Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CERMICAS
AVANADAS
RIO DE JANEIRO, 2-4 AGO, 1989
ADVANCED
CERAMICS
FIRST FLOR&A-BRAZH. SEMNAR ON MATERIALS
L
II ENOMAT
SEGUNDO ENCONTRO ESTADUAL
CERMICAS
AVANADAS
RIO DE JANEIRO, 2-4 AGO, 1 WS
ADVANCED
CERAMICS
SECRETARIA DE CINCIA E TECNOLOGIA
FLORIDA-BRAZIL INSTITUTE
APOIO SPONSORS
ASSOCIAO BRA8UURA DE CERMICA
A88OCWCAO SRA8ILEIRA DE META
RCOE DE TRNOL0IA0OWO 06 JANEIRO
FAPERJ
COPPE/WFIJ
IBM BRASIL
Annis.
1. Rovos Materiais. 2. Cermcai Avanadas.
3. Supercondutores Ceraicos. 4. Ceraicas Es-
traturais. 5. Ceraicas tletro-Eletrnicas._.
Bio-Ccraiicas. 7. Coapsitos coa Matriz Cerai
ca. I. Revestimentos Ceraaicos. 9. Frocessa-
ento de Cerirnica. I. Lenyo, N. P. ed. II.
Monteiro, S.n. ed. III. Duailibi r, J. ed.
IV. Rio de Janeiro. Secretaria de Estado de Cin
cia e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro. Florida-tr
ril Institute. V. Titulo.
1989
I! EKCONTRC ESTADUAL SOBRE NOVOS M T E R U t S
! 3E:nnRir FlRIDA-ERSlL S08EE HATERISIS
CERXHICAS AVANADAS
OKMIUXO
. Se-T-taria ii? Estado <l- Cincia Tecnoloai* do Rio d Jenc
ro * SECTEC/RJ
. Florida-Brazil I n s t i t u t e
APOIO
. Associao Brasileira de Ceraica ABC
. Assoriaco Brasileira de Metais - ABM
. Rede de Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro
. Fundao de Arroaro Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro -
FAPERJ
. IBM Brasil
COLABORAO
. Coordenao dos Prograaias de Ps-Sraduaco de Engenharia
COPPE/UFRJ
. Inr.tituto Militar de Engenharia - IME
. Pontifcia Universidade Catlica - PUC/RJ
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia - IMT
SECRETARIA
. Sinonc Silva Heruzzi Tavares - Secretria Executiva
Rleusa Haxarcth Porto - Secretria Consultiva
. Irany Mercs Coelho - Secretria Consultiva
Christina Maria Lima do Nasciieento - Secretria Consultiva
Ana Cludia da Silva Figueiredo - Datilografa
COMISS&O OPGANI2ADORA
PREFCIO
Jamil Duilibi n i n o
A6RADECIMEMT0S
CONFEREUCIA PLETiARIA
Pi.rr:FV crr:rEPt::cc 1
'Science of Chemicjl Processing of Ceramics and Te-
chnology Transfer* - L.t,. llench 2
CONFERNCIAS I
LECTI'RES I 15
"Physical Evolution of Gel-Silica Monoliths" - H.L.
Vasconcelos-. F.T. DoHoff c L.L. Bench IS;>
"Sol-Gel Processing for Ferroelectric Ceramics"
Michel A. A l e r t e r 24
CONFERNCIAS It
LECTURES II SO
'Silica optics Manufacture Via Sol-Gel Technology" -
.l.L. tiocru?, C. B a U b a n , W.V. Moreshead, R.S. Sheu . 51
"From Class to Glass Ceramics Via Phase Transforma-
tion:-" - E-Jaar Dutra Zanotto 61
CONFF.RENCliVS III
LECTURES III 77
"fliTi'l.i lli-4h Tech Ceramics Program" - R. Abbaschian 78
"Oriiicor. Eletro-Eletrnicas/Supercondutoras" - R.
'iu.'.ill'.. 79
CONfnRCru :A:; I V
LECTtlRES tV 83
"The Do-clnpment and Business Potential for Biocera
ntirr." - Jun? Wilson-Hench 7 64
CONFERCltClAS V
LCCTCRES V 123
"Structural Ceramic Composites for Aircraft Engines"
- T.E. Schmid 124
L. L. Hench
Advanced Materials Research Center
University of Florida
On* Progress Blvd., #14
Alachua. FL 3261S
Six years later considerable progress baa boon Bade In achieving the
dvantages and minimizing the disadvantages in the aol-gel processing of one
mportant application, sol-gel derived ailica optics. The potencial
dvantages achieved include: Homogeneity, Purity. Coefficient of Thermal
pansion. As-Cast Shapes and Surface Features, and Unique Properties of
llica infrastructures such as for Doping Applications and Laser Enhanced f
ensificntion. ' |
Silica optics are preferred for any optical systems, such BM intracavity |
aser optics, because of the characteristics discussed by J. L. Rogues in this "
:onfercnre. \
During the last few years chemically based scl-gel processes have been
developed and lead to the manufacture of Types V and VI silicas m described
In references 3 to 6. These processes offer Che potential for improving many
features of silica optics. Sol-gel processing offers additional advantages
Table 1. Potential Advantages of Gal-Silica Optics
complex geometries
light Might optics
aspherlc optics
surface replication (e.g., Fresnel lenses)
internal structures
reduced grinding
reduced polishing
The large pore structures produced in the colloidal sol-gel method help
in the removal of alkali ions by an aqueous dealkalizatlon process. The large
pores also facilitate gaseous renovai of cheaisorbed impurities prior to
densification. yielding low water levels and alkali and transition natal
impurity of a few hundreds of ppa. Total density is achieved after 30 minutes
at 1500"C and high quality optical silica is achieved after 10 Minutes at
1720'C, Examples of Type V silica glasses made by the colloidal gel-silica
process are described in reference 6.
The Shoup process, however, does not yield many of the advantages
inherent in the alkoxide based sol-gel process listed in Table 1.
Scale-up of alkoxide based sol-gel processing has required considerable
effort, as described in reference 7. In order to achieve large optical
components by the sol-gel route it is essential to centrei: 1) Drying lates,
2) Defects in the as-cast gel aonoliths, and 3) lenoval of chenisorbed water
prior to pore closure in densification. The superior optieal properties of
Gel-Silica Glass Process Sequence
RELATIVE TME
2. Pvrolvsi
Pyrolysis, controlled theraal decomposition, of organemetallic precursors
results in nonoxide ceraalc materials of the constituent elements. Th teost
successful so far ara silicon carbide (SIC) and silicon nitride (Si,K,) fro
polyawrs containing silicon-carbon and silicon-nitrogen bonds, respectively.
Boron nitride and boron carbide can also be nade and titanium carbide,
tltaniua nitrida, titnio berlde,-silicon boride. and aluninum nitride are
under development using organeantallic precursors.
Yajims and co-vorkers showed first the polysilanes can be converted to ft-
SiC by a two-step pyrolysis resction sequence using polyearbosilane as a
precursor. Subsequently, SiC powders, sintered moldings, composites, ami
impregnants for* porous bodies have been made from organometallic precursor;.
following similar process steps.
There are still a number of problems to be solved in the development of
precursor-based ceramics. For example, in producing ceramic fibers iron a
polymer precursor, there is a trad off between linesr structure and branched
structure of the precursor. Linear structures have a low ceramic yitld but
give good rheology for aelt spinning. Although branched structures increase
the ceramic yield, the polymer fibers formed from these structures have poor
properties because a branched structure yields a mechanically brittle and weak
polymer.
3. MicrniBfirpholofv Processing
|
Hicroaorphology processing is the tera used to describe the preparation, |
packing, and densification of subaicron ceraaic powders. The objective of f
aicroaorphology processing is to eliminate the density gradients and defects
in powder compacts and sintered cersaics which limit physical properties and
environmental and temperature resistance. Large grains, powder agglomerates,
snd iaperfect packing of irregular particles give risa to localized pores in
powder compacts. During densification such large voids are left and degrade
properties and behavior of the material. The hypothesis of nicroaorphology
ultrastructurc processing is that use of unifora, spherical, Bonodispersc
subaicron powders will produce ideal packing and equally unifor subaicren
porosity. Densification of an ideal ultraflne powder compact should occur at
much lower teaperatures and much faster ratas (theoretically as auch as 10'
faster) snd without growth of pores or grains. The resulting ultrastructurc
should be in the size range of the Initial powder, 0.01 to 1.0 a, without
large grains, large pores, or any localised gradients in density.
The important concept in the aicroaorphology approach to ultrsstructure
processing is that all steps sr* related froa the powder synthesis to
sintering AiMunich much understanding has been gained in achieving control
at an ultrastructure level, any questions still remain to bo answered The
full potential of tacb of those throo ultrattrueturo approaches -- (1) sol-pel
preceaeing. (2) pyrolysis of orgenomatallic precursors, and (3)
microaorphology control -- is yet to be realised, but the potential for
revolutionizing the aanufacture of high-tech ceramics is already present.
Technology Transfer (Fran Ref. t)
The length of tine indicated for the steps shown in Figure 3 is based
upon our experience in commercializing Bioglaes* medical and dental implants
and Gelsil* optical components and upon a number of consulting experiences.
As shown below, there obviously will be a distribution of times unique for a
given product and organization. However, the time lines shown tend to be
skewed toward the short end of the distribution and, thus, can be used ms a
good measure of effective technology transfer.
In practice, the length of time for each path shown in Figure 3 is close
to being optimal. It is seldom possible to decrease the length of time
required for either the reaearch, patent protection, or technology-
demonstration phaaes of a new product, assuming that the product involves
substantially new technology. Improvements in previously existing processing
or products take perhaps one-third lesa time in the technology - demons t ration
phase becauaa the pilot-plant facilities are already in existence. However,
the time lines for 140 and patent protection are nearly invariant, regardless
of the level of innovation being pursued. It if seldom possible to short
circuit any of tha individual steps shown in Figure 3.
Patent Technology
Research Protection Demonstration
Time Path 1 Path 2 Path 3
($50,000 to $100,000) ($50,000 to $100,000) ($250,000 to $1,000,000)
Quality
5 yrs. Assurance
Patent Issued
4 yrs. Publication Modifications PHot Plant
I
FunowiQ
Research Idea
12
time ia more than doubled to 11 years. Often thie ia the caae because th*
costs aaaocietod with patent protection and technology demonstration are
usually considerably larger than research costs. Consequently, new layers of
management bacon* involved in the deciaion-naking proeeee aa one novea f roa
path 1 to 2 to 3. Because the projected costs of paths 2 and 3 are
substantially higher, the time and number of people required to evaluate the
project Increase proportionally. The probability of approval decreases
proportionally.
A combination of approval factors often leods to s serial technology-
transfer process. The major imps dance step in the aerial procesa ia the
transfer from path 2 to 3. The level of financial commitment goes up by a
factor of 10 et thie point. However, coat ia not the only barrier in noving
from path 2 to 3. Personnel, management, and marketing are equally important
factors.
In order to achieve a demonstration of the technology (path 3 ) . it is
essential to create a team composed of the scientiat(a) who originated the
discovery, engineers eapable of scaling-up the technology and experienced in
designing the requisite equipment, technical staff, and management. The
experience, skills, attitudes, responsibilities, and temperaments differ
greatly among euch a team. Consequently, there can be considerable tine
invested in achieving an acceptable schedule, plan of action, budget, and
commitment to "make it work."
Moat of the time the technology will not work in the demonstration scale
without e number of triala. Consequently, feedback of information fron the
technology-demonstration team to the ecienee team and vice versa along paths 1
and 3 ia essential. However, by this time creative scientific personnel will
have already moved on to other intereeta and are not enthused about returning
cm an "old" project when problems ariae. The net effect ia a lengthening of
path 3.
In most caaas, the funds to pursue s technology-demonstration project
will not be approved without completion of a marketing study. The marketing
analysis will attempt to project cost/benefit ratioa, capital required, size
of market, time to reach the market, percentage of market penetration,
competitive position of the new technology, lead times over the competition,
profit margina, effect on existing corporate products, etc.
The greater the advance of the new technology, the more difficult it is
Cm make these marketing assessments. Therefore, the better the technology,
Che longer is the elms required to pass judgment that it ahould be supported
to enter path 3 and become s technology-demonstration program.
The better the technology, the greater is th risk involved because of
the greater difficult in satisfying Che market analysis. One doninsne node of
dealing with a high-risk decision is to postpone it. Again, the effect is to
lengthen path 3 and the overall technology-transfer time line.
Thus chore are two primary difficulties in pursuing psths 2 and 3
entirely in parallel: the 5'fold to 10-fold increase in cost of moving from
13
References
1. J. D. Mackenzie in ultrastructure Processing of Cerastes, Glasses, and
Composite, L. L. Hench and D. I. Ulrich. eds. (Wiley. Hew York, 1986) p.
15.
2. M. Grayson, ed., Encyclopedia of Glass, Ceraaics, Clays and Cement
(Viley, Hew York. 1985).
3. L. L. Hench, S. H. Hang, and J. L. Rogues. SPIE Vol. 178 Multifunctional
Materiel (1988) p. 76.
4. S. H. Vang. C. Caapbell, and L. L. Bench in Ultrastructure Processing of
Advanced Ceraaics. J. D. Mackenzie and D. t. Ulrich, ed. (Wiley, New
York, 1988) p. 145.
5. L. L. Hench, C. Orcel and J. L. Rogues in Better Ceraaics Through
Cheaistry, Vol. 73, C. J. Brinker. D. E. Clark, and D. R. Ulrich. eds.
(Materials Research Society. Pittsburgh. 1986) p. 35.
6. R. D. Shoup in Ultras true ture Processing of Advanced Ceraaics, .1. D.
Mackenzie and D. R. Ulrich, eds. (Wiley, New York. 1988) p. 347.
7. L. L. Hench, M.J.R. Wilson, c. Balaban and J. L. Nogues in Proceedings
4th Ultrastructure Conference, Tucson, AZ, Febursry 1989.
8. Larry L. Hench. Advanced Ceraaic Materials, Vol. 3. No. 3, 1988. 203-206.
15
II
.i
i
1
I
I,
t
CONFERNCIAS I
LECTURES I
16
Abstract
During dcnsificarion of gel-silica monoliths, the ulnsffucture evolves in such a way that the
strength of the inatcrial increase continuously. That increase in strength occurs more rapidly after a
certain temperature range which corresponds to sharp changes in porosity and in the extent of
interconnection of the note network. Evaluations of umaxial compressiMt strength,flexuralstrength.
tensile modulus and Vickers hardness number were performed in silica gel samples densified in the
range oflfKTC to 1150T. Gd-sflkrnonoh*ths with Weientrwreiidius present different propero
during densifkation, as shown by hardness analysis. Dimensional change experiments show an
increasing thermal stability of gel-silica monoliths as densifkation proceeds.
Introduction
Silica gel monoliths were prepared using a mixture of TMOS and Dl-witer
and acid catalyzed by HNO3 (samples type A). After gelation at room temperature
and aging at 60C for two days, the samples were dried at 180C. The densificaiion
experiments were carried out in a tube furnace with a dry-air atmosphere for
temperatures up to 1000C, and under a chlorinated atmosphere for higher
temperatures. Fig.l shows a set of pure gcl-silict monoliths type A densified in the
range of I8OC to I15OC. Another set of gel-silica samples was prepared in
similar conditions, except that the acid used as catalyst was HE This set of samples
isreferredto as "samples type B" in this work.
Silica pel monoliths densificd in the range 180'C to 1150C were analyzed in
an automatic nitrogen gas adsorption machine type Autosorb 6 (Quantachrome
Corp.) for volume of pores, surface area of pores and average pore radius.
A mechanical testing machine type MTS 810/458 with a cross head speed of
0.02 mm/min was used to obtain uniaxial compression strength of gel-silica
monoliths. The flexural strength data were obtained using a MTS 810/442 and a
four point bending fixture, AH the flexural tests were performed in ambient air
using a cross head speed of 0.016 mm/min. hi order to obtain the flexural strength
(0c). the following expression was used (8):
" ' 2 w t 2
where P is the load at fracture;
L is die distance between the lower supporting points;
I is the distance between (he upper loading points:
w is the width of the tested sample;
t is the thickness of the tested sample.
Tensile modulii of gel-silica monoliths falsified in the range of 180C to
100OC were obtained using a dynamic mechanical tester machine type DMA-982
(Dupont Instr.).
Dimensional change experiments were carried out using an automatic
recording differential push-rod dilatometer Dilatronic II-R (Theta lnd.). The
heating and cooling rate used was 3C/min.
a. 1000-
x 800- A B T
o O A .A
111
5
600-
X
o
400-
yi
200-
III
(B
9o
u 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE (*O
Fig.2 Variation of the compression strength as a function of densificaiion
fempaaitvt for samples type A and B.
S 60
50
o 40
Ul
K 30
CO
20
ac
10
X
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TEMPERATURE (*C)
Fig!* Variation of ncsural strength as aftwctionof densiffcarion temperature
for samples type A.
o
o
CO
shows the variation of flexural strength with relative genus. In this case the
relationship between the mechanical property and the pore connectivity is better
than the one shown for compression strength. The linear relationship shown in
Fig.7 for the dependence of tensile modulus with relative genus is an additional
reinforcement of the association between strength and pore connectivity for the
silica gel samples tested.
21
~ 30
o.
o
I 20-
I
10-
o
Ml
Acknowledgments J
i
The authors acknowledge the support of the US-AFOSR (Contract n ]
F49620-88 C-0073). One of the authors (WLV) is indebted to the support of t|
UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais) and CAPES (Brazilian Agency of |
Post-Graduation).
References /
|2| L.L. Hcnch and D.R. Ulrich, Eds., Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics.
Glasses and Composites (Wiley, New York, 1984).
|4) L.L. Hcnch and D.R. Ulrich, Eds.. Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing
(Wiley. New York. 1986).
|5| J.D. Mackenzie and D.R. Ulrich, Eds., Ultrastructure Processing of Advanced
Ceramics (Wiley. New York. 1988).
|7| W.L. Vasconcelos. R.T. DeHoff and L.L. Hench. in: Proc. 4th International
Conference on Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics,Glasses and Composites,
Tucson. Arizona (February, 1989).
|8| Testing Method for Flexural Strength, Japanese Industrial Standard JS R1601-
1981 (Japanese Standards Association, 1981).
|9| R.T. DcHoff. in: Quantitative Microscopy, R.T. DeHoff and F.N. Rhine*. Eds.
(McGraw-Hill. New York, 1968) P 29I.
SYNTHESIS. CHARACTEREATBN AtV APPLICATIONS tT LEAP AND BARIUM TH
HATERIALS PREPARED BV THE SOL-GEL rETHDD
Abstract
I fntr ort\l=tinn
T*? f.ihricator nf high oualit--i ceramic Materials and devices has received much
attention :n tin recent years The chemical methods appear very attractive as
thpy offer potential advantages over the traditional Mixed oxide routes, to
particuti*r the purity, the chemical homogeneity and particle size characteristics
my be all enhanced by adopting these processing technUsies. These eethods may
also low?- considerably the ceramic processing temperature* and therefore
facilitate their integration with semioonductor devices. Microelectronic
'.* integrated antics devices etc. This Mill include thin or thick layer
and multilayer configuration. On the other hand the preparation of
submir-ron rortprs wits nell defined and controlled granulation May lead to the
rbt^otirr r* bette- and mrre reliable ceramics with reproducible
characteristics
In this paper He review the studies realized during the last decade using the
sol-gel route for obtaining lead and bariimvtitanate derived materials in form of
gelr. powders, and films Ms first discuss the relative merits and problems of
the different chemical processes used' for the preparation of attenuate
prer.iirsor ant for* which two basic methods can be visualized:
i> 4 multicomponent alkcxida can be preoared by reacting a combination of single
alktntdf The reaction of a partially hydrolised allcoxida of species M with
another nIVoxide nf sptcies K forms a double alkoxide and an alcohol
H" ( OR' 08
II
0P'-M'-nR*HD.M-0R -* OP-.K-O-M-DR*
II ROH tt)
II
OR' OR OR*
II
OR
26
I
27
calairied after dryina at 34C for 2-3 weeks. Tetragonal PbTiO* M I S reoorted
after firino at 600*C
The precursor preparation process Mas later modified by Budd et al 1231
Nho recognized, through gas LI umetoiraphy analysis, the occurrence of an
rentier between the titaniun aHnxide and the eethoxuetnanol
Table 1
Typical composition f o r the preparation of PbTiDj and TiD z - 0 2 5 Phf> so!
Pb acetate
Product PrOH acacH Ti(0Rr i j 4 solution p"
MD
PbTiC*, 40 3 7 2* 4,7
40 3 4 1.91 57
whatever i s the process of sol preparation, the dried gels are amorphous to
v
k
30
24
PbTiO, THW FILMS
x
iii o I. MOLES HfO/MOLE PsTiO,
o o
D 1.0 MOLE H*O/MOLE PWiO,
lal * 0 3 MOLES KgO/MOLE PfcTIO,
20
fO*CtOik
5 Z
7O*C,6iit u
O
tASIC
H -2 -3 - -3 -2 -I
L06 CATALYST ADDITION (MOLES /LITER)
long life shelf of the sol preparation the PbTiO, and TiO2 - PbO amorphous
films are perfect candidates for the preparation of reflective coating tup to
45V.) with flat characteristics in the visible or near infra-red region (Figure
the diffusion of Na ions from the substrate during the heat treatment.
The fabrication of passive optical devices using the sol-gel method is simple
and inexpensive. It has great advantages as the method allows to chose the
index of refraction and the thickness of the layers. Hermann et al [103 have
using SiOz - TiO? Uoicoat Merck solution. Using a rutile prism coupler, a He-
Ne laser beam was successfully coupled to a thin planar TO2 - 0,23 PbO film
OJBZ Jim thick deposited on a common glass substrate. Figure 3 shows the
schematic arrangement and the dispersion relation of the thickness versus the
effective mode numbers ^ > r y sin |t arc sin (sina/ry) ) [ i l l far the TE
modes only. The values measured experimentally arm in good agreement (Table
Table D
212
IS? 12? ZJO4
-0*45' 1J9
TE, not observed
32
100
100 1 1 1
1
1 '
Without Film
80 -
1
C\ / **
as 60 . -
o
V)
V
40
TlO2-O.25PbO
20 -
f i 1 i t
0.5 - Q6 fim
LASER ft, 2 . *
riO, LIGHT
sy^euiIDE lit 2.15
l~
35
1.5
O
in
0.5
\*623Anm
,n,2.l5
1.70 1.05
EFFECTIVE INDEX
These results are extremely prailing and open a neM field of acoli*~jtino u -
filtration and clean roo* facilities and confirsi the high optical cuaiity of
The technioue Mas first developed fcr hard and resistant SiD; - TiO? so!-.**!
file (Liouicoat 2L! 1666 Merck) by Lukosz et al 112. 131 and m r r-enilu tj
Tohge ?t nl for 5i?2 film U43 The technique involves the pressing t <* i filn
con'.rol'.cd dipping arm to withdraw a 5iOa TIOJ film frcm lr>e sr.luti? -i -;
Trs fuccessfiill and easier preparation of thin lead titanate f. -.: >,<?
optical Quality combined Nit* their high refraction index are n;rx/t nr.-..
doubt gocd candidates for future research and applications :n th;- fP*:cn :
field
Severs! compounds r. the BaD - TiD2 ystero are knor- *.o tz tert-^-\r>*ir r,ih,
M.or n.ttr ' rr-1, jor isir-3 to find ses-cral sol-gel studies in the literature sino*
E*-?P-ratior. and processing of homogeneous thin films and powders without the
rrvi>"-,tr.ibl iirf-i^tties such Al-O^, SiOg S. P etc which have deleterious effects
,..., f...,i., rnrtsiti'-a >-j tw>i5t'jri and carbon gxidp. the fcrsnalirri 7' ths
Rehspringer tiW prepared BaTiO, powders by mixing lhe same etrexisies tr>
pressnce of a large excess of alcoholic water <400X> The reaction led to the
crystals
with titanium isopropoxida, ethanol and water. The powder which resulte*! wa-;
separated by centrifugation, washed and finally dried The methcd was ucc>;1
dcsir -iblo impurities and for the Dartial substitution of barium. The process
4C 9 H 7 0H
the same process Mas later used by Dosch 1231 to prepare thin film on Si, Hi
j
wui i jh^trates |
J
5al?c> *l ri! [?4] precared poMdsrs with the folloMing reaction : titanium was
citric acid, at 60 - 100C The clear and Mater soluble complex is not yat
acid -,i. S?TC The final soluticn is clear, Hater soluble and stable; a oolymer
crysUlUtes ( 20 - 40 nm.
solution of Ba acetate <moiar ratio ID. Acetic acid and /or acet^lareton?
are also added in order to avoid precipitation These sols are relatively
stable and gel in a few days. The unite opaque gels transform :rt- i-owde-
nhen dried at 10CC. Thin films can be prepared by the dip coating techniOLr-r
at a withdrawal speed 6 - 2 0 cm/min for a sol viscosity 2.5 - 4 cro For- bol
local structure of the Ba- Ti environment of the complex has been studied b j
Mosset et ai E2B] by large angle X-ray scattering method 7hty sirowrd tha
for T : 250C Ba, (HC3C00>8 units arc associated to Ti 2 and Ti. rroroJe?
occurs between 293*0 and 400C. The presena of BaCO? around 4GC"L
of crystalline barium acetate and titanium oxide In this sase ovre l<'v.-. u
I
41
dry toluene
=* rtr i"H .IJ isolate IN complex ir< solid form and transformed by
r
>*l. n.*i <r5 i"Tf frlmp characterization
r
tn >,. n aujbl"? characterization of the Ba-titanata derived materials
but the structure of th? chemical complex is not well known, when
r
42
99.954 pure Calcination at higher temperature increases the grains size and
the powder density but no other polytitanate are observed Fig * shows as an
the DOMders have been later calcined at 700C during 2h The fiqura
systematic study has been done yet to find out the best processing conditions
At this stage the density are close to the theoretical one [16,17} and the
et al Brown 117) and the Solvay group [323 The overall behavior is analogous
for all systems tkr sintered material has the highest dielectric constant a-
room temperature but the Curie point is not as sharp as the other tuo and
the maximum value of t' is loMer than that found by Maidiyasr:; This
defects which inhibit the domain Mall movements or to grain size e j e c t s Ttie
highest Curie temperature of these materials agree with the value toirrj fev
single crystal 133) The lower value obtained for the Solvay material is due to
the high reported percentage of SrO impurity '2,3 wt%, 32J) Above T, our
measurements are consistent with a Curie-weiss behavior, i' > C/ io> '>
O 9.3 10**C and T o * 88%. In a l l cafes the tan * behavior is normal with a
43
a)
b)
c)
TC*I28.2C
xlO' I
33 ll
12
-m-v'l discontinuity at the Curie coint Phule et al (201 have also reported that
t.r> oowt*r~ calcined at 700C and sintered at 13S0C for* 6h have a dielectric
constant nf 4000
Until now and in spite of their fundamental technological important: fcr the
rar3o 450 500C 23. 25) or 700C tl83. Annealing at higher teneerature only
uvrais*-, th? grain sizes ard no other titanate have been reported
HTtof cwji? films have an electrical breakdown strength of the order cf 9.10*
7/cm, creator than o* crybtalli/ie films -- 10* V/cm. the values however are
crociftn-- ri2v<5 3n! : been rt?oort='d after1 a heat treatment at EGff*C where
:,viti-?- Th= dielectri:- response is poor it' ~ 50 - B0>, tan 8 -* 2-3 ) and
* >l-r I i'-.* <!7-jri ';" 1F:>I| a r i birium tit3rt? matarials is pcsil'* and
films Amorphous products are obtained at ION temperatures but their chemical
compositions and their thermal evolution are usually not known with ce-taint j
processes
All the materials crystallized at relatively ION temperature ( S00 - 700C. Ihs
processing conditions.
close to these used in conventional processes but no detailed ani temat i<-
lead and barium titanate derived materials but it not proven at all that devises
The mcr' interesting results are reported for amorphous thin fi)n.-- cirmific"
and lead titanate films are promising systems for optical apt
Actroowleedgament
Research supported by FAFESP, FTNEf, CNPa and the Secretary fr- Snenr>
scholsrship.
47
t?l RW 3cK:irtr and DA Pa^ie, in Better Ceramics Through Chemistry ID, ed. CJ
BrirAtr, DE Ciarfc and DP Ulrich, Materials Research Society Proceedings
121 'I***:, 199
ijni i " . M-, mAr,r, , f w | r, wiicinanr. jE^r j Quanta. Electronics QE 19 (19S3) 1735
f I'"1 > 'tr - f. V!f< f lor-i. Applied Optics J2 19T3 ' 2901
[12) U L*tosz and K Tieffenthalcr. Out. Letters. 8 (1?B3> 537
120) JL P-Jhsuringer P Poix and J.C Bernicr 1 Non-Crvst Solid? B2 '1?SL'> 23f
23) R.C Dosch, in Bsttar CaraiMCS Through Chemistry I td. C.J Brinker. L E ;.la>-!
and C-P Ulrich, Matarials Research Society Procesdings 33 (1984) i
1261 PP Phrile arid SH Risbud, in Better Ceramics Through Chemistry ID, ed. CJ
Brinker. DE Clark and DR Ulrich. Materials: Research Society, Proceedings
r-M f p p tKl j r . ar:rf =;H Ristvj-l. A.*- Ceram Mat 3 (198S) 1B3
!?n! rr^- ,v, *>* 3 ' Milr, p- Cwam Trans J 8P 19B7) 113
L? 7 1965> 22
50
CONFERNCIAS I I
LECTURES I I
SI
Abstract
JliLTECH. Inc. K a small company founded to develop and market products using sol-gel
icchmilogy initiated at the University of Florida. The results of research and development efforts at
GELTEQI arc briefly reviewed here with an emphasis on piopaes and potential applications of
birth pnnHt* am! dense pel-silicas.
1. Introduction
In recent years s*>l-gcl technology has received much attention from both universities
and the private sector. For an overall background on sol-gel technology see
references I to 3. Some of the advantages of sol-gel include the potential for greater
chemical homogeneity. lower processing temperatures, and casting of shapes.
GliLTIXII. Inc.. was founded to develop and market products using sol-gel
technology initiated at the University of Florida. In this paper a brief overview of the
sol-gel process developed at GELTECH is given, and some of the potential products
and their properties are highlighted. The primary effort at GELTECH to date has
been in the area of pure silica with a focus on the optics and optoelectronics market.
Silica optics are used in many optical systems because of their excellent transmission
from ultraviolet UV) to near infrared (NIR) wavelengths, their excellent
homogeneity, their very good thermal and chemical stabilities, and their low
coefficient or ihcmial expansion (CTE).
There arc at the present time four major methods of producing pure silica optical
glass, as summarized in table 1 (4). There are two main categories: Fused Quartz
Hypes I and II) produced by melting natural quartz crystals, and Fused Silica (Types
III and IV) manufactured by vapor phase hydrolysis or oxidation of silicon
tctrachlnrklc.
Ihc differences between these four types of silica lie in the level of cation impurity,
Jhc hydroxyl group content and other optical properties such as homogeneity, seeds,
bubbles, inclusions and microcrystallites.
I n g laq lew years the chemically derived process described in this paper has
been developed ami has lead to the manufacture of two new types of silica: Type V and
lyne VI (table 11 Type V silica offers lhe potential for improving many features of
52
commercially available silkas. Type VI represents a new kind of material, porous
pure silica glass, which can potentially lead to new developments in optics and
optoelectronics. The processing, properties and applications of these two new types
of silica are described in the following part of this paper.
Fused Saia
Type I I I : Vapor phase hjdrorywtf p r o silicon tetracblor^
carried o a t a ftam
S i a 4 O2 2 H 2 > S1O2 <elass) * 4HC1
Type I V :; Oxidation of pure silicon machloridc which
wh is fused
electrically or by means of a plasma
Sia 4 + Oj -> sx>2 (eh) 2 a 2
Gel-Silica
. nymviysisanoconocnsaiionoiotEanomeonicptecursor
with fully d i f i t i H 50 to^O)
Si(OR)4 + AHjO > SKOH>2 4 4(ROH)
Si(OH)4 - > SiOj (dense {el-silica) *
earned out before die final densification, die bloating problem is avoided and fully
dense glass can be obtained For a summary of die overall process see figure 1. An
approximate description of die time sequence of die process is given in figure 2.
MXMG
I
CASTMG
T
AGING
DRYMG
t
DENSIFICATION
Figure I: The Different Steps of the Sol-Gel Processing
1200-
PROCESS STEPS
10*. -
O
o
800-
UJ
QC 600-
UJ
Q.
Ul 400-
200-
RELATIVE TIME
Figure 2: (!clSilica Process Sequence
54
Once a gel is dried it is still very porous and weak, and contains some residual organic
impurities. A heat treatment can be performed to bum out these organic residues and
give the gel added strength. As the gel is heated it goes through essentially two stages
before the pores close: (See figures 3 and 4)
1) Up to approximately 800C to S50C changes in the properties of the gel take place
slowly. The surface area and total pore volume decrease, white the inkrrohardness
and bulk density increase.
2) Between 850"C and approximately 950"C these properties men change very rapidly
until pores close. As mentioned previously, if p*ts close before water is removed the
water is trapped and further heating causes the sample to bloat or foam due to
expansion of the formed gas.
If the heat treatment is stopped before pore closure occurs a porous gel-silica
monolith, designated Type VI silica, b obtained. This porous gel now has enough
strength to withstand further treatments, such as impregnation with solutions of
inorganic (5) or organic materials. A variety of materials have already been used for
impregnation, such as fluors, wavelength shifters (6), non-linear optical compounds,
liquid crystals and laser dyes. Table 2 lists several potential applications of this porous
gel-silica material (7).
Porous
D*ns
0.5
8 0.41
03-
0.2-
o
o. 01
00
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (C)
Figure 4: Total Pore Volume and Bulk Density of Porous Gel-Silica (Type VI)
Figure S compares the optical transmission of a commercial optical silica (Type HI)
with a typical spectrum from an alkoxide derived gel-silica (Type V). The vacuum
UV cutoff wavelength is substantially improved for the gel-silica material.
Elimination of OH radicals from gel-silica optics also results in elimination of
absorption bands in the near infrared as shown in this figure. Reliability of
production of low OH radical content in Type V silicas (Gelsil) has also been
achieved.
100
40
20 -
150 4250
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 5: Optical Transmission of Dense Gel-Silica (Type V)
0.70
0 60-
O
050
Ul
j 0.40-1
NBS Silica Reference
o Type III Silica
0 30- Type IV Silica
Type V Silica (Gelsil )
020
100 200 300 400 500 600 roo 800
Temperature ("C)
7: Coefficient of Thermal Fxpnnsion M'TF.
r
One of lhe advantages oi sol-gel optics processing is lo be able icpiodtiu* tli !:.[' <!
the mold used lor casting. The parts provluced with this n n t h o t l lo ii"i u i i n i u -
extensive grinding and polishing. Figures S and 9 show intricately \li:ip 'I : i t
monoliths and piano/convex as-cast gel-silica lenses respectively.
6. C o n c l u s i o n
Ilic authors tifutoiully acknowledge financial support of Air Force Office of Scicniifif Rr-iM
Contracts #1 W00-86-C 0120 and 1=49620-88-00010 and the encouragement oi D R t Irkh
throughout lliis research.
References
1. L. K. IICIKII & I). R. Ulrich, cds.. Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics. Glasses tttut
Composite*. John Wiley & Sons. NY, 1984, and Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing John
Wiley & SMS. NY. I*>R6. J. D. Mackenzie & D. R. IMrich. eds..Ultrastructure Protvw:*:? f
AttviuurtlCt-r.imics. John Wiley & Sons. NY. 1988.
2. C. J. Hrinkcr. I. E. Clark, and D. R. Ulrich, cds.. Better Ceramics Through Chemistry. Vo! 32.
North-Holland. NY, 1984;Better Ceramics Tlirough ChcmisinII, Vol. 73. Korth-llollani!. NY.
1986: and /it rr. r Ceramics Through Chemistry HI. Vol. 121. North-Holland. NY, 1988.
3. V. Gmtnrdi. ^..Proceedings of the International Workshop on Classes and Glass Ceramics -him
Gels. J. Non-crystal. Solids, 48 Ml. (1982); H. Scholze, ed.. Proceedings of the Sand
International Workshop on Glasses and Glass Ceramics from Gels, J. Non-crystal. Solids. 63
11&2J. (1084). J. Zarzycki, ed.. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Glasses
and Glass Ceramics from Geh, J. Non-crystal. Solids, 82 |1-3J, (1986); and S. Sakka. rd..
Proceedings n) the Fourth International Workshop on Glasses and Glass Ceramics from Cn'.'.J.
Non crystal. Solids. 100 | I-3J. (1988).
4. L. L. Hcnth. S. II. Wang, and J. L. Nogus, "Gel-Silica Optics". Proceedings of the Socic\ of
Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineer's Symposium on Innovative Science & Technology, l.os
Angeles, CA,( 19X8).
5. S. II. Wang and L. L. Hcnch, "Sol-Gel Derived Silica Optical Filters"; pp. 201-207 \n Science >}
Ceramic Chcmiia/Processing, Edited by L. L. llcnch and D. R. Ulrich. John Wiley & Sons, \ Y .
1986.
6. J. L. Nogus. S. Majewski. J. K. Walker, M. Bowen, R. Wojcik, & W. V. Moreshead. Fast.
Radiation Hard Scintillating Detector, A Potential Application for Sol-Gel Glass", J. Am. Ccram.
Soc.,71 112| 1159 63(1988).
7. J. L. Nogus and W. V. Moreshead. "Porous Gel Silica, a Matrix for Optically Active
Components", poster to he presented at the Fifth International Workshop on Glasses and (H.:\s
Ceramics from (jch. Rio de Janeiro, August, 1989.
8. R. V. Ramaswamy, T. Chia. R. Srivasiava, A. Miliou, & J. West, "Gel-Silica Waveguides".
Proceedings o) the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineer's Symposium i<n
Innovative Sdctu e? Technology, Los Angeles, CA, (I988).
9. L. L. llcnch. M. J. R. Wilson, C. Balaban, and J. L Nogus. "Sol-Gel Processing of l.rsrc
Silica Optics". I'lC-cntcd at lie Fourth International Conference on Ultrmtrurture Pnxesuir: ./
Ceramics. t'$hv.\r\. nndi' "tnposites. Tucson. A7. February, 19K9.
Pf.Mi - "f?Cnr
l*.v iw.vir. r>l ' Ii5sic.il nicleation theory and published kinetic (viscosity)
.mil id'rmn-lvimmi- lata. calculations were carried out for transient tiaes, T ,
ctc.-i-lv r.t > mie I- -r ion rates, I , temperatures of maxiaua nucleation rates,
! . .in! riiii >' ntu-lri siz" fnr 12 r.lass forming systcs. Two distinct re
RI.-IX
jMmr. w - f (fiii.-t: (or low values of Tf. (Tj/Tf < 0.5G) the temperatures of *axi.
mum n'K. ;-it ion r.it= -ire at or hirher than Tg and the transient tiacs are short,
I -l.i-.. .<; l.i- ;: i in tliis rtTi^n cxhidit homogeneous nucleation. For high values
I I.-- (Ir'lf ".'2>. T ' Tp and transient tiaes are very long. This could ex
l>1.iin the l.-irk ot nh^crvablr homogeneous nucleation in the latter systeas if
I nn<\ rh" j'rnvtfi r.ito.; arc reasonable. Albite and *?0-. hich are extremely di
10
licul to rrvsi.-illi/'-. show t'ip lonr.ert induction periods (I < t < 10 years).
iffiornirili.iff lm;: r{ Tr '0.'1 Tr/Tf 0.66) T lie cither above or
max
maxThere is no defined trend
ITI'IK ! .iii-l tr.-iirimt times vary from hours to years.
lor Uir "..-jtii tii'lr if tlio rstinatet! nuclration rates with increasing Tg. The cri
i it T correspond to 6-60 unit cells. The present calculations
w Mir '. t-r-- ' 1 rMv**ti 5v5frm is apropriatte for plar:. ceramic
rir:.tr
the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the lack of obsex
:
v a M e li'""; "' nuc lent ion in glasses for which the predicted value of
ax
is Iow. i. Tft, is due to 5low molecular rearrangement and long induction
max
!< ini ii.it r niic lent ion b e l o w T g .
THEORY
(1 ) io the tliTmoHvnamic K ' and kinetic (AC ) molar free energy barriers
,1,,. ,..,.. -.,,,,,:
i tr, w*>
1 (1)
RT
where ** ;: the total number of unit cells of the nucleating phase per unit volu.
me of li-pii'l. tli>' vihr.ition frequency, R in the gas constant and T the absolute
temperature.
%" kl
exp(-W*/RT) (2)
coeffici-Mit. This equation has been shown to give a good description of the tem
por.itur" d-prnlenrc of the nucleation rates although the absolute values predic.
teil (or 1 .ire miiiv orders of magnitude smaller than the experimental values
Ku|.
ediately ,it a ^iven temperature, but onlv after the elapse of a certain period
H k!
(1)
itiere B* * - < ) .AC being th Cibbs it* energy required 10 tor
n*
a cluster of n formula units <n* refers to the critical naclcous); ?* is the sox
face area of the critical nucleus aad T is the number of formula units that join
the critical nucleus per unit time per unit area and is Riven by
kT
(5)
where AC is the free energy difference between liquid and crystal. Assuminf once
ore the Stokes-Einstein Equation:
48 C
(6)
traced to be correct sad thus ill be used to estinote the transient tines in
this article.
r-i-iilations
16 * O.S 3 x AH- T. 2
Io. - (7)
3iT (Tf - TV
48 x 0.33 x X 5 K 5 / 3
n (0)
~ t
v2/3 - T)
1f <Tf
f m
(T T)
12 x 0 .50 x X5 KA5< T
f f
(10)
J/3 T (( T T)
i. in V ' f
f
where ' 3A, v is the nolar voluwe.iT, is lhe mcltinp tenperature and All is
the molar heat of melting.
Th- crui-ji nuclei radius. I: . were calculated bv
lahle ! r.hovs the thermodynamic and kinetic (viscositv data use-l hcrt.
Table I! shows both lower and upper bounds for T and I for 12
rsteos. The plat? transition region vas taken as the temperature ran;
Table 1. Thermodynanic and kinetic (viscosity) data for several *las forming
svsu
TfU) Allf(J/aol> A 1 To
PS 1037 34000
60420
Log(' - A / IT - T e ) , tl-a.s)
Tg/Tf
57-.58 .59 3 65 16
59-.62 .59 13 70 20
63-.66 .58 12 69
CA?. 6I-.62 .55 -55 62 -18
62-.63 .52 -54 62 -19
US, M-.65 .60 -13 66 7
.59 -22 66 2
M-.67 .50 -2 63 9
.48 -8 61 5
max
lm-1
<-n
IO 11 < n < IO 1 2 Pa.s.
Figure 1 shows the reduced temperatures of maximum nucleatioo as a function
of the reduced glass transition temperature (range). The geometrical figures re.
present the most probahle location for the calculated upper and lower linits of
T /Tf. The use of viscosity and beats of melting from different sources.availa.
ble in the literature for son system, has lead to the areas of highest probabj.
lity (geometrical figures). Vhen single values of AMf and Fulcher parameters
were employed, horizontal lines resulted for both upper and lower T
t!IC S
The experimental points for glasses which nucleate homogeneously 2 3'
IS , BS ) are close to the lower calculated bounds for T M w . Other general oasex
vations can be made: First, all oxide glasses which show copious homogeneous nu.
cleat ion have low values of Tg/Tf (0.S8 or less), as pointed out by Janes |2*|,
and both predicted and experimental T lie close to or above Tg. In the inte
mediate reeion (0.59 < Tg/Tf < 0.67) the upper limits lie at or above Tf and TJ.
ce versa. Classes C. CAS., P, LP and MS, belong to this region. Third, for glas.
ses with high Tg, Tg/Tf > 0.72 (PS, S, MAS, and B ) , both limits of T art- be
b max
low Tf> ni reportedly these glasses nucleate heterogeneously. This figure is an
expanded, improved version of Fig. 3 in reference |l4| and allowed the determina,
tion of the intermediate region for Tg/Tf, although the main features presented
in | u | are still preserved.
07
m
Discussion
James |24| has demonstrated that for seven homogeneously nucleating glasses
the experimental values of T are always at or somewhat above lp and Tg/Tf is
in the range 0.54 to 0.59. In a previous publication | u | , this author has shown
that the calculated values of T are also at or above Tg for homogeneous nu.
cleation, in agreement with James. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the
reverse also applies, i.e. if T < Tg only surface (heterogeneous) nucleation
is observed. This was postulated to be due to long induction tine? for homoge.
neous nucleation below Tg, although no quantitative evidence for * was provided.
The objectives of this paper are twofold: to calculate the magnitude of
transient times in the temperature range where nucleation is likely in occur
(between the limits for T ); and to test the sensitivity of T y by varvinr,
the input parameters in Equations (6) end (7).
Figure I is an improved version of Fig. 3 in the previous paper |lA| with
some additional faatutis. The Turnbull ratio varied from 0.33 to 0.S0, a wider
and more correct rang* than previously used (0.42 - 0.95). This shiftcl both
upper and lower T M x to higher temperatures. The use of several combinations of
viscosity and/or heats cf fusion for tome systems yielded probability rerions
for the limits of T instead of the localised point obtained it. |l4|. Futhx
more, the calculations for alfeite (IMS ) and F,0, are presented for the first
time.
f i r . '. r.ilcuLTted f<fifi> and experimental (#,4) transient tines for I S , and
36
34
ICfytors
30 -
26
100 ytort
% "
- 1 ytor
14
10
I I t i l l
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 19 2.0
Th* general observations of |l*| ar* confirmed and additional, sore subtle
points are revealed: i) for low vnluea of Tg, T > Tg and homogeneous nuclej.
tion ia experimentally detected; ii) for high valve* of Tg, T < Tg and only
surface (heterogeneous) nucleation is observed; iii) for internediate values of
(0.S9 < Te/Tf < 0.67) the upper limits of T lie close to or at just above Tg
while the lower bounds lie below Tg. The exception is GeO_ for which the upper
bounds are well above Tg.
In these latter eystems only snorthite has been reported to show* internal
nueleation 1251; however, this system presents several unusual features: i) Ano
thite glass has a very snail nucleation rat* (I - .OMaaT s" ) , several
orders of Magnitude smaller than that of other glasses such as LS_, BS,, HCJS-.
The experimental ratio T M]( /Tf 0.61 which is much higher than Tg/Tf (0.62)and
than the calculated upper limit (T /Tg 0.62). Therefore, this glass sees to
be the sole exception among the 12 systems studied and deserves further at ten
tion, although this will not be covered in this paper. However, homogeneous nu
cleation cannot be ruled out for this family of glasses since the upper, limits
for T are at or above Tg.
The calculations also indicate that T increases for increasing values of
activation energy for viscous flow and for decreasing values of surface energy,
a, and of heat of fusion, A Hf. This was verified for those systems where di
ferent data sets are available. These observations are in agreement with Wein
berg's predictions |26|.
Table 11 shows that there is no obvious trend for the magnitude of 1 with
-3 "1
Tg. In general, -56 < log (1 ) < *16 (m .s ) within the three groups of glaj
ss. It should be emphasized, however, that the predicted magnitude* of I for
VS., BS. and W S are many orders of magnitude lower than the experimentnl \n
lues, and thus C M undcrstimates I
As the minimum detectable rate is close to 103 m -3 .-1 it is reasonable to
expect that those systems for which the calculated values of 1 are large, log
(1 M ) ( ) > .1, will present measurable homogeneous nucleation unless the transient
tines are excessively long at temperatures close to 1 . It is interesting to
point out that the predicted steady state nucleation rates ar* highest for SiO.
and CeO, (12 < log (I ) < 20) and compares to the highest homogeneous crystal
14 -3 -1
nucleatinn frequency ever reported for oxide glasses, i.e. 10 m s for N.CS^
|27|.
Table III shows the calculated critical nuclei radius, ** ( T f W XX>-
>
ior tn
* 12
glasses studiei. It varies from 10 to 16 A, as predicted by Weinnert .iml N^ilson
|28| for oxide classes. It is illustrative, however, to estimate the mimlier of
nit cells (n*) necessary to build the criticsl nucleus. Table III show* that n*
varies from 6 to 60 unit cells, which re reasonable values and indicarc that
the approximations used here are adequate.
74
TABLE III. Critical nuclei site (n*> for several oxide glasses.
NC 12-13
2S3
LS, 10 Ort 408.6 11
12
S2
C 9-10 1-Tet 55.3 62
h-Hex 121.7 28
NS, 12
p
LP 9
PS 10
Sinct the standard double stage heat treatment have been used to obtain the
experimental transient tiati 1 %, in |21, 23 and 25|, it should be stressed that
t is a sua of the real induction period, t, and the tis* required to grow the
critical nuclei fro the nucleation to the development teiaperature size. Ther
ACmOMLEPCEHERTS
To Prof. H.C. Weiabcrg of AHL-Oaivaraity af Aruoaa aad to Prof. E. Meyer
of DFRJ for helpful diacuaaiaaa aad to CRPa, (Brazil/, research grant n* 405595/
88-3.
CONFERNCIAS III
LECTURES III
78
ABSTRACT
for
ADVANCED CERAMICS CONFERENCE
RIO DEJANERO. BRAZIL
AUGUST 3,4 1989
R. Muccillo
!:i: tituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares
Comisso Nacional de Energia Nuclear
C P . 11049 - Pinheiros, So Paulo, SP
3. Alumina
CNPq, FINEP
83
CONFERNCIAS IV
LECTURES IV
84a
ABSTRACT
lia t *llttM*
l.t M M i.i M *
CMtMl iMMKt, MM *
ffttttr CtlllMMt ... ^
n
Wttt lt8t t.t HIM fl.ttl II atllM > 1.1
tMl IMtM Mvl IS.t mia* M.Mt I lltlM f .Ml
Figure 1.
N
M
f*
1 11
f
M IS '
Mf
Table 1
Hjrlroyl%p-?tlte
1930 1988
Sol l I
1 5
0 11
Compel It- 0 1
Coifc1ngn 0 0
"7 75
BKMCTIVE CERAMICS
CENTERS REPRESENTED AT WORLD BNMUTERMLS CONGRESSES
I M f V M M , AUSTRIA
1W4 WASHMOTON. D C , UJJL
I N I KYOTO, JATAH
1tS9 ISM ISM
US 1 1 r
W. GERMANY 1 1 i
HOUAND 1 1 t
JAPAN 1 3 14
nr/'.Y 1 a
tJC. t
FRANCf 3
nNLAND f
ttLCTUfW f
E. GERMANY
* 12
BIOOUSS RESCAItCH
Finally t o apeak of our own work a t the University of
Florida where the bloactlve concept ma f l r a t identified we have
developed a range of bloactlve glasaee known aa BiogUss*. The
compositional diagram ( F i g . 2 ) ahowa t h l a range. A fourth
component i s eonataul aivou.tt t.CS) of J-O.. within the bone
bonding range a further ore r e e t r l c t e f f group of Material*
bonds a l s o to aoft t i s s u e .
Figure *..
LS!
OTTU CLASS
CCMMTAC
References
1. L.L. Bench Science 208 826-831, 19S0.
?. L.L. H*nch and E.C Etherldge. Blovtterlals, an
A c h (Acadealc Press, Me* Tor*) 1982.
3. L.L. Bench and J. Wilson, Silicon Biochemistry, Clb*
Foundation Sjaposiua 121 (John Wiley, London) 23i-?*C. 1986. 1
*. L.L. Hench, et * 1 . , J. Blowedlc*l Materials Research 2, 1
117-1*1, 1971.
5. First World BlonaterUls Congress. European Society for
Biooattrials. 1980.
6. Blomterlals 3* Trans. Second Wor\d Congress. Vol. VIII.
198*.
7* Biomterlala 88 Trans. 3rd World Bloanterials Congr-^s.^.
Vol. XI. 1988.
8. J. Wilson, et a l . , J. Blowedtcal latsrials Research 21
80^-817, 1951.
85
TESSALENO DEVEZAS
HELLAS S.A. IND. E COM.
IV - Bibliografia
I. INOVAES TECNOLGICAS E OS CICLOS DA ECONOMIA MUNDIAL
O
u
w
t
o
o
o
t
V
w
u
3
a vnj SON
VUd0 UU 1V1MV9 10
93
de aprendizado.
Na verdade conhecemos muito pouco ainda sobre pro-
cessos de aprendizado em sistemas sociais complexos. As equa
es bsicas para as curvas de crescimento em sistemas comple
xos foram sugeridas pela primeira vez pelo matemtico italia-
no Vito Volterra (1860-1940), em 1929, ao estudar o problema
das oscilaes da populao de peixes do Adrtico; os pescado
res desta regio sabiam, por pura experincia, que a disponi-
bilidade de pescado apresentava oscilaes com um perodo de
diversos anos. Volterra atacou o problema segundo o ponto de
vista darwiniano de equilbrio de espcies distintas dentro
de um nicho ecolgico (ecosisterna): as presas multiplicam-se
bem mais rapidamente do que os predadores - quando una certa
populao dos ltimos esgota o seu potencial alimentcio, seu
nmero comea a diminuir e permite que a populao de presas
aumente novamente, continuando estes ciclos indefinidamente
dentro do nicho ecolgico, enquanto no perturbado por agen-
tes externos. Baseado neste principio, Volterra props um
conjunto de equaes que permitia prever com preciso os ci-
clos de reproduo dos peixes da regio e assim prevenir os
tempos de escassez. Mais tarde verificou-se que muitos ou-
tros processos de desenvolvimento ou crescimento obedeciam s
mesmas leis, desde a propagao de doenas contagiosas, diver
sos fenmenos qumicos, crescimento de seres vivos e at mes-
mo o complexo processo de assimilao ca linguagem pelos se-
res humanos, razo porque ficaram conhecidos estes modos de
crescimento como processos de aprendizado.
1 exp -p (t-T)J
onde;
z - grandeza em crescimento;
t tempo de observao;
101
o.*
0. /
O.7 /
J.6
/
0.2
O.O * I 0,01
3 4 5
(idad* m onot)
T i g . 2 - C u r v a s de A p r e n d i z a d o : ( a ) e v o l u o da c u r v a l o g T s t i c a ; ( b ) t r a n s f o r m a o loqaritmica
p a r a a r e t a l o g s t i c a ; ( c ) r e t a l o g s t i c a ao a p r e n d i z a d o d e u * i d i o m a .
103
(a)
0,90
0,80
(d)
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40 turbina do Curtlt
turbina d* Portent
turbina tft oito prtttfto
0,30
maquina d oxpansao tripla
*~m limpada dt vapor dt marerlo
0,20
/** lmpada da vapor da o'dlo
0,10
^locomotiva da Htdlay
L_ tampado d tunfttinio
da Raod
"mquina a vapor da Watt
bomba d lmpoda da f llamonto d eorbono (produo)
Savory
lm. tampado da Edison
0,01 I I I
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Fig.3 - Retas logsticas para diversos processos tpicos de aprendizado.
105
0,99 0,99
0,90 0,90
0,80 0,80
0,70 0,70
0,60 ITT 060
0,80 0,60
40 0,40
8:30 O90
0,20 0,20
0,10 O,1X>
0,01 0,01
1700 1780 1800 1880 1900 1780 1800 1880 1900 1980
correspondente.
As retas das figuras 4a, 4b e 4c que correspondes s
ondas de inovaes de 1802, 185? e 1920, fora obtidas a par-
tir de dados histricos concretos destas 3 (trs) ondas de
inovaes fora obtidas correlaes* que permitiram, por ex-
trapolao, construir as retas de una 4i onda de inovaes
correspondentes ao perodo histrico que ora atravessados.
Marchetti tambm observou, seguindo uva sugesto de Gerhard
Mensch, que a explorao de U M nova fonte primria de ener-
gia coincide cosi o inicio de uma onda de inovaes tecnolgi-
cas: a utilizao do carvo coincidiu COM O inicio da onda de
inovaes tecnolgicas de 1828, a do petrleo cosi a onda de
1880, a utilizao de gs natural com a onda de 1937. Tambm
a utilizao da energia nuclear, como efetiva fonte primria
de energia, comeou a adquirir significado no inicio da dca-
da de 70, ou seja, coincidindo cosi o inicio de mais uma onda
de inovaes tecnolgicas, que estaria supostamente se inici-
ando na atual dcada. Observe-se que os percentuais utiliza-
dos para a construo das curvas das fontes primrias de ener
gia, corresponde* fatia do mercado ocupada pela fonte em
questo naquele instante de tempo. Na figura 5 so mostradas
todas as retas, permitindo uma viso de conjunto, bem como as
extrapolaes de Marchetti para o prximo milnio at o ano
de 2150; tem-se assim 3 (trs) retas de inovaes tecnolgi-
cas baseadas em dados reais e mais 3 (trs) retas obtidas por
extrapolao.
0,99 0,99
0,90 0,90
0,80 0,80
0,70 0,70
0,60 0,60
0,90 0,50
0,40 0,40
0,30 0,30
0.20 0,20
0,10 0,10
0,01 0,01
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
I
030
0J.0
0.01
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
1
. exp 2 A It - t o )
1 -
onde
3
A a metade da taxa de crescimento anual no incio do pro
cesso
t o o instante de tempo em que f 1/2, ou seja, o instante
de tempo em que 50% do processo de substituio j foi
realizado.
tados.
Pode-se afirmar ento que as cermicas avanadas de
sempenharo um papel muito importante neste prximo ciclo de
Kondratieff, da mesma forma como os plsticos e aos espe-
ciais o foram para o 30 ciclo. Conforme mostrado, para a
maioria das inovaes de base que ora se insinuam no panora-
ma tcnico-cientfico, tem-se a necessidade de materiais ce-
rmicos de elevado desempenho. Soma-se a isto ainda o fato
de que os materiais cermicos no apresentam o problema de
escassez de matria-prima. Sem dvida as cermicas avana-
das sero um dos alicerces das transformaes scio-econnti-
cas que definiro a vida de uma sociedade no inicio do scu-
lo XXI.
121
IV. BIBLIOGRAFIA
CONFERNCIAS V
LECTURES V
124
T. E. Schmi
Pratt l Whitney
West Palm Beac'n, Florida
33410
ABSTRACT
INTRODUO
Embora as aplicaces funcionais reoresentem a maior
parcela do mercado atual das cermicas avanadas, tanto a nvel
mundial como no Dais ( 70 a 80 1 ) , praticamente todas as
projecSes de mercado slo unnimes em apontar taxas crescentes de
utilizaSo das cermicas para fins estruturais. Dentre os
materiais cermicos empregados nestas ltimas aplicaBes,
aqueles com carter predominantemente covalente vim sendo
pesquisados intensivamente pelas naBes desenvolvidas. por
apresentarem grande potencial de utilizao em aplicaes
estruturais Que exigem alto desempenho dos materiais.
P ausncia no pais de producio industrial e ps e de
produtos cermicos avanados a base de materiais covalentes.
somada s constatado de que a pesquisa nessa area ainda
bastante inscipiente, levaram o Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia-
INT, a direcionar o seu Programa de Cermicas Especiais para o
desenvolvimento de ps e produtos cermicos para fins
estruturais, com nfase nas cermicas covalentes. Dessa forma,
pretende-se cobrir uma das principais lacunas de P&D verificada
no pals no campo das cermicas avanadas.
R estratgia adotada pelo INT contempla, em sntese, a
reali2alo de aSes simultneas dirigidas para a imolantacSo de
capacitado adequada em termos de recursos humanos e
laboratoriais, com o objetivo de tornar a instituio apta a
desenvolver estudos e projetos voltados para a produSo de ps e
produtos cermicos especiais para fins estruturais, cujas
tecnologias de f a b r i c a d o oossant ser repassadas oara o setor
produt ivo.
Como parte da estratgia adotada, estabeleceu-se como meta
para o mdio prazo, a obtenlo, a nvel laboratorial, de
ferramenta de corte a base de material cermico covalente (
nitreto de silicio), tendo como pano de fundo o domnio de
tecnologias de p r e p a r a d o de ps cermicos covalentes e das
demais etapas do processamento cermico dos referidos materiais,
como a conformado, sinterizaSo e o acabamento.
Qlm de recursos humanos altamente especializaoos o
desenvolvimento dos referido* materiais requer equipamentos
especficos e de alto custo Q\tt, geralmente, n3o se encontram
disponveis no pais. Por outro lado, a poltica restritiva n
arca de oessoal do atual Governo traz enormes dificuldades
c o n t r a t a d o de recursos humanos especializados e mesmo de
tcnicos C O T potencialidade? para se desenvolverem na area
tcni co-c t nt! f ca. 5omam-? aind* o? fatores o c *ftan a
12.
LINHR5 DE PE50UI5B
SiC [-ReduSo C a r b o t r m i c a d a S i l i c a
CERRMICR5
C0VBLENTE5
I -ReduSo Carbotrmica da Stlica
- R e a S e s em f a s e l i q u i d a e g a s o s a
-NitretaSo de P< e Compactos de Silcio
Cermicas Covalentes
PreparaSo de Ps de Carbeto de Silcio
Esta linha dar continuidade s pesquisas exploratrias
realizadas no ano passado, quando se obteve carbeto de silcio
atravs do processo de reduclo carbolrmica da silica, cujo
difratograma mostrou grande semelhana ao SiC produzido no Japo
pela UBE Co.
PreparaSo de Ps de Nitreto de Silcio
Esta linha teu como objetivo obter nitreto de silcio de
alta pureza, utilizando o processo de reducSo carbotrmica da
silica. Como no caso anterior, j foram realizados estudos
exploratrios, empregando um sistema montado no Laboratrio de
Cermica que utiliza forno tubular de resistor de carbeto de
silcio ( 1 600 # C ) .
Tcnicas de C a r a c t e r i z a o
D i s t r i b u i 3 o G r a n u l o m t r i c a de Ps U l t r a - f i n o s
C a r a c t e r i z a S o Qumica
CONTINUIDADE DO PROGRHMB
Com os rtcursos atualmente disponveis sera possvel
apenas a produSo de pis de carbeto e de nitreto de silcio
atravs das rotas mencionadas anteriormente. Com relao
producSo de compactos de nitreto de silcio, s poder ser obtido
a curto prazo o RBSN, atravs da nitretacSo de compactos de
silcio em condiBes controladas, cujo uso limitado em funo
das suas caractersticas mecnicas.
0 seqncia de desenvolvimento do Programa contemplar, a
partir da disponibilidade de recursos laboratoriais, a obteno
de compactos de silcio de alta resistncia, atravs da
sinterizaSo do RBSN, da prensagem a quente (HP) e da prensagem
isosttica a quente a pressBes moderadas, utilizando nestas duas
ltimas rotas, os ps preparados atravs da reducSo carbotrmica
e de reaBes cm fase liquida e gasosa. Dependendo das
oportunidades e da disponibilidade de recursos humanos e
materiais, serio pesquisadas outras tcnicas no convencionais
para a produio de cermicas especiais, tais como: deposicSo
qumica e fsica de vapor (CUD e PVD), plasma e sinterizaSo por
.Hito-combus to '.5HS).
P continuidade do Programa de Cermicas Especiais do TNT ?
o atingimento dos objetivos propostos depender,
fundamentalmente, da alocao de recursos financeiros necessrios
para a complementa3o da capacitaSo laboratorial nas reas de
caracterizaSo e processamento de ps e produtos cermicos
especiais. Os recursos estimados para a complementac3o da
referida capacltacitacSo foram estimados em cerca de USS
800.000,00. Tal capacitaSo, em boa parte,poder ser utilizada no
desenvolvimento de outros programas da Instituio na rea dos
novos materiais.
13:
PAINEL
Cermicas Avanadas - Mercado e Capacitao
Tcnico-Cientfica Nacional
PANEL
Advanced Ceramics ~ Brazilian Business
Market and Technical-Cientific Capability
133
Marcel)o M.Veiga
Paulo S r g i o M.Soares
A l e x a n d r e Pessoa da Silvi
Silvio B . Al Vriri nho
PAULO A B I B ENGENHARIA S . A .
Rua do Curtume, 625
Cep 05055 - So Paulo
?
v^ d.- trabalho '?specjc :~ 'jperf uni tecs?? nos 5<tores ..tr i.<?r,V-ic.is
Avanacis p Novos Ha:-;--iais MetSro-." rontratad- peiA ABIFT - -550 i.icc
Brasileira de Institutes dp Pp;:u!-,i 1*>, nolcio) o ndur.tri,il. 1 I m i
INTRODUO
Cermicas Eletroeletrnicas
VEIAS DE 1GN1*(
ISOI ANTES SlBSTRATOS PARA i I
FSISTORES. OUTROS
CATACI1ORES CERMICOS
CERAMKS FERROELETWCOS
CAPACITORES HULTICAMAOAS
KiRISTORES, TERKI5T0RES
ElETRCflElfiCslC SEMICONDUTORES
STC. PTC
INDUTORES, OSCILADORES DE B A U *
CERMICS FREOUCNCIA. FILTROS DIVISORES :-:
FERRITES
MAGNTICAS FSEQlltNClA, TRViSFOflMADORES CE
PULSO, OUTROS
CERMICAS
ELEMENTOS COMBUSTVEIS PASTILHAS DE UO 2
NUCLEARES
c
mercado de p r o d u t o final de USS 6 0 0 m i l , c o r r e s p o n d e n d o a 5x10 pol
cora 0,635 mm e s p e s s u r a a preo de US$ 0,12/pol .
! t/ano 6
USSXl0 /ano USS X 10 6 /ano
1
T O T A L - 5,8 112,6
Cermiciis Magnticas
As f e r r i t e s do s e g u n d o s e g m e n t o sao p r i n c i p a l m e n t e de B a / S r de
formula geral Ba (Sr) F e ^ O j g e so u t i l i z a d a s em a l t o - f a l a n t e s ,
m o t o r e s , fechos m a g n t i c o s , placas m a g n t i c a s , entre o u t r a s .
As f e r r i t e s c e r m i c a s e n c o n t r a m c o n c o r r e n t e s nas f e r r i t e s m e t l i c a s
A l N i C o ( f a b r i c a d a s pela E r i e z ) e nas p i a s t o f e r r i t e s ( f a b r i c a d a s
pela M u l t i p l a s t ) .
As f e r r i t e s duras de c e r m i c a s so f a b r i c a d a s no p a i s por 3 g r a n d e s
e m p r e s a s , com r e s p e c t i v a s p a r t i c i p a e s no m e r c a d o :
Philips Components (ex.: C o n s t a n t a ) - 35:
S u p e r g a u s s - 35*u
E r i e z - 30
A p r o d u o nacional d e s t a s f e r r i t e s de c e r c a de 4 2 0 t / m s .
As m a t r i a s primas u t i l i z a d a s na p r o d u o de f e r r i t e s d u r a s s o :
Fe^Ck ( h e m a t i t a ) f o r n e c i d o p e l a s s i d e r r g i c a s ( r a r e p a s ) , Ba C O , e
Sr C O . f o r n e c i d a s pela QGfJ - Q u m i c a Geral do N o r d e s t e . E s t a s
m a t r i a s - p r i m a s c o r r e s p o n d e m a cerca de 251 do c u s t o de p r o d u o da
pea s i n t e r i z a d a .
Cermicas pticas
FIBRAS PTICAS 2b
OUTROS 10
TOTAL 43,5
Cermicas Mecnicas
As f e r r a m e n t a s de c o r t e c e r m i c a s f o r a m p r o d u z i d a s em e s c a l a
c o m e r c i a l p e l a p r i m e i r a v e z d u r a n t e a II G u e r r a M u n d i a l em face da
escassez de tungstinio, matria-prima bsica para fabricao das
f e r r a m e n t a s c e m e n t a d a s de c a r b e t o s .
D i s t i n g u e - s e aqui as f e r r a m e n t a s de c o r t e ( i n s e r t o s ) das
f e r r a m e n t a s a b r a s i v a s ( r e b o l e s , l i x a s , e t c ) . Os m a t e r i a i s
u t i l i z a d o s e m a m b o s os c a s o s p o d e m s e r os m e s m o s , c o m o : M I . , 0 , , S i C ,
WC, d i a m a n t e s , nitretos, TiC, ZrO-, etc. Suas principais
p r o p r i e d a d e s s o : alta r e s i s t n c i a c o m p r e s s o , a l t a r e s i s t i n c i a
d e f o r m a o p l s t i c a , alta d u r e z a e r e s i s t n c i a a b r a s o . ilm de
resistncia qumica.
COMPONENTES MATRIAS-PRIMAS PROOUTO FINAL
t/ano ! USS X lT/ann USS X
J. FUNES ESTRUTURAIS
J . SELOS MECNICOS. GUIA-FJOS,
| CADINHO: Z TUBOS 400
8. 47.3
Cermicas Especiais
Superabrasivos
N o B r a s i l , as c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s ze m a i o r .'. i l i z a s o como
f e r r a m e n t a s de corte e d b r a s i v o s , s o , a t u a l m e n t e , os cljmddu:
s u p e r a b r a s i v o s : o d i a m a n t e e o n i t r e t o cbi > de boro ( C B N ) .
0 d i a m a n t e s i n t t i c o , d e s e n v o l v i d o em 1 9 5 5 , a p r e s e n t a seu campo de
a p l i c a o como c o n s t i t u i n t e de um a g l o m e r a d o (ex: Wf + di.imante)
s e n d o a p l i c a d o na c o n f e c o de f e r r a m e n t a s cf r e t i f i c a o p a r a :
c e r m i c a s , v i d r o s , c a r b e t o s , s e m i - c o n d u t o r e : . r o c h a s e serras para
rochas p r i n c i p a l m e n t e . 0 d i a m a n t e nao utit zado para m e t a i s
f e r r o s o s pois reage c o m o o ferro cegando a f - r r a m e n t a .
0 m e r c a d o de d i a m a n t e s em i n s e r l o s e rebolos ? d o m i n a d o pela
p a r t i c i p a o de cerca de 75' do d i a m a n t e nat' ral ( u t i l i z a d o em
retWicadores).
149
Funes Estruturais
c
P Pbolos e insertos 0,22 2,0 0,44 0,68 1.3
Na rea de c e r m i c a e s t r u t u r a l so a i n d a a p l i c a d a s nvel de
m a t r i a s - p r i m a s os x i d o s de z i r c n i a e t i t n i o e m b o i a ainda com
consutr.o p e q u e n o .
Cermicas Nucleares
A rea d c e r m i c a s n u c l e a r e s no B r a s i l i r e p r e s e n t a d a a n v e l de
p r o d u t o f i n a l , e l e m e n t o c o m b u s t v e l , pela e m p r e s s e s t a t a l I . N . B .
I n d s t r i a s N u c l e a r e s B r a s i l e i r a s , a t r a v s Je sua f a b r i c a de
e l e m e n t o s c o m b u s t v e i s em R e s e n d e - RJ.
A p r o d u o nas i n s t a l a e s da I.N.B. c o r r e s p o n d e 3 c e r c a de 5 t / a n o
d e p a s t i l h a s p a r a e l e m e n t o s c o m b u s t v e i s o b j e t i v a n d o a t e n d e r s
n e c e s s i d a d e s da U s i n a de A n g r a I, q u e se c r e r a n d c em tempo
i n t e g r a l , c o n s u m i r i a c e r c a de 27 t / a n o d e s t e m a t e r i a l (caps i d a d e
instalad.i p e r m i t e a t e n d e r a e s t a d e m a n d a ) .
A nvel de v a l o r , o m e r c a d o c o n t e m p l a d o r e p r e s e n t - a m o v i m e n t a o
de c e r c a de USS 3,5 m i l h e s / a n o .
O u t r o s C o m p o n e n t e s de C e r m i c a Avanada
D u r a n t e us t r a b a l n o s de l e v a n t a m e n t o r e a l i r a d o s , e-vido e.-.assez
de tempo e d i f i c u l d a d e s q u a n t o a f o n t e s de i n f o r m a e s , a l g u n s
segmento;, do s e t o r de c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s r.o p u d e r a m ser
d e t a l h a d o -. . E n t r e o u t r o s , a q u e l e s de s e n s o r e s , catai is.idorc r p a r a
i n d s t r i a q u m i c a , vitrocerraica, e t c . A c r e d i t a - s e q u e tais r e g m e n t o s
p e r f a z e m em v a l o r e s de p r o d u t o final um m e r c a d o da o r d e m de i"". S 2 0
m i l h e s , c o r r e s p o n d e n d o 3 a p r o x i m a d a m e n t e '- do m e r c a d o atuiJ de
cermica., a v a n a d a s , s e g u n d o e n t r e v i s t a s r t i l i z a d : com iH|f>iif>-5
deste me r.. a do.
153
A r e a de C e r m i c a s M e c n i c a s
0 m e r c a d o a m e r i c a n o de c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s c o m f u n e s m e c n i c a s
t o t a l i z o u U S S 171 m i l h e s e m 1 9 8 7 c o m p e r s p e c t i v a s d e c r e s c i m e n t o
d e 3 6 . a t 1 9 9 0 , 111 n o p e r o d o 1 9 9 0 - 9 5 e 10"; d e 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0
( A b r a h a m . 1 9 8 8 ) . As c e r m i c a s c o n s i d e r a d a s f o r a m : n i t r e t o s , ; i C ,
Z r O . Al..:, e o u t r o s x i d o s e os v a l o r e s c o n s i d e r a d o s d i z e m
r e s p e i t o 3penas ao c o m p o n e n t e c e r m i c o .
D e s t a fof:.a o m e r c a d o d e c e r m i c a s c o m f u n e s m e c n i c a s e s t a r i a
c o n d i c i o n a d o e s s e n c i a l m e n t e ao c r e s c i m e n t o dos s e t o r e s de
f e r r a m e n t a s de corte e a p l i c a e s e s t r u t u r a i s .
N o s e g m e n t o de f e r r a m e n t a s d e c o r t e e e s p e c i f i c a m e n t e r e f e r i n d o - s e
aos s u p e r a b r a s i v o s ( d i a m a n t e s i n t t i c o e n i t r e t o c b i c o de b o r o ) ,
n o t a - s e a d e p e n d n c i a q u a n t o a u t i l i z a o de e q u i p a m e n t o s com
v e l o c i d a d e s d e c o r t e m a i s e l e v a d a s , a i n d a eft i m p l a n t a o n o p a r q u e
i n d u s t r i a l b r a s i l e i r o . 0 m e s m o se a p l i c a a o s i n s e r t o s c> r e b o l o s
c o n s t i t u d o s de c e r m i c a s e s p e c i a i s d o t i p o iiitreto d e . i l l c i o i-
s i a l o n s , c u j a u t i l i z a o n a c i o n a l p r a t i c a r e n t e i nxir, II T I U .
N u m a p e r s p e c t i v a de r e n o v a o do p a r q u e i n d u s t r i a l p o d e r - s e - i a
e s p e r a r ta.-.as de c r e s c i m e n t o d e 2 0 p a r a suf y r a b r a i v o ' . r o n t e r m e
e x p e c t a t i v a dos participante?, deste s e g m e n t o .
A q u a n t i f i c a o d o m e r c a d o d e n i t r e t o s n o foi p o s s v t l , c o n t u d o
se c o n s i d e r a r m o s a p e n e t r a o de 2 (em 199- dos n i t r e t o s no
m e r c a d o d m e t a l d u r o ( 5 0 0 t/a - U S ; 1 5 0 m i l n o e s ) t e r a m o s v a l o r e s
d a o r d e m de U S S 3 m i l h e s . I n v e s t i m e n t o s n e s t e s e n t i d o d e v e m s e r
e m p r e e n d i d o s por a q u e l e s que a c r e d i t a m nesta p o s s i b i l i d a d e .
157
a m b i e n t e d e m o c r t i c o o n d e se p r o c e s s a m as d i s c u s s e s de r e a v a l i a o
do p r o g r a m a n u c l e a r b r a s i l e i r o , n o se p o d e p r e v e r q u e nos r r x i m o s
5 a n o s c o r r a a l g u m a m u d a n a f u n d a m e n t a l no q u a d r o a t u a l .
O u t r o s C o m p o n e n t e s de C e r m i c a s Avanadas
A l e g i s l a o a p r o v a d a e m o u t u b r o de 1 9 8 8 p e l o p a r l a m e n t o e u r o p e u ,
impe a u t i l i z a o de c a t a l i s a d o r e s n o s i s t e m a de e s c a p a m e n t o de
todos os a u t o m v e i s da E u r o p a nos p r x i m o s 5 a n o s .
0 e l e m e n t o de c a t a l i s e tem p r e o v a r i v e l e n t r e 8J e 12'U a l a r e s .
e ja tem s i d o i m p l a n t a d o nos m o d e l o s XM da C i t r o e n , R e n a u l t 25 e
nos novot m o d e l o s da C h r y s l e r ( F o l h a de S P a u l o . 14 <!< mai'> de
1989).
s t i m a n d o - s e a f r o t a n a c i o n a l de a u t o - v e c u l o s da o r d e m de II: milhes
de u n i d a d e s , e t o m a n d o - s e c o m o b a s e os p r e o s p r a t i c a m e n t e na E u r o p a ,
o b t m - s e um m e r c a d o p o t e n c i a l e n t r e U S S 9,6 e 15 M l h c s .
A c r e d i t a - s e , no e n t a n t o , que a i n t r o d u o d e s t e e q u i p a m e n t o se
p r o c e s s e de f o r m a g r a d u a l no B r a s i l . O b s e r v a n d o as d i f i c u l d a d e s
e c o n m i c a s , de i n s u m o s e t c . , a l e g i s l a o d e v e r i n i c i a l m e n t e i m p o r
a u t i l i z a o dos c a t a l i s a d o r e s nos c a r r o s n o v o s em m o d e l o s de- m a i o r
p o t n c i a , ou de m a i o r p r e o , A e x p e c t a t i v a de c r e s c i m e n t o da
i n d s t r i a a u t o m o b i l s t i c a em 6','. ao ano ( n d i c e m d i o nos l t i m o s
5 a n o s ) p e r m i t e a p r o j e o de 104 mil u n i d a d e s de c a t a l i s a d o r e s em
1994 r e p r e s e n t a n d o f a t u r a m e n t o de USS 1 1 0 m i l h e s , Esta persi.ee ti va
a d o t a a p r e m i s s a que 1 0 * dos c a r r o s n o v o s ei;. 1 9 9 1 u t i l i z a r o cs
c a t a l i s a d o r e s a p r e o m d i o de US? 1 0 4 0 / u n i d a d e .
159
CONCLUSES
CNICAS i c
ESTRUTURAIS ?3 E.O R.l
CEPAUICAS EIEKHTOS
CCtBUSTIVtIS 3.S 1.4 H.8 2.5
NUCLEHES
C*TALISD(WE5
- - I IO 17/
AUTOMOTIVOS
CERMICAS *VANCD*
OUTROS " ?O e.o .l
c r e s c i m e n t o de 3 5 * ao a n o , a u m e n t a n d o assim sua p a r t i c
r e l a t i v a para 2,55 no s e t o r de c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a * .
Q u a n t o aos o u t r o s c o m p o n e n t e s de cermicas a v a n a i a s , d e v e - s
r e s s a l t a r as b o a s p e r s p e c t i v a s dos c a t a l i s a d o r e s para g a s e s de
e s c a p e dos a u t o m v e i s . P r o j e e s c o n s e r v a d o r a s , i n d i c a m para 1 9 9 4 ,
um m e r c a d o para 80 mil u n i d a d e s , r e p r e s e n t a n d o um f a t u r a m e n t o da
o r d e m USS 110 m i l h e s o que r e p r e s e n t a r uma p a r t i c i p a o r e l a t i v a
de 17c no s e t o r .
O u t r o s p r o d u t o s base de c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s , tais c o m o
c a t a l i s a d o r e s para i n d s t r i a q u m i c a , s e n s o r e s , v i t r o c e r n u c s s ,
e t c , d e v e r o a p r e s e n t a r um ndice de c r e s c i m e n t o s i m i l a r ao do
m e r c a d o de c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s com um todo -14'.i ao a n o ) ,
p r o j e t a n d o um m e r c a d o de US$ 33 m i l h e s . A ;ua part i cip.iao
r e l a t i v a r e d u z i r - s e - , p o r t a n t o , a cerca de 6".
As c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s (fator de a l a v a n c a g e m de 1 1 : 1 ) , a s s o c i a d a s
a um m e r c a d o p r e v i s t o para 1994 de US$ 626 m i l h e s r e p r e s e n t a m , a
a l a v a n c a g e m a nvel de f a t u r a m e n t o dos setores c o r r e l a t o r (ber.s de
c o n s u m o e s e r v i o s ) da o r d e m de USS 6,9 bilr.es, o que p o d e r ;
c o r r e s p o n d e r a 15., do PIB em 1 9 9 4 , caso o pas r e e n c o n t r e s u s :
d i r e t r i z e s de d e s e n v o l v i m e n t o e c r e s c i m e n t o (taxas de 8 a.a. para
o PIB).
A t a / a d e -. r e s c iinento g l o b a l a v a l i a d a e m C O M . a d e 1 3 , 4 . . J . , ara
os s e t o r t : . d e c e r m i c a s a v a n a d a s e n o v o s m a t e r i a l ' m e t l i c o ' . ,
c e r t a m e n t e - c o r r e s p o n d e a u m a p e r s p e c t i v a c o n s e r v a d o r a , f r u t o -.J
a p r e e n s o q u a n t o aos rumos da e c o n o m i a nacional hoie p r e s e n t e no
m e i o i n d u s t r i a l e do a c h a t a m o n t o do p o d e r a q u i s i t i v o da p o p u l a o .
Naturalmente este valor no espelha o propcio ambiente futuro,que
p o d e s e r v i s l u m b r a d a c m c e r t o s s e g m e n t o s , d e m o n s t r a n d o i)ue a s
o p o r t u n i d a d e s e x i s t e m para e m p r e e n d e d o r e s de viso.
165
BIBLIOGRAFIA
E X A M E . B a l a n o de Cada S e t o r , m a i o 1 9 8 9 , 1 6 2 p .
E X A M E . M e l h o r e s e M a i o r e s ( p r i v i a ) . 17 m a i o 1 9 8 9 , p . 2 8 - 3 1 .
F O L H A DL S A O P A U L O . Em cinco a n o s , c a t a l i s a d o r ser o h r i g a t r i o
na E u r o p a . 14 m a i o 1 9 8 9 , p . I - 4 0 .
INT I N F O R M A T I V O C e r m i c a s A v a n a d a s : o B r a s i l I n v e s t e no F u t u r o .
v . 2 0 , n9 4 1 , j a n / a b r . 1 9 8 8 . 44p.
L A S T R E S , H . M . M . et alii N o v o s M a t e r i a i s : C a p a c i t a o e
P o t e n c i a l i d a d e s N a c i o n a i s e m P i D . H C T / I H T / N M A T , R i " de
Janeiro. 1988. 357p.
M A T E R I A I S H A N D B O O K FOR T R A D I T I O N A L A N D A D V A N C E D C E R A M I C S , ( c r a m i e
Ind. j a n . 1 9 8 8 . p . 1 9 - 1 3 7 .
4 - Divulgao
KATRIA-PRIKA VERSOS
MATERIAIS
ESTRUTURAIS
rMTEBIAIS
TRON]
ELETRNICOS CERMICAS AVANADAS
MATERIAIS
* TICOS
M S
* .r c >
! HIOMATERIAIS w I
K
?: c
9 > i
m ca :
:
M
FIGURA 1 > n : en c-
cli' !:. nnn-.to r<? tal d'1 cermicas avanadas, o mais impor-
t
"i?-' ' r
IT- t" ?-::-^'- nftr-.ir.t.-, mr.r sim a teencloftia.
A obteno de algumas matrias-primas fundamentais para o s produ-
t o s cermicos de a l t a t e c n o l o g i a , e x i g e tambm uma t e c n o l o g i a -
vanada. Assim, quem tem recursos naturais como ns, deve se preo
cjpar em transformar e adaptar e s s e s recursos s novas t e c n o l o g i a s .
Na Tabela I encontram-se l i s t a d o s alguns dos minerais que serve *
de insumos para cermicas avanadas.
Na Tabela II encontram-se l i s t a d a s algumas empresas produtoras *
matrias-primas.
As matrias-primas apresentadas na tabela I I , nem sempre apresen-
tam a pureza e a granulometria n e c e s s r i a , exceto nos c a s e ? da
CERTRONIC, UNIMAU, CBMM e OXYOUHICA.
Deve-se destacar que a alumina, que provavelmente a matria de
maior uso em cermica avanada no produzida no p a s com a pu-
reza necessria para u t i l i z a o em substratos cermicos.
Desta forma, o que vem ocorrendo que as empresas que e s t o pro-
duzindo cermica avanada e s t o importando o s insumos e, segtnio da-
dos da CACEX em 1986 foram importados 288 mil toneladas de oxido
para usos d i v e r s o s .
Importar as matrias-primas pode parecer uma s o l u i o f c i l , po-
rm quem o faz hoje, conhece todos o s entraves e d i f i c u l d a d e s ,
alm co fato de c r i a r uma dependncia perigosa e que err, nniri i n -
t e r e s s a ao p a s .
As i n d s t r i a s que atualmente produzem insumes, ou s e j a , ps pars
a i n d s t r i a de cermica avanada so to importantes e r e n t v e i s
quanto as que produzem o produto f i n a l .
Incentivos devem s e r criados e estimulada a criao de novas em-
presas que venham produzir as matrias-primas que os novo? mate-
r i a i s necessitam.
n e c e s s r i o uma imediata ao para colocar em p r t i c a o "Jrogra-
ma de Desenvolvimento C i e n t i f i c o e Tecnolgico em Novos Materiais"
da S e c r e t a r i a Especial de Cincia e Tecnologia, principalmente no
que d i z respeito a implantao dt unidades produtivas de ps cc~
17S
f
.I0I-i FIF.OCLORO 92.1 1
CCUZ-SITA-TWTAUTA
rruci^ CUARTZO nd1 1
CUAF.T2ITO
TITniC AHATSIO
FUTXLO 24,0
ILKEfITA
m
FCITE : r .
TABELA I I -
ro
(BI
town S.C.T,
177
rmicos especiais.
Entretanto, essa uma ao que deve envolver no s os pes
quisadores de cermica avanada, mas principalmente os qumicos e
enr^nheiros Qumicos de forma que os primeiros possam se -preocu-
par -orr.cnte com os produtos cermicos e seu processamento, sem
preocupao com a mate rias-prima.
Participao importante, tambm deve ter no programa de desenvol-
vimento de matrias-primas, os tcnicos envolvidos em Tecnclogia
Mineral, para que se somem os esforos que sem dvida, em um- tra-
balho intrcrdisciplinarr devero redundar em melhores resultados.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.TMC/DCSfM
185
Rui F. R. Pereira
Instituto de Fsica
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
21944 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
RESUMO
Cvide Tabela I) e Menor que 0.5*. Isto indica que a absorSo de mi-
to
s
8t SrCCnt0a
0.0
f T--Cu-0 11 i-r-C-Cu-0 1
Indutanci*
Utua 92.0 4.50 105.0 0.50 1
Absorlo de
tcroondta 92.2 5,00 105.5 8.50 I
194
REFERENCIAS
'i'.'Zil': * :- i . SOUS
:.ve-v.: cr* - s i r s
{
Ir lc-* :r:;os c*' : * t r o tccDltff*.i tlrreirmrricr k. i 0.*. eto
"C-- Z *?D*if--*. tf?'- zzrntnli ctiltrica rcltU-.* 2C3 i K 530 D- 9
e
C.Z% D * * , mcitmrr. ou< t f crrruss
196
2 1 - FrDiri;2 d
ser. :
w
197
ar r- = T - S . : . : o u a n s : : ? : ; * j r C.Ci >
c
>'} c:isitiiit>" i sliriz;io a car2t*rizaio ltric*. el**.roo-:i d*
facar oas Slices
S
-.tziz- o?? -CT-;3CCS
? diel'.r:;# " a
;-..'-i mtsxarr t"r r. erw auxilio sit uwa oon'. jn
3 RES'JLTADOS
r
. p a r i : i f i t e - - * * ^ * SISSIDSC L oas *ir.osirif TM_ t Tf*_iT f S *.-. : = ;.t-*-
n
n
{ML nit
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M MMfllMC
Tl
-cel> I - Freer sttrtw Eletreracnicas. * atura Antnants. d u Aaectri
TML . **f_ 15 TL15.
TML TL15
7 IS 75?
4? 55 64
Fr.:r d* 1 I : O I ; : r r \ 02 25
i
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t.l
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nest cc^imicaz * cczzr.*2 octtr-z
5o r. afsto B i ' i l i l l
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s 5lt:z .-sic-* *-i*n.3: canciriois fs 0:5
'.-icsz r.isrcstitiras a* a**orsr>afo d^ * . i * ^
csr-i.-r.icaz sis *9KUCK cr* . u:iiiz::' irr. r;arrfor*z * 6 ctrticulkr
STTS ai*r sntcz rccistcraz
rr n e t : ! iz tn.z-r.ru
ct:;:t 22" , tit
a alttz tt-,5e-i'.'jrf
203
Z ."*f-s S Zzz<. '.! r. ard Ja*ie. H - " fiazcalactrics Caramic* " - ftctdasuc Prass
c: Ar 34;. 1W:
1. INTRODUO
2. DETALHES EXFERIMIWTAIS
tra espectros de CAO obtidos estas trs, tanto nas fases iso-
lante como metlica. Os espe 0
3. DISCUSSO
a tares * K )
Vi
I"IS
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25.Ml) .5(2)
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m 22*2<I) 14,1(1) 4*47(2)
125
2UMI) t:558
21,2(2)
2I.M1) t:SS - -
crntrao da impureza.
spins dos our-> vandio aos ions cdmio atravs de uma interao de
AGRADECIMENTOS
REPER&lctAS
1-
* taruc xtccta * t i p r*. Mrrtirw t MascuI rfin <t alta rtsiftiacu Ittrica i t?iie*af
t arte ar c m caaniicm ctratcat ti aritirciaaa rated t i ttHfititicH lauaranta a
tajupaacau rtitrK tetriam ta m capacitam, reuttertt i t ficiaatr aiti a ttanratara,
. atra Mirn. fMto trateb iintr*c caaa w natcraat O rt aatta taMriejir nr H
t l r K t alww iuptMUac b ataxial ia* aattram rmHHw aktiiH atra u ntaftt
rtdi:$s u carattri:^! a ritt ft cUra art arnurn ciriucH a i w a> c:i :ia.
fe wtri<if car*s:; IMSK M gitximm alttricct t ltr*i:ct u cautcifcf :sr crr*t;> f.i:-.-.i;:-
M taatater i:f;c. wa any:itt a cartir j aatariai carairc! caaa a a>uu i!^.. :iur.it: :i u
(ralivsi. i i m u i nucai m caaaac ta!iha-NZr(>i. tiatat tf tun < uac ww-il-,!. t- iu.:-.
tc. jrcrjcc- ctMCM latraicat w tratctaaa raajtaawu a cau aa aa. :C:OH JJ c:.ti:w ai
crsftcu c:-: >iiir;iv; urtuza H ariat* * * iicmiraurt :stpotu u :fscf%M fK-: : r ir;fuf.
mtmt *.* :: Haf.-u n ittjtei ucivts eci cvtera et sns M I K*KKM t;firiw>: :.K*;
V M Bi>:i*.;:as:i. wvtscs upKittr caaasa st caaiarao a ara raarnK-.M se* r.;i.:>: r<ri
rar ntf^M'-fr ces (Wtarwt w rt BMM awiatwaar aactt laaartaatt M tarturiiu:*! iitMtir
H ctratcM if.^e&ic t artcua CBBWCK aoetc tt rinci t ei bauica Mf rnj K tw.trrf ::t :r,(
arit:rt :M* *un:n $ wmtiOi *> w trkc antata <tttrt:;tt tf CM^Cfi:is f *rr**y. *;r .:t 1*
riucs rfaisfi s iMiriK ca ris. it critclo (t aa teaitr fria WVBV 3M:W:N! IC:*. :* ' * "
crmiii.'. .i:>f-r.K* li Mifrtat law tutrnm criictt. l i t iittsrcwt rtu;i* 11 tti-.nv.a -*'
truu.t tiftrcni:st, MH I I I M . lacurtiM M M tttir KKifitMti na wttrfKi mtrr rtm, $:ci'.:*w *>
arariMawi ttttrtat M caatarM. tircaie tiiicc i a rtato et atifnia fe caa titt':r. ;.n -
ftra ftadn i t tatrtja actitatem M I K | > I tlttra* at participa M atwrtla atrttact aaai i t
cwttrM ft frta ceapartt litroaicMnti <t u ton* iiftrtatt at lattritr M frit, a fria tar M
u n t i l MitMiitor la tiM a. lor tstaala it coateto iaaat prtiaaiaaattuait par wviwnte i tlltrwuj,
a listuteifte in ****** <f ntrfta to frto t (s cottarw pott wr rfrtsnt*4 cow N Mfvrt I . ta Fiysri 2
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Mttria ctrauas. *t jaatt* littriaic m a l t M t n att wttrtactc tie iiftrtatis c*w < case, in fate,
tstrt o aattriais ctriaicoi i pettl M tlwr iivtrias napttiB aprtifatasM isptctof icrcfstryturai>
fjw Htisia a iutrmiti tip at aliCKC} ilttreAicat. A taacat tUtrcnua tst M itttraiftMo upa w
aatcriil ctrui:e tutntxu ta aau prmrutKi. w itptRitr a aaatira coat w* turtnUnun inflatacia
M eiriciiitant s tjractiruaic ia* aspfctot aicretttrvitrais iaif taptrtaatts cc* rtlaac as cricrjiiasti
tlttritas ito <HtlMt para tiriof tipt i t ciraicu tlttriaicat. D ieamio U proiafle t a umrnntio IC
ItatMes tat ctatrolM n praarittfaitt M I ttrauat tlttriaicac t HtivMo iaaatrti traaa^os tft Nftgitt.
centcr.c o grao t u itcroiicrcura fosrt at irspriMiSK M crtica il*tr#nic sa utunti u-i cast i-
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rcfrtto;;e:- om)*ut * stfM Hewaiff tnrw K caMCittrts Htm. troco;: M 1**S r.; f,;t- u UD
HNrni c' MM 1i isalaatt, ittf&nMalatfttt torusa u t rteitt! treiiMf Of unroot;. t> :::: urCtcc.
Mtr cc. (CRtittt frios O titautoi tolartf U i i u ptfutuuMtfe livlttru. toiioit c> tsru i u r n
File uieriti t r t m i to < tstrvtitri ctrictu. WK W* c*M8 soimtf. u>* sti!.ri >>. cft-.sf^- s:
ttiso c c* tt[crtur ac irtiaamto tictca 0> osiaXo. H tiouri ^ ts^irt p ftsuK* ac U ti;i:i::r B> :
ra;? urof :o' velu S l*i: [3] fei (timo B novo tiso at pKiur tv> tor.:cp;M u;. *r ;r::rtic-'u t
cotorr.o zt srao to uttriil cirituc art * ostincla 4t MiorE; ci>citir.cx;. tr? 9>r::;:ti>:- ;<:
twheciocs :t;c c;acxori tt cauta et centorno tft rio Derojit a cutsa a!ar>tf iistrKjf v i s .int?
iwtoroc oi ro BC DIBII cttwico. foj vtriticate |>? a sttutlo oi t a cot: o ncM; cri-.,. : crusts,
iiuMr. uiicorifeiorci t
<t oniicic t <tt cwin tft ciRttri:i;i9. ft tortacto et UM CMKI iwtantr trtre c-= Of>r= ----- .;: *:
ttna Btriitt UM Mr cificitwicta por veiMt. Ktitt itntiso, ttctt tttc vjriot nos ; I C : SU
catali: i rptvcao omici eo frle isirantft tlttrtni \utnt t triumotai st unteri:*:^ O'.f 'J:'.*
ttfttraurt 1 irtttirwia M a atfi(ao <t S>6 2rO I rtituata cot 0 tjttivo t i tti;r # tir>tct;*;a& r
nu;:r. bttir>pritnu, 8ilt*t-t( prita sara 0* tcr.twne* 11 arse air,it 91 gvii-t a i'? i:''# c<
211
prata contrndo taaoeo SIX l i t O i . I U B,0,,U PbO per 2 keras a 11WC 13]. I capacitor resultant * s e n t e
COM twdo constante dtelttnca relativa de 73M. lator <t duupala tao l a i n tanto I . I W . resistncia i t
cristalina polar i i nio Mlar-. T,. titinatos w kario aprtsMta* ata rtmlmUit wi awtnta
dct contorno! it ;r)g. Na Miica lit st tiriiccs ei titanato di (trio fao N l i c r i i t * l m o ! t itTwiitricos
soUruio of*i> sir iivacot ? conta: D os dieoios illtricos f-iftmtis wanes i istrutur* crnutina
titrason! * i n t fcUriziio l r t i ' t a c u l tntrt is superfcies 4 contorno I do interior tis; orio.? oommo;
dot tfioolos caracterstico da tt!ula m t i r i i 4c titanato fod i f e* tinder, pela ail K i t i? de ur. cacc
eletnco, por tosi c oraa anlr:o ai caro I C C I I I nas mterfacif dos contornos tfe oro o ctrico
divi? a oo)iri:i:ci(llocientf te caroas elo efut? do tnto eltrico} nttrfjr:;!. guance i ttweratvr* e
Hnor oue f e ..
uanoo usj tensl: i tim e aoliza a poianziclo cai mtenjc cot iraos. Das iesira*.u^; eis 31 f
coto o laiiOs. ifiincialMnte ulitricos coi polarizao intirtacial. As karreiras i l t c r u a i tortaois noi
contornot de rio retultantts da lari:a)o nas interfaces entre os frio rio diteramar a rtspcsta einnca oc
a t i n a i . Cate apontar uo Htos tatiriais na toraa do aonocristais nlo apresenta a coipertawnto V.l [4}
ser acpliad atravei do efeito )t depantis o taioee tea fido ootervado ue a tnperatur ce u-'ie pese e-
auMoto ou iicmi!;. diptndere; si cs ions it Une sao parcialiinti SHPititvioss cor t r tfffn c.
cnuicc, r e f i j . i f i - . i i i M . H ikM:a ias tarrein eetrcnuat torudas Mf renstcre; '?*l ? :?(: oi 'ir?:?
studo l ) . Sapf-e ve o M i r : i ! tout trr tua rtsistividast Mttantt joimiioa tit fr recon nua
atooffer* noutori ou IOP ltuct"l. ' J vrios aoetlst es considiracic asnte para a iSferci? 3; i>:ioric * t
212
produo sf lacMCiat de ttario M t rttiots I t contem i f frao tea? rtspon$atit pei* cruet: Eiudc?
actitadores f tittrons nestas rtfioes o auc provocaria o apartciwntci i t jwicoes nos contornes. ,.-: titaatos
de Mr 10 K > n ser seiiccndvtQrK tfo tipo u ttria preparados t> toraa a tcr a substituio de J : j r 1 * eor
ptautnas santidades or tent M t i l u o t .1*' tats coco i i * * . Li** M s:s ions h * * tcr ions s t . : : ; ' UJE
coac ft1'" f fcfc*\ fcconte:e aw atwsttrii cuidanu* tend a toriar . i c t a c m s cano SU p.-Jf- -r :nui.:;.
ara D inttncr se rts. cuctnMfttO :r?i tstrts tarnKJO ati:> ion . i U r . s i trrCi, c ;.? s.tj.iut i
ndantti .Jo ttr atnor cor^tntratlo i t portadorts. 0 dtftitot Miticci I vacar.:ii> tons o .*U;.:;i i i
hvrci r.o ir.terur so rts. MraAPtt a proiu^c dtttK itruitM f.-.voiv a crscucac s ^ r:'= * : :--cicSf=
rtdutor tire cDttnao s b( nw.^f j . ; jrio tKicocdbtsr irpuido ct <; f i n t t r i : < : cot t r i i f ' . : . . !e;c <
0$ )i.to-r; ;u* ccsrrt* r,a contorne ai frto envoi vtf.s a csorlc a oxioir.ic- t i cru;*c> z- .*:;.> a
sario r c CC-SHUK>-.* unit ct ninioi qumccs sio B naturrra ccaoncaBa, csrq^e K..ME- :'::?;-:: s?
oitutac : >snao ocs contorr-oi t c interior dos rios entre dttenntes tspectts C K siferer.t- rc;-;:i?-.iF5 o
difusic. !tcr,;; ivtnaa st ticroinaiist superficial, cults trabalr.s f p e r i H . - t i i t? sice u;i::- i iour-
pontos >o iinss isntaneitf escreciec;^ Entrttar.t. w n o i dettic; er*.ie:t ;:? reii:<c- ; ;?-;r;:sc- Ge
t>:ata.naturc: cot oetntoi ce wtnmt i it sua inflancia na iitrisuicc se *iH:& nc K!f f ;: r :< CASf
proiDii.
i '.:> firititru st It
arxstore; ^ t . i s t c r i gue eependtt s< ntJtaieaj se . I O te nnte c I1 ; ; -nc st- * . ' . : i . ; ' : - u:?
ntcessioat. tuiienii, estes rtnstorei pooei ser tnccntraoe t- tievm,r : . ion.:-, a :-.-.'-A-H.
Usiccs se truistt wt k--5L-:c e)#tric i a infiutfici da Mcrocstruti"! r,n S; in;i\tiw- ><.< ;?J:
totpleta*er>t r.'ii.'tfRdiei.
Os varitt!>ri} g c ioo de :icc possuet uw Ais Imiariudt acmluida r.* reiacie mutt'. icrrtut. '.fie t*
condicoe oi corrente cof.un, tutntc titernada, ot ede sue respondei cco dei{ 3 K : : ; C ^ - iour.^;:- vi r
213
otasic>3 o Mtro. tftr C M mito nor taiacidadt dt i t w ( > o d trriia. Ouast t o * os trabalho nkhtaoo;
wtrr aristorts t t r t n m a OTIOH das prooricdafttt ato olwicas a oarroiras t l t t r u a s i t tit Sctottky dailas,
tortas os contorno tntrr frios [9J. At atdidas eltricas rialiiadas dttro de at tos r i o t w t r t dais
ft ccrasiio dos anstoros d fltio di zinco, contorot tonttbides tor ftatuoka [B] dt itr w so*
CMposicto. <lf 1c ttito it linco. airoxiNtfatmtt nnj 51 aolar it oatrot 0'iiot ottilicci: o xioo it bimte
tit prwcif finu.'i:>ao per tat Unite t oriainsr ivtii dt w i r j n dcotro difcandiercioiSi. *xiw o*
ctatf ff i f ! i c i : coto cs do tmsan;. cobalto t crow tara Ktntuir a nio liMaritfatc t D o;iao antitsnio
f i ' i HfW if CK'.KUii: fifl'tilCi OUt tO-'f.jii-. r crfiCIMr.t:. 09 OraO IC CtriltCO 4rj'.t5 i Sin;?';;*.;;.;.
aerfsmtioo rcr iU USi. co* tin t tiitu i K t r u i s IOCIUOS tits divina; rtciKis dt n c o t f t r u i B r i . n
ttntativj o; ccic-rfir.4;r o papel S dittrtntss fasts nas rroenidades oltncs dos varutsrc cf enoo oi
:mcG. K ODtmcio C curvai v-j cr as d i t t w t reoiecs interoranalaros ostrov %>it sis ; rtsiots fntrt
contcrnot ot orto ? t n t i t t r a : . t?io oonsi, asarontt do fast rica eo oiuuto wo rtais c cstcortavontc
*srist3r otsctf :'i;:o!. As r(?i-m one c.;:sctt m e ftntUKW dcttas fasts cwp'cfas crcorttaaof;
ticsizv, pqrsu? UMiiSH -3 i c " nut cl*4 crcw.f i fosradais sa: H T i i r s lfj:-; rntr*
*?" Fter< i iss;ra as curvai .-I part tots / i r m o m dt proctdncii diforcntcs t sccot; tipi;as *
suit iicrotttrutura; . l todos es varittero analisados foi COOUA O fato dt soroo oosonraoit varies orae;
cotpiotaitntt 9jrtji pila tatt rtca to otfouto atuolH dtfradwos ouo* cwticitfltit do MO untarioidi t.
t i ' i i rrlicf !=r.*, JIJC, fr.cj-rc r,ot viristct! co so proprtotadts t l t t n c u i ; iff Me* f ciswa
ter tit\i*S3t f .a^istorts rt:\>:\coi t tsuii e lortorio, sotunas it:njc?- s- zf.r-ut s v.\
5- Conclusftt
1- Da preurcao oes armem a basr d* onto o> :i*co a ataostrrt ir sintru:KK et ?r ;;:;-- cara
fOMvtr <in saipr emiiKicae tfo voiuri crriauc t cenmfruir pi'i a rorcaac cr " ; = ; t : * . : - : ncs
contornos or aras.
' Ui proau:;r e? crricicis sur atnaii a luapfi liitrtRic, ai :iractrrtst::: mi'n-2 a-. . ---'.(
r.trrnas otvr* srr ir vacai n tosta. 0 control oa> eroerittfadK E>> errticas rutrcnict? nu rt:t*f;.te
rtticiontSs ce ( M M C I K R U Ia Urt:i i t i t r n u . tewtfutsr. uticsnautor. titlctrur i c i[ S ' : - f ; ;
sistrituKlc Bcs ertntDf r,c mtrriar o r- contornei :t srac o w,v:U crriicc.
C -
c r t r i i i . W, i
. ..~~L_
tr frar,ss or M t r a u ura oen qr#:i sisiconoHtcts t US rrs.r*s se carter.;. f=.
or contorno r cc mttrior (o arae COM K fost o a ; t r i m ftutrn.'i, Urvaturi tu tiaa t o *,..'; ;. t :
nivfl i r roroi no lontorno M f r i o , fur oeorrt SMAOO O M t i r u t i f i t l o n contato r r r o u i h r ' : - . '
fltnv* n ) u o r * t(.licisa: < l a larura d cansa >ntfr:ranIar t o, t , as cais*i tt orpiti: *'- a
laoos o (entorne te orlo,
215
.. CDC3
-..'fCl. ! _. i FU
6'* zm
Z
7
Figura 7 - A ) Avaliao do efeito da microestrutura obre a proprii-d.dis l*rtr
cas. Us eletrodos (I) (4) so localizados dentro de ummcsmo gr."n> e << eli'fr.nl>i
(2) t (3) em gros adjacentes. B) Curvas V-I (a)-para o gro entrr o c lt rotl.-i 11) <<
(4) e (h)-p.ir.i an regits entre contorno de grt, eletrodos (2) . i U .
216
p r . ^ i i >? l t r o n s
s c c u i v : \' ( ! R-ivln
K..I.1 |l"l
(MMIII
C. Trench de FREITAS
RESUMO
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUO
TOMADA SE
FORA MAONITION
CHAVE
MONITO&A
t>A TIAVA
I I
TM; MOTO* OO TIMit
8Mi MOTO! DO VENTIIACSI
DMi MOTOI DC OEOEIO
CHAVE OA TAVA OO TIINCO: CHAVE DE TIAVA MIMAllO
CHAVE OA TIAVA A OITA CHAVE OE TRAVA JECUNCAllO
Temperatura Cadinho
final (C)
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
198').
HAAS, P. A. Hv it ing -f uranium oxides in a microwave
ovon. Amer. Ceram. Soc. Bull.. 58(9):873, 1979.
H'>I.COMBE. C E . tlw trie re wave coupler material. Amer.
c.-ram. Soe. Bull., B' f 12): 1388,1983.
/ANFIIfll. F. FHcrownvr atnl planter moulds. Intercoran,
(f): 3^-37. I-aSR.
'ASTKLFRANCC. A. Micn-.ave systems in the manufacture
o I' ceramic r a t e f i n i s or s a n i t a r y ware. Interceram,
(f):37. 1 9 8 ' .
rPOFFlT. D . J . . PAUIG. . E . . HUTSON, S.D.. GAINES J r . ,
J.R. f'erfor-inrice c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s comparison for 22
GHr. microwave c a v i t i e s constructed from s i n g l e phase
y:trium-barium-copper-oxide ceramic superconductor
arnl a superconductor composite material of Y-Ba-Cu-0
and r . i l v p r . J . Elrtrcchem. Soc., 136(4):239C, 1989.
.P MVnriK. P . P . , LMITH, D.?. Microwave application of high
IV. uperccr.ducf inn films. J . Electrochem. S o c . , 136
*
A.O. Kunrath . T.R. Strohaecker . A.S. Pereira. J.A.H. da Jornada
G.J. Piermarini
Z. INTRODUO
transformao para a fase estvel deve ser tal que possa ser
frio foi utilizada uma cmara de altas presses tipo Girdle [Si
temperaturas de at 2000C.
237
1 j
. .-
(aiiliin;
rrwri /
d r
1
F.g.l. Prenso
cobre
suport9
\
n 1\ / \ i
\
/
/
1\
forno
120/Shoro
h [ ) 230/l0n
vOCUO
1
fiq.5. Selogen o vcuo
239
processada.
de ao inox.
gaxeta pirofilite
X
talco
ao mor.
talco
ao nox
cpsula
H. a dureza
P. a carga
c. o tamanho de trinca originada.
III. RESULTADOS
O comportamento dos produtos cermicos, obtidos por
compactao a frio altssimas presses, variou de altamente
frgil para uma situao de razovel tenacidade, conforme a
compactao fosse efetuada ao ar ou sob vcuo, respectivamente.
superfcie livre.
resumidos na tabela 1.
IV. CONCLUSO
Neste trabalho foi realizado ua estudo sobre a
sinterizacao de p ultrafino de ZrO- em presso auito elevadas,
de a 6 GPa (40.000 ata a 60.000 ata), a teaperatura acbiente.
ea condies de quase-hidrostaticidade. Amostras que foraa
encapsuladas ao ar aostraraa-se fragmentadas e frgeis, enquanto
que as encapsuladas ea vcuo resultaraa sinterizadas. sea
porosidades, coa durezas prxiaas de valores esperados para
amostras sinterizadas a altas temperaturas, muito embora coa a
tenacidade ua pouco inferior. Esta tenacidade poderia, ea
principio, ser otimizada, mediante o emprego de presses ainda
maiores de tal foraa a serea retidas quantidades apreciveis da
fase ortorroabica.
BIBLIOGRAFIA ,,
/
[1] D.L. PORTER e A.H.HEUER, "Mechanisms of toughening partially
stabilized zirconia (PSZ)". J.Am.Ceraa.Soc.. 6O 13.4) 183-
184,1977.
[2] S.BLOCK. G.J.PIERMARINI. B.J.HOCKEY. B.R.LAWN e R.G.MUNRO.
"High-pressure transformation toughening: a case study on
zirconia". J.Am.Ceram.Soc., 69. (6). C125-C126. 1986.
[3] J.A.H.da JORNADA. G.J.PIERMARINI e S.BLOCK. "Metastable
retention of a high-pressure phase of zirconia", J.Am.Ceram.Soc..
70, [9). 628-630. 1987.
[4J S.BLOCK. J.A.H.da JORNADA e G.J.PIERMARINI, "Pressure-
temperature phase diagram of zirconia". J.Aa.Ceram.Soc., 68, [9).
497-499. 1985.
[5] W.B.DANIELS e M.T.JONES. "Simple apparatus for the generation
of pressures above 100000 atmospheres slaultaneously with
temperatures above 3000 C", Rev.Sci.Instr., 32,[8], 885-888,
1961.
[6] A.G.EVANS e E.A.CHARLES. "Fracture toughness determination by
identation". J.Am.Ceram.Soc.. 59. 371-372, 1976.
[7] G.ORANGE, H.TANAKA e O.FANTOZZI. "Fracture toughness of
pressureless sintered silicon carbide", Ceraaics International.
13, 159-165. 1987.
[8) K.KENDALL. "Sticky solids", Contemp.Phys., 21, (3). 277-
297. 1980.
247
RESUHO
1. INTRODUCZO
SCTOR
INDUSTRIA'.
AlUHIN*
ruNCDCS t l t l M C M
SUtSTMTC **
CIRCUITO
OT|CS
SOf-ID C VMOK
ruNCOCS OUIRICkS
SUfOKTC BE C t T * t I - I I I I I '
s*t-ocs
FUNTOCS fCMtfCftS
M M M F
CORTE
i i i i i rn 111 tu
I >I ' I I I I I M IT)
1 E H I I S *O I-CSCASTE
FESIS-
1ENTCS M> CLW
GCN1C K HECWCO I I I t I I I fc
PLATELETS)
BUNCOES HOLOSIC?
M U M rral^iT M i l
I I > M M I I I I I I fa
UADRO
HORIZONTE DC ANALISE
1981 - 1988
324 1 81
IrOZ l3?i 1 42
ZnO 41* M*
liD2 711 77
StC 34 3ft
TiC *
4C 4
MC S
Sl3*4 8* ?4
TIN 12
AIM 4 1
>e
3. RESULTADOS OBTIDOS
mi i i n HH OR K
TZ-'.T; ri "rz.:"Z'."?c: tixvvt
. ZircSnia <ZrO)
1 f I r i fc
ri GITS !.J - nr.c:r;i? rw
QUADRO I
QUADRO 1
PATENTES EM ALUMINA - A1=O:,
19B1 - 198B UPI-L
55 KYOCERA CORP
31 GENERAL ELETRIC COM
S CORNING GLASS UORKS
17 MINNESOTA MINING MFG CO
17 *. NEC CORP
16 NIPPON STEEL CORP
13 US DEPT OF ENERGY
11 IBM CORP
10 SONY CORP
6 PHILLIPS PETROLEUM CO
- ALEMANHA ORIENTAL -
39 IBIDEN CO LTD
36 , AGENCY OF IND SCI TECH
18 BELORUSS KIPOU TECHNINS
13 NICHIAS CORP
13 UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP
11 UK ATOMIC ENERGY AUTH
11 VEB KERAMISCHf HERMSDORF
* Atuando no merendo nacional.
QUADRO TRi - TECNOLOGIAS RELEVANTES: ALUMINA
r,r
UITM <* lifcifa car H
QUADRO r?
PATENTES EM ZIRCNIA - Zr
1901 - 1988 WPI-L
** KYOCERA CORP
! CORNING GLASS WORKS
"J TDK CORP
? US DEPT OF ENERGY
' MINNESOTA MINING MFG CO
* SONY CORP
. oxido de Zinco (ZnO>
Ea funo de suas propriedades eltricas, a partir do
>:ido de zinco (ZnO) produz-se resistores variveis com a voltagea.
conhecidos coao varistores, eapregados, principalmente. na
indstria elctroeletrnica. S:
mi HK MI m m m m m
ricrw CJ rvcLur/r tx rrrzrrtt.-T-trr: fxirr tz zir
259
QUADRO 3
IS , GENERAL ELECTRIC CO
2 ASEA AB
2 BBC AG BROUN BOVERI CIE
2 ELEC POWER RES INST
2 UESTINGHOUSE ELEC CORP
AMERICAN TEL t. TELEG CO
CANADIAN GEN ELEC
DOU CHEMICAL CO
ELEC POUER RES INST INC
GTE LABS INC
US DEPT OF ENERGY
US SEC OF AIR FORCE
- ALEMANHA OCIDENTAL -
*4 SIEMENS AG
3
VEB KERAHISCHE HERMSDORF
2
t AKAD UISSENSCHAFT DOR
2
ASEA AB
ANI NACHRICHTENTECH
AVX CORP
DEUTSCHE ITT XND
KOPP H GMBH
LICENTIA PATENT GMBH
OBO BETTERNANN OHG
THOMSON-CSF
VOIGTSSERBER B
260
mm TtMcaaKtis mmnts nm K
CUBSiriCICMI I assim
CW.CI) I
1
CNOMLBiCniC I liwKitivot it prttRM
a ui NKH-M5/H I it siitnas ttUian4*
US-4434WI I aristorn K alta voHatto
QUADRO A
QUADRO 4
2 J6C CORP
2 NICHICON CAPACITOR CO LTD
2 NIPPON MINING CO LTD
2 NIPPON STEEL CORP
2 RICOH CO LTD
2 SHI SE IDO CO LTD
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- ESTADOS UNIDOS -
14 TDK CORP
9 CORNING GLASS WORKS
9 NEC CORP
7 MINNESOTA MINING MFG CO
6 KYOCERA CORP
4 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO
4 FORD MOTOR CO LTD
3 MOTOROLA INC
2 PIONEER ELECTRONIC CORP
2 SONY CORP
2 NALCO CHEMICAL CO
2 OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS
- ALEMANHA OCIDENTAL -
6 DIDIER-UERKE AG
2 DEGUSSA AG
2 KRAFTUERK UNION AG
- FRANCA -
3 RHOME-POULENC SPEC
2 *. THOMSON-CSF
- SUCA -
2 liC AG BROUN BOVERI CIE
263
n R n N
C4 r;Tr::TX/-ir:if; rifnrr rr u:7'if
. Carbeto de Silcio
mi \m m m m m mm
n c r r ; cs rvwrfr pc p/7ErTE/:T:wi ensz-.t u
265
QUADRO e5
PATENTES EM CARBETO DE SILCIO - SiC
19B1 - 19B8 UPI-L
HOMERO DE PATENTES EMPRESA
- jnrho -
e3 SUMITOMO ELEC. IND. CO. LTD.
f2 MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND. CO. LTD.
0? MITSUI TOATSU CHEH. INC.
1 ASAHI GLASS CO. LTD.
01 DAINIPPON INK CHEH. CO. LTD.
I IUATSU ELEC. CO. LTD.
1 KANEBO CORP.
ti HATSUSHITA ELEC. WORKS
I MEIDENSHA ELEC. MFC CO. LTD.
1 MITSUI ENG. 8 SHIPBUILD
01 NIPPON DENSO CO. LTD.
1 NIPPON KAGAKU CO. LTD.
01 NIPPON KOKAN CO. LTD.
1 NIPPON STEEL CORP.
01 OHTAKE GAISHI CO. LTD.
1 SHINAGAUA REFRACTOR
1 '. SHOWA DENKO CO. LTD.
1 SUMITOMO SPEC METAL CO. LTD.
1 TOKYO DENNETSU TOKI
I TOKYO SHIBAURA ELEC. CO. LTD.
01 TOSHIBA CHEM CO. LTD.
> TOSHIBA CO. LTD.
- ESTADOS UNIDOS -
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.
1 MARTIN MARIETTA ENE
J11 NEC CORP.
J! US DEPT. OF ENERGY
CANADIAN PAT. E DEV. LTD.
- ALEMANHA OCIDENTAL -
2 BAYER AG.
" INGLATERRA -
! IMPERIAL CHEMS IND. PLC
OUTROS -
#l
JBIDEN CO. LTD.
26*
cussinncao ssono
(M Cl.l
SKIWGMIIKnMC FOT-VH twortn a (Miltrn nn I
K-3NWM tirn toatu < IWM I
*
accnic CO41-35/7* Crruic cnttiM nntct I
IB-47I934M rtlotcwttt ntiOKOMtot n-l
M liktu M titihtn I
NtKBRCUKHKIIHlOl
mi m m m m
fuvti r' T'.dvrfc t' rrirr.Ttr-j'trr: trrstir n it
267
rictw 07 rvomcfo oe trssnc oc
I it ccrntcM CM ntcrttl I
I MTMICM. I
j NHOIOTI E1C. WSMV14 I RitincM n tntamtoil
I clctrrtcnictf. I
llemtiwot t tralamlal
ntiriiifl
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PrifctM irawt ccaitma)
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268
MORO 96
- JAPSO - |
MJADRO 7
PATENTES EM CARBETO DE BORO - BC
1981 - 1988 UPI-L
NMERO DE PATENTES EMPRESA
- JAPO -
I IUATSU ELEC. CO. LTD. :
OI SHOUA DENKO CO. LTD.
/
- ESTADOS UNIDOS -
Oi US SEC OF NAVY
ei US DEPT. OF ENERGY/MARTIN MARIETTA ENE.
AUADRO ee
PATENTES EM CARBETO DE TIT&NIO - TiC
19B1 - 1988 WPI-L
NMERO DE PATENTES EMPRESA
- JAP80 -
03 FUJI DIES CO. LTD.
ei NIPPON KOKAN CO. LTD.
el SHOUA DENKO CO. LTD.
ei 0 MATSUSHITA ELEC. WORKS
- ESTADOS UNIDOS -
ei GENERAL ELECTRIC CO'
ei us SEC OF WAVT
269
mm m-TEooLOGUs RamnES CMKH K IWGSKHI
J-22ITI3M
QASSIFICACM I SSUKTS
(MCI.) I
. N i t r e t o de S i l c i o
lUNBBlIECIIDICII
mmmmmmmmm
09 tvctxcT.r oc Pftv.nrXKrtt r.izrt-.r et siilr:-
tUMWO *
PATENTES EH NITRETO DE SILCIO - StU
1981 - 1788 UPI-L
DE PATENTES EMPRESA
. JAPO -
#, NIPPON DENKO CO. LTD.
JX ** SHINETSU CHEH I NO. CO. LTD.
tt SUMITOMO ELEC. IND. CO. LTD.
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1 MITSUI EN6. SHXPBUILD
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tl t TOSHIBA CHEH. CO. LTD.
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NAT. RES. INORG. HAT. SCI. TE.
Atuando no merendo nacional.
tUADRO It
PATENTES EH NITRETO DE TITNIO -TIN
1981 - 198B UPI-L
NUMERO DE PATENTES EHPRESA
- JAPSo -
JJ FUJI DIES CO. LTD,
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I! ** HAKU6UI KAGAKU KOGYO
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* OUTROS -
>K0TAr/INf I
UADftO il
PATENTES EH NXTRETO DE ALUMNIO - A1N
1991 - 1988 UPI-L
EMPRESA
HOMERO DE PATENTES
- JAPO -
SUMITOMO ELEC. XNO. CO. LTD.
ti IIMTSU ELEC. CO. LTD.
I T0SHI8A CHEH. CO. LTD./TOKYO SHXIAURA ELEC.
#1
#1 SHXNETSU CHEM. XND. CO. LTD.
myMMW laaawncH
1 (WO) , ""
mmmm IBX-H/tt atmtimU * arteriais wt-
HMttMM tilicn HI nlmimm
ajajBji i m n on-zim i fiaw K M at akwlatM m-
ant tilioc.
^JKctlf*'*
CONSXDERASES FINAIS
SUHARIO
CERMICAS AVANADAS
INTRODUO
IKSTITUICttS 57 A3 23 41 19 - 1?
PATENTES 33 28 15 16 7 52 iii
PM) FMPRESA
GRAU DE
FORMAO DOUTORADO MESTRADO GRADLJAhO
ao
so -
30 -
:o
.
10 -
Msrec Ws-UU-UZ
SElAP/CHPq
CON i KOI r
rCFRAL 18 6 6 30
11 4 1 16
PRIVADO 1 14 17
101AI 31 11 PA 63
GRAU
DOUTOR 93 13 13
MESTRE 49 23 39 l i
GRADUAIS 42
TOTAL 18 7l
281
PAULO
BC0O*ie* MIH*5
(ONU'"'
55 5 9 69
40 18 1 59
5 1 19 25
TOK.I 24 153
CHSIHv CMWSA
EMPRESA
ESTATALdl <
PRIVADO!10%)
INTERNACIONAL^)
PEDIDOS DE PRIVILEGIO 9 2 17
PATENTES 0 5 A 11
285
3 3 12
GRAU
DOUTOR 24 e 24
MESTRE 18 5 29
GRADUADO 5 8 11 ?4
TOTAL 47 13 17 77
CONSIDERAES FINAIS
ANEXO
ILHIROURA!.;
Cl MIRO Dl PESQUISAS DE ENERGIA ELTRICA - CEPEL
DEPARIAMFNTO DE MATERIAIS - DPMT
Atu.<tc s Metal/ Lerftiica/ Polmero
Or. H U M M N O S
I Ir Dnutoradn : )
| dr Mrrtrado i?
MU IT AR DE ENGENHARIA - IMF.
SEC.T.0 [)( ENG E CTENCIA DOS MATERIAIS
At ilao : M f t a l / t.ir-Jticx/ Scmiconrlut fr/
PUC
DEPTO DE FSICA
Atuao t Metal/ Cermica/ Quartzo/ Semicondutor/ Polmero
RECURSOS HUMANOS
Nvel de Doutorado : 14
Nvel de Mestrado : 5
Graduado : 2
NUMERO DE PROJETOS POR SEGMENTO
Metais e Ligas t 1
Cermicas Avanadas t 1
Semicondutores t 3
Polmeros : 1
PROJETOS EM CERMICAS AVANADAS
-Propagao c B irref r ingenc i a cm F i lr i 7- Otirn-
289
fUC
nrPTO DE CINCIA 0 0 5 MATERIAIS E METALURGIA
-Mi.?!/ r s r i n i r s / Polmero
Metal/ Pnl f u r n
HUMANOS
Nvel de Doutorado = 1 1
Nvel dr Mestrado : 6
3
Oi PROJETOS POP SEGMENTO
r Lisas : 1
Avanada? : A
Divrrsos
I.M CERMICAS AVANADAS
de Concentrado de Anatasio e Zirconita Visando
Produo de Ti02 e ZrO2.
-Obteno de Compostos (Oxido ou Cloreto) a base de Niobio
-Aplicao de Percompostos cm Hidrometalursia
-Microestrutura e Estabilidade de Fases Cermicas
il-rcotdit o r a s
FRl
I M G I I I U O DE QUMICA
PROJtTO XfGrOOUIMIC.
Atuao : C e r m i c a / Compoiito
RECURSOS HUMANOS
W f v i l d< Du>itoradn : V
Wl vi I ilr Mi ' t i ado i T
l>rntluailo : 2
WIJMEWO DE PROJETOS POR SEGMENTO
C-rrnMieas Avanada? 1
IOP('. i t o r : S
PROJETOS TM CERMICAS AVANADAS
O v i m p n t o de V i d r o s E s p e c i a i s
UFRJ
CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA
INSTITUTO DE FSICA
Atuao : Metal/ Cermica
RECURSOS HUMANOS
Nvel de Doutorado : 15
Nvel de Mestrado : A
Graduado : 2
NUMERO DE PROJETOS POR SEGMENTO
Metais e Ligas : i
Cermicas Avanadas s 4
Diversos : 2
PROJETOS EM CERMICAS AVANADAS
-Ferrita de L ft io-AlumCn io e Glio: Efeito do Alumnio t
Glio
-Estudo do Envenenamento por Uandio de Catalisadores
CerMicos(zeol itos) por Ressonncia Paramagne't ica Eletrnica
(RPE>.
-Junes Enfraquecidas de No-Tunelamento com Cermicas
Supercondutoras
-Cermicas Supercondutoras
UFR.J
COORDENAO DE PROGRAMA DE P O S - G R A D U A H O EM ENGENHARIA
PROGRAMA DE ENG METALRGICA E DE MATERIAIS
Atuao Metal/ Cermica/ Semicondutor/ Polmero/ Compv'sito
RECURSOS HUMANOS
Nvel de Doutorado s i
Nvel de Mestrado : 15
NUMERO DE PROJETOS POR SEGMENTO
Metais e Ligas 8
Cermicas Avanadas s 4
Semicondutores : 2
Pplmeros : i
Diversos s 1
PROJETOS EM CERMICAS AVANADAS
-Estudo das RelacSes entre as Propriedades Eltricas c h
Microestrutura em Varistores de ZnO
-Camadas Protetoras
-Estudo de uma Cermica Aplicvel como Eletrdlito Stlido eiu
Componente Eletroqumico.
-Desenvolvimento de Sensores de Oxignio a Base de ZircAnia
Est nbi1zada.
291
I,
292
1. INTRODUO
JC 5C r a t i n g i d a em c o m p r e s s o triaxial q u a n d o as t e n s e s cisalhan_
tC5 p r o d u z i d a s pela a n i s o t r o p i a da c o m p r e s s o , d e s l o c a r e m a s s u p e r f ^
2.2) M O D E L O DE N E M A T - N A S S E R
0 c o l a p s o de v a z i o s em m a t e r i a i s p o r o s o s s u b m e t i d o s c o m -
p r e s s o foi e s t u d a d o por N e m a t - N a s s e r e Horii [ 5 ] , De a c o r d o com
esses a u t o r e s , um vazio o r i g i n a l m e n t e c i r c u l a r (2-D) o u esfrico
(3-D) r a p i d a m e n t e se d e f o r m a para um formato n o - c i r c u l a r (ou n o -
e s f c r i c o ) cm razo do fluxo p l s t i c o local a n i s o t r p i c o . Em c o n s e -
q n c i a , a forma do vazio a p r o x i m a d a por uma e l i p s e e q u i v a l e n t e
a cada e s t g i o do c a r r e g a m e n t o . E s t e p r o c e s s o d i n m i c o c o n t i n u a a-
te que o v a z i o c o l a p s e t r a n s f o r m a n d o - s e em trinca (normalmente de-
vido ao e s t a d o c o m p r e s s i v o de t e n s o ) , ou a t i n g e u m a r a z o de as-
pecto c o n s t a n t e sob t e n s o , c o n f o r m e ilustrado pela F i g u r a 2 . As
tenses r e s i d u a i s d e s p e r t a d a s na v i z i n h a n a do v a z i o , m e d i d a que
o m e s m o se c o l a p s a , so c a l c u l a d a s e usadas para e s t a b e l e c e r se a
trinca, Formada pelo v a z i o c o l a p s a d o , c r e s c e r ou n o q u a n d o a tert
ao c o m p r e s s i v a l i b e r a d a . S e g u n d o N e m a t - N a f s e r e H o r H 1 5 1 . 0 cre*.
c i m e n t o da trinca o r i g i n a d a pelo c o l a p s o do v a z i o d e p e n d e r do t a -
c a n h o do v a z i o o r i g i n a l , da d u t i l i d a d e do m a t e r i a l , e da taxa de
e r
re<jamefuo que afeta a d u t i l i d a d e .
294
cr, cr, I
(o)
TRAO
f.'.'.''. l COMPRESSO
(o)
(b)
(c)
o z 2,045 o (2)
2(7-5v)
Ento, uma tenso compress iva gera uma tenso trativa em * 0. l*.
te resultado muito importante porque mostra que tenses compres-
sivas podem gerar trincai em cavidade* esfricas tais como vazio-
297
u
os Morando * 0,3. chega-se aos seguintes valores:
los abaixo:
te rag iam com os contornos de gro produzindo mcrotr incas que cres_
MECANISMO DE OOOOIER
VAZIO f *
Tiatfita
MCMOUAl*
(0)
AMtOTMOMA
AMIMTIIOPIA
CLASTIC A
MECANISMO
(b)
OE
LAMKFOftD
DCP0MAA0
PLSTICA
(C)
* SU~* CS
ir S 12" l/2S 4 )Cl l l |2 li2lk3 * l i l l U ) 7>
AO-85 85 3. * ! 11
As anos trs foram inseridas em uma cpsula de Cobre para que ape-
nas pulsos compressivos atravessasse* os cermicos. A cpsula foi
apoiada em um aprisionador de momento e o conjunto (cpsula aprj_
sionador de momento) foi colocado na rea do alvo de um canho
gs de 63,5 mm de dinetro interno do tubo. Um impactador de co-
bre, na forma de disco de (0 mm de diimetro e 3*2 mm de espessura
foi montado na frente de um projtil de pol(carbonato (comercial-
mente conhecido como nylatron) e acelerado para provocar impacto
no alvo c gerar presses na faixa de 3.5 a 10 CPa. 0 projeto da
cpsula c o representao dos experimentos recuperados sio mostra-
dos nj Figura 5 (a) e (b). As amostras impactadas foram recuperadas
e caracterizadas por mcroscopa eletrnica de transmisso e varre,
dura com a finalidade de se determinar os mecanismos de nucleaio
de trincas que levaram fragmentao das amostras.
y///////////////////, t.40i
M *!HTO
MfTIL /
/ /
I
ALVO Mfite
pureza HP-AI-O..
compresso.
305
(.1)
P: Propagao de t r i n c a s n a r t i r 1e v.i7tr>s.
li frao indican que A e P pcrtcncrr ,m n
7
CONCLUSES
p.ic t -idas.
6. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
r
'- J.ai.r,,,.Mii.;r. J. Appl. Mcch., I (1933) 39.
PROPRIEDADES MECNICAS ( **
I. INTRODUO
1.00
0.95
IkUMIM
0.90
O *.> % TiO,
o
-i O 4.JV. TiO, *'.
O . V. T.Oj l 'I, Tlco
0,80 . . . I .. . . I . , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 1
0 5 O 20 30 4 0 9 0 6 0 7 0
T(mn)
i Smttriiocc .ofrmcot o otumma noetenol 1400 C
500 -
i 1000
3500
4000
Hmiti)
Figuro 2 -fUtrocfe o oiwmmo Mioorlodo 4,3 % TiO,- 5 % loleo
}. PROCEDIMENTO EXPERIMENTAL
h. REFUTADOS E DISCUSSO
TFMfEP.AT UP. A
1300?C 1350?C 1itOO?C
Alumina Micronira^.?
Alumina dc A l t a Rca
. ? - P.<; i Mecnica
0,0 8
50
-.o-
5 -2.0.
to
-S.P.
-.0-
2.0
iJr -
IINMM ltt9*TA M
o r/*
.0 - t*W 1 101 -. TOMO *C
w '-
n.m r O.M
o.* m M
IMSSOt
O.O
10.
-1.0 -
cvv
m
s i i . t ioo *e
rO.l
-
f 0.9 X9 MN
Jr
-2.0 -
$
-3.0 -
//o
-
- s
-4.0 -
S ( MPo)
Os valores d o s p a r m e t r o s de W e i b u l l . d e c r e s c e n t e s com o
a u m e n t o da temperatura de s i n t e r i z a o para as c o m p o s i e s com as
duas a l u m i n a s , e v i d e n c i a a o c o r r n c i a de algum e f e i t o m l c r o e s t r u -
tural sobre a d i s t r i b u i o dos v a l o r e s da r e s i s t n c i a m e c n i c a .
Um e s t u d o m i c r o e s t r u t u r a I r e a l i z a d o para a c o m p o s i o com
a alumina importada s i n t e r i z a d a 1 3 5 0 ? C . m o s t r o u s e r a mcroestrtj
tura composta p r e d o m i n a n t e m e n t e de uma fase f i n a m e n t e granulada
( - I tr>) e de uma s e g u n d a fase de granulomet r i a g r o s s e i r a , d i s p e
sa na matriz conforme m o s t r a d o e s q u e m a t c a m e n t - na Figura 5. na pgi-
na seguinte.
A r e s i s t n c i a m e c n i c a d a s composi> :. com a a l u m i n a de
alta reatividade s i n t e r z a d a s 1 3 O O ? C . 1350?C e 1<iO0?C estara.pro
v a v e l m e n t e , s e n d o c o n t r o l a d a p e l a p r e s e n a da 'e?unda fase m o s t r a -
da na Figura 5. o qut e x p l i c a r i a os valores a p r o x i m a d a m e n t e con
tantes oe C Q >, ao passo q u e , p a r a as composies c o m a a l u m i n a na
cionl m i c r o n i z a d a . c r e d i t a - s e Qvt o a u m e n t o ta d e n s i d a d e e , p o r -
tanto, a e l i m i n a o da fase p o r o s a , seria o efeito responsvel p e -
319
6. AGRAOECIMENTOS
Os a u t o r e s a g r a d e c e m a r o l a b o r a c o p r e s t a d a na execuo
da p a r t e e x p e r i m e n t a l ao T c n i c o D e i l t o n F r a n a da S i l v a do Labo-
r a t r i o oe Cermica, ao T c n i c o Cesar Carles de Souza do Lacorat
rio de S n l a q e m , a Engenheira Ana Lcia Marques Teixeira, bolsis-
ta d o P r o a r a m a de C e r m i c a s E s p e c i a i s , e aos e s t a g i r i o s Roberto
Alfredo Haia e Ricardo Martins da Silva.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
1. J. D u a i l i b i F ? e J. C. da R o c h a . " C e r m i c a s d e A l t a Alumina".
Informativo I N T , 2 0 (*!). j a n / a b r . 1988.
ao desgaste.
citadas acima.
cprimicoi SijN,
tfr cermicos submetidos > implantao tnica (fl, *t* > deseja-se
de energia de Raios X.
relao de 3 3 1
resoluio adequada.
326
0.016 c%#t)
if I
0 - HMPRES5&:
e - TRINCA
saltados
0, 70 X Fed 0. 90 X
"9 o.004 X HgO o.007 X
Al o. 12 y. 1,0, 0 .22 X
V 6. 57 y. Y,0, : 8 .31 X
Cocle.ses
m t r e t o de s i l c i o estudados.
r e a t i v o adequado, a l i a d a a a n l i s e das s u p e r f c i e s de f r a t u r a p e r m i t e
d i f e r e n a de v a l o r e s de tenacidade a f r a t u r a r e f l e t e bem a d i f e r e n a
tenacidade f r a t u r a .
31
Aoraf
Ao CNF*
RES UHO
INTRODUO
Fe cen sido
0 sistema ZrO2 - 23 bastante estudado com nfase
nos aspectos de solubilidade e transformaes de fase, aspectos e
ses importantes quando da aplicao tecnolgica de materiais utiH
zando este sistema. O ponto euttico do sistema foi determinado por
Uaterberg e Cuir [l] como sendo 1793K. A existncia de uma certa
lubilidade de tons Fe e Fe em ZrO, j detectada por Fischer e
Hoffmann [2] em 1957 foi quantificada em trabalho recente por
Fe
Kisinami [3] em cerca de 3 mot \. Para o sistema SiO, - 23 "
ZrO,, Jones e colaboradores [4] reportam uma solubilidade de cerca
5 mo/ S de oxido dt ferro em ZrO,. Para ZrO, puro, diverso* pesquisa
dores reportam a ocorrncia de uma transformao de fase monocln^
ca para tetragonal temperatura de 1448K 1473 no aquecimento
1308K i 973K no resfriamento, onde tcnicas <ic DTA [ 5 ] , medida de
condutividade elcrica [6] a de temperatura [7] foras utilizadas.
Embora a solubilidade dos oos Fe * e Fe * em ZrOj esteja C O B
333
MATERIAIS E MTODOS
COD
Amostras com c o e p o s i o ( 1 - x ) ZrO, x F23 * variaodo
de 0 0 , 9 8 foram preparadas p e l o mtodo "Hot E e r o s i n e Drying" [ 8 ] ,
c o s o mostrado na Tabela 1 , e c a l c i n a d a s 1273K. s e g u i d a fora
submetidas i s a n a l i s e s trmicas diferenciais e de difratometria "*
Raios-X ambas a t e 1673K, c o i t a x a s de aquecimento e r e s f r i a m e n t o de
10 g r a u s / m i n . As a n a l i s e s trmicas diferenciais foram r e a l i z a d a s numa
termobaiana N e t z s c h , modelo 429 e as a n l i s e s de d i f r a t o m e t r i a de
Raios-X .i a l t a s temperaturas em um D i f r a t m e t r o de Raios-X Siemens
DSOO com cmara Tipo ItDIC 2 em juno con gonimetro de ngulo
o.
Componentes
Amostras
Fe 2 O 3 ZrO2
X (1-x)
A
l - 1.0
A
2 0.01 0.99
A
3 0.10 0.90
\ 0.20 0.80
A
5 0.30 0.70
A
6 0.40 0.60
*7 0.50 0.50
A
8 0.98 0.02
RESULTADOS E DISCUSSES
h 1135K
A
1273K
Al
OOOi mV
Figura 2 . P4.4a-tog*amaa de
Raio4-X da amoitxa
A3 |?0mo ! ZtO? *
10 mot I
aquecimento
<
n
293K (RE)
o
v>
25 30 35
26 [GRAUS]
293K (RE) A5
-^'v^.-
117>, (RE)
v > - .
'(If' A
1273!( (RE)
id
a
<
1673K
I-
en
1573K
v-*
v.^^
1523K
JO 35
26
IGRAUS
25 30 35
26 LGRAUS)
UULL
CONCLUSES
c a a m p l i a o du i n t e r v a l o dest.i transformao.
AGRADECIMENTOS
ABSTRACT
da rUC/RJ
22452 Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil
RESUMO
Anos tin:: d-. tip-. YP.3 2 (Cu i rllby) 3U7 - . C O B y variando de O a 0.06
r foi carn
344
1. Introduo
2. ProredimnLo Experimental
Amostras d-: YBat (Cui - Hbf) 30? - foram preparadas pela tcnica
de difuso no estado slido [2]. Os valores usados para y foram: 0,
1, 2, 4 e ttatXHb. s amostras foram submetidas a um tratamento a
950C durante 4 horas em atmosfera de 0: para sintetizar os
compostos. A seguir foram feitas pastilhas que foram sinteriadas a
950C durante l'C horas en us. 0 resfriamento foi feito lentamente na
mesmi otmoifera. Apc-s moageci da pastilha, o material foi usa vez
mais ji-?nsat!;. submetido a um novo tratamento idntico ao
anterior. Ac amostras foram ento analisadas por difrao de raios-
X. utilinand- radiac*" Cu i.a finalmente, ac. amostras foram
partidas eir, duas. sendo ura parte usada para o ensaio de
suscep f ibi l idade inagne*i r* * * :w:ra para a anlise por microscopic
ic-f *i>- varredura
estimativa da susceptibilidade.
composto YBa2tlbOe.
YBo,
O-O Nb O ^ L - -
o-a Nb- 1%
000 Nb- 2% nDO-OO
O-O Nb-
v-v Nb-
-05 -
9
m
m -.10
9
bill
z. -.15
I
9
- -
M
VI
- 20 (r
A - & "
1 . . 1 t . . 1 . . 1 . .
20 40 60 80 100
Temperofuro (K)
%Nb
j\*~J L~>nAV^A***M^\jWuWU^N/^
1
Ul
I/WAU^^AMA**-** <~*jJWj<s*SvJv WAVNOA^W'VWJW'W
1 1 1 f
l%Nb 1
JVfcis^v^*^*^-*/ W ^ W U A J W^V^^^^^V^
i i
70
Fiirura 3 -
50
LiJ 40 30
0%Mb I
USSk
4. ConcluaOes
identi i'.-a'i-i pel'j sup*rficie d-? fratura, .ia que a mesma apresenta
Referncias Bibliogrficas
PAGINA PAGINA
S' NO
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