Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas

By Dr. F.M. Kabbary

Introduction
It has taken more than a century to reach an assumption that the displacement current in a
wire antenna was a useful starting point to help for explaining antenna radiation. Such
term was neglected compared to the conduction current value as I DI << J, ending by the
conduction current J as the source of radiation, then assuming far field
radiation where vector potential A comes along, related to the antenna
conduction current.

In this article, we will show that the displacement current D is the

only source of the magnetic field (induction or radiating); starting
from the antenna inside until reaching far field and full radiation.

Main near field:

1) Actually, the macroscopic displacement current D1, in a wire
antenna is the time varying electric field E caused by the source
voltage gradient along the inside of the electric circuit, i.e.,
E 1 = - V = V / e.g., electric circuit loop length of folded
mono pole antenna, fed from the source and earthed at its end
=v/l

D1 = - V, V is the supply voltage and D has the supply frequency.

This D is also a source of magnetic field H1.

Actually, E1 is to push free charges to the antenna surface to cause the radiation.
This is the displacement current D inside the conductor described by textbooks
and been neglected when compared with the conduction current J inside the
conductor in AC circuits.

2) While D 2 is the microscopic displacement current inside the conductor (new) caused
by the charge motion inside the conductor, causing a microscopic magnetic field H2
according to Maxwell law: (see new EM Equations [1]).

This is the new discovered AC. term D2 has the microscopic frequency in DC.
circuits.

D2 > x H2 where H2 is oscillating at microscopic frequency, not at supply

frequency, it is superimposed on macroscopic supply frequency. This is the same
H2 assumed to be created by J of previous Amperes law.

In the microscopic level, in DC., the displacement current can not be measured using
existing measuring equipment, because of its extremely small wavelength which is close
in size to light. In order to measure properly, special new equipment is needed.

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
This is very important in plasma stability, because the magnetic field caused by the
plasma has a microscopic frequency much different from plasma macroscopic frequency,
so how they use a magnetic field (has a different frequency) to stabilize plasma of other
frequency, they stabilize microscopic by macroscopic!! which will never work to get
plasma stability!! They always assume steady state conditions, while it is always
continuous transient reactions (microscopic field reactions), never be or reach steady
state conditions. Steady states mean no more reactions and the end of field dynamics.

3) The same is for antennas, the voltage built up on antenna surface caused by charge
built up on the antenna surface, this is the charges oscillating at macroscopic supply
frequency, diverting Electric field E3. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1

D2
+
+
+
D1 +
+
E1 +
+
+
Tx +
+
E3 E3

E3 = q / 4 ** r2, where E3 is oscillating at supply frequency; r is the

distance between antenna surface and the ground.

Then how E3 of macroscopic frequency can interact with H2 of other microscopic

frequency, never can both E3 & H2 form the outward radiating Poynting vector S,
(which was claimed by Shelkunoff as radiating Poynting vector), which is also totally
wrong confirmed by the trapped induction magnetic field appeared as inductive reactance
+ j X term of the antenna impedance (Fig. 2).

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
 Fig. 2 Shelkunoff
Bi-Conical
Antenna

S S

H2

E3
E3

Also, note that E3 is totally different from E2, while all antenna text books assumed
the electric field outside the antenna E3 is equal to the electric field inside the wire
antenna E1, which is totally wrong too!!

Also time varying D3 > x H 3, where H3 is oscillating at supply frequency. This H 3

gets its dual separate field E 3, at some distancenot from its sourceto compose the
radiating Poynting vector to the far field when they satisfy radiation conditions.

All text books have considered the electric field E 1 inside the antenna conductor, created
by supply voltage is equal to the electric field outside the antenna conductor E 3 diverted
from the antenna surface; created by voltage built up on the antenna surface,
i.e., antenna textbooks have assumed E 1 = E 3 = E which is wrong !!
This is illustrated next in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Showing The

First Free Generated
Fields E3, H3 At The
Near Field

S D3 D3 S

E3 E3
H3 H3

E3
E3

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
Radiation mechanism at the near field:

Figure 4 shows that displacement current D lines have

appeared by measurements between the arms of the dipole
antenna, dipole arms represents two plates of RF capacitor. H3
This D has the same transmitter frequency,
i.e., macroscopic.
D D D D
D is also the source of H3, so where, (within the extending
induction zone) E3, H3 components are in time phase and
matching space impedance, then radiation starts to free space.
This needs more than a wavelength to have real full radiation
from the dipole antenna. Fig. 4 Source of H is The H3
Displacement Current

But magnetic field H2 caused by charge motion inside the conductor arms of the dipole,
having microscopic frequency, then H2 physically in no way can interact with E3 of
another macroscopic frequency to form radiation. Then H2 is left in the near zone as
trapped magnetic field, appeared as the magnetic reactive term of the antenna input
impedance of the half wave dipole (of long arms with long distribution current J) for
short distribution J of short antennas, this magnetic field is relatively small than the
reactive capacitive effects of the antenna short arms (capacitive).

In the CFA (Fig. 5) the displacement current is the source of the near magnetic field H
while in the Shelkunoff antenna, the conduction current J was assumed to be the source
of the near field H, and any field related to J is a trapped field (see field dynamics
equations at the last page).

Fig. 5 Cone Type CFA

Cone

C ylinder
E

D isc
S S
D
H

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
Power radiation from the near field:

The CFA is complying with the full Gausss Theorem (not including the source)

.S d = S.da = P r

as a result of field reactions, within the interaction zone , outside the CFA ; the power is
radiating from the outer surface of this volume .While the conventional antenna, not
including the source (using the magnetic vector potential and scalar potential including
retardation time) is not complying with the full Gausss Theorem (gives .S d = 0 ) only
complying with the one leg Poynting Theorem S.da = P r ; but not complying with the
two legs full Gausss Theorem, while CFA theory successfully does.

Far field radiation:

Radiation at far field can be described as vortices carrying energy pockets, having the
frequency higher than the transmitter frequency, but less than microscopic frequency.
This mechanism of far field radiation will be shown in our next article.
So, in the conventional mast antenna, the real power lines start as zero power at the
antenna surface (this also confirming J is not the source of radiation) then begins to
increase by distance to reach its full power after more than a wavelength (at infinity) at
the far field where fields are in time phase and well-matching the space, while in the
CFA, the full power is radiating from the CFA very near field (Fig. 6)

Fig. 6

CFA Antenna Max Power

Radiation
Power

Mast Antenna

Zero
Power One Wave Length Distance

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
Conclusion:

Physically and mathematically, it was found that the real power is created from
D, not J. This was the reason to look for a device working through displacement fields
void of J for modeling the far field at the near field, i.e., to the point of synthesizing the
radiating Poynting Vector at the near field. Such was the CFAs point of origination in
order to get the model CFA working as the master conventional antenna, but at better
gain than the master conventional antenna. This is because the CFA is a controllable two-
fields antenna (twin feeders) able to stop sky wave in the medium frequency band which
adds more on the ground without coupling or frequency distortion. Such is because of its
very little presence of any extending induction field, i.e., very broadband width CFA
antenna, independent on frequency, radiates from the near field and easily used at long
waves in broadcasting, leaving the medium wave band for other purposes.

So, the very approximated but complicated formulae of the near induction fields
has been avoided in the CFA because there are no induction fieldsonly radiating fields
caused by voltage built up on the antenna plates!

On the next page are more equations pertaining to this discussion.

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002
 Separation of Fields & Field dynamics

1.From separation of fields:

Fields from J are H1, E1; fields from D are H2, E2

H1
J= , B1 = -
E1

D=
H2 , B2 = -
E2

2. From field dynamics:

Fields from J:

2 E1 =0 Distribution Function, not wave eqn.

H1

Fields from D:

[ 2 + K2 ] E2 =0 Wave Equation
H2

D is the only source of radiation

REFERENCE
[1] DR. KABBARYS NEW EM EQUATIONS, Dr. F.M. Kabbary, antenneX,
September 2002

antenneX Online Issue No. 66 October 2002

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Radiation Mechanism of Transmitting Antennas ~ antenneX ~ October 2002