "(fI..p ,VI' fl' ,(\ rJ>
//~.
PCVs - V,,) -=(na-h,,) R'T
~ &fl~"

P IJV == il"8 ~T ~

H -= E 4- fv {~D
oH :: d E + J (p vY fiori>
0

~I
0'" ~ j E -+ -Pc]v + vjr1
(bJ9 . - - - (6J~
 ,,'ffl
~frd.o l-{"G) ~ VL(O airnUfO) U~ ~U40# ~
~ u~ "Ul.ft ~ aSuo40 ~c:t004+U3 04-t ~ mmr 'I~S;}H 0+ 4.t.O~tt
)1
HV a~(---------
 Ntlme9-Uia1. ~Hon on, LJ
~~
" 1_ .... '
U\U..L.U".
&tt.u:- c.nto~tLt:t., th.L J6ietndct..'1d 't-U-D=ct C'J- -(armQ,Lt;lbh OJ- rn..o.;thane
*

CJ-tlf (.9) + :iCh.C.9) ~ Ce2.tg)..,. 2H.I!.~ CJL)

lH1'~C.2:.q8K} := -890.35 ~3'

U 2.. + 1. 0,2 (,) ---4) H.z.DtJl)

(9) 2-

lUi 0 C2qSI<.) = - 2-8 s O/~4 J(.'J"

C C3JsdPh,',.bJ .,. D2.t9? --"""I~ C O.2.C.9)

A H 11 r M 8~' -= ..... '3 g. 3S I K'J"'
c Ca~ctP~':V + 2-l--!.z.fq) ~ L Ii" rq)
11 H<) (2-tl8 It{) ~ )

.~ C:'ctlc..uJ.ct.U ~LlA 6r.:)'H") 'lO ttl Cbcn'lse lS'", aboue ,9ULQtcJ;.ton.

BIctCD

c + ~7
:c::
- )Yl-C9' .. ~
t'J!.J
Cf!4
("1
+ ~ , I:J. H'" C' t 9'-'1 \) I '3 S ).!J'

~ l-iJ- -+ ~ !J a.~, , AJ-I:::- -2.8"5',94 kJ ){'2..

C
S'rC!') + ~ ~~ /lHO ::: -3tJjlSI \(..1

'1-'1...
Co( 31"o.;hl'ie' + ~ \-12. ( Cf) .............., C Ii \f (Cf) 6H'h (89 0 .35 -2.8'5,84- 3 "i-lo S,)

~
<aC'.iol'35-:~'X2.35dl~ - 37~,5J

&, 9 D '3 5 - 5 ,+ l-G S _ 3-q '3"'1 :sl

:::. S~O~'35- .945.1.9'

-- t;)4 <a~ l<-J"
 (v 1l1lO<I!lO tt) ~1<i!.o.\Q II~'
I: lCnCt.(-rn-v 1 tL s < ~ S
,4~ UlIJTOJ:r-fhOd +u -;.rnq r 1.(;Q ~~4 W1iV T
( ~w /1JXYlcJ.) ~o - p,m1:{11
.4<LCT-f' ~d -nv /.ClO q T I.('Q Wf10 T :p:J d)U ~Gl'h<8
(OU~0neZ) VHI1d J ~~ P!fU:
 o t (}fntnlJ J ~H V
a z. L'1f11.fMJ J ~H\7
o i:- [~m.towS J Iii \J

[~s ~Stl '1" :>,I'IGllII<4I.C'S J

0.:::
(;"lq~04U>S J :HV
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