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There are two main concepts in term learning disabilities:
1.)Learning Process
2.) Measures of Mental Ability

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´Learning is the process by which experience and practice result in a stable

change in learner·s behavior.µ

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yc state of ´not knowingµ- state of ´knowingµ content or skills.

yc state of ´not knowingµ- state of ´knowing, using and inventingµ.

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1.c Acquisition and Reversion

yc the initial objective of teaching is for the student to acquire knowledge
and skills meaningfully.
yc the content and the skills learned earlier are further strengthened to
increase accuracy and mastery.
2.c Proficiency and Automaticity
yc the learner executes the tasks immediately and successfully without
the need to recall the procedures.
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When the student continues to use the skills thus acquired with proficiency
and automatically over the time without explicit instruction, coaching, prompt,
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Once a skill is learned proficiently, it should be available for use any

appropriate situation.
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in the last stage of learning, the student recognize the need to apply learned
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Standardized test of mental ability measure intellectual functioning.
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IQ scores seem to be distributed throughout the population of normal
curve.
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Intelligence testing is not an exact science
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There are children whose IQ scores fall within the average as well as the
above average areas of the normal curve who experience learning
difficulties.
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Introduced in 1963 by Dr. 



well known American special education expert.
The American National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD)
issued the definition of learning disabilities in 1989
´      is a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous
group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and
use of listening , speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical
abilities. It may appear across the life span. It is also intrinsic to the
individual.µ

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Learning Disabilities may occur within the life span. The symptoms and
characteristics can be manifested immediately after birth, during infancy,
through the school years, and adulthood.

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No two individuals with learning disabilities are found to be alike.
1. „
 poses the most difficulty among all the subjects in the curriculum.
The facets of communication are listening, speaking, reading and writing.

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c refers to a disturbance in the ability to learn in general and the
ability to learn to read in particular.
2.    

  poses severe problems in one or more of the following
areas: handwriting, spelling, composition and writing which is illegible and
slow.
3.
 

 poses problems on the mechanical uses of language.
Developmental Aphasia is a condition characterized by loss of speech
functions, often, but not always due to brain injury.
4. Pragmatics or social uses of language pose problems on the ability to carry
on a conversation.
5. Mathematics problems are recognized as second to deficiencies in reading,
language and spelling.
6. These children tend to fail and be retained in a grade level.
7. The common behavior problems are inattention, impulsitivity and
hyperactivity.

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yc Children with learning disabilities exhibit visual and/or auditory

perceptual disabilities.
yc They have difficulty with physical activities.
yc They have problems with attention and difficulty.


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yc cc' the deficit in attention results to inefficient learning

or no learning at all.
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yc attributed to genetic and environmental factors.

yc embryos separating

Monozygotic/Identical
fraternal/dizygotic

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Ôrain and Nerves

yc makes up just 2% of the average adults weight but uses 20% of oxygen
intake

šc 3 major areas in the Ôrain

Cerebrum
±c Conscious activities and intelligence

Cerebellum
Ôrainstem
Cerebral cortex

yc Process information from and for different parts of the body.

yc Somatosensory strip- sensations

yc Motor strip- muscles

Cerebellum- coordinates movement and balance
Thalamus- acts as a sort of junction box
Medulla Oblongata- heart rate and breathing
Ôrain Stem- connects brain to the spinal cord
±c Male- 1.4 kgs/ 3lbs
±c remale 1.25 kgs/ 2.75 -20 years

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Nervous system
- A network of nerve extends throughout our bodies, carrying information to
the brain and instructions from it.
Central Nervous System

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±c Constitutes a heterogeneous set of conditions with no single

syndrome not a single cause/etiology
GENETIC CAUSES

yc Ôrain Damage
yc Ôiochemical Imbalance

1. Ôrain damage
ÿc Neurological Dysfunction/ CNS pathology

yc -ereditary
yc Innate
yc Congenital

Advanced technologies to assess brain activities more accurately

±c EEG
±c CT-SCAN
±c MRI

2. ÔIOC-EMICAL IMÔALANCE
3. ENVIRONMENTAL rACTORS
šc emotional disturbance

šc lack of motivation

šc poor instruction

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