Home WaterQuantityEstimation

Lecture WaterConsumptionRate
Quiz FluctuationsinRateofDemand
DesignExample
DesignPeriods&PopulationForecast
PopulationForecastingMethods

WaterQuantityEstimation

Thequantityofwaterrequiredformunicipalusesforwhichthewater
supplyschemehastobedesignedrequiresfollowingdata:

1.Waterconsumptionrate(PerCapitaDemandinlitresperdayper
head)
2.Populationtobeserved.

Quantity=PercapitademandxPopulation

WaterConsumptionRate

Itisverydifficulttopreciselyassessthequantityofwaterdemanded
by the public, since there are many variable factors affecting water
consumption. The various types of water demands, which a city may
have,maybebrokenintofollowingclasses:

WaterConsumptionforVariousPurposes:

TypesofConsumption NormalRange Average %

(lit/capita/day)
1 DomesticConsumption 65300 160 35
2 Industrialand
45450 135 30
CommercialDemand
3 PublicUsesincluding
2090 45 10
FireDemand
4 LossesandWaste 45150 62 25

FireFightingDemand:

The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the
rate at which the water is required is very large. The rate of fire
demand is sometimes traeted as a function of population and is
workedoutfromfollowingempiricalformulae:

Authority Formulae(Pinthousand) Qfor1lakh

Population)
American Q(L/min)=4637P(10.01P) 41760
1 Insurance
Association
Kuchling's Q(L/min)=3182P 31800
2
Formula
Freeman's Q(L/min)=1136.5(P/5+10) 35050
 Freeman's Q(L/min)=1136.5(P/5+10) 35050
3 Formula

Ministryof Q(kiloliters/d)=100Pfor 31623

Urban P>50000
4 Development
Manual
Formula

Factorsaffectingpercapitademand:

a.Sizeofthecity:Percapitademandforbigcitiesisgenerallylarge
ascomparedtothatforsmallertownsasbigcitieshavesewered
houses.
b.Presenceofindustries.
c.Climaticconditions.
d.Habitsofpeopleandtheireconomicstatus.
e.Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ medically safe, the
consumption will increase as people will not resort to private
wells,etc.
f.Pressureinthedistributionsystem.
g.Efficiencyofwaterworksadministration:Leaksinwatermains
andservicesandunauthoriseduseofwatercanbekepttoa
minimumbysurveys.
h.Costofwater.
i.Policyofmeteringandchargingmethod:Watertaxischargedin
twodifferentways:onthebasisofmeterreadingandonthe
basisofcertainfixedmonthlyrate.

FluctuationsinRateofDemand

AverageDailyPerCapitaDemand
=QuantityRequiredin12Months/(365xPopulation)

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be

sufficienttomeetthefluctuations.

Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer.

Firebreakoutsaregenerallymoreinsummer,increasingdemand.
So,thereisseasonalvariation.
Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more
water on Sundays and Festival days, thus increasing demand on
thesedays.
Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide
range.Duringactivehouseholdworkinghoursi.e.fromsixtoten
in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the bulk of the
dailyrequirementistaken.Duringotherhourstherequirementis
negligible.Moreover,ifafirebreaksout,ahugequantityofwater
isrequiredtobesuppliedduringshortduration,necessitatingthe
needforamaximumrateofhourlysupply.

So,anadequatequantityofwatermustbeavailabletomeetthepeak
demand. To meet all the fluctuations, the supply pipes, service
reservoirs and distribution pipes must be properly proportioned. The
waterissuppliedbypumpingdirectlyandthepumpsanddistribution
system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of
monthly variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the
hourly variations influences the design of pumps and service
reservoirs.Asthepopulationdecreases,thefluctuationrateincreases.

Maximumdailydemand=1.8xaveragedailydemand
Maximumhourlydemandofmaximumdayi.e.Peakdemand
 =1.5xaveragehourlydemand
=1.5xMaximumdailydemand/24
=1.5x(1.8xaveragedailydemand)/24
=2.7xaveragedailydemand/24
=2.7xannualaveragehourlydemand

DesignPeriods&PopulationForecast

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the
estimated requirements of the future . The future period for which a
provisionismadeinthewatersupplyschemeisknownasthedesign
period.

Designperiodisestimatedbasedonthefollowing:

Usefullifeofthecomponent,consideringobsolescence,wear,
tear,etc.
Expandabilityaspect.
Anticipatedrateofgrowthofpopulation,includingindustrial,
commercialdevelopments&migrationimmigration.
Availableresources.
Performanceofthesystemduringinitialperiod.

PopulationForecastingMethods

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are

givenbelow.Theparticularmethodtobeadoptedforaparticularcase
orforaparticularcitydependslargelyonthefactorsdiscussedinthe
methods,andtheselectionislefttothediscrectionandintelligenceof
thedesigner.

1.ArithmeticIncreaseMethod
2.GeometricIncreaseMethod
3.IncrementalIncreaseMethod
4.DecreasingRateofGrowthMethod
5.SimpleGraphicalMethod
6.ComparativeGraphicalMethod
7.RatioMethod
8.LogisticCurveMethod

WorkedoutExample