Construction Site

Management Practice

ID: NG/HNDQS/11/30
NAME: W.R.A. Shanika Chathurangani Ranasinghe
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly I would like to thanks Mr. Gamini Rajakaruna for giving me valuable
advices and guidelines. That really helped me to achieve success in this assignment.
Also I would like to thank Quantity Surveyor Mr. Prasad Rajapaksha work in Sathuta
Builders (Pvt)Ltd Company. Information collected in the site really helped me to
achieve success in this assignment. I would also wish to acknowledge the support
given to me by my parents. And Im really grateful to all of them who helped me to
complete this assignment.

1|Page
 EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report includes 2 main parts. Part 1 divided into 2 tasks. In first task I discussed
about management practices according to the knowledge of my site visit. In second
task I discussed about micro and macro factors influencing effective site
management. Part 2 include 1 task. In that task I discussed about Kurt Lewins three
phased change management model.

2|Page
 Introduction

By referring this report you can get whole knowledge about site management
practices. I visited to a site which is located in Dematagoda. It is a High Rise
Apartment Project. Sathuta Buildres is the main contractor of that project. I
collected information about their management practices and took some photograph.

Also in this report I discussed about micro and macro factors influencing effective
site management and production control in the selected project and how we
overcome from that issues.

Finally I discussed about Kart Lewins three phased change management model.

3|Page
 Content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................1
EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Content.............................................................................................................................................4
Part 01...............................................................................................................................6
Task 01.....................................................................................................................................6
Discuss about the provisions of site management practices and adopted in the
selected site..............................................................................................................................6
Introduction..................................................................................................................................6
General information.....................................................................................................................7
Site layout....................................................................................................................................7
Access...............................................................................................................................8
Storage consideration........................................................................................................8
Site management team...............................................................................................................10
Planning and programming........................................................................................................13
Supply chain..............................................................................................................................14
Communication Methods...........................................................................................................15
Material Management................................................................................................................15
Health and Safety.......................................................................................................................17
Task 02...................................................................................................................................18
Analyze micro and macro environmental factors influencing effective site
management and production control in the selected project.................................................18
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................23
PART 02..........................................................................................................................24
Task 01...................................................................................................................................24

4|Page
 Apply Kurt Lewins Three Phased Change Management model and discuss on
this change process................................................................................................................24
Introduction................................................................................................................................24
What is change?.........................................................................................................................24
Impact of change on employees................................................................................................25
Change Management.................................................................................................................25
Kurt Lewin Change Model........................................................................................................25
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................29

5|Page
6|Page
 Part 01

Task 01

Discuss about the provisions of site management practices and adopted in the
selected site.

Introduction

I visit to a Construction Site in Dematagoda. It is a High Rise Apartment building

project. I collect information on their management practices.

During my investigation Im investigate about how the site layout, site management
team and its members, methods of planning programming and scheduling, how they
do the material management, what are the health and safety methods they have
done..etc..

7|Page
General information

Date of the Letter of Acceptance: 8th April 2014

Conditions of the Contract: SBD/04 (May 2013)
Initial Contract Price: Rs. 2,477,100,000.00
Total Floor Area: 500 ft2/ unit
Type of Contract: Design and Build
Contract Period: 30 months
Foundation stone laid on: 2nd January 2014
Date of Commencement: 28th April 2014
Intended Date of Completion: 28th October 2016
Defect Notification Period: 365 days
Amount of Performance Bond: Rs. 123,855,000.00
Percentage of Retention: 10%
Limit of Retention: 5% of initial contract price
Liquidated Damages: 0.05% initial contract price / day
Limit of Liquidated Damages: 10% of initial contract price
Advance Payment: Rs. 371,565,000.00
Employer: Urban Development Authority
Consultant: State Engineering Cooperation
Contractor: Sathuta Builders (Pvt)Ltd

Site layout

Construction site layout involves identifying, sizing, and placing temporary

facilities within the boundaries of construction site. These temporary facilities range
from simple laydown areas to warehouses, fabrication shops, maintenance shops,
batch plant, and residence facilities.

Required temporary facilities and their areas are depending in many factors
including project type, scale, design, location, and organization of construction
work.

8|Page
(http://drahmedelyamany.weebly.com/uploads/7/0/1/0/7010103/site-layout_dremad.pdf)

Access
There are two main Access to the site. Those are situated in two opposite side of the
site. All material supplying vehicles are entered to the site by using one access. Other
access used for other vehicles and staff vehicles.

Storage consideration

9|Page
Storage requirement is full filled by using on site location. All hard materials like GI
Pipes and Reinforcement bars are stored separately. Materials are categorized
according to their quality and required conditions of storage. External storage will
use to store non-perishable materials and internal storage provides to store perishable
materials.

For example: cement react chemically when it contact with moisture. So cement
keep under shade on a platform away from excessive moisture. Ceramics like wash
basins, tiles can easily damage. So they should be store away from areas of much
activities and also package in padded cartons with lock and keys. Stones and sand
can store on ground.

Security and weather protection requirements are provide to the storage area. The
whole site is cover by CCTV cameras.

Accommodation

Accommodation for required staff members are supplied by the company with all
facilities including food. Construction site require office, mess room, canteen,
changing room and toilets for labors and management staff separately.

Temporary services
Temporary water supply and electricity to the site will obtained by made
applications to the water supply board and electricity board. Monthly bills are
paid to those relevant authorities.

Plant consideration

10 | P a g e
 Require plant and machinerys are hired by 2nd party organization and some
plants are accrued by the company to earn more profit and save the time.

Fencing and hording

Safety hoardings and safety fences are used at required places. There are two
safety officers are available for take care of the site safety and welfare.

Site lighting consideration

Lighting is used effectively to continue work during the night time. Mostly
cement work is done in the night.

Without proper site layout plan it is very difficult to work in the site. Because of this
proper site layout plan we can avoid accidents, avoid wastage of materials and can
improve the productivity of the work force.

Site management team

The Site Management team will generally be involved in day-to-day issues as they
arise throughout the construction phase. [CITATION Sen17 \l 1033 ]

This chart shows you the site organizational structure in this site.

Managing
Director

Project Site Site Quantity Store Safety

Manager Manager Engineer Surveyor Manager Officer

Assistant
Assistant Site
Quantity
Engineer
Surveyor

Following are the duties of each member.

11 | P a g e
Managing Director

He is the most senior role in the company. He is the owner of the Sathuta Builders
company.

Responsible for the performance of the company.

Manage day-to-day operations, resources and its people.
Protect and enhance the reputation of the company.
Provide training and guidance to employees.
Hold meetings and discuss about progress.
Make sure there is financial security in the company.

Project Manager

He has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation, design, plan,
monitoring, controlling of a project.

Develop the project plan.

Setting team direction.
Managing risk.
Offering accurate and regular reports about project status.

Site Manager

He is managing day-to-day work and ensure that work is done on time, quality and
within the budget.

Coordinate the work of site engineer, quantity surveyor, technical officer and
forman.
Maintaining the quality and progress of the work.
Ensuring the clients specifications and requirements are met.
Prepare and checking site reports.
Communicate with consultant team.

Site Engineer

12 | P a g e
He is the person who offers advice in the planning, coordination and supervision of
technical issues of the project.

Setting out the work according to the drawings and specifications.

Providing data according to variation orders and site instructions.
Resolving technical issues with suppliers and sub-contractors.
Preparing technical reports and drawings.

Quantity Surveyor

He is the person who responsible for the cost of the project from initial estimates to
the final acquisition of materials.

Prepare tender and contract documents.

Arrange payments.
Estimating.
Prepare BOQ.
Manage the cost.

Store Keeper

He is the in charge of the store department.

Checking inventory.
Handling purchase order and returns.
Keeping records about materials.
Store control.
Arrange materials in a proper manner.

Technical Officer

Responsible for the good maintenance and security of the technical

equipment.
Repair facilities and equipment to ensure the safety of the workers.
Plan and coordinate activities.
Monitor on-site activities.

Foreman

He is ranking above workers and below managers. He is the in charge of a

construction crew.

Supervising work.
Communicate between upper management and employees.
Coordinate employees activities.
Act as safety coordinator.

13 | P a g e
 Handle personal functions.

Planning and programming

To complete the project within time, quality and cost there must be proper planning
and scheduling systems. Site managers are using various management tools such as
bar charts, schedules and s curves to perform well.

Bar charts use to plan the project. It is a graphical picture of a schedule and because
of bar charts management can plan, coordinate and track specific tasks in a project.
Master bar chart shows how the entire project planned at construction stage and
monthly bar chart is an extraction of master bar chart which shows the specific
activities that have to be done during each month and the time duration.

Schedules prepare before the commencement of any construction activity. In this site
they prepared plant schedules, labor schedules, material schedules etc.. Each and
every schedule helps to the manager to identify which type and which amount of
material, plant and labor need to complete the project.

Following picture shows the monthly bar chart of the work.

Supply chain

14 | P a g e
Supply chain is a network between a company and its suppliers to produce a specific
product. In construction industry, material, labor and plant are the main supplies.
Drawings, instructions also known as supplies.

In this site, supply chain includes the following functions.

I. Supply material, labor and plant.

II. Doing construction process.
III. Handover the finished building to client.

Supply material, labor and plant.

In a large construction project materials and labor requirement is very high. All
material management is done by the store. They keep record about quantity available
in the site and order the materials from suppliers for run the construction process
without delay.

Labor suppliers are also acting a huge part in a construction project. They supply
different types of labors to the site. Masons, mason helpers, carpenters and bar
benders are example. Labors are paid as day payment and over time payment.
Normally mason took a Rs. 1800 per day.

After the construction project consultant carried the final inspection and if there are
any problem as contractor to fix them and hand over project to the client.

Communication Methods

Mainly as a communication method, block meetings are scheduled every Monday to

discuss the necessary details and site progress. To this meetings mainly participate
Project manager, Site manager, site Engineers, Quantity surveyors and block
managers.
15 | P a g e
All electronic communication methods telephones, emails and fax are used to
communicate the site and head office regularly.

Telecommunications billed are paid by the company to necessary officers.

Material Management

Material management is very important for improving product quality in

construction industry.

Material management is defined as planning, identification, procuring, storage,

receiving and distribution of materials [CITATION Sen171 \l 1033 ]

Aim of material management is to get the right quality and right quantity of material
at right place, right time for right cost in the industry.

All materials are supplied from local and international market and supplied to the site
and stored in the site. Store keeper and assistant store keeper manage the all
inventory about the materials at site by day to day.

Purchase order

Material has to be ordered through purchase order. It is a printed document which

shows supplier name, type of material, quantity and agreed price. Purchase order is
prepared by Store Manager and approved by Site Manager. Original is issue to
Supplier. Copy is taken by Store Manager and Site Manager.

Good Receiving Note

16 | P a g e
Good receiving note is the proof that supplier deliver the material to the site. When
supplier deliver the goods to the site it is very important to issue a GRN to supplier.
When Supplier get his payment he must attach the GRNs copy as a proof of
supplied the materials as pet the purchase order. It is prepare by Store Manager.
Original is issue to Supplier.

Deliver or transfer note

17 | P a g e
Inventory Control

It is about knowing where all materials stock. And ensuring every material is
accounted for at any given time.

Health and Safety

There are safety officers to ensure the safety in the site. They check all plants and
equipment every morning before the construction work are start. There is a welfare
society for workers.

Necessary safety equipment such as hard hats, eye protectors, safety harness, life
jackets, safety boots, overalls, gum boots are supplied to all staff members and all
labors in the site by the company.

Safety signs are placed in necessary places to give the attention to the labors. Safety
meeting are conducted twice a week and safety inspections are conducted by the
safety officers.

18 | P a g e
 Part 01

Task 02

Analyze micro and macro environmental factors influencing effective site

management and production control in the selected project.

The success of a Construction Project depends on its performance, which is

measured by timely completion, within the budget, required quality standards and
customers Satisfaction.

[CITATION Sen172 \l 1033 ]

But there are some factors influencing effective site management and production
control in the site. Mainly, these factors can be divided into two groups.

1. Micro Factors

Internal Factors that influence on Site Management are known as MICRO

factors. Micro factors can be controlled by the Site Manager. Following are some
examples for micro factors.

Faulty work or Defective work.

Faulty work means imperfection in a structure in workmanship or in
appearance which are physical causes of the failure of a building component.
Defective means the absence of something essential to completeness. All
these simply is something wrongly done to which blame is attached.
Some defects can be corrected before building is handed over to the client.
Some may occur long after the original work has been completed. These
defects usually are the responsibility of the contractor and its supply chain.
So the client can claim against the contractor and all parties involved.

19 | P a g e
 Some defects are:
Design fault- particular design is not working in the manner that it
should.
Foundation of the building could crack.
Roof leak.
Air conditioning units may fail.

This problem can be avoided by:

Work is carried out with skilled work force and supervisors.

Overcrowded work areas.

Overcrowding can defined as the increase of all trade types within a given
construction area. Because of these unwanted labors there can be health and
safety problems. Also can increase the cost of the project.

This problem can be avoided by:

Change construction methods and sequence.
Change hours of the day when work is to be performed.
Prepare proper labor schedules.

Unplanned space to store materials, tools and plant.

Unplanned spaces to store materials and tools will make the problem of
double handling such items during the construction works. Double handling will
have an effect on the cost of the project. Similarly unplanned spaces at site to park
the Plant can create problems to moving areas.
[ CITATION Raj17 \l 1033 ]

This problem can be avoided by:

Prepare a proper site layout at the beginning of the project.
Have a store manager.

Crew interference.
Too many tradespeople on a site at once can be lead to a battle. In some large
sites, there have more than one sub-contractor. So there can be interference
while performing their activities. Such situations can have effect on time and
cost on the project.

20 | P a g e
 This problem can be avoided by:
Change hours of the day when work is to be performed.

Lack of on-site cleanliness.

The law says you must keep every part of your construction site in good
order and every place of work clean.
[ CITATION Hea17 \l 1033 ]

Clean workplace reflects good management practices and pride in the work place.
Worksites with rubbish, waste and broken items around the ground and appearance
of poor maintenance do not instill confidence in client about the products produce on
site.
This can lead to accidents such as slips, trips, falls, fires..etc..

We can keep the site clean by:

Identify cleaning and maintenance requirements in all areas of the workplace.

Assess the risks associated with each situation.

Conduct regular workplace inspections that include checking housekeeping

and taking corrective actions as appropriate.

Conduct training for all staff in the importance of good housekeeping

practices, their role and the need for them to report hazards to their
supervisor.

Unavailability of Plant, Equipment and material when required.

Material, plant and equipment are inputs for the construction process. There
can be project delays due to unavailability of material, plant and equipment.
Because of the delays site managers have to pay extra money to the workers
for extra working days. It may cost the project.

This problem can be avoid by:

21 | P a g e
 Construction Managers identify reliable suppliers during the planning of
supply chain.

2. Macro Factors

External Factors that influence on Site Management are known as MACRO

factors. These factors are beyond the control of the Construction Site Manager.

Following are the macro factors that can happen due to client.

Frequent changes for the scope of the project while work is progressing.

Changing scope in the middle of the project means added costs, greater
risk and longer duration. Due to this poor scope management, project can
be failed. This may prompt site manager to request additional time and
funds in order to complete the new scope.

Scope can be change according to:

Drawing errors.
To avoid these situations, be sure to review all contract
documents. Verify the clients information is accurate and
referencing to the latest standards.

Inaccurate specification.
When drawings are assigned to different consultants, each one of
them acting on their own. So, contractor faces to a difficult task
of assuming on one article. But finally installation is going to be
made, the client requires another article to be installed.

Delays in payments to the Contractor.

Delayed payments have a serious effect on early completion of project.
These delays can cause cash flow problems. In such situations contractor
has a right to suspend the work till payments are settled.

Following are the macro factors that can happen due to Consultant.

Delay could be defined as, beyond the date those parties agree upon for delivery.
It is slipping over its plan schedules. Delays in construction can cause lots of

22 | P a g e
 changes such as lost productivity, late completion, contract termination, increase
cost, harm to the company reputation.

Delays in providing detail drawings during the construction

period.
Inspection delays during construction period.
Delays in approving monthly bills.

Following are the macro factors that can happen due to environmental effects.

These effects can occur from physical conditions, land forms, site characteristics or
attributes of the environment.

Severe weather including: wind, precipitation, floods, electrical storms,

seismic activities, climate changes.
Because of these effects there can be:

Damage to infrastructure.
Loss of electrical power.
Delays in supplies.
Reduce visibility and inability to do construction.
Access areas to the site may be cover.

We can use equipment and materials that are able to withstand severe weather. And
can use engineering design, best practices and engineering foresight.

Conclusion

Construction industry is a huge industry that many works happening. To maintain the
construction site in a good manner you have to follow site management practices
effectively. Effective site management includes proper planning, controlling,
coordinating, motivating and communicating. To complete the project within given
time, quality and cost you have to work with team spirit, have to manage the work
force, subcontractors, have to programming and scheduling work, manage health and
safety.

23 | P a g e
When doing construction project, team has to face many difficulties. They are
categorizing to 2 groups known as micro factors and macro factors. Micro factors
can control by the Site Manager. Macro factors are beyond the Site Managers
control.

But if management team and employees do their work as a whole family and each
and every one do their responsibilities without any mistake, the project can complete
within time, quality and cost.

PART 02

Task 01

Apply Kurt Lewins Three Phased Change Management model and discuss on
this change process.

Introduction

Micro Construction is mainly focused on House Construction. Their scope of

business is limited to on- site manufacturing. Since there are lot of construction
businesses Micro Construction found the business is highly competitive and the

24 | P a g e
overall profit margin they are making are not enough. Also they found the wastage of
on-site manufacturing is high. And they cant complete the project within the time
because of the weather conditions such as rain.

Compare to these disadvantages, off-site manufacturing have advantages such as

need less skilled labors, save time, high quality of work, easier management of
construction site, ideal fit for simple and complex structures.

Due to this advantages of off-site manufacturing, disadvantages of on-site

manufacturing, low profit margins and competiveness Micro Construction decided
to make a change to their business approach. They have decided to move into
manufacturing Volumetric off-site manufacturing for bathrooms and kitchen pods.

According to this changing process, Micro Construction change the process, job
roles, organizational structure and uses of technology.

Their main objective behind this is to win the clients while shortening their
construction period and reduce the cost.

What is change?

Change process can be thought of a process which stop the current process, make
the necessary changes to the current process and then run the new process.
[ CITATION Raj171 \l 1033 ]

Change in the work place is an issue that every manager and employer has to deal in
their carrier. Supervisors and managers are the most important people to the potential
success of any change, because they have to act as leaders in this changing process.

Impact of change on employees

Changes are almost always difficult for employees. Before announcing changes to
the employees, managers must understand how they might react.

Trying to change after continuously work hard in order to meet high expectations
will bring workers stress and exhaustion. To some employees change is fearful
because they feel outside their comfort zone.

25 | P a g e
Once Abraham Maslow said besides basic survival peoples greatest need is safety,
not only physical, but also emotional. [ CITATION Mas11 \l 1033 ]

Employees feel doubt whether the change will be success or worse. Also employees
feel manipulated. Because of these facts managers have to start the change very
carefully. If

Change Management

Change management is the discipline that guides how we prepare, equip and
support individuals to successfully adopt change in order to drive organizational
success and outcomes.[ CITATION pro17 \l 1033 ]

Kurt Lewin Change Model

Organizational change doesnt have to be a complex process. Change theory was
developed by Kurt Lewin back in the 1940s. Still holds true today.

The three phase of the Kurt Lewin theory provide guidance on how to go about
getting people to change. This model is based around 3 step process named as
Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze.

26 | P a g e
 If you have a large cube of ice, but realize that what you want is a
cone of ice, what do you do? First you must melt the ice to make it
amenable to change (unfreeze). Then you must mold the iced water into
the shape you want (change). Finally, you must solidify the new shape
(refreeze).[ CITATION Sen17 \l 1033 ]

Unfreeze

Before a new way of operating system installed, the existing operating

system needs to be broken.

Unfreeze stage involves understanding that change is necessary, and getting

ready to move away from current comfort zone.
In this stage we have to prepare ourselves and others. The more urgent it is,
the more feel that change is necessary, the more motivated we are to make the
change.

To motivate the employees, first you have to listen to the employees and
prepare them to accept the change.

Key to this unfreeze stage is communication. So maintain a frequent and

regular communication with all employees is very important.

Leaders must highlight gaps between the current state and desired state.
And present a vision to the employees as it needs to be.

Tell the employees about who, how, what, where, when and why changes
are required.
Explain about the outcomes that company expects from employees and the
operations.
Discuss with them if Micro Construction do on-site manufacturing also in
future, the company will go bankrupt. Facts figures like wastage, overall
profit margin, competition with other same companies can use to convincing
this fact. Advise them if company go bankrupt the problems employees has to
face.

27 | P a g e
 Make them understand the difficulties occur such as cost, quality of the work
and time for the construction when obtain new contracts.
And the competition that the company face from the competitors. Explain
them how to overcome the problem through this change.

Management team have major role to change employees negative believes

and their attitudes. This can do with face to face meetings with employees
and trade unions.

Change

In this stage we make the changes that need. During this changing stage we
aim to shift the individuals behavior in which the changes are taking place.
It is like a journey we make in reaction to the change. This stage is the
hardest stage in overall process. Because employees feel unsure and fearful in
this changing process.

Support is really important during this changing stage.

Management team must give training, coaching and guidance about off-
site manufacturing to the employees.

It is very important for leaders to talk to employees and be a part of the

employees approach. And be open to continual negotiation. Immediately
address to negative people.

Employees fear about the change. So you must expect mistakes from them.
Also work with employees and need to be given time to them to
understand the change.
Keep communicating clear picture about the desired change and
benefits. So employees do not lose sight of where they are heading.

Refreeze

When everything seems okay and all are looking well, it is the time to lock
things in.
This stage is about establishing stability after the changes have been made.

It is very important to maintain regular review meetings with key staff in

this stage. And establish reward system.

28 | P a g e
 In this stage, employees accepted to volumetric off-site manufacturing.
Employees build new relationships and become comfortable with their
routines. Employees maintained it into the future.

Conclusion

hanges are almost always difficult for employees, because they feel outside their
comfort zone. But change in the work place is an issue that every Manager and
Employee has to deal in their career. Organizations change their process, job roles,
structure, uses of technologies to meet high expectations such as get more profit, and
also because of the competitive.

Organizational change doesnt have to be a complex process. Kurt Lewins three

phased change management model helps to adjust to the change step by step. Kurt
Lewins theory include 3 steps known as unfreeze, change and refreeze. It developed
by in 1940s and still holds true today. By following that steps every organization can
adopt to the organization change without any harm.

29 | P a g e
Bibliography
Anon., n.d. Health and Safety Executive. [Online]
Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/safetytopics/storage.htm
[Accessed 01 April 2017].

Anon., n.d. prosci. [Online]

Available at: https://www.prosci.com/change-management/what-is-change-
management
[Accessed 30 March 2017].

Rajakaruna.G, 2017. factors that influencing a construction project. Nugegoda:

ICBT Campus.

Rajakaruna.G, 2017. Managemnt Team. Nugegoda: ICBT Campus.

Rajakaruna.G, 2017. Material Mnagement. Nugegoda: ICBT Campus.

Rajakaruna.S, 2017. change management. Nugegoda: ICBT Campus.

Rajakaruna, G., 2017. Construction Resources. Nugegoda: ICBTCampus.

Sidikova, M., 2011. THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION.

Nugegoda: ICBT Campus.

30 | P a g e