I
1536
Survey of Active Power Line Co.nditioning Methodologies
W. M. Grady, Senior Member M. J. Samotyj, Member
The University of Texas at Austin Electric Power Research Institute
Austin, TX 78712 Palo Alto, CA 94303
Keywords - Harmonic Distortion, Active Power Line
Conditioner, Active Power Filter, Power Quality
Abstract - Active power line conditioning (APLC) is a
relatively new concept that can potentially correct network distortion
caused by power electronic loads by injecting equal-but-opposite
distortion at carefully selected points in a network. This paper
presents the results of an extensive literary survey on the subject of
APLCs. Thirty-seven key publications [ I ] - [37] are identified and
reviewed. Existing and proposed line conditioning methodologies
are compared, and a list of the advantages and limitations of each is
presented.
INTRODUCTION
Modern solid-state electronic devices can be used to control large
amounts of electric power efficiently and safely. These devices are
found in a wide variety of end-use applications, such as light-
dimmers, A C D C converters, and adjustable-speed motor-drives.
Circuit power levels range from a few watts to many megawatts.
Although power electronic devices such as thyristors and power
transistors have been available for twenty-five years or more, state-
of-the-art semiconductor device technology is continually improving
and thus providing better, more reliable, and more economical
components.
These improvements, combined with the efficiency and
controllability advantages of power electronics circuits, are resulting
in a "power electronics revolution" for end-use equipment. New and
innovative circuits are being developed at a rapid pace, and clearly the
trend is toward high penetration levels of electronic loads.
Unfortunately, there are some problems associated with these
new circuits and devices. Unlike conventional loads, they control the
flow of power by chopping, flattening, or shaping the otherwise
sinusoidal power system voltages and currents. These waveform
distortions can cause problems for neighboring loads, and they tend
to have an overall detrimental effect on the quality of electric power
provided to their neighbors. The resulting electrical "pollution,"
whether it is produced by large single-sources or by the cumulative
effect of many small loads, often propagates for miles along
distribution feeders. In fact, distortion is usually amplified at points
remote to the sources [38].
Common symptoms of severe distortion include nuisance
tripping of computers or computer-controlled industrial processes
and medical equipment, excessive heating in transformers, and
equipment failure due to resonant overvoltages. Nuisance tripping of
industrial assembly line processes often leads to expensive down-
time and ruined products. Since polluting sources are frequently
very sensitive to pollution from other sources, power electronic loads
are at the same time villains and victims from a power quality point of
view [39].
0885-8977/90/0700-1536S01.000 1990IEEE
IEEE Transactionson Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1990
A. H. Noyola, Student Member
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin. TX 78712
Thus far, most of the publicized problem cases have been caused
by large single-source offenders such as arc furnaces and megawatt-
sized adjustable-speed-drive (ASD) systems. These situations have
been handled effectively by electric utility companies on a case-by-
case basis. However, background distortion levels are gradually
increasing because of the aggregation of thousands of small
residential, commercial, and industrial loads. Cumulative problems
caused by aggregated nonlinear loads are much more difficult to deal
with than are single-source problems.
One possible solution is to place unintermptible power supplies
(UPS) between critical loads and the power system. However, UPS
systems are quite expensive, and while they do a good job in
protecting their own load, they are major power system polluters and
often cause problems for neighboring loads. Thus, there exists the
need for new and innovative circuits that can be placed at end-user
facilities and on distribution feeders to reduce distortion levels, cancel
the effects of transient phenomena, and provide much of the
protection for end-users that is now achievable with UPS systems.
One innovative concept that has been mentioned in the literature
over the past several years and that has great potential is the active
power line conditioner (APLC), also known as an active power filter.
It appears to be an attractive, viable method for reducing voltage and
current harmonic distortion, voltage spikes, transients, and flicker. It
injects equal-but-opposite distortion, thereby cancelling the original
problem and improving power quality on the connected power
system. At present, APLCs are mainly concepts "on paper," with
only a few experimental versions available. Other types of power
line conditioners, such as UPS or ferroresonant conditioners, can be
purchased, and many of them are referred to as active power line
conditioners. However, the function of most of them is to protect the
connected load, without regard to their impact on system-side power
quality.
This paper presents the results of an extensive literary survey on
the subject of active power line conditioners. Thirty-seven key
publications [ I ] - [37] are identified and reviewed. The period
covered is 1973-1988, but the majority of references were published
after 1985.
PROPOSED APLC METHODOLOGIES
Two fundamental approaches for improving power quality with
APLCs are presented in the thirty-seven publications. These are:
Correction in the time-domain
Correction in the frequency-domain.
Either can be used in conjunction with:
Voltage-type converters
Current-type converters.
Thus, there are four basic methodologies, each of which contains
many possible control strategies.
Converter Types
The voltage waveform at a power system bus is affected by the
current injected at that bus. A "stiff" system is one for which the
voltage is rather insensitive to current, while the voltage at a "weak"
system bus is quite sensitive to current. Therefore, providing that a
system is not too stiff, a nonsinusoidal voltage waveform at a bus
can be corrected to sinusoidal by injecting the proper current
magnitude and waveform. This is the basic operating principle of an
APLC.
 I

1537

APLCs use an inverter and dc source to produce the precisely
chopped waveform needed to correct a distorted system voltage (or
current) [4]. The dc source is altemately and very rapidly connected
positively or negatively, or disconnected to absorb or supply power
as needed. The two basic types of inverters are voltage and current,
as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The dc source of a voltage inverter
consists of a capacitor that resists voltage changes, while that of a
current inverter consists of an inductor that resists current changes.
In both cases, the dc source receives its power from the ac power
system, either intentionally through the switching action [ 2 3 ] or
through a separate charging circuit [6].
The power electronic circuit and devices used in both types of
converters are quite similar. Due to the rather modest ratings of the
APLCs described, most of the references utilize bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) at switching frequencies up to 50 kHz. Some
references propose the use of silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) or
gate-turnoff thyristors (GTOs). For maximum flexibility and
performance in unbalanced conditions, most references propose the
use of single-phase APLCs, one per phase.
Some references propose that APLCs be used in conjunction with
conventional tuned harmonic high-pass filters [6]. These hybrid
systems offer the advantages of reduced converter size and cost.
Correction In Time-Domain
Correction in the time-domain is based on the principle of holding
the instantaneous voltage or current within some reasonable tolerance
of a sine wave. An instantaneous error function is computed "on-
line," and it can be, for example, the difference between actual and
reference waveforms - or possibly a more elaborate function such as
instantaneous reactive power compensation.
Power System
Time-domain correction techniques described in the references
are shown in Figure 3 and can be classified as one of the following:
Triangular-wave
Hysteresis
Deadbeat.
In addition, the following two time-domain error functions are
described in the references:
Extraction of Fundamental Component (EXT)
Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensation (IRP).
For EXT, the fundamental component f6o(t) of the distorted
waveform f(t) is extracted through a 60 Hz filter [4]. Extracted error
e(t) is then found from e(t) = fa(t) - f(t).
For IRP, an instantaneous orthogonal power transformation is
used on both the actual and 60 Hz components of voltage and current
to produce a power function [15]. The difference between the two
transformations is the error.
Of the three time-domain correction techniques, the triangular-
wave method is the easiest to implement [9]. It can be used to
generate either a two-state or three-state switching function. A two-
state switching function consists of a dc source that can be connected
either positively or negatively, as illustrated by APLC output e'(t) in
Figure 4. A three-state switching function can be positive, negative,
or zero (off). Therefore, the inverter is always on when a two-state
switching function is used, but it can be tumed off when a three-state
function is used. For a current source, the off-state corresponds to
the inductor being short-circuited through a freewheeling diode.
As shown in Figure 4, extracted error function e(t) for the
triangular-wave method is compared to a higher-frequency triangular
carrier wave (up to 50 Hz). The inverter is switched each time the
two curves cross, and the result is injected signal e'(t) that produces

0
equal-but-opposite distortion. The net effect is to reduce the
extracted error and to compensate for distorted waveforms.

(-)Harmonic
Generating
Error
Function

Figure 1 : Voltage-Type APLC

Wpjiq5] Triangular-Wave

Power System

[4] - 1976
-
1171 1S86
1201 - 1986
f3
Three-State

171 - 1979
[la] . 1984
[IS] - 1986
Three-Slate

[13] . 198.5
[19] . 1966
[U] - 1983
[28] . 1987
1311 . 1oQ8
e3
Three-stale

i23j . 1987 [21] - 1986 i33j . loas

(2.51 . 1987 [a] . 1988
1271 . 1987 [37] . 1988

[-)
Harmonic
Generating
Figure 3: Options and References for Time-Domain Correction

Figure 2: Current-Type APLC

I538

Extracted Error:e(t)=f,,(l)-f(t) Extracted Error : e ( I ) = f60( 1 ) - f ( 1)

Figure 4: Time-Domain Correction Using Triangular-Wave Method Figure 5: Time-Domain Correction Using Hysteresis Method with
with Two-State Switching Function Three-State Switching Function

The most commonly proposed time-domain correction technique

is the hysteresis method [lo]. Preset upper and lower tolerance
limits are compared to the extracted error signal. As long as the error 4
Predetermined Extracted Error
is within the tolerance band, no switching action is taken. Switching Harmonic Function
action occurs whenever the error leaves the tolerance band. When Injeclion e(t)=f,(t)-f(l)
using a two-state switching function, the inverter is always on. M
However, when a three-state switching function is used, the inverter

1 1
=- l,sin( ho,l+S,)
is off as long as the error is within the tolerance band. APLC output h=2

e'(t) using a three-state switching function is illustrated in Figure 5. 4

Cancel U Harmonics
Two-State with Compuled
Deadbeat control-based switching functions have been proposed Switching Function
for inverter switching circuits but have not yet been used with v
APLCs. However, the deadbeat concept can be readily extended for Continuous
use with APLCs, and for that reason, three key references on
deadbeat control are included in this survey [13], [19], [26]. Unlike Three-State
Two-Slate
the triangular-wave and hysteresis methods, deadbeat control uses
recent experience to predict error function e(t) for the next sample
period (fraction of one cycle of 60 Hz).
15) -
1979
[I21 - 1984
1141 . 1985
Correction In Frequency-Domain irai . 1986
[XI -
1987
[291 . 1987
Correction in the frequency-domain is based on the principle of (30J - 1988
I321 - 1988
Fourier analysis and periodicity of the distorted voltage or current
waveform to be corrected. This concept is illustrated in Figure 6,
where options and references are shown. While one early reference Figure 6 Options and References for Frequency-Domain Correction
[3] suggests the use of predetermined harmonic injection for
situations where there are a few predominant and fixed harmonics
present, more recent references [29] use a Fourier transform to
determine the harmonics to be injected. Once the Fourier transform
is taken, an inverter switching function is computed to produce tHe
distortion-cancelling output. This can be accomplished with either
two-state or three-state switching functions. The inverter switching
frequency must be more than twice the highest compensating
harmonic frequency [ 181.

+-?-
The operating principle for frequency-domain converters is
illustrated in Figure 7. Extracted error e(t) is obtained using a 60 Hz
filter circuit. Next, the Fourier transform of e(t) is taken. Finally, a
compensating switching function e'(t) is constructed by solving a set
of nonlinear equations to determine the precise switching times and Extracted Error
(possibly) the magnitude of the correcting signal. The nonlinear Waveform

equations are usually linearized about some operating point [l].

e ( t ) = fm ( r ) - f ( r ) = -~Fhsin(hoot+Gk)
Example compensating functions are shown in Figure 8. h-2

All references assume quarter-wave symmetry when computing

e'(t) to reduce the order of the set of nonlinear equations. This
assumption may be valid for some single-source corrections, but it is
usually not valid in actual power system applications.

Figure 7: Measured and Extracted Error Waveforms for Frequency-

Domain Correction

1
 I
Two-St at e
Switching Function
M
e'([)- -E Fhsin(hwot+Gk)
h=2
Three-State
Switching Function
M
e'(t)- -1Fhsin(hw0t+6,)
h.2
Figure 8: Compensating Functions for Cancelling M Harmonics in
Frequency-Domain
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE
PROPOSED APLC METHODOLOGIES
This section compares the advantages and disadvantages of
different methodologies for improving power quality with APLCs.
Voltage-Type vs. Current-Type APLCs
A clear trend for a preferred type of APLC cannot be identified in
the literature. Analysis of the proposed systems shows that
approximately half of the authors describe current-type APLCs, and
half describe voltage-type APLCs. The choice depends on source of
distortion at the specified bus, equipment cost, and amount of
correction desired.
Voltage-type converters have an advantage in that they can be
readily expanded in parallel to increase their combined rating [ 161.
Their combined switching rate can be increased if they are carefully
controlled so that their individual switching times do not coincide.
Therefore, higher-order harmonics can be eliminated by using
parallel voltage-type converters without increasing individual
converter switching rates. Generally speaking, voltage-type
converters are lighter and less expensive than current-type converters
[171.
The main drawback of voltage-type converters lies in the
increased complexity of their control systems [22]. For systems with
several converters connected in parallel, this complexity is greatly
increased.
Current-type converters are, on the other hand, claimed to be
simpler and more reliable [17]. Higher losses are their main
drawback. Losses are less important in low-power applications but
very important in high-power applications.
Since they are easily expandable, voltage-type APLCs are likely
to be used for network-wide compensation. Current-type APLCs
will continue to be popular for single-node distortion problems. In
other words, electric utility interest will likely be focused on voltage-
type converters, while industrial users will likely use both types of
converters.
1539
Time-Domain
Hysteresis methods are described most frequently in the
references, employing both voltage-type and current-type converters.
As the speed of digital signal processors improves, the future trend
will probably be toward predictive controllers, such as deadbeat
controllers.
The triangular-wave method is a very simple technique to
implement. Very fast response for on-line applications is
accomplished with simple control circuits. The main disadvantages
of this technique are high switching losses and high-frequency
distortion [7]. High losses are the result of fast switching rates. A
switching action is performed either two times or four times for each
period of the high-frequency carrier, depending on whether a two-
state or three-state switching function is used.
Hysteresis methods also have very fast response times [20], but
they incur fewer switching losses than do triangular-wave-based
methods. Rather than using a high-frequency carrier to control the
switching rate, switching occurs only when the error leaves a
specified tolerance band. Switching rate, losses, and amount of
correction are affected by the width of the tolerance band [35]. Very
good results have been shown using this technique. As in all time-
correction techniques, corrective switching actions are taken
instantaneously, and no attempt is made to utilize the possible
periodic nature of signal distortion.
The deadbeat control technique responds very quickly to sudden
changes in the power system [19]. It has predictive capabilities not
seen in other methods. Signal predictions are based on the past few
samples, but signal periodicity is generally ignored.
Frequency-Domain
Frequency-domain correction is accomplished by using either
predetermined methods or cancellation-of-M-harmonics methods.
Predetermined harmonic injection methods perform similarly to
passive filters, but instead of using tuned filters to absorb harmonic
currents, they inject fixed harmonic frequency currents [3].
Therefore, predetermined methods have the same disadvantage as do
passive filters in that the problem harmonics must be known in
advance. A phase-locked-loop circuit can be used to ensure proper
phase angle of the injected harmonics. For non-changing power
systems where the distortion harmonics are well known, this
correction technique can be used, with its main advantage being ease
of implementation.
Cancellation-of-M-harmonics techniques adjust for changing
distortion spectrum and system response [30]. Periodic
characteristics of waveforms are included when computing the
switching pattern of the injected waveform. The highest
compensated harmonic is specified. The main disadvantage lies in
the rather burdensome computational requirements needed for a
solution, which results in longer response times. These times can
probably be reduced by using expert systems.
Time-Domain vs. Frequency-Domain
Time-domain and frequency-domain correction techniques have
both been successfully implemented, but a specific trend toward
either technique has not been identified in the references. Both
techniques have been used with voltage-type and current-type
converters.
The greatest advantage of time-domain correction is its fast
response to changes in the power system [20]. Also, it is easy to
implement and has little computational burden. Of course, it ignores
periodic characteristics of the distorted waveform and does not learn
from past experiences. Since time-correction techniques take
measurements at only one point in the power system, they are
generally limited to single-node applications and are not well suited
for overall network correction.
1540

Frequency-domain correction depends on the periodic
characteristics of distortion [18]. For example, voltage or current
distortion produced by adjustable-speed motor-drives tends to be
very periodic. The highest harmonic to be eliminated can be selected
beforehand using theoretical limits that are a function of device
switching frequency. Frequency-domain correction can handle
single-node problems and can also be extended to minimize harmonic
distortion throughout a network. The greatest disadvantage of
frequency-domain techniques lies in increased computational
requirements [29]. Therefore, as the order of the highest harmonic to
be eliminated increases, the number of calculations also increases,
resulting in longer response times. For these reasons, compensation
in on-line applications has been limited in the references to harmonics
at or below the 20th multiple.
Domain indicates whether correction is made in the time-domain
(T) or frequency-domain (F). No clear trend is established.
Type indicates whether the converter employed is voltage-type
(V) or current-type (I). Again, no clear trend is established. Both
types have been proposed and tested.
Switching Principle describes the method used to determine
how and when the energy storage device is switched. This depends
on the correction domain used. Choices include hysteresis,
triangular-wave, M-harmonics, predetermined, deadbeat, and other
predictive. For correction in the time-domain, the hysteresis method
is the most commonly used. For correction in the frequency-domain,
cancellation of M harmonics is the preferred method.

REVIEW OF SPECIFIC PUBLICATIONS Switching Function can be either two-state, three-state, or

The thirty-seven publications included in the survey are
summarized in Table 1. An attempt was made to contact the first
author of each to ensure the accuracy of the survey results. Replies
were received for twenty-six of the thirty-seven publications. The
NAV and NAP symbols in Table 1 indicate that the corresponding
information is not available or not applicable, respectively.
The summary table is divided into the following sections:
First Author and Country is the last name and home address
country of the first author, and it usually indicates where the research
took place. It is important to note that while initial developments of
APLCs occurred in the United States, more recent developments
have been in Japan. Research efforts are continuing in the United
States and in other countries.
Year is the year of publication.
Status at Publication describes whether or not hardware was
built, tested, and implemented, or whether the proposed concept was
experimentally validated.
preset injection. There appears to be a trend toward three-state
switching functions in the frequency-domain. For time-domain
correction, only two-state switching functions have been proposed
for use with the triangular-wave technique. However, both two- and
three-state switching functions are used with the time-domain
hysteresis method.
Error Function describes the principle used to recognize and
measure distortion. The choice of whether the voltage or current
waveform should be used in formulating error function e(t) is not
obvious. This usually depends on the type of converter chosen. An
error function based on the 60 Hz component of terminal voltage
(EXT - V) or current (EXT - I) is most often described in the
references. Another choice is instantaneous reactive power (IRP -
V&I).
P. E. Device - Switching devices used in the power electronic
circuits include SCRs, GTOs, BJTs, FETs and MOSFETs. BJTs
are most commonly used. Future developments in power electronics
devices are expected, permitting higher rated APLCs to be built.
Switching Frequency - Switching frequencies cited range
from 1 kHz to 50 kHz. The maximum harmonic (M) to be eliminated
is limited by the switching frequency.

Table 1: Summary Table

REF. FIRST AUTHOR YEAR STATUS AT
AND COUNTRY PUBLICATION
1 PATEL USA 1973 SIMULATED
2 PATEL USA 1974 SIMULATED
3 AMENTANI JPN 1976 LAB.MODEL
LAB. MODEL
SIMULATED
SIMULATED
1979 SIMULATED
LAB. MODEL
AB. MODEL 8 PROT
LAB. MODEL
LAB. MODEL
HAYAFUNE 1984 LAB. MODEL
LAB. MODEL
~~

LAB. MODEL
LAB. MODEL
KOMATSUGI LAB. MODEL
MALESANI 1986 LAB. MODEL
CHOE LAB. MODEL
19 KAWAMURA USA 1986 LABMODEL
20 LE-HUY CAN 1986 SIMULATED
21 AKAGI JPN 1986 LAB.MODEL
22 PENG JPN 1987 LAB.MODEL
23 1987 LAB. MODEL
24 1987 SIMULATED
- KOHATA
25
26
1987
1987
PROTOTYPE
LAB. MODEL
27 FISHER 1987 SIMULATED
28 TAKEDA 1987 PROTOTYPE
29 KIM KOR 1987 SIMULATED
- 30
31
CHOE
PENG
KOR 1988
1988
LAB. MODEL
LAB.MODEL
32 NAKAJIMA 1988 SIMULATED
33 NAKAJIMA JPN 1988 PROTOWPE
34 TAKEDA JPN 1988 PROTOTYPE

36 AKAGI JPN 1988 LABMODEL T V HYSTER. 3-STATE IRP-VBI BJT 3.5 kHz
37 PENG JPN 1988 LABMODEL T V TRIANG. 2-STATE IRP-V&I BJT NAV

1
 I
CONCLUSIONS
The results of an extensive literary survey of key publications
related to active power line conditioners (APLCs) are summarized.
The objective is to identify proposed components, performance
characteristics, and trends, and to compare the advantages and
disadvantages of different methods for improving power quality with
APLCs.
For the most part, APLCs exist as "concepts on paper" or as
laboratory prototypes. They are not in general use at this time.
However, they appear to have great potential for improving power
quality by injecting equal-but-opposite distortion into a power
system. Furthermore, they have the potential to provide some
measure of energy storage for "ride-through'' capability during
momentary outages. These features will be increasingly valuable as
the cumulative effects of small, distorting loads become more
significant.
Most published APLC control strategies are intended to counter
the distortion produced by a single nearby offender. This implies
that an adequate control strategy can be devised using local
information only, such as load voltage and current. This strategy
works well in the local vicinity, providing that the single offender is
responsible for most of the problem. Due to harmonic amplification
factors, however, "local-only" control strategies can create severe
distortion at distant locations [38].
APLCs differ from uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) or
other power line conditioners in that they attempt to improve power
quality on the power system-side rather than on the load-side. Load-
side improvement is usually a welcome by-product of this strategy.
Although much attention has been devoted in the literature to the "one
distorting load, one APLC" concept, carefully placed and properly
controlled APLCs can also be used to improve overall power quality
throughout a network.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Elecmc Power Research
Institute, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, and the
Governor's Energy Management Center for supporting this work. A
debt of gratitude also goes to the authors of the referenced APLC
papers who kindly responded and provided feedback for the survey.
Finally, the advice and assistance of Dr. David Beer, U. T. Austin, is
also greatly appreciated.
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N. Mohan, "Modified High Pass Filters for HVDC Converter
Terminals," Proc. of the IEEE-PES Summer Meeting, paper
A79423-5, July 1979.
1541
[7] A. B. Plunkett, "A Current-Controlled PWM Transistor
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101 H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, "Instantaneous Reactive
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111 A. Kawamura, R. Hoft, "Instantaneous Feedback Controlled
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131 K. Gokhale, A. Kawamura, R. Hoft, "Dead Beat
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Output Waveform Synthesis," Proc. of the IEEE-PESC, June
1985, pp. 28-36.
[I41 E. Masada, K. Hayafune, Y. Ogihara, "A Harmonic Control
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[15] H. Akagi, A. Nabae, S. Atoh, "Control Strategy of Active
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[I61 K. Komatsugi, T. Imura, "Harmonic Current Compensator
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[17] L. Malesani, L. Rossetto, P. Tenti, "Active Filters for Reactive
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[ 181 G. Choe, M. Park, "Analysis and Control of the Active Filter
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BIOGRAPHIES
W. Mack Grady, (SM,1983), was born on January 5, 1950, in
Waco, Texas. He received the BSEE degree from The University of
Texas at Arlington in 1971 and the MSEE and PhD degrees from
Purdue University in 1973 and 1983, respectively.
From 1974 through 1980 he was employed as a system planning
engineer at Texas Power & Light Company (now TU Electric),
Dallas. After receiving the PhD, he joined The University of Texas at
Austin, where he is currently Associate Professor of Electrical and
Computer Engineering. His areas of interest include power system
analysis and operation, power system harmonics, power quality, and
short-term load forecasting.
Dr. Grady is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi. He is
chairman of the IEEE Working Group on Power System Harmonics
and a registered professional engineer in Texas.
Marek J. Samotyj, (M, 1987) was born on May 22, 1947, in
Poland. He received the BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering
from Silesian Polytechnical University in Gliwice, Poland, in 1971,
and an MS degree in Engineering-Economic Systems from Stanford
University in 1985.
He was a Fulbright Senior Scholar in 1981-82 and a consulting
member of the Scientific Board of the Future Research Center at
Technical University in Wroclaw, Poland, in 1980-81. He served as
editor-in-chief of the Polish Technical Review weekly magazine,
which is published by the Polish Federation of the Engineering
Associations, in 1979-81.
Mr. Samotyj joined EPRI in 1985, where he is presently Senior
Project Manager in the Power Electronics and Controls Program of
the Customer Systems Division.
Antonio H. Noyola, (M, 1986) was born on July 13, 1961, in
Mexico City. He received the BS degree in MechanicalEIectricaI
Engineering at the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey, Mexico, in 1984, and the MSE degree (specializing in
Electrical and Computer Engineering) from The University of Texas
at Austin in 1987.
During 1984-85, he was a plant engineer for Procter & Gamble de
Mexico, Mexico City. In 1985, he began his graduate studies at U.
T. Austin, where he is presently working toward a PhD degree in
Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is a Graduate Research
Assistant for the Center for Energy Studies at U. T. Austin.