TACHEOMETRY

Unit1
Tacheometry
Definedasaprocedureof
obtaininghorizontaldistances
anddifferencesinelevation
basedontheopticalgeometry
of the instrument employed
oftheinstrumentemployed
comparedtotapingand
differentialleveling,the
g,
distancesandelevations
obtainedbytacheometric
methods are usually of a lower
methodsareusuallyofalower
degreeofaccuracy
 Uses of Tacheometric Methods
UsesofTacheometricMethods
Checkthemoreaccuratetapeddistancestouncover
p
errorsormistakes
Determinedifferencesofelevationbetweenpoints
Carrylinesoflevelswhereloworderaccuracyis
required
Measurethelengthsoftraverselines
M th l th f t li
Compileplanimetricandtopographicmaps
Completefieldsurveyforphotographicmap
Complete field survey for photographic map
Locatedetailsforhydrographicsurvey
 THE STADIA METHOD
THESTADIAMETHOD
thismethodemploys
p y
thesightingtelescope
ofaninstrumentin
reading a small angle
readingasmallangle
alongaverticalplane
andindeterminingthe
g
lengthwhichtheangle the word stadia denoted
subtendsona 600 Greek units, or 184
graduated rod held
graduatedrodheld m 93 cm (606 ft 9 in) by
verticalonthedistant present-day international
point standards
THE STADIA METHOD
the term is now applied to the cross hairs and
rod used in making measurements, as well as to
the method itself
the equipment for stadia measurements
consists of a telescope with two horizontal hairs
called stadia hairs and a graduated rod called a
stadia rod
distances can be measured veryy rapidly
p y byy the
stadia method
THE STADIA METHOD
PRINCIPLE OF THE STADIA
Sinceab isequaltoab,bysimilartriangles
q y g
f/i =d/s
And d=(f/i)s

also D=d+(f+c)
D=(f/i)s+C
D=Ks+C
STADIA CONSTANTS
the stadia constant, the distance from the center of
the instrument to the pprincipal
p focus
the quantity is composed of the the focal length (f),
which remains constant, and the distance (c) from the
center of the instrument to the center of the objective
lens
in the older instruments,
instruments C varies from about 0.18
0 18 to
0.43 m
in present
presentday
day surveying instruments, C may be
considered 0.30 for externalfocusing telescopes, 0 for
internalfocusing telescopes
STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR
the ratio f/I is called the stadia interval factor
for any given instrument, the value remains
constant and depends only on the spacing
between the stadia hairs
the most common value of K is 100
 Sample Problem
SampleProblem
StadiaIntervalFactor
Stadia Interval Factor
Atheodoliteissetupatoneendofalevelbase
line 150 0m long The line is marked by stakes at
line150.0mlong.Thelineismarkedbystakesat
every30.0mandastadiarodisheldateachstake.
Thestadiainterceptateachlocationisobserved
asfollows:0.302,0.600,0.899,1.207,and1.506
meters,respectively.Computethestadiainterval
f
factor(K)foreachdistanceandalsodetermine
(K) f h di d l d i
theaveragevalueofK.
 Solution
k=D/s
k1=30/0.302=99.3
k2=60/0.600=100.0
60/ 0 600 00 0
k3 =90/0.899=100.1
k4 =120/1.207=99.4
k5
5 =150/1.506
150/1 506 =99.6
99 6
kave=99.7
 Sample Problem
SampleProblem
HorizontalStadiaSights
Horizontal Stadia Sights
Anautomaticlevelwithaninternalfocusing
telescope was set up somewhere at midlength
telescopewassetupsomewhereatmid lengthof
of
alongspansteelbridge.Therodreadings
tabulatedbelowwereobservedonastadiarod
heldsuccessivelyatthevicinityoftheconcrete
abutmentsinthesouthernandnorthern
approachesofthebridge.Ifthestadiainterval
h f h b id If h di i l
factoroftheinstrumentis98.5,determinethe
length of the bridge
lengthofthebridge.
 Sample Problem
SampleProblem

Rod Hair Readings

Position
Upper (a) Middle (c) Lower (b)
Rod at 2.98 m 1.68 m 0.38 m
Southern
Approach
Rod at 3 54 m
3.54 2 02 m
2.02 0 49 m
0.49
Northern
Approach
 Solution
ss=2.98
= 2 98 0.38=2.60
0 38 =2 60
Ds=98.5*2.60=256.1m
sn=3.54
3 0 9 30
0.49=3.05
Dn=98.5*3.05=300.4m
D=256.1+300.4=556.5m
INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS
INCLINEDSTADIASIGHTS
INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS
INCLINEDSTADIASIGHTS
ID = ks cos +C(eq2)
ID=kscos + C (eq 2)

HD=kscos
k 2 +Ccos
2 C ( 3)
(eq3)

VD=kscos sin +Csin (eq4)

DE=HI+VD RR
 Sample Problem
SampleProblem
Thefollowingdatawereobtainedbystadiaobservations:
verticalangle=+925,upperstadiahairandlowerstadiahair
readingsare2.352mand0.995m,respectively.Thestadia
intervalfactorisknowntobe99.0andCis0.381m.Theheight
oftheinstrumentabovetheinstrumentstation(pointA)is
1.496mandrodreadingistakenat1.589m.Determinethe
g
following:
a)horizontal,vertical,andinclineddistancesbyexactstadia
formulas
b) elevation of the point sighted (point B) is the elevation of
b)elevationofthepointsighted(pointB)istheelevationof
pointAis776.545m.
c)differenceinelevationbetweenthetwopoints.