(a) (b)

Figure S3. Relationship between the Naturalness Score (NS) and selected (a) structural indices (SI, acronyms
explained in Table S4) and (b) structural complexity indices (SCI) for high-elevation beech forests of the
Eastern Alps and the Apennines. Regression lines relate to all sites (green) or only to old-growth forests
(blue). Color coding identifies primary old-growth (white), secondary old-growth (grey), and managed
(black) forests; symbols containing a white dot refer to Alpine sites. The two Austrian beech forests were
excluded from the analysis because structural data were missing, while site TIM lacked deadwood data.