ACCORDING TO Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
(11 May 1752 22 January 1840) was a German physician,
naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist. He was one of the
first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural
history. His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to
his classification of human races, of which he determined there
were five. He was a member of the Gttingen School of History.
Beliefs on races
Blumenbach's work included his description of sixty human
crania (skulls) published originally in fascicules as Decas
craniorum (Gttingen, 17901828). This was a founding work
for other scientists in the field of craniometry. He divided the
human species into five races in 1779, later founded on crania
research (description of human skulls), and called them
(1793/1795):
the Caucasian or white race.
the Mongolian or yellow race, including all East Asians and
some Central Asians.
the Malayan or brown race, including Southeast Asian and
Pacific Islanders.
the Ethiopian or black race, including sub-Saharan Africans.
the American or red race, including American Indians.
ACCORDING TO John Philippe Rushton
(December 3, 1943 October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist
and author. He taught at the University of Western Ontario who
became known to the general public during the 1980s and 1990s for
research on race and intelligence, race and crime, and other
apparent racial variations. His book Race, Evolution, and
Behaviour (1995) is about the application of r/K selection theory to
humans.
- Rushton argues that race is a valid biological concept and that racial
differences frequently arrange in a continuum across 60 different
behavioral and anatomical variables, with "Mongoloids" (East Asians)
at one end of the continuum, "Negroids" (Sub-Saharan Africans) at the
opposite extreme, and "Caucasoids" (Europeans, Middle
Easterners and North Africans) in the middle.
- Rushton argues that "Mongoloids", "Caucasoids", and "Negroids"
(sic) fall consistently into the same one-two-three pattern when
compared on a list of sixty distinctly different behavioural and
anatomical variables. (Rushton's 2000 book, like other population
history works, e.g. Cavalli-Sforza 1994, uses the
terms Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid to
describe these groups broadly conceived, but
these terms have since been replaced in the
scientific literaturethe MeSH terminology as of
2004 is Asian Continental Ancestry Group, African
Continental Ancestry Group and European
Continental Ancestry Group.)
ACCORDING TO BELLWOOD AND SOLHEIM
-Peter Stafford Bellwood (born Leicester, England, 1943) is a Professor
of Archaeology at the School of Archaeology and Anthropology of the
Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra.
-Originally, the term Austronesian referred to the family of languages
spoken in the region of Southeast Asia and Oceania, stretching as far
as Easter Island on the east and including
Madagascar on the west. It was, however, later extended by Bellwood
(among others) to refer also to populations who speak, or whose
ancestors at least spoke, an Austronesian language.
-Wilhelm G. Solheim II (19242014) was an American anthropologist
recognized as the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast
Asia, and as a pioneer in the study of Philippine and Southeast Asian
prehistoric archaeology.
Maritime Trading and Communication Network, or NMTCN. As
indicated by the terminology, central to this hypothesis is the concept
of the Nusantao. The term derives from the Austronesian root words
nusa for "south" and tau/tao for "man" or "people", thus giving it the
overall meaning "people of the south islands". The term came about as
a result of the need for an independent name to call the group(s) of
people speaking an Austronesian language. However, these two terms,
Nusantao and Austronesian, should not be used interchangeably as
Solheim (2006) eventually modified the formers definition to exclude
non-maritime Austronesian speakers and include maritime non-
Austronesian-speakers.
ACCORDING TO FELIPE LANDA JACANO
-(February 5, 1930 October 27, 2013) was a Filipino
anthropologist, educator, and author known for his significant
body of work within the field of Philippine
Anthropology,[3][4][5] and in particular for documenting and
translating the Hinilawod, a Western Visayan folk epic.
-One of Jocano's earliest major contributions to the field of
cultural anthropology and a significant contribution to recorded
Filipino folk literature was the documentation of the epic poem
Hinilawod (which means "Tales From The Mouth of The
Halawod River"
His Core Population Theory
proposed that there weren't
clear discrete waves of
migration, but a long process
of cultural evolution and
movement of people. The
theory suggests that early
inhabitants of Southeast Asia
were once of the same ethnic
group with similar culture, but
eventually -through a gradual
process driven by
environmental factors -
differentiated themselves from one another.