The materials used for nuts shall conform to

ASTM A194 and ASTM A307. ASTM A307 nuts may be

used only with ASTM A307 bolting.
(e) All carbon and alloy-steel bolts, stud bolts, and
their nuts shall be threaded in accordance with the following
thread series and dimension classes as required
by ASME B1.1.
(1) Carbon Steel. All carbon-steel bolts and stud
bolts shall have coarse threads having Class 2A dimensions,
and their nuts shall have Class 2B dimensions.
(2) Alloy Steel. All alloy-steel bolts and stud bolts
of 1-in. (25-mm) and smaller nominal diameter shall be
of the coarse-thread series; nominal diameters
11/8 in. (29 mm) and larger shall be of the 8-thread series
(8 threads per 25.4 mm). Bolts and stud bolts shall have
a Class 2A dimension; their nuts shall have Class 2B
dimension.
(f) Bolts shall have ASME Standards regular square
heads or heavy hexagonal heads and shall have
ASME Standards heavy hexagonal nuts conforming to
the dimensions of ASME B18.2.1 and ASME B18.2.2.
(g) Nuts cut from bar stock in such a manner that the
axis will be parallel to the direction of rolling of the bar
may be used in all sizes for joints in which one or both
flanges are cast iron and for joints with steel flanges
where the pressure does not exceed 250 psig (1 720 kPa).
Such nuts shall not be used for joints in which both
flanges are steel and the pressure exceeds
250 psig (1 720 kPa), except that for nut sizes
1/2 in. (12.7 mm) and smaller, these limitations do not
apply.
831.2.3 Gaskets
(a) General
(1) Gasket materials shall be capable of maintaining
their serviceability once installed and exposed to the
gases and fluids contained in the piping system.
(2) ASME B16.20 and ASME B16.21 are standards
that provide guidance for applicable gaskets and
materials.
(b) Pressure
(1) Gaskets shall be made of materials suitable for
the design and test pressures of the systems in which
they are installed.
(2) Metallic gaskets other than ring-type or spirally
wound metal gaskets shall not be used with
ASME Class 150 or lighter flanges. Metallic gaskets shall
not be used for flanges lighter than Class 150, or when
ASTM A307 Grade B bolts or equivalent are used.
(c) Temperature
(1) Gasket materials shall be capable of maintaining
their desired mechanical and chemical properties for the
full range of temperatures to which they will be exposed.
(2) Consideration should be given to the use of firesafe
materials to withstand emergency conditions.
25
(d) Types
(1) The use of metal or metal-jacketed gaskets
(either plain or corrugated) is not pressure limited,
except as noted in (b)(2), provided that the gasket material
is suitable for the service temperature. These types
of gaskets are recommended for use with the small male
and female or the small tongue-and-groove facings.
They may also be used with steel flanges with lapped,
large male and female, large tongue-and-groove, or
raised-face facings.
(2) Full-face gaskets should be used with all bronze
(or copper alloy) flanges and with Class 25 and Class 125
cast iron flanges. Flat ring gaskets with an outside diameter
extending to the inside of the bolt holes may be used
with cast iron flanges, with raised-face steel flanges,
or with lapped steel flanges, provided that the bolting
requirements of ASME B16.5, para. 5.3.5 are followed.
(3) For steel flanges to secure higher unit compression
on the gasket, metallic gaskets of a width less than
the full male face of the flange may be used with raised
face, lapped, or large male and female facings. The width
of the gasket for small male and female or for tongueand-
groove joints shall be equal to the width of the male
face or tongue.
(4) Rings for ring joints shall be of dimensions
established in ASME B16.20. The material for these rings
shall be suitable for the service conditions encountered
and shall be softer than the flanges.
(5) Special Gaskets. Special gaskets, including insulating
gaskets, may be used, provided they are suitable
for the temperatures, pressures, gas composition, fluids,
and other conditions to which they may be subjected.

The materials used for nuts shall conform to

ASTM A194 and ASTM A307. ASTM A307 nuts may be
used only with ASTM A307 bolting.
(e) All carbon and alloy-steel bolts, stud bolts, and
their nuts shall be threaded in accordance with the following
thread series and dimension classes as required
by ASME B1.1.
(1) Carbon Steel. All carbon-steel bolts and stud
bolts shall have coarse threads having Class 2A dimensions,
and their nuts shall have Class 2B dimensions.
(2) Alloy Steel. All alloy-steel bolts and stud bolts
of 1-in. (25-mm) and smaller nominal diameter shall be
of the coarse-thread series; nominal diameters
11/8 in. (29 mm) and larger shall be of the 8-thread series
(8 threads per 25.4 mm). Bolts and stud bolts shall have
a Class 2A dimension; their nuts shall have Class 2B
dimension.
(f) Bolts shall have ASME Standards regular square
heads or heavy hexagonal heads and shall have
ASME Standards heavy hexagonal nuts conforming to
the dimensions of ASME B18.2.1 and ASME B18.2.2.
(g) Nuts cut from bar stock in such a manner that the
axis will be parallel to the direction of rolling of the bar
may be used in all sizes for joints in which one or both
flanges are cast iron and for joints with steel flanges
where the pressure does not exceed 250 psig (1 720 kPa).
Such nuts shall not be used for joints in which both
flanges are steel and the pressure exceeds
250 psig (1 720 kPa), except that for nut sizes
1/2 in. (12.7 mm) and smaller, these limitations do not
apply.
831.2.3 Gaskets
(a) General
(1) Gasket materials shall be capable of maintaining
their serviceability once installed and exposed to the
gases and fluids contained in the piping system.
(2) ASME B16.20 and ASME B16.21 are standards
that provide guidance for applicable gaskets and
materials.
(b) Pressure
(1) Gaskets shall be made of materials suitable for
the design and test pressures of the systems in which
they are installed.
(2) Metallic gaskets other than ring-type or spirally
wound metal gaskets shall not be used with
ASME Class 150 or lighter flanges. Metallic gaskets shall
not be used for flanges lighter than Class 150, or when
ASTM A307 Grade B bolts or equivalent are used.
(c) Temperature
(1) Gasket materials shall be capable of maintaining
their desired mechanical and chemical properties for the
full range of temperatures to which they will be exposed.
(2) Consideration should be given to the use of firesafe
materials to withstand emergency conditions.
25
(d) Types
(1) The use of metal or metal-jacketed gaskets
(either plain or corrugated) is not pressure limited,
except as noted in (b)(2), provided that the gasket material
is suitable for the service temperature. These types
of gaskets are recommended for use with the small male
and female or the small tongue-and-groove facings.
They may also be used with steel flanges with lapped,
large male and female, large tongue-and-groove, or
raised-face facings.
(2) Full-face gaskets should be used with all bronze
(or copper alloy) flanges and with Class 25 and Class 125
cast iron flanges. Flat ring gaskets with an outside diameter
extending to the inside of the bolt holes may be used
with cast iron flanges, with raised-face steel flanges,
or with lapped steel flanges, provided that the bolting
requirements of ASME B16.5, para. 5.3.5 are followed.
(3) For steel flanges to secure higher unit compression
on the gasket, metallic gaskets of a width less than
the full male face of the flange may be used with raised
face, lapped, or large male and female facings. The width
of the gasket for small male and female or for tongueand-
groove joints shall be equal to the width of the male
face or tongue.
(4) Rings for ring joints shall be of dimensions
established in ASME B16.20. The material for these rings
shall be suitable for the service conditions encountered
and shall be softer than the flanges.
(5) Special Gaskets. Special gaskets, including insulating
gaskets, may be used, provided they are suitable
for the temperatures, pressures, gas composition, fluids,
and other conditions to which they may be subjected.
831.3 Fittings Other Than Valves and Flanges
831.3.1 Standard Fittings
(a) The minimum metal thickness of flanged or
threaded fittings shall not be less than specified for the
pressures and temperatures in the applicable
ASME standards or the MSS standard practice.
(b) Steel buttwelding fittings shall comply with either
ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75 and shall have pressure and
temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the
same or equivalent material. For adequacy of fitting
design, the actual bursting strength of fittings shall at
least equal the computed bursting strength of pipe of the
designated material and wall thickness. Mill hydrostatic
testing of factory-made steel buttwelding fittings is not
required, but all such fittings shall be capable of withstanding
a field test pressure equal to the test pressure
established by the manufacturer, without failure or leakage,
and without impairment of their serviceability.
(c) Factory-made wrought steel buttwelding induction
bends or hot bends shall comply with ASME B16.49.
(d) Steel socket-welding fittings shall comply with
831.3 Fittings Other Than Valves and Flanges
831.3.1 Standard Fittings
(a) The minimum metal thickness of flanged or
threaded fittings shall not be less than specified for the
pressures and temperatures in the applicable
ASME standards or the MSS standard practice.
(b) Steel buttwelding fittings shall comply with either
ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75 and shall have pressure and
temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the
same or equivalent material. For adequacy of fitting
design, the actual bursting strength of fittings shall at
least equal the computed bursting strength of pipe of the
designated material and wall thickness. Mill hydrostatic
testing of factory-made steel buttwelding fittings is not
required, but all such fittings shall be capable of withstanding
a field test pressure equal to the test pressure
established by the manufacturer, without failure or leakage,
and without impairment of their serviceability.
(c) Factory-made wrought steel buttwelding induction
bends or hot bends shall comply with ASME B16.49.
(d) Steel socket-welding fittings shall comply with