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Wear
...among all those who have wri>en
on the subject of moving forces,
probably not a single one has given
sucient a>ention to the eect of
friction in machines...
Guillaume Amontons
Sleeve
(a)
(b)
Thrust Cylindrical inner Cylindrical outer
rby Ri rby rby
`
_<` rbx
rbx
rbx
rbx > 0, rby < 0 rbx > 0, rby = rbx < 0, rby =
(c)
Figure 8.6: Sign designations for radii of curvature. (a) Rolling elements; (b) ball
bearing races; (c) rolling bearing races.
Pressure distribution:
D
x
2 2 2 12
x 2x 2y
pH = pmax 1
Dx Dy
pmax p
Dy where pmax is the central pressure:
2
y 6W
pmax =
Dx Dy
13
6EW R
Dx = 2
ke E
The maximum deection is:
2 13
9 W
max = F
2ER ke E
where
2
E =
(1 a2 ) (1 b2 )
+
E
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rdaed. Eb
2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
Simplied Contact
Ellipticity parameter, ke
y y
4 8
Elliptic integral E Dy
Dy 2
3 6 2
Geometry x x
2 4 Dx
2
Elliptic integral F Dx
1 2
2
2 2
Ellipticity ratio k e = _r k e = _r
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Elliptic integrals = + < 1 ln _r = < < 1 ln _r
2 2 2 2
Radius ratio, _r < 2
=1+ =1+ < 1 _r
2_r 2
Table 8.2: Physical and mechanical properties of selected white metal bearing alloys.
Source: From Hamrock et al. [2004].
Tensile Maximum Allowable
Brinell strength, temperature, stress,
Material Designation hardness MPa C MPa
Copper lead SAE 480 25 55.2 177 13.8
High-lead tin bronze AMS 4840 48 172.5 204 20.7
Semiplastic bronze SAE 67 55 207 232 20.7
Leaded red bronze SAE 40 60 242 232 24.2
Bronze SAE 660 60 242 232 27.6
Phosphor bronze SAE 64 63 242 232 27.6
Gunmetal SAE 62 65 310 260 27.6
Navy G SAE 620 68 276 260 27.6
Leaded gunmetal SAE 63 70 276 260 27.6
Aluminum bronze ASTM B148-52-9c 195 621 260 31.1
Table 8.3: Mechanical properties of selected bronze and copper alloy bearing
materials. Source: Abstracted from Hamrock, et al.~[2004].
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.
2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
Non-metallic Bearing Materials
Lining
material
Phenolic Phenolic
staves liner
(a) (b)
Carbon-graphite filler
(d) (e)
(c) (d)
z
Viscosity depends on:
Pressure
Temperature
Figure 8.11: Slider bearing illustrating Shear strain rate
absolute viscosity.
To convert To
from cP kgf-s/m2 N-s/m2 lb-s/in.2
Multiply by
cP 1 1.02 10-4 10-3 1.45 10-7
kgf-s/m2 9.807 103 1 9.807 1.422 10-3
N-s/m2 10 3 1.02 10-1
1 1.45 10-4
2
reyn, or lb-s/in.2 6.90 106 7.03 10 6.9 103 1
Fluid
40 0 100 200 400 600 800 1000
LB 550 X
103
Viscosities
104
Polypropylene glycol
derivatives
LB 100 X
Polymethyl siloxanes
(silicones)
DC 500 A
102
5
10
101
Absolute viscosity, d, lbf-s/in.2
Absolute viscosity, d, cP
Crude oil DC 200 E
106
(specific gravity,
0.855) Halocarbons
Kerosene
Fluorolube
Mercury FCD331
Gasoline
(specific gravity, 100
107 0.748) Water Navy
Octane plus 23% Symbol
NaCl 2135
Gasoline
(specific gravity, 0.680) Water
0.1
Absolute viscosity, d, N-s/m2
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
SAE 70
0.01
60
50
0.005
0.004
40
30
0.003
20
10
0.002
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature, C
(a)
Figure 8.13: Absolute viscosities of SAE lubricating oils at atmospheric pressure. (a)
Single grade oils;
0.1
Absolute viscosity, d, N-s/m2
0.06
0.04 20W-50
0.03
0.02 10W-30
20W-40
0.01
0.005 20W
5W-30
0.004
10W
0.003
0.002
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature, C
(b)
Figure 8.13: Absolute viscosities of SAE lubricating oils at atmospheric pressure. (b)
multigrade oils.
1 Unlubricated Seizure
Severe wear
Wear rate
Coefficient of friction, +
10 1 Boundary
Hydrodynamic
Elastohydro- Elastohydro- Unlubricated
10 2 dynamic
dynamic
Hydro- Boundary
10 3 dynamic
Relative load
10 4
Figure 8.15: Bar diagram showing Figure 8.16: Wear rate for various
coecient of friction for various lubrication regimes. Source: From
lubrication conditions. Source: From Beerbower [1972].
Hamrock, et al. [2004].
ub W
W
W
wa
h min pa
ub
ps
Conformal surfaces
pmax 5 MPa (a) (b) (c)
h min = f (W, ub, d0, Rx , Ry) > 1 +m
No elastic effect
Figure 8.18: Mechanisms of pressure
Figure 8.17: Characteristics of development for hydrodynamic lubrication.
hydrodynamic lubrication. Source: (a) Slider bearing; (b) squeeze lm bearing; (c)
From Hamrock, et al. [2004].
externally pressurized bearing. Source: From
Hamrock, et al. [2004].
W W
ub
h min
h min
Nonconformal surfaces
High-elastic-modulus material. Nonconformal surfaces (e.g., rubber)
(e.g., steel) pmax 0.5 to 4 MPa
pmax 0.5 to 4 GPa h min = f (W, ub, d0 , Rx , Ry , E) 1 +m
h min = f (W, ub, d0 , Rx , Ry , E, j)>0.1 +m Elastic effects predominate
Elastic & viscous effects both important
W
W
F
F
(a) (b)
e
F
Figure 8.22: Conical asperity having Figure 8.23: Adhesive wear model.
mean angle plowing through a
softer material. Also simulates
abrasive wear.
(a) (b)
Figure 8.24: Fatigue wear
simulation. (a) Machine element
surface is subjected to cyclic
loading; (b) defects and cracks
develop near the surface; (c) the
cracks grow and coalesce,
eventually extending to the
surface until (d) a wear particle
is produced, leaving a fatigue
spall in the material.
(c) (d)
Acetabular cup
Femoral head
Patella
Tibial plate
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(a) (b)
Figure 8.25: Examples of common orthopedic implants. (a) Total hip replacement,
using a metal-on-metal interface Source: Courtesy DePuy, Inc.; (b) total knee
replacement using a metal-on-polymer interface. Source: Courtesy Zimmer, Inc.
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.
2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson