‘CHAPTER -1 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE waer, coasting of one or more seme te he om pounds est im nace a he sol, and sco ete. Aste ss moive os ae tes toon ar win ong as oF atactin th solids mina a deiit volne and hp The sll sate ‘ysis she ranch of pays eaing wih pays peoperss of ss ‘atu rl iclaig the beaviou of loons ithe lis The stim hema rneted se rreine nt kamera pe pn te srangament of wos ee meleues ‘Te epsline se of lis is hace by rear u ptic surngra of tome ee meee. Moet fe soe reine ‘atc. This doe th reason at te ony eesti he Foran ‘an rer scars more hn Oa lec dig fe oat 4 Gurdred suc. Thus cries i low nee stat andi Uhrfore, rtora hy mf he slits Teens is may be ‘ded to ipl enstals nd polyenes. In sige rsa to ecolty of ata extend mph he aera the ce of an ‘ea, mc, A pljensaline mtr san aguops of seme of tly wit iba eens sepa by melden toa es. The sal eyes re hnowa as gana boundaries grat | beware. may be mtd tat loge sey fava ‘merpd at ga Douay plein fore mtr ay be mow ste compared with is pesca fom. Mosk oir eat and evans soba pagers Yee “The vac which del with he study of gett forme adi su Soe ins rp of enti sii rysatlapy Te ‘Pystopy &wenayw nde Uw og eae oa teal ade psa pecs. Te posal taper “rls wh Some he bans conceps of erystllogapny ich oe for anon Ue sty of sl sate poy. 12. CRYSTAL LATTICE AND TRANSLATION VECTORS Defoe dezcbing th ranges of alos is ry it aways coment dein angst fap po Nes wi parr celanship wath Besos of ere Tht of iin vera fem ramewofc om wich acl cies Sch Tetangemen offi number of waapnary oi 8 ce- symmery “persion fh ih aston the ery 1 el je. cual temas inane unr a syumeny wpsative, Th sper “iowe ae tmceton, station, rfecion aod inversion. The tansation ‘erin optics once oly wn he emsning operations tt ‘Eniabow apply to al yj and ae woletively known ae pow! ‘Samet options The ives spr. apple only 0 tne cmsinal ete These operations ac bil dsb below ()Tranatons “Tn waa syne fllows font the okey rangement of sa laie, tea at ac pint de tice tanlaton vitor raion T gos aeber poi which x xa deta 0 varet. wee Ts deticd ty By. (0 1) Rots ‘atic ean posi the tation symmetry itis tation by a8 snp 9 abut mai (rp we imensona late) ranfonns ince ost Als, tac la cian invari by atin 2 the ng 2 unt Yea ital mile ot 0, 2, 10 =28 © onmh aa, “Te fcr mas ser aes and ic ven mii of ttn in The ste vale of m wich ae compare ‘i te raptanet of tatltion syne ty are 12,3, 4 ad 6 oly. Tas, forex ple fon oqealin 60 which meas tthe le repeats isl with a minima fon ot FS rutin i sac {nF 15, Repl bexagoaisan example of ‘uch nie. A rotation corespending (2 fhe ae of m1 cad mil sat ig 18 Skfold sion coat wo dimensional sue late Yas fod I pt Oe me dieions rasp symety. may wae Ui ottion ai may of may nt ps og ai poi The fs tha > Ta lain ncn ith ranean symmetry operon at ‘nly 12 4 and 6 fol eons re permissible is prove flows “Conie row acs pou A, B,C ant as hw it Fi 6 mene 4 tT eas ani tant re el ‘cons my ene ‘se pana nh te lace eens. fos Raina te = AY yan ys ps eth arate mo oy ci ene es ponies sd pace Peratonienerianmtd 3 ol © tas pot a ma si ear pn sa flow ates rane samy. Mace We mae ge muliple of BC, 1, = BE = m0) « cron 2 aw Inhem s am integer. ice exe | 1, Be lowed ai fm a 3,2. uO and-I. These vend the alowed vals of 0 as Oo 6 927 0 10 repeal. Hea Bt (13) he emer fn a 1. G4. 3 amt ? That we concade lat §fld retin {misite because iis or somatic wih face talon span. Simi er rnsons, sacha 7 ld retin a also mt pane igi 17 iver» conv dammit of nexiicre ot > {old ato a, As shows he igure the plan lace ide by ic 1 st cqer te complete space. Tis becuse Ros of elo et ‘whioh satiny waslaton sync) ‘operation peta tee ew ‘agement of pentagons canna ‘mgmied 453 late The say sl, owevep. isl ane hs he pin, at le Sie, oer ELE Reection spc of eile nel aoett ate Pe 4 (i Retectons, ae ane ce aid poses tin smc ex econ tiem tas va a ee SSORSTES te img en ach le bn toecone ym Tectonic wel sat Tig 18 Conder th combat fees wi lw eee ae hm sch allowed ttn axis ean be ascii toatl ot oun wih efecbon nd he er roo wat ‘Srecon Since tse ae ve wal wutn ae the pose rmbt ‘Sich coins 0. Tee oe Sgn 1 m2 2am, A 6, ey oto a fm peels mune eine ems forenoon ment SEEN enter te rnin ae Thee on es Spamany opertane we shown in Fi 18. epee ae eee oceans ee operat is applicable to three-diosensional eae melee un ead ae wtp ra Se ’ tie to lice pin his a Weal pl ea t-te the Seon lic point Inter words Kime hie passes cea of nsrion dented by 2 ‘Winay be et pr tom tes yy opcrains «Unc imeasional atic in parole may havea Symmcty operations fou by he cmbintions ote ate mentioned operations One nck example etatin-imerson eperaton The pes ure ne ‘he suber of symetry clement. These symancy cements ae art ‘slay edn the pe of lace pone ao and ee dance ‘onl aces 16 POINT GROUPS AND SPACE GKoUDS Wiohave cn hi emily for types symmetry operation. ‘upton roto, election and avron The a thc opcrnions Me eit options an ee cmbinatone give ceria seu) cheats wich cecvlydecrine the sumer a ye nd pom The roo of uch symery operations a pit elle» cit sap, In wo-bmersionl se, ato and rf athe ay point opeatons. AS dsb ext, th combisins yell 1 diffe fet OUP designates 1, In, 2 2m, 3, An 6 and nm hich an shown in Fig. 19. in mree-dinensiona space, however, ae sanion omplicled due to the presence of abil pms operations mck ac invasion. Thre ae a0 f 32 ott robe ae dimensional late ‘he etal ae clasifed on the bai f te mmety which omc with th symmetry of ile pot tou Als he tees teat wih he pin group oss arte, Shatin ae knew 9 Buns laices Tes aces ay Tater be groxped int diya nme, ‘The pint ymmenry of cra retro «who seri he pot symety ofthe ltt as well = ofthe ht ‘Thos i nt to sini he pit syne of xls, shoul be eta © sui co igh sow pio syne at mere hn eb (te symm sine comprising combed yi ans. late eperatione ig BS cing at hrs ear ho raup al ne symmety lone of acyl tute alld 00K cis the ey 9 sacar a 8 wh sc 17 an 730 distin ps groups oni at a dimen, aay0 17 TYPES OF LATTICES ‘As ceed carr, te ur of pa ops in and tre kmcains 10nd 2 reper Thee poi rope or he eo ‘xmsructon of fla (ps of latices Onl those cs are permissible ‘ich are coset wil he pol group operations, Such acs ae called ‘nas leet Kis tevoad he sae of his took o dese he dal ‘fonmaon of wrios Drv from the possible pon rp ope seni ita pit nino ane [roduc oly 5 and 4 dic eae aos spectively. These Brat [ities father become prs of and sit eta stems especely nae spurl dsrbed below (aot ‘ponding pot oops Th ties shown ia Fg 110, TABLE 1.1, Cyst ssemsand Bavas tices in vo dimersons eahy=s0- ae hy=i20 1 ie 4 WP ow ‘Charest pot prep Syamenn Ummm 6 3,386 boma ‘ Sod sa (6) Three Dimensional Lattices : Alle sven vist syns of needineasond spe and he ecesponting Brava lates ae te i Tate [dime eres oder Sf syamanry. Tos epg tc Wade daw rm oe fe le pens determine hese shape of wu cel The ages Band "Tepes he angles brane the ers ban ad ytd 9d Togetvey Te legs band and angles eBay ae cllevely rows tee prantr ollie cnson um ees aa lai a alo own in Fig 1 eth formefhicconvetoal tel. ‘Thesymbolt Fond reprset imple opie cent an body ceo ens especinely. ae or ea ec els ha WH Ns ns at corners and at oe ofthe pis of oposite aes. is desist ‘pte leer A har The eign A feet eli WE ees ‘fel by band sc sonia e atiepi ad oo. Te yan ‘> specly wd Tor ombonea ce pe ) Faced etfens and Bes es in thre dens TABLE 12. Co seas ae tse a Ps Bh bat py ‘ll ay beet of eb oof heap type. The cubical te cll tty it ay tn Inc pote ety ttc The ketegee | cal bs late points atthe cores ap well ab tthe cones of ie two exon fers One hexagonal al Tre by ann loge ce cabal ype ells. Fe Ais ple yng mihcarier aaltepet nthe yin athe fae eae peson stare wcll Teco, ‘he conbadan fa tes pei ying a he comer towed pre e is Sand that «yin ne eae ca The lowing ein ‘evnad mest fect moi af tee pi loging ne wy sehr spice th ube Tce it ee enply 2 Bove ap bo a od ae See 5 me aa git Tldedeul 7 32498 il ER) ade ek e888 os 1 eh i SNe eg SS (iter: (pees Vth PEST ot Heine: cake ‘Tego ‘ntethorsic Reemboteied | = B= © ota | Benue Monson Taeine wf 2 ‘ ‘ 1 ‘side el and a pre Seok cep Ee ent ed corer positon of te fal fsecnely ong th tos. ese nme eflatice foi 9 single ei, Boy eed abc ad eet bac latiscomes otto te I, Zand Fg 112 Tee cecemed raped OP later ped nae nae rin an The Wf Bras Ines cane rapoa lie sown bs gica in Table 1.2 appears 10 be ‘hd ars, Socnples tie etettmnie conti fur Devs tices wheres te cubic ad agonal syste onl ee a tw cs respectively. eat be sown ha he nha et ia yal 8 Jo war BEM srangereas ads need abe considered separa Fae 1.12 hows accented tapi a acl ad ys. Tis rangement shown die ine, proiues bly ened goalie hich isi te raat* Sa ae Pic us uariiee pmwcrioss Ax i stalin ain ee by ingens itm me po oh i i Sd ee ce nd ig te pets 2 ee Oe Sp at pon ecto wea La sa eer van pases wana cme co nc coine ae entmpteste tata cps when wie cnt ase bac rt be re fio Avan comps Semin eis of Ue tn Soi abe cya re 1h we my wept 7H) oar Te a hs lito pins yt an Srastatgeelh three nico yor etn pe greet y slng ei oo noe postin he a eee Mites gh he igs O PaO. Te git n'a sy tte tentn of hae rena change ie ipa cea ea ceo at SEETIEV/U Se ott ay cin ot hans Aaron ving Poe ic mca neo es poss natin wich ic by tng a or mene ‘Cm deeion AB hoon ah 1.4 Th ies of is ara e ZN, bre UA Ss 140, Dein of ile af retin ein ei Be ocd hy ssn a Ae fnteton of AD on he nc te (Soom at O and ice te nds of te tine AU are 10} Th nses ofa few mare dete Moun Pig 1 14. The ce ees ee repented by edie tore 100, 010, (100, Tee ent a family of cab es (Gena com wn las lhe stint is ype Si.» fe a ne ects oe mat Stee i ” ayo face diagonals is represented by a that of ay dag ly sll The mumber of memoer tte fies fron apes, ‘agonal nd body diagonal i 6,12 ad 8 rete 1 ge Bw te we sagt Sen la 00h ie . ek ‘Tesh oie wsnin of plans in ie eae sh yates Ses tu i Bro te orn. taal debe ‘ier nes plane we aon (Pl te inne oe peo te lpg ec penance (8 Sop emer fact ya ens obtained imo parentheses, ms ES Jap eines ele in em oe tg of de ‘oma eo cho ie etc oe ae Tp at a tc i tat ans ‘ep cals ken neo lB cosa ‘ts xan cnn ae ANC 119) ving noe 2a nites, 4 (> and ¢ reepectively of « cubic lattice’ 7 ‘ie Wie ic os ple ‘emi’ ofolowe, @ tees ,2,1 Roopa 11 (i) Smpieion 2.1.2 Hae he Milenio me pe Ae (12) te aw Poh api ben tt Te nro pee coaipleariopar ni ‘tbe nt eye Der wich pate ps Abe fd tos seme ie be ane Basin 1 ad oad = .Sou sme Pres | e ae | hi ie as ses ea eae esc | "peiaineetieeictetrence ace ees teksbesron ines ce seoienram ashi Since ioe the given lane Aberaiey. west tori fom tte plooio sme a siuble atic pint witout changing the onexaton Ste ct hen fad he Miler ees Por example indies of te plane OCA in i. .15 boom (OTe ern i shied oe pose Te inperence of retain of ue canbe ea wih eftence {Fg 112 The talics of ie sade plane ee of hype (100) whe ‘Rete ihe ne of te e-em erngoes eh, wher eben rine ype it) nhen rel to he eso he single agonal cl ‘aad dete ies. ‘stanly of panes ofa ticle pe epee by ectsng i= Mis indies of ay ef the lanes hy fay in acs. Ts (100 ceesens fai aes whic asthe planes (10 010 00) (10, (C10) and (07) a members. Theses planes epee is 0c ‘ie, Sity, di Gein feng planes ed lv packed poe 2 ‘pesca by (110) and 111) an oman anf mens apes, ‘Some of Dev planes a ilauted aT 116. 1 ga thn ah me ee me edad ie aoc cae 1 MeTERPLANAR SPACING Conde et of paral planes wih ini (MD, Tak xg oo» Boeay eens ay me Mane eek de ieee! ap coreotpreseel | Lbsenien yobon se sae ewer ee Inte poi oe such pn do epg ae bad Now conn str sa plan lft pn See oad ae shh he ies nes (he ag the eon = Seca hand onc eet snl ew Sed eo Fe tte ae ano coan heap = Scan a1 re Pander he ahs (tree the noma td te ance sade epetver and concn et ‘at represat he discon cain of ‘ie norma he pin Gt Te (inde at erecta esas of the normal re poy An on 168 be we anit venta of te ocma athe item ee Fp 7. AO) plone dance 2 © CO A be wren 2 a, ib ‘fom anther snr pal pe and respect ‘ntsie overs args aga and Bes (1.7) Perecee tty et ean prirererrenr onan etter Pus aateaee Paes pits - baie eS y= Bin nails wok wae oe ence om Bap (1.9. we ain lesa wens ay Rear= So a Poy “Tic equnion vd or exthogonl aes oly, For sorts tres buh an cepetion ay nt be obec cn way eed 6 Bd | fy same et method aod ton we (1) 1 deminer i dear and eae cua and we se hoon a9) (Pes?) may ako mt fo a cai lai, he det A i pepe ‘il wt pe A. 110 SIMPLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES, ‘We stall now describe te ofthe as rst rare which citer mento o contain single bas. These tease else packed Siractres ike bexagoel sept faved abies ad encpacked urctres Ue Yay ned cave o simple ale TUE ‘escs bv, rates Of mond, za ede aod via clr ste sn deci {L104 Cosaexes Stratus (Choe pated eructres we ely found in monononc crits ving nn-ecilbondig, sh metal bodng Inte IOC, (Groot nner ot exh se 12 Le cal mm in sande by ‘vs nd ey sed ighbour Of sewn gh, {inom plan, hes an atfpceat pratt above hi plane ad hee {a tar plae below b Ta etn gps of ln packed te (0) Hexagonal lve pct (ep) site (Faced abi) sce “Tse sms a eed fellows © eagons Clove Packed Strectare Sons ye of sae stems wih eth on ate ‘sc mi oe lane wn in Fig, LI Aeterna 1 ca be plcd on op of layer A such tat te an of tyr Bo py the aerate valley fs ‘ye mom of tayer A id similares placed tps tay e119 Comnonal nd pine ett ._ABABAB... gal carpein cen haat anne |p etn so te msi owe shexponal ote pred secre ‘The name caresonds to th ape of the convetonal wit cel which ess aig show iF. 19 The yess etl the ‘omer, Wo a the vate ofthe bal plan, and treme de | Pe bsatn fing xo he Bae. The etcetera | 12a) + 2(42)4 30 ‘The ntti dane (rth ame win yet. The ian | betwoen he two apc layers icc hing the igh fh on cl For ay be ted ht aldth he cis ep, pce ae single heagnd wit te cotig etre ta postin sche i ne stm so the ein esr ns pat (2, 12 The ate pte R119 rps mnie of a neato oe i oe oleae pine el scaly cai 4 ‘Volume of te Inaagumal cell. ea oe Te pcg tj. nde i of vole i he sons pat in sea cl teste of eae ee pin Jat cing iy ehwri the aml aio Using Toa and a= 2r we oct f=08 ‘Thani epee ‘tthe al vlume is zie by toms Metis ke Mg, 2, CT. cei this pe of ire. (i) Face Centred Cable Stroctre Te his sce, the sack- ng ft laprs a is "mir hat ofp sine The ‘eae actin he ie ae ‘ih inte presen cae dcr tt 1.2, Cmeninl i el of ofthe est yt The tome Funaton og wane ont ihe id lpr eco he ost Tegce = ABCABC Gone of UP of the A. Inj which ae nt cciped by the Bay: sls. The tid lpr dsigned bythe eer C. The fours layer exadly vege he ist nyer ad the sequences epee Thos f= ‘arcs fest bth following sacking seqpnce = ABCABCABC “The coveatonl vi coli face ceed eb ad is shown i Fe 1.0, Wie snopes coll ving elev amber of toms eq 1 ‘(i +6 (Upord Tesla touch on nar along the fe agonal ‘The length he abe ee and he atomic radi, a ete 1 ach ‘ther at ae fa “The pcg fon, is sven by “Taste pking faction of fr sci seat the Se ws hat tcp smc wich expend because of be close packed ate of bh {tears Abo te condnaon mamber of ach atom 12. Examples (tines ving is pe of scare ate Cy Ag, AW Ale ee acohst rina Geeta are and te boy cen. Thus the elfeve nim fos pt ite ‘S(1/8) + 1 =2. The coordination number of ech atin is 8. THE atdens touch one another along the body diagonal. This a is related 10 ras ea ‘Th pacing acti rn by 4-24 ag ‘The exiles of materi exiting ce sro we Ne K, Mo, We: 0 step Came atractare (2c) ‘Th conventional uni cl of cei ese rime Gal an i sho in Fg 122 The he ae ened ee sano oy tng oS ea Tha vy ae Pern mt of The lg a ren Z pu eran Only polniam exis his ype of sue trom legenSold ae yes sraucTunkorDAMOND mond eis tah ee ad ergo pe tes, uote) sr ae cmon sd eed are. Te sree uC toma reef aha conssing me TOSS eat nyu ad he wer at ds of SEIT SCE SS ama tot late pot doe te by Semcaeeaone ater Seip cn in ty nga mao ea $e toom nt ee arnpment ofeaton we Thon TONED Se pc ec rannoet wis ees pla any etry The ig iin ee ey pc Wi fr er The emt mar Se ee nd tect ihn as eo alt Tin re ate primer “he nore maya wd aan trenton nts wih ons 0 a (HA ew of SEPSIS Slicer ann nt ote sven F126 ese cone oft caton ogee tb fe it Treaties ee me oT etc we Sindee ctor sce athe ne pst nr SESE b um ean ths pe ee ae Ss SC, ‘cake eay ine ig 120 The ei ellof era a 24 fami Fe ecient ctx soni” pio de tell Rar ihe pains and tara ihe inte nie oad ‘erates ‘itr of he cron os 1.42 ZINCBLENDE 2a) STRUCTURE “Te ic bem sce ina whe de tur hep tha he two fr ie i a capi Wy fren events. The ate “Mite nou shown ing 12 wher th dark cis aw eres o> ‘ype of alons ay Za, and he ight cide repress ts ote ge of Crt metre 1.3 sop1uM CHLORIDE (iach STRUCTURE ‘Te ni ell oF NACL se ‘urs shown in Fig. 1.25 a Ma srt, the adi of Ni and CF ions are sch that each Ne om is cata coon six Cr ‘nm ei eal fo with our Cr ons acupying al he four foe sons and the four Ns" fons es) ‘cvpyig all he four etadat oy olds. The fe postions and te aa ‘ahd void postions re. how: ‘ve, ierchangeable. "The Nach E125, Ui el of oda ‘trace ea, Berto be vowed laa ase sive ing fo ubaties, one belonging 10 Ne" ions wid its iin the pn (0, 0,0) and te ther belonging to Cons wih iain he pita 0.0). ne emislogy ati nd bse srs an be inert aan fo late with bats wing fs ne ‘tM and he eer fC One ees cps one hfe pas ind the etherion oops th comespond abet ol ys, A Sl of NACt camps our molecules, Te psn of vans sn ‘collar a fellows rs bys Ne 50,0, 0; v2.iz0, a0. ova. Cr: 1n.pn; 09.17; 010; yaap SOLVED EXAMPLES ‘ample 1 Dazmise he reo betwee the lt a mis mde for moment, te a oe weer Seltion tne sroctare (Fig. 1.26), th tame toch on o> stab along he ante bce srcte, the atoms och log he by igo j Yue « anand In foc vrvctr, the sts ou song the ae diagonal ta = tr