Chapter 14

N 22
14-1 d 3.667 in
P 6

Table 14-2: Y = 0.331

dn (3.667)(1200)
Eq. (13-34): V 1152 ft/min
12 12
1200 1152
Eq. (14-4b): K v 1.96
1200
H 15
Eq. (13-35) : W t 33 000 33 000 429.7 lbf
V 1152
K vW t P 1.96(429.7)(6)
Eq. (14-7): 7633 psi 7.63 kpsi Ans.
FY 2(0.331)
________________________________________________________________________

N 18
14-2 d 1.8 in
P 10
Table 14-2: Y = 0.309
dn (1.8)(600)
Eq. (13-34): V 282.7 ft/min
12 12
1200 282.7
Eq. (14-4b): K v 1.236
1200
H 2
Eq. (13-35) : W t 33 000 33 000 233.5 lbf
V 282.7
K W t P 1.236(233.5)(10)
Eq. (14-7): v 9340 psi 9.34 kpsi Ans.
FY 1.0(0.309)
________________________________________________________________________

14-3 d mN 1.25(18) 22.5 mm

Table 14-2: Y = 0.309
dn (22.5)(103 )(1800)
V 2.121 m/s
60 60
6.1 2.121
Eq. (14-6b): Kv 1.348
6.1
60 000H 60 000(0.5)
Eq. (13-36): Wt 0.2358 kN 235.8 N
dn (22.5)(1800)
K vW t 1.348(235.8)
Eq. (14-8): 68.6 MPa Ans.
FmY 12(1.25)(0.309)
________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 14, Page 1/39

14-4 d mN 8(16) 128 mm
Table 14-2: Y = 0.296
dn (128)(103 )(150)
V 1.0053 m/s
60 60
6.1 1.0053
Eq. (14-6b): Kv 1.165
6.1
60 000H 60 000(6)
Eq. (13-36): Wt 5.968 kN 5968 N
dn (128)(150)
K vW t 1.165(5968)
Eq. (14-8): 32.6 MPa Ans.
FmY 90(8)(0.296)
________________________________________________________________________

14-5 d mN 1(16) 16 mm
Table 14-2: Y = 0.296
dn (16)(103 )(400)
V 0.335 m/s
60 60
6.1 0.335
Eq. (14-6b): Kv 1.055
6.1
60 000H 60 000(0.15)
Eq. (13-36): Wt 0.4476 kN 447.6 N
dn (16)(400)
K vW t 1.055(447.6)
Eq. (14-8): F 10.6 mm
mY 150(1)(0.296)

From Table 13-2, use F = 11 mm or 12 mm, depending on availability. Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

14-6 d mN 2(20) 40 mm
Table 14-2: Y = 0.322
dn (40)(103 )(200)
V 0.419 m/s
60 60
6.1 0.419
Eq. (14-6b): Kv 1.069
6.1
60 000H 60 000(0.5)
Eq. (13-36): Wt 1.194 kN 1194 N
dn (40)(200)

K vW t 1.069(1194)
Eq. (14-8): F 26.4 mm
mY 75(2.0)(0.322)

From Table 13-2, use F = 28 mm. Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 14, Page 2/39

 N 24
14-7 d 4.8 in
P 5
Table 14-2: Y = 0.337
dn (4.8)(50)
Eq. (13-34): V 62.83 ft/min
12 12
1200 62.83
Eq. (14-4b): K v 1.052
1200
H 6
Eq. (13-35) : W t 33 000 33 000 3151 lbf
V 62.83
K vW t P 1.052(3151)(5)
Eq. (14-7): F 2.46 in
Y 20(103 )(0.337)

Use F = 2.5 in Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

N 16
14-8 d 4.0 in
P 4
Table 14-2: Y = 0.296
dn (4.0)(400)
Eq. (13-34): V 418.9 ft/min
12 12
1200 418.9
Eq. (14-4b): K v 1.349
1200
H 20
Eq. (13-35) : W t 33 000 33 000 1575.6 lbf
V 418.9
K W t P 1.349(1575.6)(4)
Eq. (14-7): F v 2.39 in
Y 12(103 )(0.296)
Use F = 2.5 in Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-9 Try P = 8 which gives d = 18/8 = 2.25 in and Y = 0.309.

dn (2.25)(600)
Eq. (13-34): V 353.4 ft/min
12 12

1200 353.4
Eq. (14-4b): Kv 1.295
1200
H 2.5
Eq. (13-35): W t 33 000 33 000 233.4 lbf
V 353.4
K W t P 1.295(233.4)(8)
Eq. (14-7): F v 0.783 in
Y 10(103 )(0.309)

Using coarse integer pitches from Table 13-2, the following table is formed.

Chapter 14, Page 3/39

 P d V Kv Wt F
2 9.000 1413.717 2.178 58.356 0.082
3 6.000 942.478 1.785 87.535 0.152
4 4.500 706.858 1.589 116.713 0.240
6 3.000 471.239 1.393 175.069 0.473
8 2.250 353.429 1.295 233.426 0.782
10 1.800 282.743 1.236 291.782 1.167
12 1.500 235.619 1.196 350.139 1.627
16 1.125 176.715 1.147 466.852 2.773

Other considerations may dictate the selection. Good candidates are P = 8

(F = 7/8 in) and P =10 (F = 1.25 in). Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-10 Try m = 2 mm which gives d = 2(18) = 36 mm and Y = 0.309.

dn (36)(103 )(900)
V 1.696 m/s
60 60
6.1 1.696
Eq. (14-6b): K v 1.278
6.1
60 000H 60 000(1.5)
Eq. (13-36): W t 0.884 kN 884 N
dn (36)(900)
1.278(884)
Eq. (14-8): F 24.4 mm
75(2)(0.309)
Using the preferred module sizes from Table 13-2:

m d V Kv Wt F
1.00 18.0 0.848 1.139 1768.388 86.917
1.25 22.5 1.060 1.174 1414.711 57.324
1.50 27.0 1.272 1.209 1178.926 40.987
2.00 36.0 1.696 1.278 884.194 24.382
3.00 54.0 2.545 1.417 589.463 12.015
4.00 72.0 3.393 1.556 442.097 7.422
5.00 90.0 4.241 1.695 353.678 5.174
6.00 108.0 5.089 1.834 294.731 3.888
8.00 144.0 6.786 2.112 221.049 2.519
10.00 180.0 8.482 2.391 176.839 1.824
12.00 216.0 10.179 2.669 147.366 1.414
16.00 288.0 13.572 3.225 110.524 0.961
20.00 360.0 16.965 3.781 88.419 0.721
25.00 450.0 21.206 4.476 70.736 0.547
32.00 576.0 27.143 5.450 55.262 0.406
40.00 720.0 33.929 6.562 44.210 0.313
50.00 900.0 42.412 7.953 35.368 0.243

Chapter 14, Page 4/39

 1/ 2
1.204(202.6) 1 1
C 2100 100(103 )
F cos 20 0.228 0.684
2
2100 1.204(202.6) 1 1
F 3 0.669 in
100(10 ) cos 20 0.228 0.684

Use F = 0.75 in Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

14-13 d p 5(24) 120 mm, dG 5(48) 240 mm

(120)(103 )(50)
V 0.3142 m/s
60
3.05 0.3142
Eq. (14-6a): Kv 1.103
3.05
60 000H 60(103 ) H
Wt 3.183H
dn (120)(50)
where H is in kW and Wt is in kN

Table 14-8: C p 163 MPa [Note: Using Eq. (14-13) can result in wide variation in
C p due to wide variation in cast iron properties].
120sin 20 240 sin 20
Eq. (14-12): r1 20.52 mm, r2 41.04 mm
2 2
1.103(3.183) 103 H
1/ 2
1 1
Eq. (14-14): 690 163
60 cos 20o 20.52 41.04

H 3.94 kW Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-14
d P 4(20) 80 mm, dG 4(32) 128 mm
(80)(103 )(1000)
V 4.189 m/s
60
3.05 4.189
Eq. (14-6a): Kv 2.373
3.05
60(10)(103 )
Wt 2.387 kN 2387 N
(80)(1000)

Table 14-8: C p 163 MPa [Note: Using Eq. (14-13) can result in wide variation in
C p due to wide variation in cast iron properties.]
80 sin 20 128sin 20
Eq. (14-12): r1 13.68 mm, r2 21.89 mm
2 2

Chapter 14, Page 6/39

 1/ 2
2.373(2387) 1 1
Eq. (14-14): C 163 617 MPa Ans.
50 cos 20 13.68 21.89
________________________________________________________________________

14-15 The pinion controls the design.

Bending Y P = 0.303, Y G = 0.359

17 30
dP 1.417 in, dG 2.500 in
12 12
d Pn (1.417)(525)
V 194.8 ft/min
12 12
1200 194.8
Eq. (14-4b): K v 1.162
1200
Eq. (6-8), p. 282: Se 0.5(76) 38.0 kpsi
Eq. (6-19), p. 287: k a = 2.70(76)0.265 = 0.857
2.25 2.25
l 0.1875 in
Pd 12
3Y 3(0.303)
Eq. (14-3): x P 0.0379 in
2P 2(12)
Eq. (b), p. 737: t 4lx 4(0.1875)(0.0379) 0.1686 in
Eq. (6-25), p. 289: de 0.808 hb 0.808 0.875(0.1686) 0.310 in
0.107
0.310
Eq. (6-20), p. 288: kb 0.996
0.3
kc = kd = ke = 1
Account for one-way bending with k f = 1.66. (See Ex. 14-2.)

Eq. (6-18), p. 287: S e = 0.857(0.996)(1)(1)(1)(1.66)(38.0) = 53.84 kpsi

For stress concentration, find the radius of the root fillet (See Ex. 14-2).

0.300 0.300
rf 0.025 in
P 12
From Fig. A-15-6,
r r 0.025
f 0.148
d t 0.1686

Approximate D/d = with D/d = 3; from Fig. A-15-6, K t = 1.68.

From Fig. 6-20, with S ut = 76 kpsi and r = 0.025 in, q = 0.62.

Eq. (6-32): K f = 1 + 0.62 (1.68 1) = 1.42

Chapter 14, Page 7/39

 Se 53.84
all 16.85 psi
K f nd 1.42(2.25)
FYP all 0.875(0.303)(16 850)
Wt 320.4 lbf
K v Pd 1.162(12)
W tV 320.4(194.8)
H 1.89 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000

Wear
1 = 2 = 0.292, E 1 = E 2 = 30(106) psi
1/ 2


1
Eq. (14-13): Cp 2285 psi
1 0.292
2

2 30 106

dP 1.417
Eq. (14-12): r1 sin sin 20 0.242 in
2 2
d 2.500
r2 G sin sin 20 0.428 in
2 2
1 1 1 1
6.469 in 1
r1 r2 0.242 0.428

Eq. (6-68), p. 329: (SC )108 0.4H B 10 kpsi [0.4(149) 10](103 ) 49 600 psi
From the discussion and equation developed on the bottom of p. 329,
S 8 49 600
C ,all C 10 33 067 psi
n 2.25
2
33 067 0.875cos 20
Eq. (14-14): Wt 22.6 lbf
2285 1.162(6.469)
W tV 22.6(194.8)
H 0.133 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000
Rating power (pinion controls):

H 1 = 1.89 hp
H 2 = 0.133 hp

H all = (min 1.89, 0.133) = 0.133 hp Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

14-16 See Prob. 14-15 solution for equation numbers.

Chapter 14, Page 8/39

Pinion controls: Y P = 0.322, Y G = 0.447

Bending d P = 20/3 = 6.667 in, d G = 100/3 = 33.333 in

V d P n / 12 (6.667)(870) / 12 1519 ft/min
K v (1200 1519) / 1200 2.266
Se 0.5(113) 56.5 kpsi
ka 2.70(113) 0.265 0.771
l 2.25 / Pd 2.25 / 3 0.75 in
x 3(0.322) / [2(3)] 0.161 in
t 4(0.75)(0.161) 0.695 in
d e 0.808 2.5(0.695) 1.065 in
kb (1.065 / 0.30) 0.107 0.873
kc kd ke 1
k f = 1.66 (See Ex. 14-2.)
Se 0.771(0.873)(1)(1)(1)(1.66)(56.5) 63.1 kpsi
rf 0.300 / 3 0.100 in
r r 0.100
f 0.144
d t 0.695
K t = 1.75, q = 0.85, K f = 1.64
Se 63.1
all 25.7 kpsi
K f nd 1.64(1.5)
FYP all 2.5(0.322)(25 700)
Wt 3043 lbf
K v Pd 2.266(3)
H W tV / 33 000 3043(1519) / 33 000 140 hp Ans.

Wear
1/ 2


1
Eq. (14-13): Cp 2285 psi
1 0.292
2

2 30 106

Eq. (14-12): r 1 = (6.667/2) sin 20 = 1.140 in

r 2 = (33.333/2) sin 20 = 5.700 in

Eq. (6-68), p. 329: S C = [0.4(262) 10](103) = 94 800 psi

C ,all SC / nd 94 800 / 1.5 77 400 psi

Chapter 14, Page 9/39

 2
F cos 1
W t C ,all
C p K v 1 / r1 1 / r2

2
77 400 2.5cos 20 1

2285 2.266 1 / 1.140 1 / 5.700
1130 lbf
W tV 1130(1519)
H 52.0 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000
For 108 cycles (revolutions of the pinion), the power based on wear is 52.0 hp.
Rating power (pinion controls):

H1 140 hp
H 2 52.0 hp
H rated min(140, 52.0) 52.0 hp Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-17 See Prob. 14-15 solution for equation numbers.

Given: = 20, n = 1145 rev/min, m = 6 mm, F = 75 mm, N P = 16 milled teeth,
N G = 30T, S ut = 900 MPa, H B = 260, n d = 3, Y P = 0.296, and Y G = 0.359.

Pinion bending
d P mN P 6(16) 96 mm
dG 6(30) 180 mm
d Pn (96)(103 )(1145)
V 5.76 m/s
60 (60)
6.1 5.76
Kv 1.944
6.1
Se 0.5(900) 450 MPa
ka 4.51(900)0.265 0.744
l 2.25m 2.25(6) 13.5 mm
x 3Ym / 2 3(0.296)6 / 2 2.664 mm
t 4lx 4(13.5)(2.664) 12.0 mm
de 0.808 75(12.0) 24.23 mm
0.107
24.23
kb 0.884
7.62
kc k d k e 1
k f = 1.66 (See Ex. 14-2)
S e 0.744(0.884)(1)(1)(1)(1.66)(450) 491.3 MPa
rf 0.300m 0.300(6) 1.8 mm
r/d = r f /t = 1.8/12 = 0.15, K t = 1.68, q = 0.86, K f = 1.58

Chapter 14, Page 10/39

 Se 491.3
all 239.2 MPa
K f nd 1.58 1.3

FYm all 75(0.296)(6)(239.2)

Eq. (14-8): Wt 16 390 N
Kv 1.944
W t dn 16.39 (96)(1145)
Eq. (13-36): H 94.3 kW Ans.
60 000 60 000

Wear: Pinion and gear

Eq. (14-12): r 1 = (96/2) sin 20 = 16.42 mm

r 2 = (180/2) sin 20 = 30.78 mm

1/ 2


1
Eq. (14-13): C p 190 MPa
1 0.292 2

2 207 103

Eq. (6-68), p. 329: S C = 6.89[0.4(260) 10] = 647.7 MPa
647.7
C ,all SC / nd 568 MPa
1.3
2
F cos 1
Eq. (14-14): W C ,all
t

Cp K v 1 / r1 1 / r2

2
568 75cos 20
o
1
3469 N
190 1.944 1 / 16.42 1 / 30.78
W t dn 3.469 (96)(1145)
Eq. (13-36): H 20.0 kW
60 000 60 000

Thus, wear controls the gearset power rating; H = 20.0 kW. Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-18 N P = 17 teeth, N G = 51 teeth

N 17
dP 2.833 in
P 6
51
dG 8.500 in
6
V d P n / 12 (2.833)(1120) / 12 830.7 ft/min

Eq. (14-4b): K v = (1200 + 830.7)/1200 = 1.692

Chapter 14, Page 11/39

 Sy 90 000
all 45 000 psi
nd 2

Table 14-2: Y P = 0.303, Y G = 0.410

FYP all 2(0.303)(45 000)

Eq. (14-7): Wt 2686 lbf
KvP 1.692(6)
W tV 2686(830.7)
Eq. (13-35): H 67.6 hp
33 000 33 000

Based on yielding in bending, the power is 67.6 hp.

(a) Pinion fatigue

Bending
Eq. (2-121), p. 41: S ut = 0.5 H B = 0.5(232) = 116 kpsi
Eq. (6-8), p. 282: Se 0.5Sut 0.5(116) 58 kpsi
Eq. (6-19), p. 287: ka 2.70(116) 0.265 0.766

1 1.25 2.25 2.25

Table 13-1, p. 696: l 0.375 in
Pd Pd Pd 6

3YP 3(0.303)
Eq. (14-3): x 0.0758 in
2P 2(6)
Eq. (b), p. 737: t 4lx 4(0.375)(0.0758) 0.337 in
Eq. (6-25), p. 289: de 0.808 F t 0.808 2(0.337) 0.663 in
0.107
0.663
Eq. (6-20), p. 288: kb 0.919
0.30
kc = kd = ke = 1

Account for one-way bending with k f = 1.66. (See Ex. 14-2.)

Eq. (6-18): Se 0.766(0.919)(1)(1)(1)(1.66)(58) 67.8 kpsi

For stress concentration, find the radius of the root fillet (See Ex. 14-2).
0.300 0.300
rf 0.050 in
P 6
r r 0.05
Fig. A-15-6: f 0.148
d t 0.338

Estimate D/d = by setting D/d = 3, K t = 1.68.

Chapter 14, Page 12/39

 Fig. 6-20, p. 295: q = 0.86
Eq. (6-32), p. 295: K f 1 (0.86)(1.68 1) 1.58
Se 67.8
all 21.5 kpsi
K f nd 1.58(2)
FYP all 2(0.303)(21 500)
Wt 1283 lbf
K v Pd 1.692(6)
W tV 1283(830.7)
H 32.3 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000

(b) Pinion fatigue

Wear
1/ 2
1
Eq. (14-13): Cp 6
2285 psi
2 [(1 - 0.292 ) / 30(10 )]
2

dP 2.833
Eq. (14-12): r1 sin sin 20o 0.485 in
2 2
dG 8.500
r2 sin sin 20o 1.454 in
2 2
1 1 1 1
2.750 in
r1 r2 0.485 1.454

Eq. (6-68): (SC )108 0.4H B 10 kpsi

In terms of gear notation

C = [0.4(232) 10]103 = 82 800 psi

We will introduce the design factor of n d = 2 and because it is a contact stress apply it
to the load Wt by dividing by 2 . (See p. 329.)
82 800
C,all c 58 548 psi
2 2

Solve Eq. (14-14) for Wt:

2
58 548 2 cos 20
o
W t
265 lbf
2285 1.692(2.750)
W tV 265(830.7)
H all 6.67 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000
For 108 cycles (turns of pinion), the allowable power is 6.67 hp.
(c) Gear fatigue due to bending and wear

Chapter 14, Page 13/39

 Bending
3YG 3(0.4103)
Eq. (14-3): x 0.1026 in
2P 2(6)
Eq. (b), p. 737: t 4 lx 4(0.375)(0.1026) 0.392 in
Eq. (6-25): de 0.808 F t 0.808 2(0.392) 0.715 in
0.107
0.715
Eq. (6-20): kb 0.911
0.30
kc = kd = ke = 1
k f = 1.66. (See Ex. 14-2.)
Eq. (6-18): Se 0.766(0.911)(1)(1)(1)(1.66)(58) 67.2 kpsi
r r 0.050
f 0.128
d t 0.392

Approximate D/d = by setting D/d = 3 for Fig. A-15-6; K t = 1.80.

Fig. 6-20: q = 0.82
Eq. (6-32): K f 1 (0.82)(1.80 1) 1.66
Se 67.2
all 20.2 kpsi
K f nd 1.66(2)
FYP all 2(0.4103)(20 200)
Wt 1633 lbf
K v Pd 1.692(6)
W tV 1633(830.7)
H all 41.1 hp Ans.
33 000 33 000
The gear is thus stronger than the pinion in bending.

Wear

Since the material of the pinion and the gear are the same, and the contact stresses are
the same, the allowable power transmission of both is the same. Thus, H all = 6.67 hp
for 108 revolutions of each. As yet, we have no way to establish S C for 108/3
revolutions.

(d)
Pinion bending: H 1 = 32.3 hp
Pinion wear: H 2 = 6.67 hp
Gear bending: H 3 = 41.1 hp
Gear wear: H 4 = 6.67 hp
Power rating of the gear set is thus
H rated = min(32.3, 6.67, 41.1, 6.67) = 6.67 hp Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-19 d P = 16/6 = 2.667 in, d G = 48/6 = 8 in

Chapter 14, Page 14/39

 (2.667)(300)
V 209.4 ft/min
12
33 000(5)
Wt 787.8 lbf
209.4

Assuming uniform loading, K o = 1.

Eq. (14-28): Qv 6, B 0.25(12 6) 2 / 3 0.8255
A 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
0.8255
59.77 209.4
Eq. (14-27): K v 1.196
59.77
Table 14-2: YP 0.296, YG 0.4056
From Eq. (a), Sec. 14-10 with F = 2 in
0.0535
2 0.296
( K s ) P 1.192 1.088
6
0.0535
2 0.4056
( K s )G 1.192 1.097
6
From Eq. (14-30) with C mc = 1
2
Cp f 0.0375 0.0125(2) 0.0625
10(2.667)
C p m 1, Cma 0.093 (Fig. 14 - 11), Ce 1
K m 1 1[0.0625(1) 0.093(1)] 1.156

Assuming constant thickness of the gears K B = 1

m G = N G /N P = 48/16 = 3

With N (pinion) = 108 cycles and N (gear) = 108/3, Fig. 14-14 provides the relations:
(YN ) P 1.3558(108 )0.0178 0.977
(YN )G 1.3558(108 / 3)0.0178 0.996

Fig. 14-6: J P 0.27, J G 0.38

Table 14-10: K R = 0.85
KT = Cf = 1

cos 20o sin 20o 3

Eq. (14-23): I 0.1205
2(1) 3 1
Table 14-8: C p 2300 psi

Strength: Grade 1 steel with H BP = H BG = 200

Chapter 14, Page 15/39

Fig. 14-2: (S t ) P = (S t ) G = 77.3(200) + 12 800 = 28 260 psi

Fig. 14-5: (S c ) P = (S c ) G = 322(200) + 29 100 = 93 500 psi

Fig. 14-15: (Z N ) P = 1.4488(108)0.023 = 0.948

(Z N ) G = 1.4488(108/3)0.023 = 0.973

Sec. 14-12: H BP /H BG = 1 C H = 1

Pinion tooth bending

Pd K m K B
Eq. (14-15): ( ) P W t K o K v K s
F J
6 (1.156)(1)
787.8(1)(1.196)(1.088)
2 0.27
13 170 psi Ans.

S Y / ( KT K R )
Eq. (14-41): (S F ) P t N

28 260(0.977) / [(1)(0.85)]
2.47 Ans.
13 170

Gear tooth bending

6 (1.156)(1)
Eq. (14-15): ( )G 787.8(1)(1.196)(1.097) 9433 psi Ans.
2 0.38
28 260(0.996) / [(1)(0.85)]
Eq. (14-41): ( S F )G 3.51 Ans.
9433

Pinion tooth wear

1/ 2
K C
Eq. (14-16): ( c ) P C p W t K o K v K s m f
d P F I P

1/ 2
1.156 1
2300 787.8(1)(1.196)(1.088)
2.667(2) 0.1205
98 760 psi Ans.

Eq. (14-42):
S Z /( KT K R ) 93 500(0.948) /[(1)(0.85)]
(S H ) P c N 1.06 Ans.
c P 98 760

Gear tooth wear

Chapter 14, Page 16/39

 1/ 2 1/ 2
(K ) 1.097
( c )G s G ( c ) P (98 760) 99 170 psi Ans.
(K s )P 1.088
93 500(0.973)(1) /[(1)(0.85)]
( S H )G 1.08 Ans.
99 170

The hardness of the pinion and the gear should be increased.

________________________________________________________________________

14-20 d P = 2.5(20) = 50 mm, d G = 2.5(36) = 90 mm

d PnP (50)(103 )(100)
V 0.2618 m/s
60 60
60(120)
Wt 458.4 N
(50)(103 )(100)
With no specific information given to indicate otherwise, assume

KB = Ko = Y = ZR = 1

Eq. (14-28): Q v = 6, B = 0.25(12 6)2/3 = 0.8255

A = 50 + 56(1 0.8255) = 59.77
0.8255
59.77 200(0.2618)
Eq. (14-27): Kv 1.099
59.77
Table 14-2: Y P = 0.322, Y G = 0.3775

Similar to Eq. (a) of Sec. 14-10 but for SI units:

1

0.0535
Ks 0.8433 mF Y
kb
0.0535
( K s ) P 0.8433 2.5(18) 0.322 1.003 use 1
0.0535
( K s )G 0.8433 2.5(18) 0.3775 =1.007 use 1
Cmc Ce C pm 1
18
F 18 / 25.4 0.709 in, C pf 0.025 0.011
10(50)
Cma 0.247 0.0167(0.709) 0.765(104 )(0.7092 ) 0.259
K H 1 1[0.011(1) 0.259(1)] 1.27

Fig. 14-14: (Y N ) P = 1.3558(108)0.0178 = 0.977

(Y N ) G = 1.3558(108/1.8)0.0178 = 0.987

Fig. 14-6: (Y J ) P = 0.33, (Y J ) G = 0.38

Eq. (14-38): Y Z = 0.658 0.0759 ln(1 0.95) = 0.885

Chapter 14, Page 17/39

 cos 20o sin 20o 1.8
Eq. (14-23): ZI 0.103
2(1) 1.8 1
Table 14-8: Z E 191 MPa

Strength Grade 1 steel, H BP = H BG = 200

Fig. 14-2: (S t ) P = (S t ) G = 0.533(200) + 88.3 = 194.9 MPa

Fig. 14-5: (S c ) P = (S c ) G = 2.22(200) + 200 = 644 MPa
Fig. 14-15: (Z N ) P = 1.4488(108)0.023 = 0.948
(Z N )G 1.4488(108 / 1.8)0.023 0.961
Fig. 14-12: H BP / H BG 1 ZW CH 1

Pinion tooth bending

1 KH KB
Eq. (14-15): ( ) P W t K o K v K s
bmt YJ P
1 1.27(1)
458.4(1)(1.099)(1) 43.08 MPa Ans.
18(2.5) 0.33
S Y 194.9 0.977
Eq. (14-41) for SI: (S F ) P t N 4.99 Ans.
Y YZ P 43.08 1(0.885)

Gear tooth bending

1 1.27(1)
( )G 458.4(1)(1.099)(1) 37.42 MPa Ans.
18(2.5) 0.38
194.9 0.987
( S F )G 5.81 Ans.
37.42 1(0.885)

Pinion tooth wear

K Z
Eq. (14-16): ( c ) P Z E W t K o K v K s H R
d w1b Z I P

1.27 1
191 458.4(1)(1.099)(1) 501.8 MPa Ans.
50(18) 0.103
S Z Z 644 0.948(1)
Eq. (14-42) for SI: ( S H ) P c N W 1.37 Ans.
c Y YZ P 501.8 1(0.885)

Gear tooth wear

1/ 2 1/ 2
(K ) 1
( c )G s G ( c ) P (501.8) 501.8 MPa Ans.
(K s )P 1

Chapter 14, Page 18/39

 644 0.961(1)
( S H )G 1.39 Ans.
501.8 1(0.885)
________________________________________________________________________

14-21
Pt Pn cos 6 cos 30 5.196 teeth/in
16 48
dP 3.079 in, dG (3.079) 9.238 in
5.196 16
(3.079)(300)
V 241.8 ft/min
12
0.8255
33 000(5) 59.77 241.8
W t
682.3 lbf , K v 1.210
241.8 59.77

From Prob. 14-19:

YP 0.296, YG 0.4056
( K s ) P 1.088, ( K s )G 1.097, K B 1
mG 3, (YN ) P 0.977, (YN )G 0.996, K R 0.85
( St ) P ( St )G 28 260 psi, CH 1, ( S c ) P ( S c )G 93 500 psi
( Z N ) P 0.948, ( Z N )G 0.973, C p 2300 psi

The pressure angle is:

tan 20
t tan 1 22.80
cos 30
3.079
(rb ) P cos 22.8 1.419 in, (rb )G 3(rb ) P 4.258 in
2
a 1 / Pn 1 / 6 0.167 in

Eq. (14-25):
1/ 2 1/ 2
3.079
2
9.238
2

Z 0.167 1.419
2
0.167 4.2582
2 2
3.079 9.238
sin 22.8
2 2
0.9479 2.1852 2.3865 0.7466 Conditions O.K . for use

pN pn cos n cos 20 0.4920 in
6

pN 0.492
Eq. (14-21): mN 0.6937
0.95Z 0.95(0.7466)

Chapter 14, Page 19/39

 sin 22.8 cos 22.8 3
Eq. (14-23): I 3 1 0.193
2(0.6937)

Fig. 14-7: J P 0.45, J G 0.54

Fig. 14-8: Corrections are 0.94 and 0.98.

J P 0.45(0.94) 0.423, J G 0.54(0.98) 0.529

2
Cmc 1, C pf 0.0375 0.0125(2) 0.0525
10(3.079)
C pm 1, Cma 0.093, Ce 1
K m 1 (1)[0.0525(1) 0.093(1)] 1.146

Pinion tooth bending

5.196 1.146(1)
( ) P 682.3(1)(1.21)(1.088) 6323 psi Ans.
2 0.423
28 260(0.977) / [1(0.85)]
(S F ) P 5.14 Ans.
6323

Gear tooth bending

5.196 1.146(1)
( )G 682.3(1)(1.21)(1.097) 5097 psi Ans.
2 0.529
28 260(0.996) / [1(0.85)]
( S F )G 6.50 Ans.
5097

Pinion tooth wear

1/ 2
1.146 1
( c ) P 2300 682.3(1)(1.21)(1.088) 67 700 psi Ans.
3.078(2) 0.193
93 500(0.948) / [(1)(0.85)]
(S H ) P 1.54 Ans.
67 700

Gear tooth wear

1/ 2
1.097
( c )G (67 700) 67 980 psi Ans.
1.088
93 500(0.973) /[(1)(0.85)]
( S H )G 1.57 Ans.
67 980
________________________________________________________________________

14-22 Given: R = 0.99 at 108 cycles, H B = 232 through-hardening Grade 1, core and case, both
gears. N P = 17T, N G = 51T,
Table 14-2: Y P = 0.303, Y G = 0.4103

Chapter 14, Page 20/39

Fig. 14-6: J P = 0.292, J G = 0.396
d P = N P / P = 17 / 6 = 2.833 in, d G = 51 / 6 = 8.500 in.

Pinion bending
From Fig. 14-2:
0.99 ( St )107 77.3H B 12 800
77.3(232) 12 800 30 734 psi

Fig. 14-14: Y N = 1.6831(108)0.0323 = 0.928

V d P n / 12 (2.833)(1120 / 12) 830.7 ft/min

KT K R 1, S F 2, S H 2
30 734(0.928)
all 14 261 psi
2(1)(1)
Qv 5, B 0.25(12 5)2 / 3 0.9148
A 50 56(1 0.9148) 54.77
0.9148
54.77 830.7
K v 1.472
54.77
0.0535
2 0.303
K s 1.192 1.089 use 1
6
K m Cm f 1 Cmc (C p f C p m CmaCe )
Cmc 1
F
C pf 0.0375 0.0125F
10d
2
0.0375 0.0125(2) 0.0581
10(2.833)
C pm 1
Cma 0.127 0.0158(2) 0.093(104 )(22 ) 0.1586
Ce 1
K m 1 1[0.0581(1) 0.1586(1)] 1.217
KB 1
FJ P all
Eq. (14-15): Wt
K o K v K s Pd K m K B
2(0.292)(14 261)
775 lbf
1(1.472)(1)(6)(1.217)(1)
W tV 775(830.7)
H 19.5 hp
33 000 33 000

Pinion wear

Chapter 14, Page 21/39

 Fig. 14-15: Z N = 2.466N0.056 = 2.466(108)0.056 = 0.879
mG 51 / 17 3
cos 20o sin 20o 3
Eq. (14-23): I 1.205, CH 1
2 3 1

Fig. 14-5: 0.99(Sc )107 322H B 29 100

322(232) 29 100 103 804 psi
103 804(0.879)
c,all 64 519 psi
2(1)(1)
2
Fd P I
Eq. (14-16): W c,all
t
C p K o K v K s K mC f

2
64 519 2(2.833)(0.1205)

2300 1(1.472)(1)(1.2167)(1)
300 lbf
W tV 300(830.7)
H 7.55 hp
33 000 33 000

The pinion controls, therefore H rated = 7.55 hp Ans.

________________________________________________________________________

14-23 l = 2.25/ P d , x = 3Y / 2P d

2.25 3Y 3.674
t 4 lx 4 Y
Pd 2Pd Pd
3.674 F Y
d e 0.808 F t 0.808 F Y 1.5487
Pd Pd
0.107
1.5487 F Y / P F Y
0.0535

kb d
0.8389
0.30 Pd

0.0535
1 F Y
Ks 1.192 Ans.
kb Pd
________________________________________________________________________

14-24 Y P = 0.331, Y G = 0.422, J P = 0.345, J G = 0.410, K o = 1.25. The service conditions are
adequately described by K o . Set S F = S H = 1.

d P = 22 / 4 = 5.500 in
d G = 60 / 4 = 15.000 in

Chapter 14, Page 22/39

 (5.5)(1145)
V 1649 ft/min
12
Pinion bending
0.99 (St )107 77.3H B 12 800 77.3(250) 12 800 32 125 psi
YN 1.6831[3(109 )]0.0323 0.832

32 125(0.832)
Eq. (14-17): all P 26 728 psi
1(1)(1)
B 0.25(12 6)2 / 3 0.8255
A 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
0.8255
59.77 1649
K v 1.534
59.77
K s 1, Cm 1
F
Cmc 0.0375 0.0125F
10d
3.25
0.0375 0.0125(3.25) 0.0622
10(5.5)
Cma 0.127 0.0158(3.25) 0.093(104 )(3.252 ) 0.178
Ce 1
K m Cm f 1 (1)[0.0622(1) 0.178(1)] 1.240
K B 1, KT 1

26 728(3.25)(0.345)
Eq. (14-15): W1t 3151 lbf
1.25(1.534)(1)(4)(1.240)
3151(1649)
H1 157.5 hp
33 000

Gear bending By similar reasoning, W2t 3861 lbf and H 2 192.9 hp

Pinion wear
mG 60 / 22 2.727
cos 20o sin 20o 2.727
I 0.1176
2 1 2.727
0.99 (S c )107 322(250) 29 100 109 600 psi

(Z N ) P 2.466[3(109 )]0.056 0.727

(Z N )G 2.466[3(109 ) / 2.727]0.056 0.769
109 600(0.727)
( c,all ) P 79 679 psi
1(1)(1)

Chapter 14, Page 23/39

 2
Fd P I
W3t c,all
C KKKK C
p o v s m f
2
79 679 3.25(5.5)(0.1176)
1061 lbf
2300 1.25(1.534)(1)(1.24)(1)
1061(1649)
H3 53.0 hp
33 000

Gear wear
Similarly, W4t 1182 lbf , H 4 59.0 hp

Rating
H rated min( H1, H 2 , H 3 , H 4 )
min(157.5, 192.9, 53, 59) 53 hp Ans.

Note differing capacities. Can these be equalized?

________________________________________________________________________

14-25 From Prob. 14-24:

W1t 3151 lbf , W2t 3861 lbf ,

W3t 1061 lbf , W4t 1182 lbf
33 000K o H 33 000(1.25)(40)
Wt 1000 lbf
V 1649

Pinion bending: The factor of safety, based on load and stress, is

W1t 3151
(S F ) P 3.15
1000 1000

Gear bending based on load and stress

W2t 3861
( S F )G 3.86
1000 1000
Pinion wear
W3t 1061
based on load: n3 1.06
1000 1000
based on stress: (S H ) P 1.06 1.03

Gear wear
W4t 1182
based on load: n4 1.18
1000 1000

Chapter 14, Page 24/39

 based on stress: (SH )G 1.18 1.09

Factors of safety are used to assess the relative threat of loss of function 3.15, 3.86, 1.06,
1.18 where the threat is from pinion wear. By comparison, the AGMA safety factors
(S F ) P , (S F ) G , (S H ) P , (S H ) G
are
3.15, 3.86, 1.03, 1.09 or 3.15, 3.86, 1.061/2, 1.181/2

and the threat is again from pinion wear. Depending on the magnitude of the numbers,
using S F and S H as defined by AGMA, does not necessarily lead to the same conclusion
concerning threat. Therefore be cautious.
________________________________________________________________________

14-26 Solution summary from Prob. 14-24: n = 1145 rev/min, K o = 1.25, Grade 1 materials,
N P = 22T, N G = 60T, m G = 2.727, Y P = 0.331,Y G = 0.422, J P = 0.345, J G = 0.410, P d =
4T /in, F = 3.25 in, Q v = 6, (N c ) P = 3(109), R = 0.99, K m = 1.240, K T = 1, K B = 1,
d P = 5.500 in, d G = 15.000 in, V = 1649 ft/min, K v = 1.534, (K s ) P = (K s ) G = 1, (Y N ) P =
0.832, (Y N ) G = 0.859, K R = 1

Pinion H B : 250 core, 390 case

Gear H B : 250 core, 390 case

Bending
( all ) P 26 728 psi (St ) P 32 125 psi
( all )G 27 546 psi (St )G 32 125 psi
W1t 3151 lbf , H1 157.5 hp
W2t 3861 lbf , H 2 192.9 hp

Wear
20o , I 0.1176, (Z N ) P 0.727
(Z N )G 0.769, CP 2300 psi
(Sc ) P Sc 322(390) 29 100 154 680 psi
154 680(0.727)
( c,all ) P 112 450 psi
1(1)(1)
154 680(0.769)
( c,all )G 118 950 psi
1(1)(1)
2
112 450 2113(1649)
W3t (1061) 2113 lbf , H3 105.6 hp
79 679 33 000
2
118 950 2354(1649)
W
4
t
(1182) 2354 lbf , H4 117.6 hp
109 600(0.769) 33 000

Rated power

Chapter 14, Page 25/39

 H rated = min(157.5, 192.9, 105.6, 117.6) = 105.6 hp Ans.

Prob. 14-24:
H rated = min(157.5, 192.9, 53.0, 59.0) = 53 hp

The rated power approximately doubled.

________________________________________________________________________

14-27 The gear and the pinion are 9310 grade 1, carburized and case-hardened to obtain Brinell
285 core and Brinell 580600 case.

Table 14-3: 0.99 (St )107 55 000 psi

Modification of S t by (Y N ) P = 0.832 produces

( all ) P 45 657 psi,

Similarly for (Y N ) G = 0.859

( all )G 47 161 psi, and

W 4569 lbf ,
1
t
H1 228 hp
W 5668 lbf ,
2
t
H 2 283 hp

From Table 14-8, C p 2300 psi. Also, from Table 14-6:

0.99 (Sc )107 180 000 psi

Modification of S c by Y N produces

( c,all ) P 130 525 psi

( c,all )G 138 069 psi
and
W3t 2489 lbf , H 3 124.3 hp
W4t 2767 lbf , H 4 138.2 hp

Rating
H rated = min(228, 283, 124, 138) = 124 hp Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-28 Grade 2, 9310 carburized and case-hardened to 285 core and 580 case in Prob. 14-27.

Chapter 14, Page 26/39

 Summary:
Table 14-3: 0.99 (St )107 65 000 psi
( all ) P 53 959 psi
( all )G 55 736 psi

and it follows that

W1t 5400 lbf , H1 270 hp

W2t 6699 lbf , H 2 335 hp

From Table 14-8, C p 2300 psi. Also, from Table 14-6:

Sc 225 000 psi

( c,all ) P 181 285 psi
( c,all )G 191 762 psi

Consequently,
W3t 4801 lbf , H 3 240 hp
W4t 5337 lbf , H 4 267 hp

Rating
H rated = min(270, 335, 240, 267) = 240 hp. Ans.
________________________________________________________________________

14-29 Given: n = 1145 rev/min, K o = 1.25, N P = 22T, N G = 60T, m G = 2.727, d P = 2.75 in, d G =
7.5 in, Y P = 0.331,Y G = 0.422, J P = 0.335, J G = 0.405, P = 8T /in, F = 1.625 in, H B = 250,
case and core, both gears. C m = 1, F/d P = 0.0591, C f = 0.0419, C pm = 1, C ma = 0.152,
C e = 1, K m = 1.1942, K T = 1, K B = 1, K s = 1,V = 824 ft/min, (Y N ) P = 0.8318, (Y N ) G =
0.859, K R = 1, I = 0.117 58

(St )107 32 125 psi

0.99

( all ) P 26 668 psi

( all )G 27 546 psi

and it follows that

W1t 879.3 lbf , H1 21.97 hp

W2t 1098 lbf , H 2 27.4 hp

For wear

Chapter 14, Page 27/39

 W3t 304 lbf , H 3 7.59 hp
W4t 340 lbf , H 4 8.50 hp

Rating
H rated = min(21.97, 27.4, 7.59, 8.50) = 7.59 hp

In Prob. 14-24, H rated = 53 hp. Thus,

7.59 1 1
0.1432 , not Ans.
53.0 6.98 8

The transmitted load rating is

t
Wrated min(879.3, 1098, 304, 340) 304 lbf

In Prob. 14-24

t
Wrated 1061 lbf
Thus
304 1 1
0.2865 , not Ans.
1061 3.49 4
________________________________________________________________________

14-30 S P = S H = 1, P d = 4, J P = 0.345, J G = 0.410, K o = 1.25

Bending
Table 14-4: 0.99 (St )107 13 000 psi
13 000(1)
( all ) P ( all )G 13 000 psi
1(1)(1)
all FJ P 13 000(3.25)(0.345)
W1t 1533 lbf
K o K v K s Pd K m K B 1.25(1.534)(1)(4)(1.24)(1)
1533(1649)
H1 76.6 hp
33 000
W2t W1t J G / J P 1533(0.410) / 0.345 1822 lbf
H2 H1J G / J P 76.6(0.410) / 0.345 91.0 hp

Wear
Table 14-8: C p 1960 psi
Table 14-7: 0.99 (Sc )107 75 000 psi ( c,all ) P ( c,all )G

Chapter 14, Page 28/39

 2
( ) Fd p I
W3t c,all P
C p K o K v K s K mC f
2
75 000 3.25(5.5)(0.1176)
W
3
t
1295 lbf
1960 1.25(1.534)(1)(1.24)(1)
W4t W3t 1295 lbf
1295(1649)
H 4 H3 64.7 hp
33 000

Rating

H rated = min(76.7, 94.4, 64.7, 64.7) = 64.7 hp Ans.

Notice that the balance between bending and wear power is improved due to CIs more
favorable S c /S t ratio. Also note that the life is 107 pinion revolutions which is (1/300) of
3(109). Longer life goals require power de-rating.
________________________________________________________________________

14-31 From Table A-24a, E av = 11.8(106) Mpsi

For = 14.5 and H B = 156

1.4(81)
SC 51 693 psi
2sin14.5 / [11.8(106 )]
For = 20
1.4(112)
SC 52 008 psi
2sin 20 / [11.8(106 )]
SC 0.32(156) 49.9 kpsi
The first two calculations were approximately 4 percent higher.
________________________________________________________________________

14-32 Programs will vary.

________________________________________________________________________

14-33 (YN ) P 0.977, (YN )G 0.996

(St ) P ( St )G 82.3(250) 12 150 32 725 psi
32 725(0.977)
( all ) P 37 615 psi
1(0.85)
37 615(1.5)(0.423)
W1t 1558 lbf
1(1.404)(1.043)(8.66)(1.208)(1)
1558(925)
H1 43.7 hp
33 000

Chapter 14, Page 29/39

 32 725(0.996)
( all )G 38 346 psi
1(0.85)
38 346(1.5)(0.5346)
W2t 2007 lbf
1(1.404)(1.043)(8.66)(1.208)(1)
2007(925)
H2 56.3 hp
33 000
(Z N ) P 0.948, (Z N )G 0.973

Table 14-6: 0.99 (Sc )107 150 000 psi

0.948(1)
( c,allow ) P 150 000 167 294 psi
1(0.85)
2
167 294 1.963(1.5)(0.195)
W3t 2074 lbf
2300 1(1.404)(1.043)
2074(925)
H3 58.1 hp
33 000
0.973
( c,allow )G (167 294) 171 706 psi
0.948
2
171 706 1.963(1.5)(0.195)
W4
t
2167 lbf
2300 1(1.404)(1.052)
2167(925)
H4 60.7 hp
33 000
H rated min(43.7, 56.3, 58.1, 60.7) 43.7 hp Ans.

Pinion bending is controlling.

________________________________________________________________________

14-34 (YN ) P 1.6831(108 ) 0.0323 0.928

(YN )G 1.6831(108 / 3.059) 0.0323 0.962

Table 14-3: S t = 55 000 psi

55 000(0.928)
( all ) P 60 047 psi
1(0.85)
60 047(1.5)(0.423)
W1t 2487 lbf
1(1.404)(1.043)(8.66)(1.208)(1)
2487(925)
H1 69.7 hp
33 000
0.962
( all )G (60 047) 62 247 psi
0.928

Chapter 14, Page 30/39

 62 247 0.5346
W2t (2487) 3258 lbf
60 047 0.423
3258
H2 (69.7) 91.3 hp
2487

Table 14-6: S c = 180 000 psi

(Z N ) P 2.466(108 )0.056 0.8790
(Z N )G 2.466(108 / 3.059) 0.056 0.9358
180 000(0.8790)
( c,all ) P 186 141 psi
1(0.85)
2
186 141 1.963(1.5)(0.195)
W
3
t
2568 lbf
2300 1(1.404)(1.043)
2568(925)
H3 72.0 hp
33 000
0.9358
( c,all )G (186 141) 198 169 psi
0.8790
2
198 169 1.043
W
4
t
(2568) 2886 lbf
186 141 1.052
2886(925)
H4 80.9 hp
33 000
H rated min(69.7, 91.3, 72, 80.9) 69.7 hp Ans.

Pinion bending controlling

________________________________________________________________________

14-35 (Y N ) P = 0.928, (Y N ) G = 0.962 (See Prob. 14-34)

Table 14-3: S t = 65 000 psi

65 000(0.928)
( all ) P 70 965 psi
1(0.85)
70 965(1.5)(0.423)
W1t 2939 lbf
1(1.404)(1.043)(8.66)(1.208)
2939(925)
H1 82.4 hp
33 000
65 000(0.962)
( all )G 73 565 psi
1(0.85)
73 565 0.5346
W2t (2939) 3850 lbf
70 965 0.423
3850
H2 (82.4) 108 hp
2939

Chapter 14, Page 31/39

 Table 14-6: S c = 225 000 psi
( Z N ) P 0.8790, ( Z N )G 0.9358
225 000(0.879)
( c,all ) P 232 676 psi
1(0.85)
2
232 676 1.963(1.5)(0.195)
W3t 4013 lbf
2300 1(1.404)(1.043)
4013(925)
H3 112.5 hp
33 000
0.9358
( c,all )G (232 676) 247 711 psi
0.8790
2
247 711 1.043
W
4
t
(4013) 4509 lbf
232 676 1.052
4509(925)
H4 126 hp
33 000
H rated min(82.4, 108, 112.5, 126) 82.4 hp Ans.

The bending of the pinion is the controlling factor.

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14-36 P = 2 teeth/in, d = 8 in, N = dP = 8 (2) = 16 teeth

F 4 p 4 4 2
P 2
M x 0 10(300) cos 20 4FB cos20
F B = 750 lbf
W t FB cos 20 750 cos 20 705 lbf
n = 2400 / 2 = 1200 rev/min
dn (8)(1200)
V 2513 ft/min
12 12

We will obtain all of the needed factors, roughly in the order presented in the textbook.

Fig. 14-2: S t = 102(300) + 16 400 = 47 000 psi

Fig. 14-5: S c = 349(300) + 34 300 = 139 000 psi

Fig. 14-6: J = 0.27
cos 20o sin 20o 2
Eq. (14-23): I 0.107
2(1) 2 1
Table 14-8: C p 2300 psi
Assume a typical quality number of 6.
Eq. (14-28): B 0.25(12 Qv ) 2 / 3 0.25(12 6) 2 / 3 0.8255

Chapter 14, Page 32/39

 A 50 56(1 B) 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
B 0.8255
A V 59.77 2513
Eq. (14-27): K v 1.65
A 59.77

To estimate a size factor, get the Lewis Form Factor from Table 14-2, Y = 0.296.
From Eq. (a), Sec. 14-10,
0.0535 0.0535
F Y 2 0.296
K s 1.192 1.192 1.23
P 2
The load distribution factor is applicable for straddle-mounted gears, which is not the
case here since the gear is mounted outboard of the bearings. Lacking anything better,
we will use the load distribution factor as a rough estimate.

Eq. (14-31): C mc = 1 (uncrowned teeth)

2
Eq. (14-32): Cp f 0.0375 0.0125(2 ) 0.1196
10(8)
Eq. (14-33): C pm = 1.1
Fig. 14-11: C ma = 0.23 (commercial enclosed gear unit)
Eq. (14-35): Ce = 1
Eq. (14-30): K m 1 1[0.1196(1.1) 0.23(1)] 1.36

For the stress-cycle factors, we need the desired number of load cycles.

N = 15 000 h (1200 rev/min)(60 min/h) = 1.1 (109) rev

Fig. 14-14: Y N = 0.9
Fig. 14-15: Z N = 0.8
Eq. 14-38: K R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 0.95 0.885

With no specific information given to indicate otherwise, assume K o = K B = K T = C f = 1

Tooth bending
Pd K m K B
Eq. (14-15): W t KoKvK s
F J
2 (1.36)(1)
705(1)(1.65)(1.23) 2294 psi
2 0.27

S Y / ( KT K R )
Eq. (14-41): SF t N

47 000(0.9) / [(1)(0.885)]
20.8 Ans.
2294

Tooth wear

Chapter 14, Page 33/39

 1/ 2
K C
Eq. (14-16): c C p W t Ko K v K s m f
dPF I
1/ 2
1.36 1
2300 705(1)(1.65)(1.23)
8(2 ) 0.107
43 750 psi
Since gear B is a pinion, C H is not used in Eq. (14-42) (see p. 761), where

S c Z N / ( KT K R )
SH
c
139 000(0.8) / [(1)(0.885)]
2.9 Ans
43 750
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14-37 m = 18.75 mm/tooth, d = 300 mm

N = d/m = 300 / 18.75 = 16 teeth
F b 4 p 4 m 4 18.75 236 mm
M x 0 300(11) cos 20 150 FB cos25
F B = 22.81 kN
W t FB cos 25 22.81cos 25 20.67 kN
n = 1800 / 2 = 900 rev/min
dn (0.300)(900)
V 14.14 m/s
60 60
We will obtain all of the needed factors, roughly in the order presented in the textbook.

Fig. 14-2: S t = 0.703(300) + 113 = 324 MPa

Fig. 14-5: S c = 2.41(300) + 237 = 960 MPa
Fig. 14-6: J = Y J = 0.27
cos 20o sin 20o 5
Eq. (14-23): I ZI 0.134
2(1) 5 1
Table 14-8: Z E 191 MPa

Assume a typical quality number of 6.

Eq. (14-28): B 0.25(12 Qv ) 2/ 3 0.25(12 6)2/ 3 0.8255
A 50 56(1 B) 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
B 0.8255
A 200V 59.77 200(14.14)
Eq. (14-27): K v 1.69
A 59.77

To estimate a size factor, get the Lewis Form Factor from Table 14-2, Y = 0.296.
Similar to Eq. (a) of Sec. 14-10 but for SI units:

Chapter 14, Page 34/39

 1

0.0535
Ks 0.8433 mF Y
kb
0.0535
K s 0.8433 18.75(236) 0.296 1.28

Convert the diameter and facewidth to inches for use in the load-distribution factor
equations. d = 300/25.4 = 11.81 in, F = 236/25.4 = 9.29 in

Eq. (14-31): C mc = 1 (uncrowned teeth)

9.29
Eq. (14-32): C pf 0.0375 0.0125(9.29) 0.1573
10(11.81)
Eq. (14-33): C pm = 1.1
Fig. 14-11: C ma = 0.27 (commercial enclosed gear unit)
Eq. (14-35): Ce = 1
Eq. (14-30): K m K H 1 1[0.1573(1.1) 0.27(1)] 1.44

For the stress-cycle factors, we need the desired number of load cycles.

N = 12 000 h (900 rev/min)(60 min/h) = 6.48 (108) rev

Fig. 14-14: Y N = 0.9

Fig. 14-15: Z N = 0.85
Eq. 14-38: K R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 0.98 0.955

With no specific information given to indicate otherwise, assume K o = K B = K T = Z R = 1.

Tooth bending
1 KH KB
Eq. (14-15): W t KoKvKs
bmt YJ
1 (1.44)(1)
20 670(1)(1.69)(1.28) 53.9 MPa
236(18.75) 0.27

S Y / ( KT K R )
Eq. (14-41): SF t N

324(0.9) / [(1)(0.955)]
5.66 Ans.
53.9

Tooth wear
1/ 2
K Z
Eq. (14-16): c Z E W t Ko K v K s H R
d w1b Z I

Chapter 14, Page 35/39

 1/ 2
1.44 1
191 20 670(1)(1.69)(1.28)
300(236) 0.134
498 MPa

Since gear B is a pinion, C H is not used in Eq. (14-42) (see p. 761), where

S c Z N / ( KT K R )
SH
c
960(0.85) / [(1)(0.955)]
1.72 Ans
498
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14-38 From the solution to Prob. 13-40, n = 191 rev/min, Wt = 1600 N, d = 125 mm,
N = 15 teeth, m = 8.33 mm/tooth.
F b 4 p 4 m 4 8.33 105 mm
dn (0.125)(191)
V 1.25 m/s
60 60

We will obtain all of the needed factors, roughly in the order presented in the textbook.

Table 14-3: S t = 65 kpsi = 448 MPa

Table 14-6: S c = 225 kpsi = 1550 MPa
Fig. 14-6: J = Y J = 0.25
cos 20o sin 20o 2
Eq. (14-23): I ZI 0.107
2(1) 2 1
Table 14-8: Z E 191 MPa
Assume a typical quality number of 6.

Eq. (14-28): B 0.25(12 Qv ) 2 / 3 0.25(12 6) 2 / 3 0.8255

A 50 56(1 B) 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
B 0.8255
A 200V 59.77 200(1.25)
Eq. (14-27): K v 1.21
A 59.77

To estimate a size factor, get the Lewis Form Factor from Table 14-2, Y = 0.290.
Similar to Eq. (a) of Sec. 14-10 but for SI units:

1

0.0535
Ks 0.8433 mF Y
kb
0.0535
K s 0.8433 8.33(105) 0.290 1.17
Convert the diameter and facewidth to inches for use in the load-distribution factor

Chapter 14, Page 36/39

 equations. d = 125/25.4 = 4.92 in, F = 105/25.4 = 4.13 in
Eq. (14-31): C mc = 1 (uncrowned teeth)
4.13
Eq. (14-32): C pf 0.0375 0.0125(4.13) 0.0981
10(4.92)
Eq. (14-33): C pm = 1
Fig. 14-11: C ma = 0.32 (open gearing)
Eq. (14-35): C e = 1
Eq. (14-30): K m K H 1 1[0.0981(1) 0.32(1)] 1.42

For the stress-cycle factors, we need the desired number of load cycles.
N = 12 000 h (191 rev/min)(60 min/h) = 1.4 (108) rev
Fig. 14-14: Y N = 0.95
Fig. 14-15: Z N = 0.88
Eq. 14-38: K R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 0.95 0.885

With no specific information given to indicate otherwise, assume K o = K B = K T = Z R = 1.

Tooth bending
1 KH KB
Eq. (14-15): W t Ko K vK s
bmt YJ
1 (1.42)(1)
1600(1)(1.21)(1.17) 14.7 MPa
105(8.33) 0.25
Since gear is a pinion, C H is not used in Eq. (14-42) (see p. 761), where

S Y / ( KT K R )
SF t N

448(0.95) / [(1)(0.885)]
32.7 Ans.
14.7
Tooth wear
1/ 2
K Z
Eq. (14-16): c Z E W t Ko K v K s H R
d w1b Z I
1/ 2
1.42 1
191 1600(1)(1.21)(1.17)
125(105) 0.107
289 MPa

S Z / ( KT K R )
Eq. (14-42): SH c N
c
1550(0.88) / [(1)(0.885)]
5.33 Ans
289
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Chapter 14, Page 37/39

14-39 From the solution to Prob. 13-41, n = 2(70) = 140 rev/min, Wt = 180 lbf, d = 5 in
N = 15 teeth, P = 3 teeth/in.

F 4 p 4 4 4.2 in
P 3
dn (5)(140)
V 183.3 ft/min
12 12

We will obtain all of the needed factors, roughly in the order presented in the textbook.

Table 14-3: S t = 65 kpsi

Table 14-6: S c = 225 kpsi
Fig. 14-6: J = 0.25
cos 20o sin 20o 2
Eq. (14-23): I 0.107
2(1) 2 1
Table 14-8: C p 2300 psi
Assume a typical quality number of 6.

Eq. (14-28): B 0.25(12 Qv ) 2 / 3 0.25(12 6) 2 / 3 0.8255

A 50 56(1 B) 50 56(1 0.8255) 59.77
B 0.8255
A V 59.77 183.3
Eq. (14-27): K v 1.18
A 59.77

To estimate a size factor, get the Lewis Form Factor from Table 14-2, Y = 0.290.
From Eq. (a), Sec. 14-10,
0.0535 0.0535
F Y 4.2 0.290
K s 1.192 1.192 1.17
P 3
Eq. (14-31): C mc = 1 (uncrowned teeth)
4.2
Eq. (14-32): C pf 0.0375 0.0125(4.2) 0.099
10(5)
Eq. (14-33): C pm = 1
Fig. 14-11: C ma = 0.32 (Open gearing)
Eq. (14-35): Ce = 1
Eq. (14-30): K m 1 1[0.099(1) 0.32(1)] 1.42

For the stress-cycle factors, we need the desired number of load cycles.
N = 14 000 h (140 rev/min)(60 min/h) = 1.2 (108) rev
Fig. 14-14: Y N = 0.95
Fig. 14-15: Z N = 0.88
Eq. 14-38: K R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 R 0.658 0.0759ln 1 0.98 0.955
With no specific information given to indicate otherwise, assume K o = K B = K T = C f = 1.

Chapter 14, Page 38/39

 Tooth bending
Pd K m K B
Eq. (14-15): W t KoKvK s
F J
3 (1.42)(1)
180(1)(1.18)(1.17) 1010 psi
4.2 0.25

S Y / ( KT K R )
Eq. (14-41): SF t N

65 000(0.95) / [(1)(0.955)]
64.0 Ans.
1010

Tooth wear
1/ 2
K C
Eq. (14-16): c C p W t Ko K v K s m f
dPF I
1/ 2
1.42 1
2300 180(1)(1.18)(1.17)
5(4.2) 0.107
28 800 psi

Since gear B is a pinion, C H is not used in Eq. (14-42) (see p. 761), where

S Z / ( KT K R )
SH c N
c
225 000(0.88) / [(1)(0.955)]
7.28 Ans
28 800
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Chapter 14, Page 39/39